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VNET(9) Kernel Developer's Manual VNET(9) NAME VNET -- network subsystem virtualization infrastructure SYNOPSIS options VIMAGE options VNET_DEBUG #include <net/vnet.h> Constants and Global Variables VNET_SETNAME VNET_SYMPREFIX extern struct vnet *vnet0; Variable Declaration VNET(name); VNET_NAME(name); VNET_DECLARE(type, name); VNET_DEFINE(type, name); VNET_DEFINE_STATIC(type, name); #define V_name VNET(name) Virtual Instance Selection CRED_TO_VNET(struct ucred *); TD_TO_VNET(struct thread *); P_TO_VNET(struct proc *); IS_DEFAULT_VNET(struct vnet *); VNET_ASSERT(exp, msg); CURVNET_SET(struct vnet *); CURVNET_SET_QUIET(struct vnet *); CURVNET_RESTORE(); VNET_ITERATOR_DECL(struct vnet *); VNET_FOREACH(struct vnet *); Locking VNET_LIST_RLOCK(); VNET_LIST_RUNLOCK(); VNET_LIST_RLOCK_NOSLEEP(); VNET_LIST_RUNLOCK_NOSLEEP(); Startup and Teardown Functions struct vnet * vnet_alloc(void); void vnet_destroy(struct vnet *); VNET_SYSINIT(ident, enum sysinit_sub_id subsystem, enum sysinit_elem_order order, sysinit_cfunc_t func, const void *arg); VNET_SYSUNINIT(ident, enum sysinit_sub_id subsystem, enum sysinit_elem_order order, sysinit_cfunc_t func, const void *arg); Eventhandlers VNET_GLOBAL_EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER(const char *name, void *func, void *arg, int priority); VNET_GLOBAL_EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER_TAG(eventhandler_tag tag, const char *name, void *func, void *arg, int priority); DESCRIPTION VNET is the name of a technique to virtualize the network stack. The basic idea is to change global resources most notably variables into per network stack resources and have functions, sysctls, eventhandlers, etc. access and handle them in the context of the correct instance. Each (virtual) network stack is attached to a prison, with vnet0 being the unrestricted default network stack of the base system. The global defines for VNET_SETNAME and VNET_SYMPREFIX are shared with kvm(3) to access internals for debugging reasons. Variable Declaration Variables are virtualized by using the VNET_DEFINE() macro rather than writing them out as type name. One can still use static initialization, e.g., VNET_DEFINE(int, foo) = 1; Variables declared with the static keyword can use the VNET_DEFINE_STATIC() macro, e.g., VNET_DEFINE_STATIC(SLIST_HEAD(, bar), bars); Static initialization is not possible when the virtualized variable would need to be referenced, e.g., with "TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER()". In that case a VNET_SYSINIT() based initialization function must be used. External variables have to be declared using the VNET_DECLARE() macro. In either case the convention is to define another macro, that is then used throughout the implementation to access that variable. The variable name is usually prefixed by V_ to express that it is virtualized. The VNET() macro will then translate accesses to that variable to the copy of the cur- rently selected instance (see the "Virtual instance selection" section): #define V_name VNET(name) NOTE: Do not confuse this with the convention used by VFS(9). The VNET_NAME() macro returns the offset within the memory region of the virtual network stack instance. Virtual Instance Selection There are three different places where the current virtual network stack pointer is stored and can be taken from: 1. a prison: (struct prison *)->pr_vnet For convenience the following macros are provided: CRED_TO_VNET(struct ucred *) TD_TO_VNET(struct thread *) P_TO_VNET(struct proc *) 2. a socket: (struct socket *)->so_vnet 3. an interface: (struct ifnet *)->if_vnet In addition the currently active instance is cached in "curthread->td_vnet" which is usually only accessed through the curvnet macro. To set the correct context of the current virtual network instance, use the CURVNET_SET() or CURVNET_SET_QUIET() macros. The CURVNET_SET_QUIET() ver- sion will not record vnet recursions in case the kernel was compiled with options VNET_DEBUG and should thus only be used in well known cases, where recursion is unavoidable. Both macros will save the previous state on the stack and it must be restored with the CURVNET_RESTORE() macro. NOTE: As the previous state is saved on the stack, you cannot have multiple CURVNET_SET() calls in the same block. NOTE: As the previous state is saved on the stack, a CURVNET_RESTORE() call has to be in the same block as the CURVNET_SET() call or in a subblock with the same idea of the saved instances as the outer block. NOTE: As each macro is a set of operations and, as previously explained, cannot be put into its own block when defined, one cannot conditionally set the current vnet context. The following will not work: if (condition) CURVNET_SET(vnet); nor would this work: if (condition) { CURVNET_SET(vnet); } CURVNET_RESTORE(); Sometimes one needs to loop over all virtual instances, for example to up- date virtual from global state, to run a function from a callout(9) for each instance, etc. For those cases the VNET_ITERATOR_DECL() and VNET_FOREACH() macros are provided. The former macro defines the variable that iterates over the loop, and the latter loops over all of the virtual network stack instances. See "Locking" for how to savely traverse the list of all virtual instances. The IS_DEFAULT_VNET() macro provides a safe way to check whether the cur- rently active instance is the unrestricted default network stack of the base system (vnet0). The VNET_ASSERT() macro provides a way to conditionally add assertions that are only active with options VIMAGE compiled in and either options VNET_DE- BUG or options INVARIANTS enabled as well. It uses the same semantics as KASSERT(9). Locking For public access to the list of virtual network stack instances e.g., by the VNET_FOREACH() macro, read locks are provided. Macros are used to ab- stract from the actual type of the locks. If a caller may sleep while tra- versing the list, it must use the VNET_LIST_RLOCK() and VNET_LIST_RUNLOCK() macros. Otherwise, the caller can use VNET_LIST_RLOCK_NOSLEEP() and VNET_LIST_RUNLOCK_NOSLEEP(). Startup and Teardown Functions To start or tear down a virtual network stack instance the internal func- tions vnet_alloc() and vnet_destroy() are provided and called from the jail framework. They run the publicly provided methods to handle network stack startup and teardown. For public control, the system startup interface has been enhanced to not only handle a system boot but to also handle a virtual network stack startup and teardown. To the base system the VNET_SYSINIT() and VNET_SYSUNINIT() macros look exactly as if there were no virtual network stack. In fact, if options VIMAGE is not compiled in they are compiled to the standard SYSINIT() macros. In addition to that they are run for each virtual network stack when starting or, in reverse order, when shutting down. Eventhandlers Eventhandlers can be handled in two ways: 1. save the tags returned in each virtual instance and properly free the eventhandlers on teardown using those, or 2. use one eventhandler that will iterate over all virtual network stack instances. For the first case one can just use the normal EVENTHANDLER(9) functions, while for the second case the VNET_GLOBAL_EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER() and VNET_GLOBAL_EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER_TAG() macros are provided. These differ in that VNET_GLOBAL_EVENTHANDLER_REGISTER_TAG() takes an extra first argu- ment that will carry the tag upon return. Eventhandlers registered with either of these will not run func directly but func will be called from an internal iterator function for each vnet. Both macros can only be used for eventhandlers that do not take additional arguments, as the variadic argu- ments from an EVENTHANDLER_INVOKE(9) call will be ignored. Sysctl Handling A sysctl(9) can be virtualized by adding the CTLFLAG_VNET control flag to the ctlflags bitmask of the macros. SEE ALSO jail(2), kvm(3), EVENTHANDLER(9), KASSERT(9), sysctl(9) Marko Zec, Implementing a Clonable Network Stack in the FreeBSD Kernel, USENIX ATC'03, June 2003, Boston HISTORY The virtual network stack implementation first appeared in FreeBSD 8.0. AUTHORS The VNET framework was designed and implemented at the University of Zagreb by Marko Zec under sponsorship of the FreeBSD Foundation and NLnet Founda- tion, and later extended and refined by Bjoern A. Zeeb (also under FreeBSD Foundation sponsorship), and Robert Watson. This manual page was written by Bjoern A. Zeeb, CK Software GmbH, under sponsorship from the FreeBSD Foundation. FreeBSD ports 15.quarterly September 19, 2025 VNET(9)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | AUTHORS
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