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NTPD(8) System Manager's Manual NTPD(8) NAME ntpd -- NTP daemon program SYNOPSIS ntpd [-flags] [-flag [value]] [--option-name[[=| ]value]] [ <server1> ... <serverN> ] DESCRIPTION The ntpd utility is an operating system daemon which sets and maintains the system time of day in synchronism with Internet standard time servers. It is a complete implementation of the Network Time Protocol (NTP) version 4, as defined by RFC-5905, but also retains compatibility with version 3, as defined by RFC-1305, and versions 1 and 2, as defined by RFC-1059 and RFC-1119, respectively. The ntpd utility does most computations in 64-bit floating point arithmetic and does relatively clumsy 64-bit fixed point operations only when neces- sary to preserve the ultimate precision, about 232 picoseconds. While the ultimate precision is not achievable with ordinary workstations and net- works of today, it may be required with future gigahertz CPU clocks and gi- gabit LANs. Ordinarily, ntpd reads the ntp.conf(5) configuration file at startup time in order to determine the synchronization sources and operating modes. It is also possible to specify a working, although limited, configuration en- tirely on the command line, obviating the need for a configuration file. This may be particularly useful when the local host is to be configured as a broadcast/multicast client, with all peers being determined by listening to broadcasts at run time. If NetInfo support is built into ntpd, then ntpd will attempt to read its configuration from the NetInfo if the default ntp.conf(5) file cannot be read and no file is specified by the -c option. Various internal ntpd variables can be displayed and configuration options altered while the ntpd is running using the ntpq(1ntpqmdoc) and ntpdc(1nt- pdcmdoc) utility programs. When ntpd starts it looks at the value of umask(2), and if zero ntpd will set the umask(2) to 022. OPTIONS -4, --ipv4 Force IPv4 DNS name resolution. This option must not appear in combination with any of the following options: ipv6. Force DNS resolution of following host names on the command line to the IPv4 namespace. -6, --ipv6 Force IPv6 DNS name resolution. This option must not appear in combination with any of the following options: ipv4. Force DNS resolution of following host names on the command line to the IPv6 namespace. -a, --authreq Require crypto authentication. This option must not appear in com- bination with any of the following options: authnoreq. Require cryptographic authentication for broadcast client, multi- cast client and symmetric passive associations. This is the de- fault. -A, --authnoreq Do not require crypto authentication. This option must not appear in combination with any of the following options: authreq. Do not require cryptographic authentication for broadcast client, multicast client and symmetric passive associations. This is al- most never a good idea. -b, --bcastsync Allow us to sync to broadcast servers. -c string, --configfile=string configuration file name. The name and path of the configuration file, /etc/ntp.conf by de- fault. -d, --debug-level Increase debug verbosity level. This option may appear an unlim- ited number of times. -D number, --set-debug-level=number Set the debug verbosity level. This option may appear an unlimited number of times. This option takes an integer number as its argu- ment. -f string, --driftfile=string frequency drift file name. The name and path of the frequency file, /etc/ntp.drift by default. This is the same operation as the driftfile driftfile configuration specification in the /etc/ntp.conf file. -g, --panicgate Allow the first adjustment to be Big. This option may appear an unlimited number of times. Normally, ntpd exits with a message to the system log if the offset exceeds the panic threshold, which is 1000 s by default. This op- tion allows the time to be set to any value without restriction; however, this can happen only once. If the threshold is exceeded after that, ntpd will exit with a message to the system log. This option can be used with the -q and -x options. See the tinker con- figuration file directive for other options. -G, --force-step-once Step any initial offset correction.. Normally, ntpd steps the time if the time offset exceeds the step threshold, which is 128 ms by default, and otherwise slews the time. This option forces the initial offset correction to be stepped, so the highest time accuracy can be achieved quickly. However, this may also cause the time to be stepped back so this option must not be used if applications requiring monotonic time are running. See the tinker configuration file directive for other options. -i string, --jaildir=string Jail directory. Chroot the server to the directory jaildir This option also implies that the server attempts to drop root privileges at startup. You may need to also specify a -u option. This option is only avail- able if the OS supports adjusting the clock without full root priv- ileges. This option is supported under NetBSD (configure with --enable-clockctl) or Linux (configure with --enable-linuxcaps) or Solaris (configure with --enable-solarisprivs). -I iface, --interface=iface Listen on an interface name or address. This option may appear an unlimited number of times. Open the network address given, or all the addresses associated with the given interface name. This option may appear multiple times. This option also implies not opening other addresses, ex- cept wildcard and localhost. This option is deprecated. Please consider using the configuration file interface command, which is more versatile. -k string, --keyfile=string path to symmetric keys. Specify the name and path of the symmetric key file. /etc/ntp.keys is the default. This is the same operation as the keys keyfile configuration file directive. -l string, --logfile=string path to the log file. Specify the name and path of the log file. The default is the sys- tem log file. This is the same operation as the logfile logfile configuration file directive. -L, --novirtualips Do not listen to virtual interfaces. Do not listen to virtual interfaces, defined as those with names containing a colon. This option is deprecated. Please consider using the configuration file interface command, which is more ver- satile. -M, --modifymmtimer Modify Multimedia Timer (Windows only). Set the Windows Multimedia Timer to highest resolution. This en- sures the resolution does not change while ntpd is running, avoid- ing timekeeping glitches associated with changes. -n, --nofork Do not fork. This option must not appear in combination with any of the following options: wait-sync. -N, --nice Run at high priority. To the extent permitted by the operating system, run ntpd at the highest priority. -p string, --pidfile=string path to the PID file. Specify the name and path of the file used to record ntpd's process ID. This is the same operation as the pidfile pidfile configura- tion file directive. -P number, --priority=number Process priority. This option takes an integer number as its argu- ment. To the extent permitted by the operating system, run ntpd at the specified sched_setscheduler(SCHED_FIFO) priority. -q, --quit Set the time and quit. This option must not appear in combination with any of the following options: saveconfigquit, wait-sync. ntpd will not daemonize and will exit after the clock is first syn- chronized. This behavior mimics that of the ntpdate program, which will soon be replaced with a shell script. The -g and -x options can be used with this option. Note: The kernel time discipline is disabled with this option. -r string, --propagationdelay=string Broadcast/propagation delay. Specify the default propagation delay from the broadcast/multicast server to this client. This is necessary only if the delay cannot be computed automatically by the protocol. --saveconfigquit=string Save parsed configuration and quit. This option must not appear in combination with any of the following options: quit, wait-sync. Cause ntpd to parse its startup configuration file and save an equivalent to the given filename and exit. This option was de- signed for automated testing. -s string, --statsdir=string Statistics file location. Specify the directory path for files created by the statistics fa- cility. This is the same operation as the statsdir statsdir con- figuration file directive. -t tkey, --trustedkey=tkey Trusted key number. This option may appear an unlimited number of times. Add the specified key number to the trusted key list. -u string, --user=string Run as userid (or userid:groupid). Specify a user, and optionally a group, to switch to. This option is only available if the OS supports adjusting the clock without full root privileges. This option is supported under NetBSD (con- figure with --enable-clockctl) or Linux (configure with --en- able-linuxcaps) or Solaris (configure with --enable-solarisprivs). -U number, --updateinterval=number interval in seconds between scans for new or dropped interfaces. This option takes an integer number as its argument. Give the time in seconds between two scans for new or dropped in- terfaces. For systems with routing socket support the scans will be performed shortly after the interface change has been detected by the system. Use 0 to disable scanning. 60 seconds is the mini- mum time between scans. --var=nvar make ARG an ntp variable (RW). This option may appear an unlimited number of times. --dvar=ndvar make ARG an ntp variable (RW|DEF). This option may appear an un- limited number of times. -w number, --wait-sync=number Seconds to wait for first clock sync. This option must not appear in combination with any of the following options: nofork, quit, saveconfigquit. This option takes an integer number as its argu- ment. If greater than zero, alters ntpd's behavior when forking to daemo- nize. Instead of exiting with status 0 immediately after the fork, the parent waits up to the specified number of seconds for the child to first synchronize the clock. The exit status is zero (success) if the clock was synchronized, otherwise it is ETIMEDOUT. This provides the option for a script starting ntpd to easily wait for the first set of the clock before proceeding. -x, --slew Slew up to 600 seconds. Normally, the time is slewed if the offset is less than the step threshold, which is 128 ms by default, and stepped if above the threshold. This option sets the threshold to 600 s, which is well within the accuracy window to set the clock manually. Note: Since the slew rate of typical Unix kernels is limited to 0.5 ms/s, each second of adjustment requires an amortization interval of 2000 s. Thus, an adjustment as much as 600 s will take almost 14 days to complete. This option can be used with the -g and -q options. See the tinker configuration file directive for other options. Note: The kernel time discipline is disabled with this option. --usepcc Use CPU cycle counter (Windows only). Attempt to substitute the CPU counter for QueryPerformanceCounter. The CPU counter and QueryPerformanceCounter are compared, and if they have the same frequency, the CPU counter (RDTSC on x86) is used directly, saving the overhead of a system call. --pccfreq=string Force CPU cycle counter use (Windows only). Force substitution the CPU counter for QueryPerformanceCounter. The CPU counter (RDTSC on x86) is used unconditionally with the given frequency (in Hz). -m, --mdns Register with mDNS as a NTP server. Registers as an NTP server with the local mDNS server which allows the server to be discovered via mDNS client lookup. -?, --help Display usage information and exit. -!, --more-help Pass the extended usage information through a pager. --version [{v|c|n}] Output version of program and exit. The default mode is `v', a simple version. The `c' mode will print copyright information and `n' will print the full copyright notice. OPTION PRESETS Any option that is not marked as not presettable may be preset by loading values from environment variables named: NTPD_<option-name> or NTPD USAGE How NTP Operates The ntpd utility operates by exchanging messages with one or more config- ured servers over a range of designated poll intervals. When started, whether for the first or subsequent times, the program requires several ex- changes from the majority of these servers so the signal processing and mitigation algorithms can accumulate and groom the data and set the clock. In order to protect the network from bursts, the initial poll interval for each server is delayed an interval randomized over a few seconds. At the default initial poll interval of 64s, several minutes can elapse before the clock is set. This initial delay to set the clock can be safely and dra- matically reduced using the iburst keyword with the server configuration command, as described in ntp.conf(5). Most operating systems and hardware of today incorporate a time-of-year (TOY) chip to maintain the time during periods when the power is off. When the machine is booted, the chip is used to initialize the operating system time. After the machine has synchronized to a NTP server, the operating system corrects the chip from time to time. In the default case, if ntpd detects that the time on the host is more than 1000s from the server time, ntpd assumes something must be terribly wrong and the only reliable action is for the operator to intervene and set the clock by hand. (Reasons for this include there is no TOY chip, or its battery is dead, or that the TOY chip is just of poor quality.) This causes ntpd to exit with a panic mes- sage to the system log. The -g option overrides this check and the clock will be set to the server time regardless of the chip time (up to 68 years in the past or future -- this is a limitation of the NTPv4 protocol). How- ever, and to protect against broken hardware, such as when the CMOS battery fails or the clock counter becomes defective, once the clock has been set an error greater than 1000s will cause ntpd to exit anyway. Under ordinary conditions, ntpd adjusts the clock in small steps so that the timescale is effectively continuous and without discontinuities. Under conditions of extreme network congestion, the roundtrip delay jitter can exceed three seconds and the synchronization distance, which is equal to one-half the roundtrip delay plus error budget terms, can become very large. The ntpd algorithms discard sample offsets exceeding 128 ms, unless the interval during which no sample offset is less than 128 ms exceeds 900s. The first sample after that, no matter what the offset, steps the clock to the indicated time. In practice this reduces the false alarm rate where the clock is stepped in error to a vanishingly low incidence. As the result of this behavior, once the clock has been set it very rarely strays more than 128 ms even under extreme cases of network path congestion and jitter. Sometimes, in particular when ntpd is first started without a valid drift file on a system with a large intrinsic drift the error might grow to exceed 128 ms, which would cause the clock to be set backwards if the local clock time is more than 128 s in the future relative to the server. In some applications, this behavior may be unacceptable. There are several solutions, however. If the -x option is included on the com- mand line, the clock will never be stepped and only slew corrections will be used. But this choice comes with a cost that should be carefully ex- plored before deciding to use the -x option. The maximum slew rate possi- ble is limited to 500 parts-per-million (PPM) as a consequence of the cor- rectness principles on which the NTP protocol and algorithm design are based. As a result, the local clock can take a long time to converge to an acceptable offset, about 2,000 s for each second the clock is outside the acceptable range. During this interval the local clock will not be consis- tent with any other network clock and the system cannot be used for dis- tributed applications that require correctly synchronized network time. In spite of the above precautions, sometimes when large frequency errors are present the resulting time offsets stray outside the 128-ms range and an eventual step or slew time correction is required. If following such a correction the frequency error is so large that the first sample is outside the acceptable range, ntpd enters the same state as when the ntp.drift file is not present. The intent of this behavior is to quickly correct the fre- quency and restore operation to the normal tracking mode. In the most ex- treme cases (the host time.ien.it comes to mind), there may be occasional step/slew corrections and subsequent frequency corrections. It helps in these cases to use the burst keyword when configuring the server, but ONLY when you have permission to do so from the owner of the target host. Finally, in the past many startup scripts would run ntpdate(1ntpdatemdoc) or sntp(1sntpmdoc) to get the system clock close to correct before starting ntpd(1ntpdmdoc), but this was never more than a mediocre hack and is no longer needed. If you are following the instructions in "Starting NTP (Best Current Practice)" and you still need to set the system time before starting ntpd, please open a bug report and document what is going on, and then look at using sntp(1sntpmdoc) if you really need to set the clock be- fore starting ntpd. There is a way to start ntpd(1ntpdmdoc) that often addresses all of the problems mentioned above. Starting NTP (Best Current Practice) First, use the iburst option on your server entries. If you can also keep a good ntp.drift file then ntpd(1ntpdmdoc) will effec- tively "warm-start" and your system's clock will be stable in under 11 sec- onds' time. As soon as possible in the startup sequence, start ntpd(1ntpdmdoc) with at least the -g and perhaps the -N options. Then, start the rest of your "normal" processes. This will give ntpd(1ntpdmdoc) as much time as possi- ble to get the system's clock synchronized and stable. Finally, if you have processes like dovecot or database servers that re- quire monotonically-increasing time, run ntp-wait(1ntp-waitmdoc) as late as possible in the boot sequence (perhaps with the -v flag) and after ntp-wait(1ntp-waitmdoc) exits successfully it is as safe as it will ever be to start any process that require stable time. Frequency Discipline The ntpd behavior at startup depends on whether the frequency file, usually ntp.drift, exists. This file contains the latest estimate of clock fre- quency error. When the ntpd is started and the file does not exist, the ntpd enters a special mode designed to quickly adapt to the particular sys- tem clock oscillator time and frequency error. This takes approximately 15 minutes, after which the time and frequency are set to nominal values and the ntpd enters normal mode, where the time and frequency are continuously tracked relative to the server. After one hour the frequency file is cre- ated and the current frequency offset written to it. When the ntpd is started and the file does exist, the ntpd frequency is initialized from the file and enters normal mode immediately. After that the current frequency offset is written to the file at hourly intervals. Operating Modes The ntpd utility can operate in any of several modes, including symmetric active/passive, client/server broadcast/multicast and manycast, as de- scribed in the "Association Management" page (available as part of the HTML documentation provided in /usr/share/doc/ntp). It normally operates con- tinuously while monitoring for small changes in frequency and trimming the clock for the ultimate precision. However, it can operate in a one-time mode where the time is set from an external server and frequency is set from a previously recorded frequency file. A broadcast/multicast or many- cast client can discover remote servers, compute server-client propagation delay correction factors and configure itself automatically. This makes it possible to deploy a fleet of workstations without specifying configuration details specific to the local environment. By default, ntpd runs in continuous mode where each of possibly several ex- ternal servers is polled at intervals determined by an intricate state ma- chine. The state machine measures the incidental roundtrip delay jitter and oscillator frequency wander and determines the best poll interval using a heuristic algorithm. Ordinarily, and in most operating environments, the state machine will start with 64s intervals and eventually increase in steps to 1024s. A small amount of random variation is introduced in order to avoid bunching at the servers. In addition, should a server become un- reachable for some time, the poll interval is increased in steps to 1024s in order to reduce network overhead. In some cases it may not be practical for ntpd to run continuously. A com- mon workaround has been to run the ntpdate(1ntpdatemdoc) or sntp(1sntpmdoc) programs from a cron(8) job at designated times. However, these programs do not have the crafted signal processing, error checking or mitigation al- gorithms of ntpd. The -q option is intended for this purpose. Setting this option will cause ntpd to exit just after setting the clock for the first time. The procedure for initially setting the clock is the same as in continuous mode; most applications will probably want to specify the iburst keyword with the server configuration command. With this keyword a volley of messages are exchanged to groom the data and the clock is set in about 10 s. If nothing is heard after a couple of minutes, the daemon times out and exits. After a suitable period of mourning, the ntpdate(1nt- pdatemdoc) program will be retired. When kernel support is available to discipline the clock frequency, which is the case for stock Solaris, Tru64, Linux and FreeBSD, a useful feature is available to discipline the clock frequency. First, ntpd is run in con- tinuous mode with selected servers in order to measure and record the in- trinsic clock frequency offset in the frequency file. It may take some hours for the frequency and offset to settle down. Then the ntpd is stopped and run in one-time mode as required. At each startup, the fre- quency is read from the file and initializes the kernel frequency. Poll Interval Control This version of NTP includes an intricate state machine to reduce the net- work load while maintaining a quality of synchronization consistent with the observed jitter and wander. There are a number of ways to tailor the operation in order enhance accuracy by reducing the interval or to reduce network overhead by increasing it. However, the user is advised to care- fully consider the consequences of changing the poll adjustment range from the default minimum of 64 s to the default maximum of 1,024 s. The default minimum can be changed with the tinker minpoll command to a value not less than 16 s. This value is used for all configured associations, unless overridden by the minpoll option on the configuration command. Note that most device drivers will not operate properly if the poll interval is less than 64 s and that the broadcast server and manycast client associations will also use the default, unless overridden. In some cases involving dial up or toll services, it may be useful to in- crease the minimum interval to a few tens of minutes and maximum interval to a day or so. Under normal operation conditions, once the clock disci- pline loop has stabilized the interval will be increased in steps from the minimum to the maximum. However, this assumes the intrinsic clock fre- quency error is small enough for the discipline loop correct it. The cap- ture range of the loop is 500 PPM at an interval of 64s decreasing by a factor of two for each doubling of interval. At a minimum of 1,024 s, for example, the capture range is only 31 PPM. If the intrinsic error is greater than this, the drift file ntp.drift will have to be specially tai- lored to reduce the residual error below this limit. Once this is done, the drift file is automatically updated once per hour and is available to initialize the frequency on subsequent daemon restarts. The huff-n'-puff Filter In scenarios where a considerable amount of data are to be downloaded or uploaded over telephone modems, timekeeping quality can be seriously de- graded. This occurs because the differential delays on the two directions of transmission can be quite large. In many cases the apparent time errors are so large as to exceed the step threshold and a step correction can oc- cur during and after the data transfer is in progress. The huff-n'-puff filter is designed to correct the apparent time offset in these cases. It depends on knowledge of the propagation delay when no other traffic is present. In common scenarios this occurs during other than work hours. The filter maintains a shift register that remembers the minimum delay over the most recent interval measured usually in hours. Un- der conditions of severe delay, the filter corrects the apparent offset us- ing the sign of the offset and the difference between the apparent delay and minimum delay. The name of the filter reflects the negative (huff) and positive (puff) correction, which depends on the sign of the offset. The filter is activated by the tinker command and huffpuff keyword, as de- scribed in ntp.conf(5). ENVIRONMENT See OPTION PRESETS for configuration environment variables. FILES /etc/ntp.conf the default name of the configuration file /etc/ntp.drift the default name of the drift file /etc/ntp.keys the default name of the key file EXIT STATUS One of the following exit values will be returned: 0 (EXIT_SUCCESS) Successful program execution. 1 (EXIT_FAILURE) The operation failed or the command syntax was not valid. 70 (EX_SOFTWARE) libopts had an internal operational error. Please report it to au- togen-users@lists.sourceforge.net. Thank you. SEE ALSO ntp.conf(5), ntpdate(1ntpdatemdoc), ntpdc(1ntpdcmdoc), ntpq(1ntpqmdoc), sntp(1sntpmdoc) In addition to the manual pages provided, comprehensive documentation is available on the world wide web at http://www.ntp.org/. A snapshot of this documentation is available in HTML format in /usr/share/doc/ntp. David L. Mills, Network Time Protocol (Version 1), RFC1059. David L. Mills, Network Time Protocol (Version 2), RFC1119. David L. Mills, Network Time Protocol (Version 3), RFC1305. David L. Mills, J. Martin, Ed., J. Burbank, and W. Kasch, Network Time Pro- tocol Version 4: Protocol and Algorithms Specification, RFC5905. David L. Mills and B. Haberman, Ed., Network Time Protocol Version 4: Au- tokey Specification, RFC5906. H. Gerstung, C. Elliott, and B. Haberman, Ed., Definitions of Managed Ob- jects for Network Time Protocol Version 4: (NTPv4), RFC5907. R. Gayraud and B. Lourdelet, Network Time Protocol (NTP) Server Option for DHCPv6, RFC5908. AUTHORS The University of Delaware and Network Time Foundation COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 1992-2024 The University of Delaware and Network Time Founda- tion all rights reserved. This program is released under the terms of the NTP license, <http://ntp.org/license>. BUGS The ntpd utility has gotten rather fat. While not huge, it has gotten larger than might be desirable for an elevated-priority ntpd running on a workstation, particularly since many of the fancy features which consume the space were designed more with a busy primary server, rather than a high stratum workstation in mind. Please send bug reports to: https://bugs.ntp.org, bugs@ntp.org NOTES Portions of this document came from FreeBSD. This manual page was AutoGen-erated from the ntpd option definitions. FreeBSD ports 15.quarterly May 25 2024 NTPD(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | OPTION PRESETS | USAGE | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | EXIT STATUS | SEE ALSO | AUTHORS | COPYRIGHT | BUGS | NOTES
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