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WG(4) Kernel Interfaces Manual WG(4) NAME wg -- WireGuard protocol driver SYNOPSIS To compile this driver into the kernel, place the following lines in your kernel configuration file: device wg Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the following line in loader.conf(5): if_wg_load="YES" DESCRIPTION The wg driver provides Virtual Private Network (VPN) interfaces for the se- cure exchange of layer 3 traffic with other WireGuard peers using the Wire- Guard protocol. A wg interface recognizes one or more peers, establishes a secure tunnel with each on demand, and tracks each peer's UDP endpoint for exchanging en- crypted traffic with. The interfaces can be created at runtime using the ifconfig wgN create com- mand. The interface itself can be configured with wg(8). The following glossary provides a brief overview of WireGuard terminology: Peer Peers exchange IPv4 or IPv6 traffic over secure tunnels. Each wg interface may be configured to recognize one or more peers. Key Each peer uses its private key and corresponding public key to identify itself to others. A peer configures a wg interface with its own private key and with the public keys of its peers. Pre-shared key In addition to the public keys, each peer pair may be configured with a unique pre-shared symmetric key. This is used in their handshake to guard against future compromise of the peers' en- crypted tunnel if an attack on their Diffie-Hellman exchange be- comes feasible. It is optional, but recommended. Allowed IP addresses A single wg interface may maintain concurrent tunnels connecting diverse networks. The interface therefore implements rudimen- tary routing and reverse-path filtering functions for its tun- neled traffic. These functions reference a set of allowed IP address ranges configured against each peer. The interface will route outbound tunneled traffic to the peer configured with the most specific matching allowed IP address range, or drop it if no such match exists. The interface will accept tunneled traffic only from the peer configured with the most specific matching allowed IP address range for the incoming traffic, or drop it if no such match ex- ists. That is, tunneled traffic routed to a given peer cannot return through another peer of the same wg interface. This en- sures that peers cannot spoof one another's traffic. Handshake Two peers handshake to mutually authenticate each other and to establish a shared series of secret ephemeral encryption keys. Either peer may initiate a handshake. Handshakes occur only when there is traffic to send, and recur every two minutes dur- ing transfers. Connectionless Due to the handshake behavior, there is no connected or discon- nected state. Keys Private keys for WireGuard can be generated from any sufficiently secure random source. The Curve25519 keys and the pre-shared keys are both 32 bytes long and are commonly encoded in base64 for ease of use. Keys can be generated with wg(8) as follows: $ wg genkey Although a valid Curve25519 key must have 5 bits set to specific values, this is done by the interface and so it will accept any random 32-byte base64 string. NETMAP netmap(4) applications may open a WireGuard interface in emulated mode. The netmap application will receive decrypted, unencapsulated packets prepended by a dummy Ethernet header. The Ethertype field will be one of ETHERTYPE_IP or ETHERTYPE_IPV6 depending on the address family of the packet. Packets transmitted by the application should similarly begin with a dummy Ethernet header; this header will be stripped before the packet is encrypted and tunneled. EXAMPLES Create a wg interface and set random private key. # ifconfig wg0 create # wg genkey | wg set wg0 listen-port 54321 private-key /dev/stdin Retrieve the associated public key from a wg interface. $ wg show wg0 public-key Connect to a specific endpoint using its public-key and set the allowed IP address # wg set wg0 peer '7lWtsDdqaGB3EY9WNxRN3hVaHMtu1zXw71+bOjNOVUw=' endpoint 10.0.1.100:54321 allowed-ips 192.168.2.100/32 Remove a peer # wg set wg0 peer '7lWtsDdqaGB3EY9WNxRN3hVaHMtu1zXw71+bOjNOVUw=' remove DIAGNOSTICS The wg interface supports runtime debugging, which can be enabled with: ifconfig wgN debug Some common error messages include: Handshake for peer X did not complete after 5 seconds, retrying Peer X did not reply to our initiation packet, for example because: * The peer does not have the local interface configured as a peer. Peers must be able to mutually authenticate each other. * The peer endpoint IP address is incorrectly configured. * There are firewall rules preventing communication between hosts. Invalid handshake initiation The incoming handshake packet could not be processed. This is likely due to the local interface not containing the correct public key for the peer. Invalid initiation MAC The incoming handshake initiation packet had an in- valid MAC. This is likely because the initiation sender has the wrong pub- lic key for the handshake receiver. Packet has unallowed src IP from peer X After decryption, an incoming data packet has a source IP address that is not assigned to the allowed IPs of Peer X. SEE ALSO inet(4), ip(4), ipsec(4), netintro(4), netmap(4), ovpn(4), ipf(5), pf.conf(5), ifconfig(8), ipfw(8), wg(8) WireGuard whitepaper, https://www.wireguard.com/papers/wireguard.pdf. HISTORY The wg device driver first appeared in FreeBSD 13.2. AUTHORS The wg device driver was written by Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>, Matt Dunwoodie <ncon@nconroy.net>, Kyle Evans <kevans@FreeBSD.org>, and Matt Macy <mmacy@FreeBSD.org>. This manual page was written by Gordon Bergling <gbe@FreeBSD.org> and is based on the OpenBSD manual page written by David Gwynne <dlg@openbsd.org>. FreeBSD ports 15.quarterly February 12, 2025 WG(4)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | NETMAP | EXAMPLES | DIAGNOSTICS | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | AUTHORS
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