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IFCONFIG(8)		    System Manager's Manual		   IFCONFIG(8)

NAME
       ifconfig	-- configure network interface parameters

SYNOPSIS
       ifconfig	  [-j	jail]  [-kLmn]	[-f  type:format]  interface  [create]
		[address_family	[address [dest_address]]] [parameters]
       ifconfig	[-j jail] interface destroy
       ifconfig	 [-j  jail]  -a	 [-dkLmuv]  [-f	 type:format]  [-G  groupname]
		[-g groupname] [address_family]
       ifconfig	-C
       ifconfig	[-j jail] -g groupname
       ifconfig	[-j jail] -l [-du] [-g groupname] [address_family]
       ifconfig	[-j jail] [-dkLmuv] [-f	type:format]

DESCRIPTION
       The  ifconfig  utility is used to assign	an address to a	network	inter-
       face and/or configure network interface parameters.  The	ifconfig util-
       ity must	be used	at boot	time to	define the network address of each in-
       terface present on a machine; it	may also be used at a  later  time  to
       redefine	an interface's address or other	operating parameters.

       The following options are available:

       -a      Display information about all interfaces	in the system.

	       The -a flag may be used instead of the interface	argument.

       -C      List all	the interface cloners available	on the system, with no
	       additional information.	Use of this flag is mutually exclusive
	       with all	other flags and	commands.

       -d      Display only the	interfaces that	are down.

       -f type:format[,type:format ...]
	       Control the output format of ifconfig.  The format is specified
	       as  a  comma-separated  list  of	 type:format  pairs  (see  the
	       "EXAMPLES" section for more information).

	       The output format can also be specified via the IFCONFIG_FORMAT
	       environment variable.  The -f flag  can	be  supplied  multiple
	       times.

	       The types and their associated format strings are:

	       addr   Adjust the display of inet and inet6 addresses:

		      default  Default format, numeric
		      fqdn     Fully qualified domain names (FQDN)
		      host     Unqualified hostnames
		      numeric  Numeric format

	       ether  Adjust  the  display  of	link-level  ethernet (MAC) ad-
		      dresses:

		      colon    Separate	address	segments with a	colon
		      dash     Separate	address	segments with a	dash
		      dotted   Dotted notation,	for example: `5254.0015.4a3b'
		      default  Default format, colon

	       inet   Adjust the display of inet address subnet	masks:

		      cidr     CIDR notation, for example: `203.0.113.224/26'
		      default  Default format, hex
		      dotted   Dotted	 quad	 notation,    for     example:
			       `255.255.255.192'
		      hex      Hexadecimal format, for example:	`0xffffffc0'

	       inet6  Adjust  the  display  of	inet6 address prefixes (subnet
		      masks):

		      cidr     CIDR  notation,	for  example:	`::1/128'   or
			       `fe80::1%lo0/64'
		      default  Default format, numeric
		      numeric  Integer format, for example: `prefixlen 64'

       -G groupname
	       Exclude	members	 of  the  specified groupname from the output.
	       groupname.

	       Only one	option -G should be specified as later override	previ-
	       ous ones	groupname may contain shell patterns in	which case  it
	       should be quoted.

	       Setting groupname to all	selects	all interfaces.

       -g groupname
	       Limit the output	to the members of the specified	groupname.

	       If  -g  is specified before other significant flags like, e.g.,
	       -a, -l, or -C, then ifconfig lists names	of interfaces  belong-
	       ing to groupname.  Any other flags and arguments	are ignored in
	       this case.

	       Only one	option -g should be specified as later override	previ-
	       ous  ones groupname may contain shell patterns in which case it
	       should be quoted.

	       Setting groupname to all	selects	all interfaces.

       -j jail
	       Perform the actions inside the jail.

	       The ifconfig will first attach to the jail (by jail id or  jail
	       name) before performing the effects.

	       This  allow network interfaces of jail to be configured even if
	       the ifconfig binary is not available in jail.

       -k      Print keying information	for the	interface, if available.

	       For  example,  the  values  of  802.11  WEP  keys  and  carp(4)
	       passphrases will	be printed, if accessible to the current user.

	       This  information  is not printed by default, as	it may be con-
	       sidered sensitive.

       -L      Display address lifetime	for  IPv6  addresses  as  time	offset
	       string.

       -l      List  all available interfaces on the system, with no other ad-
	       ditional	information.

	       If an address_family is specified, only interfaces of that type
	       will be listed.

	       If the address_family is	set to ether,  then  -l	 will  exclude
	       loopback	interfaces from	the list of Ethernet interfaces.  This
	       is  a  special case, because all	the other synonyms of the link
	       address family will include loopback interfaces in the list.

	       Use of this flag	is mutually exclusive with all other flags and
	       commands, except	for -d,	-g, and	-u.

       -m      Display the capability list and all of the supported media  for
	       the specified interface.

       -n      Disable automatic loading of network interface drivers.

	       By  default  if	the network interface driver is	not present in
	       the kernel then ifconfig	will attempt to	load it.

       -u      Display only the	interfaces that	are up.

       -v      Get more	verbose	status for an interface.

       address
	       For the inet family, the	address	is either a host name  present
	       in  the	host  name data	base, hosts(5),	or an IPv4 address ex-
	       pressed in the Internet standard	"dot notation".

	       It is also possible to use the CIDR notation (also known	as the
	       slash notation) to include the netmask.	That is, one can spec-
	       ify an address like 192.168.0.1/16.

	       For the inet6 family, it	is also	possible to specify the	prefix
	       length  using  the  slash  notation,  like  ::1/128.   See  the
	       prefixlen parameter below for more information.

	       The  link-level	(link)	address	 is  specified	as a series of
	       colon-separated hex digits.  This can be	used to, for  example,
	       set  a  new  MAC	 address  on an	Ethernet interface, though the
	       mechanism used is not Ethernet specific.

	       Use the random keyword to set a randomly	generated MAC address.
	       A randomly-generated MAC	address	might be the same as  one  al-
	       ready  in  use in the network.  Such duplications are extremely
	       unlikely.

	       If the interface	is already up when the link-level  address  is
	       modified, it will be briefly brought down and then brought back
	       up  again in order to ensure that the receive filter in the un-
	       derlying	Ethernet hardware is properly reprogrammed.

       address_family
	       Specify the address family which	affects	interpretation of  the
	       remaining parameters.  Since an interface can receive transmis-
	       sions  in  differing  protocols	with different naming schemes,
	       specifying the address family is	recommended.  The  address  or
	       protocol	families currently supported are:

	       ether   Synonymous with link (with some exceptions, see -l).

	       inet    Default,	if available.

	       inet6

	       link    Default,	if inet	is not available.

	       lladdr  Synonymous with link.

       dest_address
	       Specify	the address of the correspondent on the	other end of a
	       point to	point link.

       interface
	       This parameter is a string of the form "name unit",  for	 exam-
	       ple, "em0".

       The  ifconfig  utility displays the current configuration for a network
       interface when no optional parameters are supplied.  If a protocol fam-
       ily is specified, ifconfig will report only  the	 details  specific  to
       that protocol family.

       When no arguments are given, -a is implied.

       Only  the  super-user  may modify the configuration of a	network	inter-
       face.

PARAMETERS
       The following parameters	may be set with	ifconfig:

       add     Another name for	the alias parameter.  Introduced for  compati-
	       bility with BSD/OS.

       alias   Establish  an  additional  network  address for this interface.
	       This is sometimes useful	when changing network numbers, and one
	       wishes to accept	packets	addressed to the  old  interface.   If
	       the  address is on the same subnet as the first network address
	       for this	interface, a non-conflicting netmask  must  be	given.
	       Usually 0xffffffff is most appropriate.

       -alias  Remove  the  network  address specified.	 This would be used if
	       you incorrectly specified an alias, or it was no	longer needed.
	       If you have incorrectly set an NS address having	the  side  ef-
	       fect  of	specifying the host portion, removing all NS addresses
	       will allow you to respecify the host portion.

       anycast
	       (Inet6 only.)  Specify that the address configured is  an  any-
	       cast address.  Based on the current specification, only routers
	       may  configure  anycast addresses.  Anycast address will	not be
	       used as source address of any of	outgoing IPv6 packets.

       arp     Enable the use of the Address Resolution	Protocol  (arp(4))  in
	       mapping	between	 network  level	 addresses  and	link level ad-
	       dresses (default).  This	is currently implemented  for  mapping
	       between Internet	Protocol addresses and IEEE 802	48-bit MAC ad-
	       dresses (Ethernet addresses).

       -arp    Disable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol (arp(4)).

       staticarp
	       If  the	Address	 Resolution Protocol is	enabled, the host will
	       only reply to requests for its addresses, and will  never  send
	       any requests.

       -staticarp
	       If  the	Address	 Resolution Protocol is	enabled, the host will
	       perform	normally,  sending  out	 requests  and	listening  for
	       replies.

       stickyarp
	       Enable  the  so-called  sticky  ARP mode	for the	interface.  If
	       this option is enabled on the given interface, any resolved ad-
	       dress is	marked as a static one and never expires. This may  be
	       used  to	 increase  security  of	 the network by	preventing ARP
	       spoofing	or to reduce  latency  for  high-performance  Ethernet
	       networks	 where the time	needed for ARP resolution is too high.
	       Please note  that  a  similar  feature  is  also	 provided  for
	       bridges.	 See  the  sticky  option  in  the  "Bridge  Interface
	       Parameters" section. Enabling this option may impact techniques
	       which rely on ARP expiration/overwriting	feature	such as	 load-
	       balancers or high-availabity solutions such as carp(4).

       -stickyarp
	       Disable	the  so-called	sticky ARP mode	for the	interface (de-
	       fault).	Resolved addresses will	expire normally	respecting the
	       kernel ARP configuration.

       broadcast
	       (Inet only.)  Specify the address to use	 to  represent	broad-
	       casts to	the network.  The default broadcast address is the ad-
	       dress with a host part of all 1's.

       debug   Enable  driver dependent	debugging code;	usually, this turns on
	       extra console error logging.

       -debug  Disable driver dependent	debugging code.

       promisc
	       Put interface into permanently promiscuous mode.

       -promisc
	       Disable permanently promiscuous mode.

       delete  Another name for	the -alias parameter.

       description value, descr	value
	       Specify a description of	the interface.	This can  be  used  to
	       label interfaces	in situations where they may otherwise be dif-
	       ficult to distinguish.

       -description, -descr
	       Clear the interface description.

       down    Mark  an	interface "down".  When	an interface is	marked "down",
	       the system will not attempt to transmit messages	 through  that
	       interface.  If possible,	the interface will be reset to disable
	       reception  as well.  This action	does not automatically disable
	       routes using the	interface.

       group groupname
	       Assign the interface to a "group".  The groupname  may  not  be
	       longer than 15 characters and must not end in a digit.  Any in-
	       terface can be in multiple groups.

	       Cloned  interfaces  are members of their	interface family group
	       by default.  For	example, a VLAN	interface such as vlan10 is  a
	       member of the VLAN interface family group, vlan.

       -group groupname
	       Remove the interface from the given "group".

       eui64   (Inet6 only.)  Fill interface index (lowermost 64bit of an IPv6
	       address)	automatically.

       fib fib_number
	       Specify	interface  FIB.	  A  FIB fib_number is assigned	to all
	       frames or packets received on that interface.  The FIB  is  not
	       inherited, e.g.,	vlans or other sub-interfaces will use the de-
	       fault  FIB (0) irrespective of the parent interface's FIB.  The
	       kernel needs to be tuned	to support more	than the  default  FIB
	       using  the  ROUTETABLES	kernel	configuration  option,	or the
	       net.fibs	tunable.

       tunnelfib fib_number
	       Specify tunnel FIB.  A FIB fib_number is	assigned to all	 pack-
	       ets  encapsulated by tunnel interface, e.g., gif(4), gre(4) and
	       vxlan(4).

       maclabel	label
	       If Mandatory Access Control support is enabled in  the  kernel,
	       set the MAC label to label.

       media type
	       If  the driver supports the media selection system, set the me-
	       dia type	of the interface to type.  Some	interfaces support the
	       mutually	exclusive use of one of	several	different physical me-
	       dia connectors.	For example,  a	 10Mbit/s  Ethernet  interface
	       might support the use of	either AUI or twisted pair connectors.
	       Setting	the  media  type  to 10base5/AUI would change the cur-
	       rently active  connector	 to  the  AUI  port.   Setting	it  to
	       10baseT/UTP  would  activate twisted pair.  Refer to the	inter-
	       faces' driver specific documentation or man page	for a complete
	       list of the available types.

       mediaopt	opts
	       If the driver supports the  media  selection  system,  set  the
	       specified media options on the interface.  The opts argument is
	       a  comma	 delimited  list of options to apply to	the interface.
	       Refer to	the interfaces'	driver specific	man page  for  a  com-
	       plete list of available options.

       -mediaopt opts
	       If  the driver supports the media selection system, disable the
	       specified media options on the interface.

       mode mode
	       If the driver supports the  media  selection  system,  set  the
	       specified  operating  mode  on the interface to mode.  For IEEE
	       802.11 wireless	interfaces  that  support  multiple  operating
	       modes  this  directive is used to select	between	802.11a	(11a),
	       802.11b (11b), and 802.11g (11g)	operating modes.

       txrtlmt
	       Set if the driver supports TX rate limiting.

       inst minst, instance minst
	       Set the media instance to minst.	 This is  useful  for  devices
	       which have multiple physical layer interfaces (PHYs).

       name name
	       Set the interface name to name.

       rxcsum, txcsum, rxcsum6,	txcsum6
	       If  the	driver supports	user-configurable checksum offloading,
	       enable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading	on the	inter-
	       face.   The  feature  can be turned on selectively per protocol
	       family.	Use rxcsum6, txcsum6 for ip6(4)	or rxcsum, txcsum oth-
	       erwise.	Some drivers may not be	able to	enable these flags in-
	       dependently of each other, so setting  one  may	also  set  the
	       other.  The driver will offload as much checksum	work as	it can
	       reliably	 support, the exact level of offloading	varies between
	       drivers.

       -rxcsum,	-txcsum, -rxcsum6, -txcsum6
	       If the driver supports user-configurable	 checksum  offloading,
	       disable receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the	inter-
	       face.   The  feature can	be turned off selectively per protocol
	       family.	Use -rxcsum6, -txcsum6 for ip6(4) or -rxcsum,  -txcsum
	       otherwise.   These  settings  may  not always be	independent of
	       each other.

       tso     If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation  offloading,	enable
	       TSO  on the interface.  Some drivers may	not be able to support
	       TSO for ip(4) and ip6(4)	packets, so they may enable  only  one
	       of them.

       -tso    If  the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading, disable
	       TSO on the interface.  It will always disable TSO for ip(4) and
	       ip6(4).

       tso6, tso4
	       If the  driver  supports	 tcp(4)	 segmentation  offloading  for
	       ip6(4) or ip(4) use one of these	to selectively enabled it only
	       for one protocol	family.

       -tso6, -tso4
	       If  the	driver	supports  tcp(4)  segmentation	offloading for
	       ip6(4) or ip(4) use one of these	to selectively disable it only
	       for one protocol	family.

       lro     If the driver supports tcp(4) large receive offloading,	enable
	       LRO on the interface.

       -lro    If the driver supports tcp(4) large receive offloading, disable
	       LRO on the interface.

       txtls   Transmit	 TLS  offload  encrypts	Transport Layer	Security (TLS)
	       records and segments the	encrypted  record  into	 one  or  more
	       tcp(4)  segments	 over  either  ip(4) or	ip6(4).	 If the	driver
	       supports	transmit TLS offload, enable transmit TLS  offload  on
	       the  interface.	Some drivers may not be	able to	support	trans-
	       mit TLS offload for ip(4) and ip6(4) packets, so	they  may  en-
	       able only one of	them.

       -txtls  If  the	driver supports	transmit TLS offload, disable transmit
	       TLS offload on the interface.  It will always disable  TLS  for
	       ip(4) and ip6(4).

       txtlsrtlmt
	       Enable use of rate limiting (packet pacing) for TLS offload.

       -txtlsrtlmt
	       Disable use of rate limiting for	TLS offload.

       mextpg  If the driver supports extended multi-page mbuf(9) buffers, en-
	       able them on the	interface.

       -mextpg
	       If  the	driver	supports  extended multi-page mbuf(9) biffers,
	       disable them on the interface.

       wol, wol_ucast, wol_mcast, wol_magic
	       Enable Wake On Lan (WOL)	support, if available.	WOL is	a  fa-
	       cility  whereby	a machine in a low power state may be woken in
	       response	to a received packet.  There are three types of	 pack-
	       ets  that  may wake a system: ucast (directed solely to the ma-
	       chine's mac address), mcast (directed to	a broadcast or	multi-
	       cast  address),	or  magic  (unicast or multicast frames	with a
	       "magic contents").  Not all devices support WOL,	those that  do
	       indicate	 the  mechanisms  they	support	in their capabilities.
	       wol is a	synonym	for enabling all available WOL mechanisms.  To
	       disable WOL use -wol.

       vlanmtu,	vlanhwtag, vlanhwfilter, vlanhwcsum, vlanhwtso
	       If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, enable re-
	       ception of extended frames, tag processing in  hardware,	 frame
	       filtering in hardware, checksum offloading, or TSO on VLAN, re-
	       spectively.   Note  that	 this must be configured on a physical
	       interface associated with vlan(4), not on a  vlan(4)  interface
	       itself.

       -vlanmtu, -vlanhwtag, -vlanhwfilter, -vlanhwcsum, -vlanhwtso
	       If  the	driver	offers user-configurable VLAN support, disable
	       reception of extended frames, tag processing in hardware, frame
	       filtering in hardware, checksum offloading, or TSO on VLAN, re-
	       spectively.

       vxlanhwcsum, vxlanhwtso
	       If the driver offers user-configurable  VXLAN  support,	enable
	       inner  checksum	offloading  (receive  and  transmit) or	TSO on
	       VXLAN, respectively.  Note that this must be  configured	 on  a
	       physical	 interface associated with vxlan(4), not on a vxlan(4)
	       interface itself.  The physical interface is either the	inter-
	       face  specified	as  the	 vxlandev or the interface hosting the
	       vxlanlocal address.  The	driver will offload as	much  checksum
	       work and	TSO as it can reliably support,	the exact level	of of-
	       floading	may vary between drivers.

       -vxlanhwcsum, -vxlanhwtso
	       If  the	driver offers user-configurable	VXLAN support, disable
	       checksum	offloading (receive and	transmit) or TSO on VXLAN, re-
	       spectively.

       vnet jail
	       Move the	interface to the jail(8), specified by	name  or  JID.
	       If  the	jail  has  a virtual network stack, the	interface will
	       disappear from the current environment and  become  visible  to
	       the jail.

       -vnet jail
	       Reclaim	the  interface	from the jail(8), specified by name or
	       JID.  If	the jail has a virtual network	stack,	the  interface
	       will disappear from the jail, and become	visible	to the current
	       network environment.

       polling
	       Turn on polling(4) feature and disable interrupts on the	inter-
	       face, if	driver supports	this mode.

       -polling
	       Turn  off  polling(4)  feature and enable interrupt mode	on the
	       interface.

       create  Create the specified network pseudo-device.  If	the  interface
	       is given	without	a unit number, try to create a new device with
	       an  arbitrary  unit number.  If creation	of an arbitrary	device
	       is successful, the new device name is printed to	standard  out-
	       put  unless  the	 interface is renamed or destroyed in the same
	       ifconfig	invocation.

       destroy
	       Destroy the specified network pseudo-device.

       plumb   Another name for	the create parameter.	Included  for  Solaris
	       compatibility.

       unplumb
	       Another	name  for the destroy parameter.  Included for Solaris
	       compatibility.

       metric n
	       Set the routing metric of the interface to n, default  0.   The
	       routing	metric	is  used  by the routing protocol (routed(8)).
	       Higher metrics have the effect of making	a  route  less	favor-
	       able; metrics are counted as additional hops to the destination
	       network or host.

       mtu n   Set  the	 maximum  transmission unit of the interface to	n, de-
	       fault is	interface specific.  The MTU is	used to	limit the size
	       of packets that are transmitted on an interface.	 Not  all  in-
	       terfaces	 support  setting  the	MTU,  and some interfaces have
	       range restrictions.

       netmask mask
	       (Inet only.)  Specify how much of the address  to  reserve  for
	       subdividing  networks into sub-networks.	 The mask includes the
	       network part of the local address and the subnet	part, which is
	       taken from the host field of the	 address.   The	 mask  can  be
	       specified  as  a	single hexadecimal number with a leading `0x',
	       with a dot-notation Internet address, or	with a	pseudo-network
	       name  listed  in	 the network table networks(5).	 The mask con-
	       tains 1's for the bit positions in the 32-bit address which are
	       to be used for the network and subnet parts, and	 0's  for  the
	       host  part.  The	mask should contain at least the standard net-
	       work portion, and the subnet field should  be  contiguous  with
	       the network portion.

	       The  netmask  can  also be specified in CIDR notation after the
	       address.	 See the address option	above for more information.

       prefixlen len
	       (Inet6 only.)  Specify that len bits are	reserved for subdivid-
	       ing networks into sub-networks.	The len	must be	 integer,  and
	       for  syntactical	reason it must be between 0 to 128.  It	is al-
	       most always 64 under the	current	IPv6 assignment	rule.  If  the
	       parameter is omitted, 64	is used.

	       The prefix can also be specified	using the slash	notation after
	       the  address.   See  the	address	option above for more informa-
	       tion.

       remove  Another name for	the -alias parameter.  Introduced for compati-
	       bility with BSD/OS.

       link[0-2]
	       Enable special processing of the	link level of  the  interface.
	       These  three  options  are interface specific in	actual effect,
	       however,	they are in general used to select  special  modes  of
	       operation.   An	example	of this	is to enable SLIP compression,
	       or to select the	connector type for some	Ethernet cards.	 Refer
	       to the man page for the specific	driver for more	information.

       -link[0-2]
	       Disable special processing at the link level with the specified
	       interface.

       monitor
	       Put the interface in monitor mode.  No packets are transmitted,
	       and received packets are	discarded after	bpf(4) processing.

       -monitor
	       Take the	interface out of monitor mode.

       pcp priority_code_point
	       Priority	code point (PCP) is an 3-bit field which refers	to the
	       IEEE 802.1p class of service and	maps  to  the  frame  priority
	       level.

       -pcp    Stop  tagging  packets  on  the	interface w/ the priority code
	       point.

       up      Mark an interface "up".	This may be used to enable  an	inter-
	       face  after  an "ifconfig down".	 It happens automatically when
	       setting the first address on an interface.   If	the  interface
	       was reset when previously marked	down, the hardware will	be re-
	       initialized.

   ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol Parameters
       The  following  parameters  are for ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol.
       Note that the address family keyword "inet6" is needed for them:

       accept_rtadv
	       Set a flag to enable accepting ICMPv6 Router Advertisement mes-
	       sages.  The sysctl(8) variable net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv  con-
	       trols whether this flag is set by default or not.

       -accept_rtadv
	       Clear a flag accept_rtadv.

       no_radr
	       Set a flag to control whether routers from which	the system ac-
	       cepts  Router  Advertisement  messages will be added to the De-
	       fault Router List or not.  When the accept_rtadv	flag  is  dis-
	       abled,  this  flag  has	no  effect.   The  sysctl(8)  variable
	       net.inet6.ip6.no_radr controls whether this flag	is set by  de-
	       fault or	not.

       -no_radr
	       Clear a flag no_radr.

       auto_linklocal
	       Set  a  flag to perform automatic link-local address configura-
	       tion when the interface becomes available.  The sysctl(8) vari-
	       able net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal controls whether this flag is
	       set by default or not.

       -auto_linklocal
	       Clear a flag auto_linklocal.

       defaultif
	       Set the specified interface as the default route	when there  is
	       no default router.

       -defaultif
	       Clear a flag defaultif.

       ifdisabled
	       Set a flag to disable all of IPv6 network communications	on the
	       specified interface.  Note that if there	are already configured
	       IPv6  addresses	on  that  interface, all of them are marked as
	       "tentative" and	DAD  will  be  performed  when	this  flag  is
	       cleared.

       -ifdisabled
	       Clear  a	 flag  ifdisabled.   When  this	 flag  is  cleared and
	       auto_linklocal flag is enabled, automatic  configuration	 of  a
	       link-local address is performed.

       nud     Set a flag to enable Neighbor Unreachability Detection.

       -nud    Clear a flag nud.

       no_prefer_iface
	       Set  a  flag to not honor rule 5	of source address selection in
	       RFC 3484.  In practice this means the address on	 the  outgoing
	       interface will not be preferred,	effectively yielding the deci-
	       sion  to	 the address selection policy table, configurable with
	       ip6addrctl(8).

       -no_prefer_iface
	       Clear a flag no_prefer_iface.

       no_dad  Set a flag to disable Duplicate Address Detection.

       -no_dad
	       Clear a flag no_dad.

   IPv6	Parameters
       The following parameters	are specific for IPv6  addresses.   Note  that
       the address family keyword "inet6" is needed for	them:

       autoconf
	       Set the IPv6 autoconfigured address bit.

       -autoconf
	       Clear the IPv6 autoconfigured address bit.

       deprecated
	       Set the IPv6 deprecated address bit.

       -deprecated
	       Clear the IPv6 deprecated address bit.

       pltime n
	       Set preferred lifetime for the address.

       prefer_source
	       Set  a  flag to prefer address as a candidate of	the source ad-
	       dress for outgoing packets.

       -prefer_source
	       Clear a flag prefer_source.

       vltime n
	       Set valid lifetime for the address.

   IEEE	802.11 Wireless	Interfaces Cloning Parameters
       The following parameters	are specific to	cloning	IEEE  802.11  wireless
       interfaces with the create request:

       wlandev device
	       Use device as the parent	for the	cloned device.

       wlanmode	mode
	       Specify the operating mode for this cloned device.  mode	is one
	       of  sta,	 ahdemo	 (or  adhoc-demo),  ibss  (or  adhoc),	ap (or
	       hostap),	wds, tdma, mesh, and monitor.  The operating mode of a
	       cloned interface	cannot be changed.  The	tdma mode is  actually
	       implemented as an adhoc-demo interface with special properties.

       wlanbssid bssid
	       The  802.11  mac	 address  to  use for the bssid.  This must be
	       specified at create time	for a legacy wds device.

       wlanaddr	address
	       The local mac address.  If this is not specified	then a mac ad-
	       dress will automatically	be  assigned  to  the  cloned  device.
	       Typically this address is the same as the address of the	parent
	       device  but if the bssid	parameter is specified then the	driver
	       will craft a unique address for the device (if supported).

       wdslegacy
	       Mark a wds device as operating in "legacy  mode".   Legacy  wds
	       devices have a fixed peer relationship and do not, for example,
	       roam if their peer stops	communicating.	For completeness a Dy-
	       namic WDS (DWDS)	interface may marked as	-wdslegacy.

       bssid   Request a unique	local mac address for the cloned device.  This
	       is only possible	if the device supports multiple	mac addresses.
	       To force	use of the parent's mac	address	use -bssid.

       beacons
	       Mark  the  cloned interface as depending	on hardware support to
	       track received beacons.	To have	beacons	 tracked  in  software
	       use -beacons.  For hostap mode -beacons can also	be used	to in-
	       dicate  no  beacons  should  be transmitted; this can be	useful
	       when creating a WDS configuration but wds interfaces  can  only
	       be created as companions	to an access point.

   Cloned IEEE 802.11 Wireless Interface Parameters
       The  following  parameters  are specific	to IEEE	802.11 wireless	inter-
       faces cloned with a create operation:

       ampdu   Enable sending and receiving AMPDU frames  when	using  802.11n
	       (default).   The	 802.11n specification states a	compliant sta-
	       tion must be capable of receiving AMPDU frames but transmission
	       is optional.  Use -ampdu	to  disable  all  use  of  AMPDU  with
	       802.11n.	  For  testing	and/or to work around interoperability
	       problems	one can	use ampdutx and	ampdurx	to control use of  AM-
	       PDU in one direction.

       ampdudensity density
	       Set  the	 AMPDU	density	 parameter  used  when	operating with
	       802.11n.	 This parameter	controls the inter-packet gap for  AM-
	       PDU  frames.  The sending device	normally controls this setting
	       but a receiving station may request wider gaps.	 Legal	values
	       for  density are	0, .25,	.5, 1, 2, 4, 8,	and 16 (microseconds).
	       A value of - is treated the same	as 0.

       ampdulimit limit
	       Set the limit on	packet size for	receiving  AMPDU  frames  when
	       operating  with	802.11n.   Legal  values  for  limit are 8192,
	       16384, 32768, and 65536 but  one	 can  also  specify  just  the
	       unique  prefix:	8,  16,	32, 64.	 Note the sender may limit the
	       size of AMPDU frames to be less than the	maximum	 specified  by
	       the receiving station.

       amsdu   Enable  sending	and receiving AMSDU frames when	using 802.11n.
	       By default AMSDU	is received but	not transmitted.   Use	-amsdu
	       to  disable  all	use of AMSDU with 802.11n.  For	testing	and/or
	       to work around interoperability problems	one  can  use  amsdutx
	       and amsdurx to control use of AMSDU in one direction.

       amsdulimit limit
	       Set  the	 limit	on packet size for sending and receiving AMSDU
	       frames when operating with 802.11n.  Legal values for limit are
	       7935 and	3839 (bytes).  Note the	sender may limit the  size  of
	       AMSDU  frames  to be less than the maximum specified by the re-
	       ceiving station.	 Note also that	devices	are  not  required  to
	       support the 7935	limit, only 3839 is required by	the specifica-
	       tion  and  the larger value may require more memory to be dedi-
	       cated to	support	functionality that is rarely used.

       apbridge
	       When operating as an access point, pass packets	between	 wire-
	       less  clients  directly (default).  To instead let them pass up
	       through the system and be forwarded using some other mechanism,
	       use -apbridge.  Disabling the internal bridging is useful  when
	       traffic is to be	processed with packet filtering.

       authmode	mode
	       Set  the	 desired  authentication  mode in infrastructure mode.
	       Not all adapters	support	all modes.  The	set of valid modes  is
	       none,  open,  shared (shared key), 8021x	(IEEE 802.1x), and wpa
	       (IEEE WPA/WPA2/802.11i).	 The 8021x and wpa modes are only use-
	       ful when	using an  authentication  service  (a  supplicant  for
	       client  operation  or an	authenticator when operating as	an ac-
	       cess point).  Modes are case insensitive.

       bgscan  Enable background scanning when operating as a station.	 Back-
	       ground  scanning	is a technique whereby a station associated to
	       an access point will temporarily	leave the channel to scan  for
	       neighboring  stations.	This  allows  a	 station to maintain a
	       cache of	nearby access points so	that  roaming  between	access
	       points  can  be	done  without a	lengthy	scan operation.	 Back-
	       ground scanning is done only when a station is not busy and any
	       outbound	traffic	will  cancel  a	 scan  operation.   Background
	       scanning	should never cause packets to be lost though there may
	       be some small latency if	outbound traffic interrupts a scan op-
	       eration.	  By default background	scanning is enabled if the de-
	       vice is capable.	 To disable background scanning, use  -bgscan.
	       Background   scanning  is  controlled  by  the  bgscanidle  and
	       bgscanintvl parameters.	Background scanning  must  be  enabled
	       for  roaming; this is an	artifact of the	current	implementation
	       and may not be required in the future.

       bgscanidle idletime
	       Set the minimum time a station must be idle  (not  transmitting
	       or  receiving  frames)  before  a background scan is initiated.
	       The idletime parameter is specified in  milliseconds.   By  de-
	       fault a station must be idle at least 250 milliseconds before a
	       background  scan	is initiated.  The idle	time may not be	set to
	       less than 100 milliseconds.

       bgscanintvl interval
	       Set the interval	at which  background  scanning	is  attempted.
	       The  interval  parameter	is specified in	seconds.  By default a
	       background scan is considered every 300	seconds	 (5  minutes).
	       The interval may	not be set to less than	15 seconds.

       bintval interval
	       Set the interval	at which beacon	frames are sent	when operating
	       in  ad-hoc  or ap mode.	The interval parameter is specified in
	       TU's (1024 usecs).  By default beacon  frames  are  transmitted
	       every 100 TU's.

       bmissthreshold count
	       Set  the	number of consecutive missed beacons at	which the sta-
	       tion will attempt to  roam  (i.e.,  search  for	a  new	access
	       point).	 The  count  parameter	must be	in the range 1 to 255;
	       though the upper	bound may be reduced according to device capa-
	       bilities.  The default threshold	is 7 consecutive  missed  bea-
	       cons; but this may be overridden	by the device driver.  Another
	       name for	the bmissthreshold parameter is	bmiss.

       bssid address
	       Specify the MAC address of the access point to use when operat-
	       ing  as	a  station in a	BSS network.  This overrides any auto-
	       matic selection done by the system.  To	disable	 a  previously
	       selected	 access	point, supply any, none, or - for the address.
	       This option is useful when more than one	access point uses  the
	       same SSID.  Another name	for the	bssid parameter	is ap.

       burst   Enable  packet  bursting.   Packet  bursting  is	a transmission
	       technique whereby the wireless medium is	acquired once to  send
	       multiple	 frames	 and  the interframe spacing is	reduced.  This
	       technique can significantly  increase  throughput  by  reducing
	       transmission  overhead.	 Packet	 bursting  is supported	by the
	       802.11e QoS specification and some devices that do not  support
	       QoS  may	 still	be capable.  By	default	packet bursting	is en-
	       abled if	a device is capable of doing it.   To  disable	packet
	       bursting, use -burst.

       chanlist	channels
	       Set  the	 desired  channels  to	use  when  scanning for	access
	       points, neighbors in an IBSS network, or	looking	for unoccupied
	       channels	when operating as an access point.  The	set  of	 chan-
	       nels  is	 specified as a	comma-separated	list with each element
	       in the list representing	either a single	channel	 number	 or  a
	       range  of the form "a-b".  Channel numbers must be in the range
	       1 to 255	and be permissible according to	the operating  charac-
	       teristics of the	device.

       channel number
	       Set  a  single  desired channel.	 Channels range	from 1 to 255,
	       but the exact selection available depends on  the  region  your
	       adaptor	was  manufactured for.	Setting	the channel to any, or
	       "-" will	clear any desired channel and, if the device is	marked
	       up, force a scan	for a channel to  operate  on.	 Alternatively
	       the  frequency,	in  megahertz, may be specified	instead	of the
	       channel number.

	       When there are several ways to use a channel the	 channel  num-
	       ber/frequency  may be appended with attributes to clarify.  For
	       example,	if a device is capable of operating on channel 6  with
	       802.11n and 802.11g then	one can	specify	that g-only use	should
	       be  used	by specifying 6:g.  Similarly the channel width	can be
	       specified by appending it with  "/";  e.g.,  6/40  specifies  a
	       40MHz  wide  channel.   These attributes	can be combined	as in:
	       6:ht/40.

	       The full	set of flags specified following a ":" are:

	       a       802.11a
	       b       802.11b
	       d       Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode
	       g       802.11g
	       h       Same as n
	       n       802.11n aka HT
	       s       Atheros Static Turbo mode
	       t       Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode, or appended to st and dt

	       The full	set of channel widths following	a / are:

	       5       5MHz aka	quarter-rate channel
	       10      10MHz aka half-rate channel
	       20      20MHz mostly for	use in specifying ht20
	       40      40MHz mostly for	use in specifying ht40

	       In addition, a 40MHz HT channel specification may  include  the
	       location	 of  the extension channel by appending	"+" or "-" for
	       above and  below,  respectively;	 e.g.,	2437:ht/40+  specifies
	       40MHz  wide  HT	operation with the center channel at frequency
	       2437 and	the extension channel above.

       country name
	       Set the country code to use in calculating the regulatory  con-
	       straints	 for  operation.   In  particular the set of available
	       channels, how the wireless device will operation	on  the	 chan-
	       nels,  and  the	maximum	 transmit  power that can be used on a
	       channel are defined by this setting.  Country/Region codes  are
	       specified  as a 2-character abbreviation	defined	by ISO 3166 or
	       using a longer, but possibly ambiguous,	spelling;  e.g.,  "ES"
	       and   "Spain".	The  set  of  country  codes  are  taken  from
	       /etc/regdomain.xml  and	can  also  be  viewed  with  the  list
	       countries  request.  Note that not all devices support changing
	       the country code	from a default setting;	 typically  stored  in
	       EEPROM.	See also regdomain, indoor, outdoor, and anywhere.

       dfs     Enable  Dynamic	Frequency  Selection  (DFS)  as	 specified  in
	       802.11h.	 DFS embodies several facilities  including  detection
	       of  overlapping	radar signals, dynamic transmit	power control,
	       and channel selection according to a least-congested  criteria.
	       DFS  support  is	mandatory for some 5GHz	frequencies in certain
	       locales (e.g., ETSI).  By default DFS is	enabled	 according  to
	       the  regulatory definitions specified in	/etc/regdomain.xml and
	       the current country code, regdomain, and	channel.  Note the un-
	       derlying	device (and driver) must support radar	detection  for
	       full DFS	support	to work.  To be	fully compliant	with the local
	       regulatory  agency  frequencies	that require DFS should	not be
	       used unless it is fully supported.  Use -dfs  to	 disable  this
	       functionality for testing.

       dotd    Enable  support	for the	802.11d	specification (default).  When
	       this support is enabled in station mode,	beacon frames that ad-
	       vertise a country code different	than the currently  configured
	       country	code  will cause an event to be	dispatched to user ap-
	       plications.  This event can be used by  the  station  to	 adopt
	       that country code and operate according to the associated regu-
	       latory  constraints.   When  operating  as an access point with
	       802.11d enabled the beacon and probe response frames  transmit-
	       ted  will advertise the current regulatory domain settings.  To
	       disable 802.11d use -dotd.

       doth    Enable 802.11h support  including  spectrum  management.	  When
	       802.11h	is  enabled beacon and probe response frames will have
	       the SpectrumMgt bit set in the capabilities field  and  country
	       and  power  constraint  information  elements  will be present.
	       802.11h support also includes handling Channel Switch Announce-
	       ments (CSA) which are a mechanism to coordinate channel changes
	       by an access point.  By default 802.11h is enabled if  the  de-
	       vice is capable.	 To disable 802.11h use	-doth.

       deftxkey	index
	       Set the default key to use for transmission.  Typically this is
	       only  set  when using WEP encryption.  Note that	you must set a
	       default transmit	key for	the system to know which key to	use in
	       encrypting outbound traffic.  The weptxkey is an	alias for this
	       request;	it is provided for backwards compatibility.

       dtimperiod period
	       Set the DTIM period for transmitting  buffered  multicast  data
	       frames  when  operating	in  ap mode.  The period specifies the
	       number of beacon	intervals between DTIM	and  must  be  in  the
	       range 1 to 15.  By default DTIM is 1 (i.e., DTIM	occurs at each
	       beacon).

       quiet   Enable  the  use	 of quiet IE.  Hostap will use this to silence
	       other stations to reduce	interference for radar detection  when
	       operating  on  5GHz frequency and doth support is enabled.  Use
	       -quiet to disable this functionality.

       quiet_period period
	       Set the QUIET period to the number of beacon intervals  between
	       the  start  of  regularly  scheduled quiet intervals defined by
	       Quiet element.

       quiet_count count
	       Set the QUIET count to the number of TBTTs until	the beacon in-
	       terval during which the next quiet  interval  shall  start.   A
	       value  of  1 indicates the quiet	interval will start during the
	       beacon interval starting	at the next TBTT.  A value  0  is  re-
	       served.

       quiet_offset offset
	       Set  the	 QUIET	offset to the offset of	the start of the quiet
	       interval	from the TBTT specified	by the Quiet count,  expressed
	       in  TUs.	 The value of the offset shall be less than one	beacon
	       interval.

       quiet_duration dur
	       Set the QUIET dur to the	duration of the	 Quiet	interval,  ex-
	       pressed in TUs.	The value should be less than beacon interval.

       dturbo  Enable the use of Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode when communicating
	       with another Dynamic Turbo-capable station.  Dynamic Turbo mode
	       is  an  Atheros-specific	mechanism by which stations switch be-
	       tween normal 802.11 operation and a "boosted" mode in  which  a
	       40MHz  wide  channel is used for	communication.	Stations using
	       Dynamic Turbo mode operate boosted only	when  the  channel  is
	       free of non-dturbo stations; when a non-dturbo station is iden-
	       tified on the channel all stations will automatically drop back
	       to normal operation.  By	default, Dynamic Turbo mode is not en-
	       abled,  even  if	 the  device is	capable.  Note that turbo mode
	       (dynamic	or static) is only allowed on some channels  depending
	       on  the	regulatory  constraints;  use the list chan command to
	       identify	the channels where turbo mode may be used.  To disable
	       Dynamic Turbo mode use -dturbo.

       dwds    Enable Dynamic WDS (DWDS) support.  DWDS	is a facility by which
	       4-address traffic can be	carried	between	stations operating  in
	       infrastructure  mode.   A station first associates to an	access
	       point and authenticates using normal  procedures	 (e.g.,	 WPA).
	       Then  4-address frames are passed to carry traffic for stations
	       operating on either side	of the wireless	 link.	 DWDS  extends
	       the normal WDS mechanism	by leveraging existing security	proto-
	       cols and	eliminating static binding.

	       When  DWDS  is  enabled on an access point 4-address frames re-
	       ceived  from  an	 authorized  station  will  generate  a	 "DWDS
	       discovery"  event  to  user applications.  This event should be
	       used to create a	WDS interface that is bound to the remote sta-
	       tion (and usually plumbed into a	bridge).  Once the WDS	inter-
	       face  is	 up and	running	4-address traffic then logically flows
	       through that interface.

	       When DWDS is enabled on a station, traffic with	a  destination
	       address	different  from	the peer station are encapsulated in a
	       4-address frame and transmitted to  the	peer.	All  4-address
	       traffic	uses  the  security information	of the stations	(e.g.,
	       cryptographic keys).  A station is associated using 802.11n fa-
	       cilities	may transport 4-address	traffic	using these same mech-
	       anisms; this depends on available resources and capabilities of
	       the device.  The	DWDS implementation  guards  against  layer  2
	       routing loops of	multicast traffic.

       ff      Enable  the  use	of Atheros Fast	Frames when communicating with
	       another Fast Frames-capable station.  Fast Frames are an	encap-
	       sulation	technique by which two 802.3 frames are	transmitted in
	       a single	802.11 frame.  This can	noticeably improve  throughput
	       but  requires  that the receiving station understand how	to de-
	       capsulate the frame.  Fast frame	use is	negotiated  using  the
	       Atheros	802.11	vendor-specific	protocol extension so enabling
	       use is safe when	communicating with  non-Atheros	 devices.   By
	       default,	 use  of fast frames is	enabled	if the device is capa-
	       ble.  To	explicitly disable fast	frames,	use -ff.

       fragthreshold length
	       Set the threshold for which transmitted frames are broken  into
	       fragments.   The	length argument	is the frame size in bytes and
	       must be in the range 256	to 2346.  Setting length to 2346, any,
	       or - disables transmit fragmentation.  Not all  adapters	 honor
	       the fragmentation threshold.

       hidessid
	       When operating as an access point, do not broadcast the SSID in
	       beacon  frames  or  respond to probe request frames unless they
	       are directed to the ap (i.e., they include the ap's SSID).   By
	       default,	 the  SSID is included in beacon frames	and undirected
	       probe request frames are	answered.  To re-enable	the  broadcast
	       of the SSID etc., use -hidessid.

       ht      Enable  use  of	High  Throughput  (HT) when using 802.11n (de-
	       fault).	The 802.11n specification includes mechanisms for  op-
	       eration	on  20MHz and 40MHz wide channels using	different sig-
	       nalling mechanisms than	specified  in  802.11b,	 802.11g,  and
	       802.11a.	  Stations  negotiate  use of these facilities,	termed
	       HT20 and	HT40, when they	associate.   To	 disable  all  use  of
	       802.11n	use  -ht.  To disable use of HT20 (e.g., to force only
	       HT40 use) use -ht20.  To	disable	use of HT40 use	-ht40.

	       HT configuration	is used	to "auto promote" operation when  sev-
	       eral  choices  are  available.  For example, if a station asso-
	       ciates to an 11n-capable	access point it	controls  whether  the
	       station	uses legacy operation, HT20, or	HT40.  When an 11n-ca-
	       pable device is setup as	an access point	and Auto  Channel  Se-
	       lection	is used	to locate a channel to operate on, HT configu-
	       ration controls whether legacy,	HT20,  or  HT40	 operation  is
	       setup on	the selected channel.  If a fixed channel is specified
	       for a station then HT configuration can be given	as part	of the
	       channel specification; e.g., 6:ht/20 to setup HT20 operation on
	       channel 6.

       htcompat
	       Enable  use  of	compatibility  support for pre-802.11n devices
	       (default).  The 802.11n	protocol  specification	 went  through
	       several	incompatible iterations.  Some vendors implemented 11n
	       support to older	specifications that will not interoperate with
	       a purely	11n-compliant station.	In particular the  information
	       elements	included in management frames for old devices are dif-
	       ferent.	 When  compatibility  support is enabled both standard
	       and compatible data will	be provided.  Stations that  associate
	       using the compatibility mechanisms are flagged in list sta.  To
	       disable compatibility support use -htcompat.

       htprotmode technique
	       For   interfaces	  operating  in	 802.11n,  use	the  specified
	       technique for protecting	HT frames in a	mixed  legacy/HT  net-
	       work.   The  set	 of valid techniques is	off, and rts (RTS/CTS,
	       default).  Technique names are case insensitive.

       inact   Enable inactivity processing for	stations associated to an  ac-
	       cess  point  (default).	 When operating	as an access point the
	       802.11 layer monitors the activity of each associated  station.
	       When  a	station	is inactive for	5 minutes it will send several
	       "probe frames" to see if	the station is still present.	If  no
	       response	 is received then the station is deauthenticated.  Ap-
	       plications that prefer to handle	this work can disable this fa-
	       cility by using -inact.

       indoor  Set the location	to use in calculating regulatory  constraints.
	       The  location  is  also advertised in beacon and	probe response
	       frames when 802.11d is enabled with dotd.   See	also  outdoor,
	       anywhere, country, and regdomain.

       list active
	       Display	the list of channels available for use taking into ac-
	       count any restrictions set with the  chanlist  directive.   See
	       the description of list chan for	more information.

       list caps
	       Display	the  adaptor's	capabilities,  including the operating
	       modes supported.

       list chan
	       Display the list	of channels available for use.	 Channels  are
	       shown with their	IEEE channel number, equivalent	frequency, and
	       usage  modes.   Channels	identified as `11g' are	also usable in
	       `11b' mode.  Channels identified	as `11a	 Turbo'	 may  be  used
	       only  for  Atheros'  Static Turbo mode (specified with mediaopt
	       turbo).	Channels marked	with a	`*'  have  a  regulatory  con-
	       straint	that  they be passively	scanned.  This means a station
	       is not permitted	to transmit on the channel until it identifies
	       the channel is being used for 802.11  communication;  typically
	       by hearing a beacon frame from an access	point operating	on the
	       channel.	  list freq is another way of requesting this informa-
	       tion.  By default a compacted list of channels is displayed; if
	       the -v option is	specified then all channels are	shown.

       list countries
	       Display the set of country codes	and  regulatory	 domains  that
	       can be used in regulatory configuration.

       list mac
	       Display	the  current  MAC Access Control List state.  Each ad-
	       dress is	prefixed with a	character that indicates  the  current
	       policy  applied to it: `+' indicates the	address	is allowed ac-
	       cess, `-' indicates the address is denied access, `*' indicates
	       the address is present but the current policy open (so the  ACL
	       is not consulted).

       list mesh
	       Displays	the mesh routing table,	used for forwarding packets on
	       a mesh network.

       list regdomain
	       Display the current regulatory settings including the available
	       channels	and transmit power caps.

       list roam
	       Display the parameters that govern roaming operation.

       list txparam
	       Display the parameters that govern transmit operation.

       list txpower
	       Display the transmit power caps for each	channel.

       list scan
	       Display	the  access  points and/or ad-hoc neighbors located in
	       the vicinity.  This information may be updated automatically by
	       the adapter with	a scan request or through background scanning.
	       Depending on the	capabilities of	 the  stations	the  following
	       flags (capability codes)	can be included	in the output:

	       A    Channel agility.

	       B    PBCC modulation.

	       C    Poll request capability.

	       D    DSSS/OFDM capability.

	       E    Extended Service Set (ESS).	 Indicates that	the station is
		    part  of an	infrastructure network rather than an IBSS/ad-
		    hoc	network.

	       I    Independent	Basic Service Set (IBSS).  Indicates that  the
		    station  is	 part  of an ad-hoc network rather than	an ESS
		    network.

	       P    Privacy capability.	 The station  requires	authentication
		    and	 encryption  for  all data frames exchanged within the
		    BSS	using cryptographic means such as WEP, TKIP,  or  AES-
		    CCMP.

	       R    Robust Secure Network (RSN).

	       S    Short Preamble.  Indicates that the	network	is using short
		    preambles, defined in 802.11b High Rate/DSSS PHY, and uti-
		    lizes  a  56  bit sync field rather	than the 128 bit field
		    used in long preamble mode.	 Short preambles are  used  to
		    optionally improve throughput performance with 802.11g and
		    802.11b.

	       c    Pollable capability.

	       s    Short  slot	 time  capability.  Indicates that the 802.11g
		    network is using a short slot time because	there  are  no
		    legacy (802.11b) stations present.

	       By  default  interesting	information elements captured from the
	       neighboring stations are	displayed at  the  end	of  each  row.
	       Possible	 elements  include:  WME  (station  supports WME), WPA
	       (station	supports WPA), WPS (station supports WPS),  RSN	 (sta-
	       tion  supports 802.11i/RSN), HTCAP (station supports 802.11n/HT
	       communication), ATH (station supports Atheros  protocol	exten-
	       sions),	VEN  (station  supports	unknown	vendor-specific	exten-
	       sions).	If the -v flag is used all  the	 information  elements
	       and  their contents will	be shown.  Specifying the -v flag also
	       enables display of long SSIDs.  The list	ap command is  another
	       way of requesting this information.

       list sta
	       When operating as an access point display the stations that are
	       currently  associated.	When  operating	in ad-hoc mode display
	       stations	identified as neighbors	in the IBSS.   When  operating
	       in  mesh	 mode  display stations	identified as neighbors	in the
	       MBSS.  When operating in	station	mode display the access	point.
	       Capabilities advertised by the stations are described under the
	       scan request.  The following flags can be included in the  out-
	       put:

	       A    Authorized.	  Indicates  that  the station is permitted to
		    send/receive data frames.

	       E    Extended Rate Phy (ERP).  Indicates	that  the  station  is
		    operating  in  an  802.11g network using extended transmit
		    rates.

	       H    High Throughput (HT).  Indicates that the station is using
		    HT transmit	rates.	If a  `+'  follows  immediately	 after
		    then  the  station	associated using deprecated mechanisms
		    supported only when	htcompat is enabled.

	       P    Power Save.	 Indicates that	the station  is	 operating  in
		    power save mode.

	       Q    Quality  of	 Service (QoS).	 Indicates that	the station is
		    using QoS encapsulation for	data frame.  QoS encapsulation
		    is enabled only when WME mode is enabled.

	       S    Short GI in	HT 40MHz mode enabled.	If a `+' follows imme-
		    diately after then short GI	in HT 20MHz mode is enabled as
		    well.

	       T    Transitional Security Network (TSN).  Indicates  that  the
		    station associated using TSN; see also tsn below.

	       W    Wi-Fi  Protected  Setup (WPS).  Indicates that the station
		    associated using WPS.

	       s    Short GI in	HT 20MHz mode enabled.

	       By default information elements received	from  associated  sta-
	       tions  are  displayed  in a short form; the -v flag causes this
	       information to be displayed symbolically.

       list wme
	       Display the current channel parameters to use when operating in
	       WME mode.  If the -v option is specified	then both channel  and
	       BSS  parameters	are displayed for each AC (first channel, then
	       BSS).  When WME mode is enabled for an adaptor this information
	       will be displayed with the  regular  status;  this  command  is
	       mostly  useful  for  examining parameters when WME mode is dis-
	       abled.  See the description of the wme directive	 for  informa-
	       tion on the various parameters.

       maxretry	count
	       Set  the	 maximum  number  of  tries  to	use in sending unicast
	       frames.	The default setting is 6 but drivers may override this
	       with a value they choose.

       mcastrate rate
	       Set  the	 rate  for  transmitting  multicast/broadcast  frames.
	       Rates  are  specified  as megabits/second in decimal; e.g., 5.5
	       for 5.5 Mb/s.  This rate	should be valid	for the	current	 oper-
	       ating  conditions;  if an invalid rate is specified drivers are
	       free to chose an	appropriate rate.

       mgtrate rate
	       Set the rate for	transmitting management	and/or control frames.
	       Rates are specified as megabits/second in  decimal;  e.g.,  5.5
	       for 5.5 Mb/s.

       outdoor
	       Set  the	location to use	in calculating regulatory constraints.
	       The location is also advertised in beacon  and  probe  response
	       frames  when  802.11d is	enabled	with dotd.  See	also anywhere,
	       country,	indoor,	and regdomain.

       powersave
	       Enable powersave	operation.  When operating as  a  client,  the
	       station will conserve power by periodically turning off the ra-
	       dio and listening for messages from the access point telling it
	       there  are packets waiting.  The	station	must then retrieve the
	       packets.	 Not all devices support power	save  operation	 as  a
	       client.	 The  802.11  specification  requires  that all	access
	       points support  power  save  but	 some  drivers	do  not.   Use
	       -powersave  to  disable powersave operation when	operating as a
	       client.

       powersavesleep sleep
	       Set the desired max powersave sleep time	in TU's	(1024  usecs).
	       By default the max powersave sleep time is 100 TU's.

       protmode	technique
	       For   interfaces	  operating  in	 802.11g,  use	the  specified
	       technique for protecting	OFDM frames in a  mixed	 11b/11g  net-
	       work.   The  set	of valid techniques is off, cts	(CTS to	self),
	       and rtscts (RTS/CTS).  Technique	names  are  case  insensitive.
	       Not all devices support cts as a	protection technique.

       pureg   When  operating	as  an access point in 802.11g mode allow only
	       11g-capable stations to associate (11b-only  stations  are  not
	       permitted  to  associate).  To allow both 11g and 11b-only sta-
	       tions to	associate, use -pureg.

       puren   When operating as an access point in 802.11n  mode  allow  only
	       HT-capable  stations to associate (legacy stations are not per-
	       mitted to associate).  To allow both HT and legacy stations  to
	       associate, use -puren.

       regdomain sku
	       Set  the	regulatory domain to use in calculating	the regulatory
	       constraints for operation.  In particular the set of  available
	       channels,  how  the wireless device will	operation on the chan-
	       nels, and the maximum transmit power that  can  be  used	 on  a
	       channel	are  defined by	this setting.  Regdomain codes (SKU's)
	       are taken from /etc/regdomain.xml and can also be  viewed  with
	       the  list countries request.  Note that not all devices support
	       changing	the regdomain from a default setting; typically	stored
	       in EEPROM.  See also country, indoor, outdoor, and anywhere.

       rifs    Enable use of Reduced InterFrame	Spacing	(RIFS) when  operating
	       in  802.11n on an HT channel.  Note that	RIFS must be supported
	       by both the station and access point for	it  to	be  used.   To
	       disable RIFS use	-rifs.

       roam:rate rate
	       Set  the	 threshold for controlling roaming when	operating in a
	       BSS.   The  rate	 parameter  specifies  the  transmit  rate  in
	       megabits	at which roaming should	be considered.	If the current
	       transmit	 rate drops below this setting and background scanning
	       is enabled, then	the system will	check if a more	desirable  ac-
	       cess  point  is	available  and switch over to it.  The current
	       scan cache contents are used if they are	considered  valid  ac-
	       cording to the scanvalid	parameter; otherwise a background scan
	       operation is triggered before any selection occurs.  Each chan-
	       nel type	has a separate rate threshold; the default values are:
	       12 Mb/s (11a), 2	Mb/s (11b), 2 Mb/s (11g), MCS 1	(11na, 11ng).

       roam:rssi rssi
	       Set  the	 threshold for controlling roaming when	operating in a
	       BSS.  The rssi parameter	specifies the receive signal  strength
	       in  dBm	units  at  which roaming should	be considered.	If the
	       current rssi drops below	this setting and  background  scanning
	       is  enabled, then the system will check if a more desirable ac-
	       cess point is available and switch over	to  it.	  The  current
	       scan  cache  contents are used if they are considered valid ac-
	       cording to the scanvalid	parameter; otherwise a background scan
	       operation is triggered before any selection occurs.  Each chan-
	       nel type	has a separate rssi threshold; the default values  are
	       all 7 dBm.

       roaming mode
	       When operating as a station, control how	the system will	behave
	       when  communication  with  the  current access point is broken.
	       The mode	argument may be	one of device (leave it	to  the	 hard-
	       ware  device  to	 decide), auto (handle either in the device or
	       the operating system--as	appropriate), manual (do nothing until
	       explicitly instructed).	By default, the	device is left to han-
	       dle this	if it is capable; otherwise, the operating system will
	       automatically attempt  to  reestablish  communication.	Manual
	       mode  is	 used  by  applications	such as	wpa_supplicant(8) that
	       want to control the selection of	an access point.

       rtsthreshold length
	       Set the threshold for which transmitted frames are preceded  by
	       transmission  of	 an RTS	control	frame.	The length argument is
	       the frame size in bytes and must	be in the  range  1  to	 2346.
	       Setting	length to 2346,	any, or	- disables transmission	of RTS
	       frames.	Not all	adapters support setting the RTS threshold.

       scan    Initiate	a scan of neighboring stations,	wait for  it  to  com-
	       plete, and display all stations found.  Only the	super-user can
	       initiate	a scan.	 See list scan for information on the display.
	       By  default  a  background scan is done;	otherwise a foreground
	       scan is done and	the station may	roam  to  a  different	access
	       point.	The  list scan request can be used to show recent scan
	       results without initiating a new	scan.

       scanvalid threshold
	       Set the maximum time the	scan  cache  contents  are  considered
	       valid; i.e., will be used without first triggering a scan oper-
	       ation  to  refresh the data.  The threshold parameter is	speci-
	       fied in seconds and defaults to 60 seconds.  The	 minimum  set-
	       ting for	threshold is 10	seconds.  One should take care setting
	       this  threshold;	 if it is set too low then attempts to roam to
	       another access point may	trigger	 unnecessary  background  scan
	       operations.

       shortgi
	       Enable use of Short Guard Interval when operating in 802.11n on
	       an  HT  channel.	  NB:  this currently enables Short GI on both
	       HT40 and	HT20 channels.	To disable Short GI use	-shortgi.

       smps    Enable use of Static Spatial  Multiplexing  Power  Save	(SMPS)
	       when  operating	in  802.11n.   A station operating with	Static
	       SMPS maintains only a single receive  chain  active  (this  can
	       significantly  reduce  power consumption).  To disable SMPS use
	       -smps.

       smpsdyn
	       Enable use of Dynamic Spatial Multiplexing  Power  Save	(SMPS)
	       when  operating	in  802.11n.  A	station	operating with Dynamic
	       SMPS maintains only a single receive chain active but  switches
	       to  multiple receive chains when	it receives an RTS frame (this
	       can significantly reduce	power consumption).   Note  that  sta-
	       tions  cannot  distinguish  between  RTS/CTS intended to	enable
	       multiple	receive	chains and those used for other	purposes.   To
	       disable SMPS use	-smps.

       ssid ssid
	       Set the desired Service Set Identifier (aka network name).  The
	       SSID is a string	up to 32 characters in length and may be spec-
	       ified as	either a normal	string or in hexadecimal when preceded
	       by  `0x'.   Additionally, the SSID may be cleared by setting it
	       to `-'.

       tdmaslot	slot
	       When operating with TDMA, use the specified slot	configuration.
	       The slot	is a number between 0 and the maximum number of	 slots
	       in the BSS.  Note that a	station	configured as slot 0 is	a mas-
	       ter  and	will broadcast beacon frames advertising the BSS; sta-
	       tions configured	to use other slots will	always scan to	locate
	       a master	before they ever transmit.  By default tdmaslot	is set
	       to 1.

       tdmaslotcnt cnt
	       When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS with cnt slots.  The slot
	       count  may  be  at  most	8.  The	current	implementation is only
	       tested with two stations	(i.e., point to	 point	applications).
	       This setting is only meaningful when a station is configured as
	       slot  0;	 other	stations  adopt	this setting from the BSS they
	       join.  By default tdmaslotcnt is	set to 2.

       tdmaslotlen len
	       When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS such  that	 each  station
	       has  a  slot len	microseconds long.  The	slot length must be at
	       least 150 microseconds (1/8 TU) and no more than	 65  millisec-
	       onds.   Note that setting too small a slot length may result in
	       poor channel bandwidth utilization due to factors such as timer
	       granularity and guard time.  This setting  is  only  meaningful
	       when  a	station	 is configured as slot 0; other	stations adopt
	       this setting from the BSS they join.  By	default	tdmaslotlen is
	       set to 10 milliseconds.

       tdmabintval intval
	       When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS  such  that  beacons  are
	       transmitted  every  intval  superframes to synchronize the TDMA
	       slot timing.  A superframe is defined as	the  number  of	 slots
	       times  the  slot	 length; e.g., a BSS with two slots of 10 mil-
	       liseconds has a 20 millisecond superframe.  The beacon interval
	       may not be zero.	 A lower setting  of  tdmabintval  causes  the
	       timers  to  be  resynchronized  more often; this	can be help if
	       significant timer drift is observed.  By	default	tdmabintval is
	       set to 5.

       tsn     When operating as an access point with WPA/802.11i allow	legacy
	       stations	to associate using static key WEP and open authentica-
	       tion.  To disallow legacy station use of	WEP, use -tsn.

       txpower power
	       Set the power used to transmit frames.  The power  argument  is
	       specified  in .5	dBm units.  Out	of range values	are truncated.
	       Typically only a	few discrete power settings are	available  and
	       the driver will use the setting closest to the specified	value.
	       Not all adapters	support	changing the transmit power.

       ucastrate rate
	       Set  a  fixed  rate for transmitting unicast frames.  Rates are
	       specified as megabits/second in	decimal;  e.g.,	 5.5  for  5.5
	       Mb/s.  This rate	should be valid	for the	current	operating con-
	       ditions;	 if  an	 invalid rate is specified drivers are free to
	       chose an	appropriate rate.

       wepmode mode
	       Set the desired WEP mode.  Not all adapters support all	modes.
	       The  set	 of valid modes	is off,	on, and	mixed.	The mixed mode
	       explicitly tells	the adaptor to allow association  with	access
	       points  which allow both	encrypted and unencrypted traffic.  On
	       these adapters, on means	that the access	point must only	 allow
	       encrypted  connections.	On other adapters, on is generally an-
	       other name for mixed.  Modes are	case insensitive.

       weptxkey	index
	       Set the WEP key to be used for transmission.  This is the  same
	       as setting the default transmission key with deftxkey.

       wepkey key|index:key
	       Set  the	 selected WEP key.  If an index	is not given, key 1 is
	       set.  A WEP key will be either 5	or 13 characters  (40  or  104
	       bits)  depending	 on  the local network and the capabilities of
	       the adaptor.  It	may be specified either	as a plain  string  or
	       as  a string of hexadecimal digits preceded by `0x'.  For maxi-
	       mum portability,	hex keys are recommended; the mapping of  text
	       keys to WEP encryption is usually driver-specific.  In particu-
	       lar,  the  Windows  drivers  do	this  mapping  differently  to
	       FreeBSD.	 A key may be cleared by setting it to `-'.  If	WEP is
	       supported then there are	at least  four	keys.	Some  adapters
	       support	more  than  four  keys.	 If that is the	case, then the
	       first four keys (1-4) will be the standard temporary  keys  and
	       any others will be adaptor specific keys	such as	permanent keys
	       stored in NVRAM.

	       Note that you must set a	default	transmit key with deftxkey for
	       the  system  to	know  which  key to use	in encrypting outbound
	       traffic.

       wme     Enable Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WME) support, if	avail-
	       able, for the specified interface.  WME is a subset of the IEEE
	       802.11e	standard to support the	efficient communication	of re-
	       altime and multimedia data.  To disable WME support, use	 -wme.
	       Another name for	this parameter is wmm.

	       The  following  parameters are meaningful only when WME support
	       is in use.  Parameters are specified per-AC  (Access  Category)
	       and  split into those that are used by a	station	when acting as
	       an access point and those for client stations in	the BSS.   The
	       latter  are  received  from  the	 access	 point	and may	not be
	       changed (at the station).  The following	Access Categories  are
	       recognized:

	       AC_BE  (or BE) best effort delivery,
	       AC_BK  (or BK) background traffic,
	       AC_VI  (or VI) video traffic,
	       AC_VO  (or VO) voice traffic.

	       AC  parameters are case-insensitive.  Traffic classification is
	       done in the operating system using the vlan priority associated
	       with data frames	or the ToS (Type of Service) indication	in IP-
	       encapsulated frames.  If	neither	information is present,	 traf-
	       fic is assigned to the Best Effort (BE) category.

	       ack ac  Set  the	 ACK policy for	QoS transmissions by the local
		       station;	this  controls	whether	 or  not  data	frames
		       transmitted  by	a station require an ACK response from
		       the receiving station.  To disable waiting for  an  ACK
		       use  -ack.  This	parameter is applied only to the local
		       station.

	       acm ac  Enable the Admission Control Mandatory (ACM)  mechanism
		       for transmissions by the	local station.	To disable the
		       ACM  use	 -acm.	On stations in a BSS this parameter is
		       read-only and indicates the setting received  from  the
		       access point.  NB: ACM is not supported right now.

	       aifs ac count
		       Set  the	Arbitration Inter Frame	Spacing	(AIFS) channel
		       access parameter	to use for transmissions by the	 local
		       station.	  On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-
		       only and	indicates the setting received from the	access
		       point.

	       cwmin ac	count
		       Set the CWmin  channel  access  parameter  to  use  for
		       transmissions  by  the local station.  On stations in a
		       BSS this	parameter is read-only and indicates the  set-
		       ting received from the access point.

	       cwmax ac	count
		       Set  the	 CWmax	channel	 access	 parameter  to use for
		       transmissions by	the local station.  On stations	 in  a
		       BSS  this parameter is read-only	and indicates the set-
		       ting received from the access point.

	       txoplimit ac limit
		       Set the Transmission Opportunity	Limit  channel	access
		       parameter  to  use  for transmissions by	the local sta-
		       tion.  This parameter defines an	interval of time  when
		       a  WME  station has the right to	initiate transmissions
		       onto the	wireless medium.  On stations in  a  BSS  this
		       parameter  is  read-only	 and indicates the setting re-
		       ceived from the access point.

	       bss:aifs	ac count
		       Set the AIFS channel access parameter to	send  to  sta-
		       tions in	a BSS.	This parameter is meaningful only when
		       operating in ap mode.

	       bss:cwmin ac count
		       Set  the	CWmin channel access parameter to send to sta-
		       tions in	a BSS.	This parameter is meaningful only when
		       operating in ap mode.

	       bss:cwmax ac count
		       Set the CWmax channel access parameter to send to  sta-
		       tions in	a BSS.	This parameter is meaningful only when
		       operating in ap mode.

	       bss:txoplimit ac	limit
		       Set  the	 TxOpLimit channel access parameter to send to
		       stations	in a BSS.  This	parameter is  meaningful  only
		       when operating in ap mode.

       wps     Enable Wireless Privacy Subscriber support.  Note that WPS sup-
	       port  requires a	WPS-capable supplicant.	 To disable this func-
	       tion use	-wps.

   MAC-Based Access Control List Parameters
       The following parameters	support	an optional access control  list  fea-
       ture  available	with  some  adapters  when  operating  in ap mode; see
       wlan_acl(4).  This facility allows an access point to accept/deny asso-
       ciation requests	based on the MAC address of the	 station.   Note  that
       this  feature  does  not	 significantly enhance security	as MAC address
       spoofing	is easy	to do.

       mac:add address
	       Add the specified MAC address to	the  database.	 Depending  on
	       the policy setting association requests from the	specified sta-
	       tion will be allowed or denied.

       mac:allow
	       Set  the	ACL policy to permit association only by stations reg-
	       istered in the database.

       mac:del address
	       Delete the specified MAC	address	from the database.

       mac:deny
	       Set the ACL policy to deny association only by stations	regis-
	       tered in	the database.

       mac:kick	address
	       Force  the specified station to be deauthenticated.  This typi-
	       cally is	done to	block a	station	 after	updating  the  address
	       database.

       mac:open
	       Set the ACL policy to allow all stations	to associate.

       mac:flush
	       Delete all entries in the database.

       mac:radius
	       Set  the	 ACL policy to permit association only by stations ap-
	       proved by a RADIUS server.  Note	that this feature requires the
	       hostapd(8) program be configured	to do the right	 thing	as  it
	       handles	the  RADIUS  processing	 (and marks stations as	autho-
	       rized).

   Mesh	Mode Wireless Interface	Parameters
       The following parameters	are related to a wireless interface  operating
       in mesh mode:

       meshid meshid
	       Set the desired Mesh Identifier.	 The Mesh ID is	a string up to
	       32  characters  in  length.   A mesh interface must have	a Mesh
	       Identifier specified to reach an	operational state.

       meshttl ttl
	       Set the desired "time to	live" for mesh forwarded packets; this
	       is the number of	hops a packet may be forwarded	before	it  is
	       discarded.  The default setting for meshttl is 31.

       meshpeering
	       Enable  or  disable  peering with neighbor mesh stations.  Sta-
	       tions must peer before any data packets can be  exchanged.   By
	       default meshpeering is enabled.

       meshforward
	       Enable  or  disable forwarding packets by a mesh	interface.  By
	       default meshforward is enabled.

       meshgate
	       This attribute specifies	whether	or not the mesh	STA  activates
	       mesh gate announcements.	 By default meshgate is	disabled.

       meshmetric protocol
	       Set  the	specified protocol as the link metric protocol used on
	       a mesh network.	The default protocol is	called	AIRTIME.   The
	       mesh interface will restart after changing this setting.

       meshpath	protocol
	       Set  the	specified protocol as the path selection protocol used
	       on a mesh network.  The only available protocol at  the	moment
	       is  called  HWMP	(Hybrid	Wireless Mesh Protocol).  The mesh in-
	       terface will restart after changing this	setting.

       hwmprootmode mode
	       Stations	on a mesh network can operate as "root	nodes".	  Root
	       nodes  try  to find paths to all	mesh nodes and advertise them-
	       selves regularly.  When there is	a root mesh node on a network,
	       other mesh nodes	can setup paths	between	themselves faster  be-
	       cause they can use the root node	to find	the destination.  This
	       path may	not be the best, but on-demand routing will eventually
	       find the	best path.  The	following modes	are recognized:

	       DISABLED	  Disable root mode.
	       NORMAL	  Send	broadcast  path	 requests  every  two seconds.
			  Nodes	on the mesh without a path to this  root  mesh
			  station with try to discover a path to us.
	       PROACTIVE  Send	broadcast  path	requests every two seconds and
			  every	node must reply	with a path reply even	if  it
			  already has a	path to	this root mesh station.
	       RANN	  Send	broadcast  root	 announcement  (RANN)  frames.
			  Nodes	on the mesh without a path to this  root  mesh
			  station with try to discover a path to us.
	       By default hwmprootmode is set to DISABLED.

       hwmpmaxhops cnt
	       Set  the	maximum	number of hops allowed in an HMWP path to cnt.
	       The default setting for hwmpmaxhops is 31.

   Compatibility Parameters
       The following parameters	are for	compatibility with other systems:

       nwid ssid
	       Another name for	the ssid parameter.  Included for NetBSD  com-
	       patibility.

       stationname name
	       Set  the	name of	this station.  The station name	is not part of
	       the IEEE	802.11 protocol	though some interfaces support it.  As
	       such it only seems to be	meaningful to identical	 or  virtually
	       identical  equipment.  Setting the station name is identical in
	       syntax to setting the SSID.   One  can  also  use  station  for
	       BSD/OS compatibility.

       wep     Another way of saying wepmode on.  Included for BSD/OS compati-
	       bility.

       -wep    Another way of saying wepmode off.  Included for	BSD/OS compat-
	       ibility.

       nwkey key
	       Another	way  of	 saying:  "wepmode  on weptxkey	1 wepkey 1:key
	       wepkey 2:- wepkey 3:- wepkey 4:-".  Included for	NetBSD compat-
	       ibility.

       nwkey n:k1,k2,k3,k4
	       Another way of saying "wepmode on weptxkey n wepkey 1:k1	wepkey
	       2:k2 wepkey 3:k3	wepkey 4:k4".  Included	for NetBSD compatibil-
	       ity.

       -nwkey  Another way of saying wepmode off.  Included for	NetBSD compat-
	       ibility.

   Bridge Interface Parameters
       The following parameters	are specific to	bridge interfaces:

       addm interface
	       Add the interface named by interface as a member	of the bridge.
	       The interface is	put into promiscuous mode so that it  can  re-
	       ceive every packet sent on the network.

       deletem interface
	       Remove  the  interface  named  by  interface  from  the bridge.
	       Promiscuous mode	is disabled on the interface when  it  is  re-
	       moved from the bridge.

       maxaddr size
	       Set  the	size of	the bridge address cache to size.  The default
	       is 2000 entries.

       timeout seconds
	       Set the timeout of address cache	entries	 to  seconds  seconds.
	       If  seconds is zero, then address cache entries will not	be ex-
	       pired.  The default is 1200 seconds.

       addr    Display the addresses that have been learned by the bridge.

       static interface-name address
	       Add  a  static  entry  into  the	 address  cache	 pointing   to
	       interface-name.	Static entries are never aged out of the cache
	       or re-placed, even if the address is seen on a different	inter-
	       face.

       deladdr address
	       Delete address from the address cache.

       flush   Delete  all  dynamically-learned	 addresses  from  the  address
	       cache.

       flushall
	       Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the  ad-
	       dress cache.

       discover	interface
	       Mark  an	 interface  as	a  "discovering"  interface.  When the
	       bridge has no address cache entry (either  dynamic  or  static)
	       for  the	 destination address of	a packet, the bridge will for-
	       ward  the  packet  to   all   member   interfaces   marked   as
	       "discovering".  This is the default for all interfaces added to
	       a bridge.

       -discover interface
	       Clear  the  "discovering" attribute on a	member interface.  For
	       packets without the "discovering" attribute, the	 only  packets
	       forwarded  on  the interface are	broadcast or multicast packets
	       and packets for which the destination address is	known to be on
	       the interface's segment.

       learn interface
	       Mark an interface as a "learning" interface.  When a packet ar-
	       rives on	such an	interface, the source address of the packet is
	       entered into the	address	cache as being a  destination  address
	       on the interface's segment.  This is the	default	for all	inter-
	       faces added to a	bridge.

       -learn interface
	       Clear the "learning" attribute on a member interface.

       sticky interface
	       Mark an interface as a "sticky" interface.  Dynamically learned
	       address	entries	 are  treated  at static once entered into the
	       cache.  Sticky entries are never	aged out of the	cache  or  re-
	       placed, even if the address is seen on a	different interface.

       -sticky interface
	       Clear the "sticky" attribute on a member	interface.

       private interface
	       Mark  an	 interface as a	"private" interface.  A	private	inter-
	       face does not forward any traffic to any	 other	port  that  is
	       also a private interface.

       -private	interface
	       Clear the "private" attribute on	a member interface.

       span interface
	       Add  the	 interface  named  by  interface as a span port	on the
	       bridge.	Span ports transmit a copy of every frame received  by
	       the bridge.  This is most useful	for snooping a bridged network
	       passively on another host connected to one of the span ports of
	       the bridge.

       -span interface
	       Delete  the  interface named by interface from the list of span
	       ports of	the bridge.

       stp interface
	       Enable Spanning Tree protocol on	interface.   The  if_bridge(4)
	       driver  has  support for	the IEEE 802.1D	Spanning Tree protocol
	       (STP).  Spanning	Tree is	used to	detect and remove loops	 in  a
	       network topology.

       -stp interface
	       Disable	Spanning  Tree protocol	on interface.  This is the de-
	       fault for all interfaces	added to a bridge.

       edge interface
	       Set interface as	an edge	port.  An edge port connects  directly
	       to  end	stations  cannot create	bridging loops in the network,
	       this allows it to transition straight to	forwarding.

       -edge interface
	       Disable edge status on interface.

       autoedge	interface
	       Allow interface to automatically	detect edge status.   This  is
	       the default for all interfaces added to a bridge.

       -autoedge interface
	       Disable automatic edge status on	interface.

       ptp interface
	       Set  the	 interface as a	point to point link.  This is required
	       for straight transitions	to forwarding and should be enabled on
	       a direct	link to	another	RSTP capable switch.

       -ptp interface
	       Disable point to	point link status on interface.	  This	should
	       be  disabled  for  a half duplex	link and for an	interface con-
	       nected to a shared network segment, like	a hub  or  a  wireless
	       network.

       autoptp interface
	       Automatically  detect the point to point	status on interface by
	       checking	the full duplex	link status.  This is the default  for
	       interfaces added	to the bridge.

       -autoptp	interface
	       Disable automatic point to point	link detection on interface.

       maxage seconds
	       Set  the	 time  that  a Spanning	Tree protocol configuration is
	       valid.  The default is 20 seconds.  The minimum	is  6  seconds
	       and the maximum is 40 seconds.

       fwddelay	seconds
	       Set the time that must pass before an interface begins forward-
	       ing  packets  when Spanning Tree	is enabled.  The default is 15
	       seconds.	 The minimum is	4 seconds and the maximum is  30  sec-
	       onds.

       hellotime seconds
	       Set  the	 time  between	broadcasting of	Spanning Tree protocol
	       configuration messages.	The hello time	may  only  be  changed
	       when  operating	in legacy stp mode.  The default is 2 seconds.
	       The minimum is 1	second and the maximum is 2 seconds.

       priority	value
	       Set the bridge priority for  Spanning  Tree.   The  default  is
	       32768.  The minimum is 0	and the	maximum	is 61440.

       proto value
	       Set  the	 Spanning  Tree	 protocol.   The default is rstp.  The
	       available options are stp and rstp.

       holdcnt value
	       Set the transmit	hold count for Spanning	 Tree.	 This  is  the
	       number  of  packets transmitted before being rate limited.  The
	       default is 6.  The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 10.

       ifpriority interface value
	       Set the Spanning	Tree priority of interface to value.  The  de-
	       fault is	128.  The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 240.

       ifpathcost interface value
	       Set the Spanning	Tree path cost of interface to value.  The de-
	       fault  is  calculated  from the link speed.  To change a	previ-
	       ously selected path cost	back to	automatic, set the cost	to  0.
	       The minimum is 1	and the	maximum	is 200000000.

       ifmaxaddr interface size
	       Set  the	 maximum  number  of  hosts allowed from an interface,
	       packets with unknown source addresses are dropped until an  ex-
	       isting  host  cache  entry  expires or is removed.  Set to 0 to
	       disable.

   Link	Aggregation and	Link Failover Parameters
       The following parameters	are specific to	lagg interfaces:

       laggtype	type
	       When creating a lagg interface the type can be specified	as ei-
	       ther ethernet or	infiniband.  If	not specified ethernet is  the
	       default lagg type.

       laggport	interface
	       Add  the	interface named	by interface as	a port of the aggrega-
	       tion interface.

       -laggport interface
	       Remove the interface named by interface	from  the  aggregation
	       interface.

       laggproto proto
	       Set  the	 aggregation  protocol.	 The default is	failover.  The
	       available options are failover, lacp, loadbalance,  roundrobin,
	       broadcast and none.

       lagghash	option[,option]
	       Set  the	 packet	layers to hash for aggregation protocols which
	       load balance.  The default is "l2,l3,l4".  The options  can  be
	       combined	using commas.

	       l2  src/dst mac address and optional vlan number.
	       l3  src/dst address for IPv4 or IPv6.
	       l4  src/dst port	for TCP/UDP/SCTP.

       -use_flowid
	       Enable  local  hash  computation	for RSS	hash on	the interface.
	       The loadbalance and lacp	modes will use the RSS hash  from  the
	       network card if available to avoid computing one, this may give
	       poor  traffic  distribution if the hash is invalid or uses less
	       of the protocol header information.  -use_flowid	 disables  use
	       of  RSS	hash  from the network card.  The default value	can be
	       set via the  net.link.lagg.default_use_flowid  sysctl(8)	 vari-
	       able.  0	means "disabled" and 1 means "enabled".

       use_flowid
	       Use the RSS hash	from the network card if available.

       flowid_shift number
	       Set  a shift parameter for RSS local hash computation.  Hash is
	       calculated by using flowid bits in a packet header  mbuf	 which
	       are shifted by the number of this parameter.

       use_numa
	       Enable  selection  of  egress ports based on the	native numa(4)
	       domain for the packets being transmitted.   This	 is  currently
	       only  implemented  for  lacp  mode.  This works only on numa(4)
	       hardware, running a kernel compiled with	 the  numa(4)  option,
	       and  when interfaces from multiple numa(4) domains are ports of
	       the aggregation interface.

       -use_numa
	       Disable selection of egress ports based on the  native  numa(4)
	       domain for the packets being transmitted.

       lacp_fast_timeout
	       Enable lacp fast-timeout	on the interface.

       -lacp_fast_timeout
	       Disable lacp fast-timeout on the	interface.

       lacp_strict
	       Enable  lacp  strict  compliance	on the interface.  The default
	       value can be set	via the	net.link.lagg.lacp.default_strict_mode
	       sysctl(8) variable.  0 means "disabled" and 1 means "enabled".

       -lacp_strict
	       Disable lacp strict compliance on the interface.

       rr_limit	number
	       Configure a stride for an interface in round-robin  mode.   The
	       default stride is 1.

   Generic IP Tunnel Parameters
       The following parameters	apply to IP tunnel interfaces, gif(4):

       tunnel src_addr dest_addr
	       Configure  the  physical	 source	and destination	address	for IP
	       tunnel interfaces.  The arguments src_addr  and	dest_addr  are
	       interpreted as the outer	source/destination for the encapsulat-
	       ing IPv4/IPv6 header.

       -tunnel
	       Unconfigure  the	physical source	and destination	address	for IP
	       tunnel interfaces previously configured with tunnel.

       deletetunnel
	       Another name for	the -tunnel parameter.

       accept_rev_ethip_ver
	       Set a flag to accept both correct EtherIP packets and ones with
	       reversed	version	field.	Enabled	by default.  This is for back-
	       ward compatibility with FreeBSD 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 7.1.

       -accept_rev_ethip_ver
	       Clear a flag accept_rev_ethip_ver.

       ignore_source
	       Set a flag to accept encapsulated packets destined to this host
	       independently from source address.   This  may  be  useful  for
	       hosts,  that  receive  encapsulated  packets from the load bal-
	       ancers.

       -ignore_source
	       Clear a flag ignore_source.

       send_rev_ethip_ver
	       Set a flag to send EtherIP packets with reversed	version	 field
	       intentionally.  Disabled	by default.  This is for backward com-
	       patibility with FreeBSD 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 7.1.

       -send_rev_ethip_ver
	       Clear a flag send_rev_ethip_ver.

   GRE Tunnel Parameters
       The following parameters	apply to GRE tunnel interfaces,	gre(4):

       tunnel src_addr dest_addr
	       Configure  the  physical	source and destination address for GRE
	       tunnel interfaces.  The arguments src_addr  and	dest_addr  are
	       interpreted as the outer	source/destination for the encapsulat-
	       ing IPv4/IPv6 header.

       -tunnel
	       Unconfigure the physical	source and destination address for GRE
	       tunnel interfaces previously configured with tunnel.

       deletetunnel
	       Another name for	the -tunnel parameter.

       grekey key
	       Configure  the  GRE  key	to be used for outgoing	packets.  Note
	       that gre(4) will	always accept  GRE  packets  with  invalid  or
	       absent keys. This command will result in	a four byte MTU	reduc-
	       tion on the interface.

   Packet Filter State Table Sychronisation Parameters
       The following parameters	are specific to	pfsync(4) interfaces:

       syncdev iface
	       Use  the	 specified  interface to send and receive pfsync state
	       synchronisation messages.

       -syncdev
	       Stop sending pfsync state  synchronisation  messages  over  the
	       network.

       syncpeer	peer_address
	       Make the	pfsync link point-to-point rather than using multicast
	       to  broadcast the state synchronisation messages.  The peer_ad-
	       dress is	the IP address of the other host taking	 part  in  the
	       pfsync cluster.

       -syncpeer
	       Broadcast the packets using multicast.

       maxupd n
	       Set  the	maximum	number of updates for a	single state which can
	       be collapsed into one.  This is an 8-bit	 number;  the  default
	       value is	128.

       defer   Defer  transmission of the first	packet in a state until	a peer
	       has acknowledged	that the associated state has been inserted.

       -defer  Do not defer the	first packet in	a state.  This is the default.

   VLAN	Parameters
       The following parameters	are specific to	vlan(4)	interfaces:

       vlan vlan_tag
	       Set the VLAN tag	value to vlan_tag.  This  value	 is  a	12-bit
	       VLAN  Identifier	 (VID)	which  is  used	to create an 802.1Q or
	       802.1ad VLAN header for packets sent from  the  vlan(4)	inter-
	       face.   Note that vlan and vlandev must both be set at the same
	       time.

       vlanproto vlan_proto
	       Set the VLAN encapsulation protocol to  vlan_proto.   Supported
	       encapsulation protocols are currently:

	       802.1Q  Default.

	       802.1ad

	       QinQ    Same as 802.1ad.

       vlanpcp priority_code_point
	       Priority	code point (PCP) is an 3-bit field which refers	to the
	       IEEE  802.1p  class  of	service	and maps to the	frame priority
	       level.

	       Values in order of priority are:	 1  (Background	 (lowest)),  0
	       (Best  effort  (default)),  2  (Excellent  effort), 3 (Critical
	       applications), 4	(Video,	< 100ms	latency	and jitter), 5 (Voice,
	       <  10ms	latency	 and  jitter),	6  (Internetwork  control),  7
	       (Network	control	(highest)).

       vlandev iface
	       Associate  the  physical	 interface iface with a	vlan(4)	inter-
	       face.  Packets transmitted through the vlan(4)  interface  will
	       be  diverted  to	 the  specified	 physical interface iface with
	       802.1Q VLAN encapsulation.  Packets with	 802.1Q	 encapsulation
	       received	 by the	parent interface with the correct VLAN Identi-
	       fier will be diverted to	the associated	vlan(4)	 pseudo-inter-
	       face.   The  vlan(4) interface is assigned a copy of the	parent
	       interface's flags  and  the  parent's  Ethernet	address.   The
	       vlandev	and  vlan  must	 both be set at	the same time.	If the
	       vlan(4) interface already has a physical	 interface  associated
	       with  it, this command will fail.  To change the	association to
	       another physical	interface, the existing	 association  must  be
	       cleared first.

	       Note:  if  the hardware tagging capability is set on the	parent
	       interface, the vlan(4) pseudo interface's behavior changes: the
	       vlan(4) interface recognizes that the parent interface supports
	       insertion and extraction	of VLAN	tags on	its  own  (usually  in
	       firmware)  and that it should pass packets to and from the par-
	       ent unaltered.

       -vlandev	[iface]
	       If the driver is	a vlan(4) pseudo device, disassociate the par-
	       ent interface from  it.	 This  breaks  the  link  between  the
	       vlan(4)	interface  and its parent, clears its VLAN Identifier,
	       flags and its link address and shuts the	interface  down.   The
	       iface argument is useless and hence deprecated.

   Virtual eXtensible LAN Parameters
       The following parameters	are used to configure vxlan(4) interfaces.

       vxlanid identifier
	       This  value  is	a  24-bit  VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) that
	       identifies the virtual network segment membership of the	inter-
	       face.

       vxlanlocal address
	       The source address used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6  header.
	       The  address  should  already be	assigned to an existing	inter-
	       face.  When the interface is configured in  unicast  mode,  the
	       listening socket	is bound to this address.

       vxlanremote address
	       The  interface  can  be	configured  in a unicast, or point-to-
	       point, mode to create a tunnel between two hosts.  This is  the
	       IP address of the remote	end of the tunnel.

       vxlangroup address
	       The interface can be configured in a multicast mode to create a
	       virtual	network	 of hosts.  This is the	IP multicast group ad-
	       dress the interface will	join.

       vxlanlocalport port
	       The port	number the interface will listen on.  The default port
	       number is 4789.

       vxlanremoteport port
	       The destination port number used	in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6
	       header.	The remote host	should be listening on this port.  The
	       default port number is 4789.  Note some other  implementations,
	       such  as	 Linux,	 do not	default	to the IANA assigned port, but
	       instead listen on port 8472.

       vxlanportrange low high
	       The range of source ports used in the  encapsulating  IPv4/IPv6
	       header.	 The port selected within the range is based on	a hash
	       of the inner frame.  A  range  is  useful  to  provide  entropy
	       within  the  outer IP header for	more effective load balancing.
	       The  default  range  is	 between   the	 sysctl(8)   variables
	       net.inet.ip.portrange.first and net.inet.ip.portrange.last

       vxlantimeout timeout
	       The maximum time, in seconds, before an entry in	the forwarding
	       table is	pruned.	 The default is	1200 seconds (20 minutes).

       vxlanmaxaddr max
	       The maximum number of entries in	the forwarding table.  The de-
	       fault is	2000.

       vxlandev	dev
	       When the	interface is configured	in multicast mode, the dev in-
	       terface is used to transmit IP multicast	packets.

       vxlanttl	ttl
	       The  TTL	 used  in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header.  The de-
	       fault is	64.

       vxlanlearn
	       The source IP address and inner source Ethernet MAC address  of
	       received	 packets are used to dynamically populate the forward-
	       ing table.  When	in multicast mode, an entry in the  forwarding
	       table  allows  the  interface to	send the frame directly	to the
	       remote host instead of broadcasting the frame to	the  multicast
	       group.  This is the default.

       -vxlanlearn
	       The forwarding table is not populated by	received packets.

       vxlanflush
	       Delete  all  dynamically-learned	 addresses from	the forwarding
	       table.

       vxlanflushall
	       Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the for-
	       warding table.

   CARP	Parameters
       The following parameters	are used to configure carp(4) protocol	on  an
       interface:

       vhid n  Set  the	virtual	host ID.  This is a required setting to	initi-
	       ate carp(4).  If	the virtual host ID does not exist yet,	it  is
	       created	and attached to	the interface, otherwise configuration
	       of an existing vhid is adjusted.	 If the	vhid keyword  is  sup-
	       plied  along  with  an "inet6" or "inet"	address, then this ad-
	       dress is	configured to be run under control  of	the  specified
	       vhid.  Whenever a last address that refers to a particular vhid
	       is removed from an interface, the vhid is automatically removed
	       from  interface and destroyed.  Any other configuration parame-
	       ters for	the carp(4) protocol should be supplied	along with the
	       vhid keyword.  Acceptable values	for vhid are 1 to 255.

       advbase seconds
	       Specifies the base of the advertisement	interval  in  seconds.
	       The acceptable values are 1 to 255.  The	default	value is 1.

       advskew interval
	       Specifies the skew to add to the	base advertisement interval to
	       make one	host advertise slower than another host.  It is	speci-
	       fied  in	1/256 of seconds.  The acceptable values are 1 to 254.
	       The default value is 0.

       pass phrase
	       Set the authentication key to phrase.

       state state
	       Forcibly	change state of	a given	vhid.	The  following	states
	       are recognized: MASTER and BACKUP.

       peer address
	       Set the address to send (IPv4) carp(4) announcements to.

       mcast   Restore	the default destination	address	for (IPv4) carp(4) an-
	       nouncements, which is 224.0.0.18.

       peer6 address
	       Set the address to send (IPv6) carp(4) announcements to.

       mcast6  Restore the default destination address for (IPv4) carp(4)  an-
	       nouncements, which is ff02::12.

ENVIRONMENT
       The following environment variables affect the execution	of ifconfig:

       IFCONFIG_FORMAT	This  variable can contain a specification of the out-
			put format.  See the description of the	 -f  flag  for
			more details.

EXAMPLES
       Assign	the   IPv4   address   192.0.2.10,  with  a  network  mask  of
       255.255.255.0, to the interface em0:
	     # ifconfig	em0 inet 192.0.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.0

       Add the IPv4 address 192.0.2.45,	with the CIDR network prefix  /28,  to
       the interface em0:
	     # ifconfig	em0 inet 192.0.2.45/28 alias

       Remove the IPv4 address 192.0.2.45 from the interface em0:
	     # ifconfig	em0 inet 192.0.2.45 -alias

       Enable IPv6 functionality of the	interface:
	     # ifconfig	em0 inet6 -ifdisabled

       Add the IPv6 address 2001:DB8:DBDB::123/48 to the interface em0:
	     # ifconfig	em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123 prefixlen 48 alias
       Note that lower case hexadecimal	IPv6 addresses are acceptable.

       Remove the IPv6 address added in	the above example, using the / charac-
       ter as shorthand	for the	network	prefix:
	     # ifconfig	em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123/48	-alias

       Configure  a  single CARP redundant address on igb0, and	then switch it
       to be master:
	     # ifconfig	igb0 vhid 1 10.0.0.1/24	pass foobar up
	     # ifconfig	igb0 vhid 1 state master

       Configure the interface xl0, to use 100baseTX, full duplex Ethernet me-
       dia options:
	     # ifconfig	xl0 media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex

       Label the em0 interface as an uplink:
	     # ifconfig	em0 description	"Uplink	to Gigabit Switch 2"

       Create the software network interface gif1:
	     # ifconfig	gif1 create

       Destroy the software network interface gif1:
	     # ifconfig	gif1 destroy

       Display available wireless networks using wlan0:
	     # ifconfig	wlan0 list scan

       Display inet and	inet6 address subnet masks in CIDR notation
	     # ifconfig	-f inet:cidr,inet6:cidr

       Display interfaces that are up with the exception of loopback
	     # ifconfig	-a -u -G lo

       Display a list of interface names beloning to the wlan group:
	     # ifconfig	-g wlan
	     wlan0
	     wlan1

       Display details about the interfaces belonging to the wlan group:
	     # ifconfig	-a -g wlan
	     wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0	mtu 1500
		     ether 75:4c:61:6b:7a:73
		     inet6 fe80::4c75:636a:616e:ffd8%wlan0 prefixlen 64	scopeid	0x3
		     inet6 2001:5761:6e64:6152:6f6d:616e:fea4:ffe2 prefixlen 64	autoconf
		     inet 192.168.10.5 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.10.255
		     groups: wlan
		     ssid "Hotspot" channel 11 (2462 MHz 11g) bssid 12:34:ff:ff:43:21
		     regdomain ETSI country DE authmode	WPA2/802.11i privacy ON
		     deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 2:128-bit AES-CCM 3:128-bit	txpower	30 bmiss 10
		     scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme roaming MANUAL
		     parent interface: iwm0
		     media: IEEE 802.11	Wireless Ethernet DS/2Mbps mode	11g
		     status: associated
		     nd6 options=23<PERFORMNUD,ACCEPT_RTADV,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>
	     wlan1: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0	mtu 1500
		     ether 00:50:69:6f:74:72
		     groups: wlan
		     ssid "" channel 2 (2417 MHz 11g)
		     regdomain FCC country US authmode OPEN privacy OFF	txpower	30 bmiss 7
		     scanvalid 60 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250	roam:rssi 7
		     roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme bintval 0
		     parent interface: rum0
		     media: IEEE 802.11	Wireless Ethernet autoselect (autoselect)
		     status: no	carrier
		     nd6 options=29<PERFORMNUD,IFDISABLED,AUTO_LINKLOCAL>

       Set a randomly-generated	MAC address on tap0:
	     # ifconfig	tap0 ether random

DIAGNOSTICS
       Messages	indicating the specified interface does	 not  exist,  the  re-
       quested	address	is unknown, or the user	is not privileged and tried to
       alter an	interface's configuration.

SEE ALSO
       netstat(1),  carp(4),  gif(4),  netintro(4),   pfsync(4),   polling(4),
       vlan(4),	 vxlan(4),  devd.conf(5),  devd(8), jail(8), rc(8), routed(8),
       sysctl(8)

HISTORY
       The ifconfig utility appeared in	4.2BSD.

BUGS
       Basic IPv6 node operation requires a link-local address on each	inter-
       face  configured	 for IPv6.  Normally, such an address is automatically
       configured by the kernel	on each	interface added	to the system  or  en-
       abled;  this  behavior  may  be	disabled by setting per-interface flag
       -auto_linklocal.	 The default value of this flag	is 1 and can  be  dis-
       abled by	using the sysctl MIB variable net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal.

       Do  not	configure  IPv6	 addresses with	no link-local address by using
       ifconfig.  It can result	in unexpected behaviors	of the kernel.

FreeBSD	13.2			 June 20, 2023			   IFCONFIG(8)

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | PARAMETERS | ENVIRONMENT | EXAMPLES | DIAGNOSTICS | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | BUGS

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