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SYNCACHE(4) Kernel Interfaces Manual SYNCACHE(4) NAME syncache, syncookies -- sysctl(8) MIBs for controlling TCP SYN caching SYNOPSIS sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncookies sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncookies_only sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncache.hashsize sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncache.bucketlimit sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncache.cachelimit sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncache.rexmtlimit sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncache.count sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncache.see_other sysctl net.inet.tcp.syncache.rst_on_sock_fail DESCRIPTION The syncache sysctl(8) MIB is used to control the TCP SYN caching in the system, which is intended to handle SYN flood Denial of Service attacks. When a TCP SYN segment is received on a port corresponding to a listen socket, an entry is made in the syncache, and a SYN,ACK segment is returned to the peer. The syncache entry holds the TCP options from the initial SYN, enough state to perform a SYN,ACK retransmission, and takes up less space than a TCP control block endpoint. An incoming segment which con- tains an ACK for the SYN,ACK and matches a syncache entry will cause the system to create a TCP control block with the options stored in the syncache entry, which is then released. The syncache protects the system from SYN flood DoS attacks by minimizing the amount of state kept on the server, and by limiting the overall size of the syncache. Syncookies provides a way to virtually expand the size of the syncache by keeping state regarding the initial SYN in the network. Enabling syncookies sends a cryptographic value in the SYN,ACK reply to the client machine, which is then returned in the client's ACK. If the corresponding entry is not found in the syncache, but the value passes specific security checks, the connection will be accepted. This is only used if the syncache is unable to handle the volume of incoming connections, and a prior entry has been evicted from the cache. Syncookies have a certain number of disadvantages that a paranoid adminis- trator may wish to take note of. Since the TCP options from the initial SYN are not saved, they are not applied to the connection, precluding use of features like window scale, timestamps, or exact MSS sizing. As the re- turning ACK establishes the connection, it may be possible for an attacker to ACK flood a machine in an attempt to create a connection. While steps have been taken to mitigate this risk, this may provide a way to bypass firewalls which filter incoming segments with the SYN bit set. To disable the syncache and run only with syncookies, set net.inet.tcp.syncookies_only to 1. To use syncookies to handle bucket overflows in the syncache set net.inet.tcp.syncookies to 1. The default value for net.inet.tcp.syncookies_only is 0 and the default value for net.inet.tcp.syncookies is 1. The syncache implements a number of variables in the net.inet.tcp.syncache branch of the sysctl(3) MIB. Several of these may be tuned by setting the corresponding variable in the loader(8). hashsize Size of the syncache hash table, must be a power of 2. Read- only, tunable via loader(8). bucketlimit Limit on the number of entries permitted in each bucket of the hash table. This should be left at a low value to minimize search time. Read-only, tunable via loader(8). cachelimit Limit on the total number of entries in the syncache. De- faults to (hashsize x bucketlimit), may be set lower to mini- mize memory consumption. Read-only, tunable via loader(8). rexmtlimit Maximum number of times a SYN,ACK is retransmitted before be- ing discarded. The default of 3 retransmits corresponds to a 45 second timeout, this value may be increased depending on the RTT to client machines. Tunable via sysctl(3). count Number of entries present in the syncache (read-only). see_other If set to true value, all syncache entries will be visible via net.inet.tcp.pcblist sysctl, or via netstat(1), ignoring all of security(7) UID/GID, jail(2) and mac(4) checks. If turned off, the visibility checks are enforced. However, extra ucred(9) referencing is required on every incoming SYN packet processed. The default is off. rst_on_sock_fail Send a TCP RST segment if the socket allocation fails. The default is on. Statistics on the performance of the syncache may be obtained via net- stat(1), which provides the following counts: syncache entries added Entries successfully inserted in the syncache. retransmitted SYN,ACK retransmissions due to a timeout expiring. dupsyn Incoming SYN segment matching an existing entry. dropped SYNs dropped because SYN,ACK could not be sent. completed Successfully completed connections. bucket overflow Entries dropped for exceeding per-bucket size. cache overflow Entries dropped for exceeding overall cache size. reset RST segment received. stale Entries dropped due to maximum retransmissions or listen socket disappearance. aborted New socket allocation failures. badack Entries dropped due to bad ACK reply. unreach Entries dropped due to ICMP unreachable messages. zone failures Failures to allocate new syncache entry. cookies sent SYN cookies sent in SYN ACK segments. cookies received ACK segments with valid syncookies which resulted in TCP connection establishment. spurious cookies rejected Received ACKs, for which the syncache lookup failed and also no syncookie was recently sent. failed cookies rejected Received ACKs for which the syncookie validation failed. SEE ALSO netstat(1), jail(2), mac(4), tcp(4), security(7), loader(8), sysctl(8), ucred(9) HISTORY The existing syncache implementation first appeared in FreeBSD 4.5. The original concept of a syncache originally appeared in BSD/OS, and was later modified by NetBSD, then further extended here. AUTHORS The syncache code and manual page were written by Jonathan Lemon <jle- mon@FreeBSD.org>. FreeBSD ports 15.quarterly August 30, 2025 SYNCACHE(4)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | AUTHORS
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