lookupd(8) System Manager's Manual lookupd(8) NAME lookupd -- directory information and cache daemon SYNOPSIS lookupd lookupd -d lookupd -D portname lookupd -f category key value lookupd -q category [[-a key [value ...]] ...] lookupd -configuration lookupd -flushcache lookupd -statistics DESCRIPTION The lookupd daemon acts as an information broker and cache. It is called by various routines in the System framework to find information about user accounts, groups, printers, e-mail aliases and distribution lists, computer names, Internet addresses, and several other kinds of information. lookupd keeps a cache of recently requested items to improve system perfor- mance. It also implements a search strategy used to find information from the many information sources that are potentially available to a computer. These include the Domain Name System (DNS), Sun Microsystem's Network In- formation Services (NIS), Apple's NetInfo system, and a set of files found in the /etc directory. lookupd also has a channel to query Directory Ser- vices, allowing access to data from LDAP and other directory systems. The lookupd process is monitored by the system's mach server registry (the mach_init process), and is automatically restarted if it crashes or exits. lookupd responds to a HUP signal by exiting. This is the preferred mecha- nism for restarting / resetting the process. lookupd writes its process ID number in the file /var/run/lookupd.pid. LOOKUP STRATEGY Internally, lookupd uses a set of software "agents" to get information. There are agents for NetInfo, NIS, DNS, the files in /etc (also known as the "Flat Files" ), Directory Services, and an agent which manages the in- ternal cache. There is also a special agent (the NILAgent) which returns negative entries. When lookupd searches for information about an item, it queries agents in a specific order until the item is found or until all sources of information have been consulted without finding the desired item. By default, lookupd first queries its cache agent, then NetInfo, then the Directory Services agent. If the item is a host or network, lookupd will query the cache, the Flat File agent, then the DNS agent, then NetInfo, and Directory Services last. The default search order for services, protocols, and rpc protocols uses the cache, then the Flat File agent, NetInfo, and then Directory Ser- vices. In some cases, lookupd creates lists of all the information available about some sort of entity. For example, all printers or all users. In these cases lookupd queries each agent in turn and concatenates all retrieved in- formation into a single list. The search order is configurable. For example, you might specify that lookupd queries its internal cache, then NetInfo, then the Flat Files, then NIS. You may also change the lookup order for a particular category of item. The known categories are users, groups, hosts, networks, services, protocols, rpcs, mounts, printers, bootparams, bootp, aliases, and net- groups. You can set the lookup order (and other configuration options) for all categories, and override them for individual categories. Details on configuring lookupd are found in the "CONFIGURATION" section below. Some agents may have their own configuration options. Details on configur- ing individual agents are found in the "AGENTS" section below. CACHE There are caches for all categories of lookups. The caches are unlimited in capacity (although you can set a maximum size, see below). The default lookup order starts with the cache agent for each lookup category. Caching may be disabled for all categories or for specific categories by removing the cache agent from the lookup order. CACHE VALIDATION lookupd validates items retrieved from cache before returning them. If an entry is invalid, a fresh copy is fetched to replace the stale one in cache. In many cases it is possible for lookupd to quickly determine that a cached entry is still valid; for example by checking a time stamp or a database sequence number. When cache validation is enabled, performance is enhanced because many items can be stored in cache, while at the same time clients can be certain that any data they get from lookupd is as up-to-date as possible. If cache validation is disabled, items are returned from cache without any checks. In this case it is possible that the information is out-of-date. You can place limits on how stale an item might be by set- ting the cache TimeToLive (see below). You can also get the best of both worlds by having cache validation enabled and adjusting the ValidationLatency. If an agent has just fetched a data- base version number or read a time stamp in order to validate one item in the cache, then it can use that value for a few seconds to validate other entries in the cache with only a small risk that those entries have become out-of-date. Setting ValidationLatency to 0 seconds causes validation on every fetch from cache. Setting the value to a larger number means that lookupd will avoid re-checking time stamps, sequence numbers, version num- bers or other validation indicators for the indicated number of seconds. This allows you to say, for example, that you are willing to let the cache return an item that might be no more than a few seconds out-of-date in or- der to reduce network traffic. The default value for ValidationLatency is 15 seconds. Validation is enabled by default, but may be disabled for all categories, or for specific categories. For example, since computer names and ad- dresses very rarely change, you might want to turn off cache validation for the host cache to save time and reduce network traffic. This is especially useful on slow network lines. If network access is fast, cache validation is inexpensive, and ensures that all data is up-to-date. The cache validation strategy in the NetInfo and Flat File agents makes validation as fast and inexpensive as possible. DNS validation is based on the time-to-live value found in the DNS record for a particular item. The NILAgent returns a negative record for any lookup. This stops further search for an item. The NILAgent should always appear last in any LookupOrder specification (see below). The value of these negative records is that they will be added to the cache (if caching is enabled). If a lookup for a particular item fails (after a long, slow search of all avail- able information sources), then subsequent lookups for the same item will find the negative record in the cache, thus avoiding another long search. Like all other cached records, negative records are validated. By default, negative records are valid for 60 seconds. You can override the default by setting the TimeToLive option in the NILAgent's configuration. See the "AGENT" section below. When an object is placed in a cache, it is given a time to live. After that time has expired, it will be removed from the cache. The default is 12 hours. Making things expire more quickly will cause the cache to stay smaller, but will result in more network traffic. Whenever an object is validated, its time to live is reset. CONFIGURATION Configuration parameters may be placed in a set of files in the local file system, or they may be written in a set of directories in NetInfo. These parameters will override default settings. There may be one file or one configuration directory in NetInfo for each agent, and one file or NetInfo directory for each lookup category. There may also be a global configura- tion file or NetInfo directory. Additionally, each agent may have cate- gory-specific configuration. lookupd searches for configuration in the local file system first. If no configuration is given in the file system, lookupd checks for a configura- tion directory in the local NetInfo domain. The configuration source may be specified on the command line as a startup option. The configuration source may be specified using one of the follow- ing command-line options: -c default -c file path -c netinfo domain path FILE-BASED CONFIGURATION Configuration settings for lookup may be placed in files under the direc- tory /etc/lookupd. A file named "global" is used to store global settings for lookupd and for individual agents. Other files specify settings for each lookup category. It is not necessary to create every configuration file. Just create those in which you wish to override the default values of configuration parameters. The files that may be created are: /etc/lookupd/global /etc/lookupd/users /etc/lookupd/groups /etc/lookupd/hosts /etc/lookupd/networks /etc/lookupd/services /etc/lookupd/protocols /etc/lookupd/rpcs /etc/lookupd/mounts /etc/lookupd/printers /etc/lookupd/bootparams /etc/lookupd/bootp /etc/lookupd/aliases /etc/lookupd/netgroups /etc/lookupd/agents /etc/lookupd/agents/CacheAgent/global /etc/lookupd/agents/DNSAgent/global /etc/lookupd/agents/FFAgent/global /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/global /etc/lookupd/agents/NILAgent/global /etc/lookupd/agents/NISAgent/global Category-specific configuration files may appear in an agent's subdirec- tory. For example, category-specific files for NIAgent are: /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/global /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/users /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/groups /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/hosts /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/networks /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/services /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/protocols /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/rpcs /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/mounts /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/printers /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/bootparams /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/bootp /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/aliases /etc/lookupd/agents/NIAgent/netgroups Note that only some agents make use of category-specific configurations. They are described in the "AGENTS" section below. NETINFO-BASED CONFIGURATION Configuration directories in NetInfo must be placed in a subtree beginning at either the /config/lookupd or the /locations/lookupd directory. /con- fig/lookupd is checked first, and /locations/lookupd is checked if /con- fig/lookupd does not exist. /locations/lookupd may contain global set- tings, stored as values for various keys. Configuration options for spe- cific categories reside in the directories: /locations/lookupd/users /locations/lookupd/groups /locations/lookupd/hosts /locations/lookupd/networks /locations/lookupd/services /locations/lookupd/protocols /locations/lookupd/rpcs /locations/lookupd/mounts /locations/lookupd/printers /locations/lookupd/bootparams /locations/lookupd/bootp /locations/lookupd/aliases /locations/lookupd/netgroups There may also be configuration directories for each agent. These must be subdirectories of the /locations/lookupd/agents directory: /locations/lookupd/agents/CacheAgent /locations/lookupd/agents/DNSAgent /locations/lookupd/agents/FFAgent /locations/lookupd/agents/NIAgent /locations/lookupd/agents/NILAgent /locations/lookupd/agents/NISAgent Each of these agent-specific directories may have category specific subdi- rectories, for example: /locations/locations/agents/NIAgent/printers /locations/locations/agents/NIAgent/hosts ... CONFIGURATION KEYS If configuration parameters are stored in a file, each line of the file will be of the form: key value [value ...] Lines beginning with "#" are treated as comments. Configuration directories in NetInfo have property keys and values as spec- ified below. Keys and permissible values for the main (global) lookupd configuration di- rectory or file are shown in the following table. keys and values that ap- ply to specific agents are described in the "AGENTS" section. LogFile Name of a log file that contains a copy of all messages sent to syslog. There is no default (i.e. no log file is kept). LogPriority Sets the maximum priority that will be logged. Note that syslog's highest priority (LOG_EMERG) is 0, with priority 7 being the lowest priority (LOG_DEBUG). The default is LOG_NOTICE, meaning that only messages of LOG_NOTICE or higher priority will be logged. This value can also be set on the command line using the -l priority option. StatisticsEnabled If given the value YES, this setting will enable statistics-gathering. These statistics can then be fetched by calling lookupd with the -statistics command line option. Details on these statistics are found in the "PERFORMANCE TUNING AND TROUBLESHOOTING" section. The default value is NO, unless lookupd is run in debug mode with the -d or -D op- tions. Debug If given the value YES, statistics gathering is enabled, and the Log- Priority is set to LOG_DEBUG. MaxThreads Maximum number of threads in the query dispatcher. The default is 64. Under moderatly heavy load, only 5 or 6 threads are used, so 64 is usu- ally more than enough. MaxIdleThreads When a thread finishes servicing a query, it will usually go back to the message queue to wait for another query. This setting limits the maximum number of idle threads waiting on the queue. If a thread fin- ishes servicing a query and MaxIdleThreads are already waiting on the queue, the thread will exit. The default value is 2. MaxIdleServers The dispatcher uses a server object to actually answer a client lookup. One server is required for each active thread. The dispatcher keeps a pool of servers so that they can be re-used. This setting limits the maximum number of servers in the pool, waiting for a query to answer. The default value is 4. ValidateCache This boolean value determines whether cache validation is enabled for all cache categories. The default is YES. Use NO to disable valida- tion. The setting of this value may be over-ridden for specific cache categories (see below). ValidationLatency If Cache validation is enabled, this integer value specifies the number of seconds that may elapse between successive validation checks for a particular agent. The default is 15 seconds. This value applies to specific agents rather than to the cache. The setting of this value may be over-ridden for specific agents (see below). CacheCapacity Maximum number of objects in the cache for each category (e.g. this many users, this many hosts, ...). Least-recently-used objects are re- moved when space is required. By default, there is no limit to the cache size. TimeToLive Time to live (measured in seconds) in cache. The default is 43200 sec- onds (12 hours). This is the default mechanism used to limit the growth of the cache. LookupOrder Sets the lookup order for all categories, although you may override this for specific categories. This key takes multiple values. The de- fault for most categories is CacheAgent, NIAgent, and then DSAgent. For hosts and networks, the default lookup order is CacheAgent, FFA- gent, DNSAgent, NIAgent, then DSAgent. For services, protocols, and rpc, the default order is CacheAgent, FFAgent, NIAgent, then DSAgent. Details about specifying agents in a lookup order may be found in the "AGENTS" section. Timeout Time to wait for a response from a server. The default value is 30 seconds. Note that this timeout applies individually to all agents. It is not a global timeout for any lookupd query. The total time that might be taken for a single query to lookupd depends on how many agents are involved in the lookup order for that category of item. Options that can be set per lookup category are ValidateCache, CacheCapacity, TimeToLive, and LookupOrder. AGENTS As described above, agents are specified as values of a LookupOrder config- uration key. As a convenience, agent names may be shortened by omitting the trailing string "Agent" from their name. Thus, for example, DNS may be used in place of DNSAgent. An optional starting argument may be provided to an agent following a colon character. For example, to use a Flat File agent that reads from files in the directory /var/db/files rather than from files in /etc, you could spec- ify: FF:/var/db/files This mechanism allows you to specify several agents of the same type, each with a different starting argument. For example, several Flat File agents reading from different directories, or several DNS agents using different domains. Starting options are described for each agent in the sections be- low. CacheAgent The operation and configuration of the cache agent are described in detail in the sections above. The configuration options for the Cache agent are ValidateCache, CacheCapacity, and TimeToLive. These options may be set globally and/or for specific categories. Options set for a specific cate- gory will over-ride the global setting. Note that CacheAgent should always appear first in a LookupOrder specifica- tion to allow lookupd to find cached entries before searching other infor- mation services. CacheAgent does not support a startup argument (as described at the begin- ning of this section). NIAgent NIAgent is the NetInfo client. It supports the Timeout, ConnectTimeout, ValidationLatency and DomainOrder options. The Timeout option specifies a NetInfo read timeout in seconds. This time- out is applied to all NetInfo lookups. ConnectTimeout controls timeouts on initial NetInfo connections done at startup time, and applies to all domains other than the local domain. The default value is 300 seconds. A zero value indicates an unlimited timeout. ValidationLatency is described above in the section. NIAgent validates cached entries by checking the NetInfo server's database checksum. The NetInfo checksum changes whenever the database changes. Thus, any time a NetInfo domain is updated, all cached entries from that domain will be in- validated. The DomainOrder option was the original mechanism implemented to allow you to specify a list of NetInfo domains (or specific NetInfo servers) that should be queried for information. A search order may now be specified by using the startup argument (see below). However, the DomainOrder option is still supported for backward compatibility. By default, the NetInfo agent starts with a computer's local domain, then climbs the NetInfo hierarchy until reaching the root domain. In very rare cases, you might find that you can solve a difficult network administration problem by altering the default lookup order. Using this option can make your information systems configuration very confusing and spaghetti-like, so exercise great caution in its use! The domain search order may be set globally (for all categories of lookups), and/or for specific categories. A domain order for a specific category will over-ride the global order for for lookups of that type (e.g. for user lookups). The DomainOrder option may have multiple values. Each value specifies a domain or a specific NetInfo server. Domain names may be absolute paths starting at the root domain (e.g. /sales, /sol/jupiter), or a path relative to the local domain (e.g. ../zippy, ../../marketing). A "." stands for the local domain. You may also specify a domain relative to a remote computer by using a value of the form nidomain:path@address or path@address For example, If you used the value nidomain:/central@192.42.172.1 NIAgent would connect to the computer with Internet address 192.42.172.1 and locate the domain named /central relative to that computer. You can also include values of the form niserver:tag@address or tag@address to connect to a specific NetInfo server. For example, niserver:network@192.42.172.5 would contact the server for the database tagged network at the given ad- dress. You may set the DomainOrder for a particular lookup category by creating a category-specific configuration directory (for NetInfo-based configura- tions) or file (for file-based configurations). A LookupOrder may specify one or more NIAgents, each with a startup argu- ment. The startup argument for NIAgent is a comma separated list of domain or server specifications. This includes the forms supported for the DomainOrder configuration key (see above), and may also include the string "..." which specifies that NIAgent should include all domains from the pre- vious one specified in the list up to the root domain of that NetInfo hier- archy. As it is the case with the DomainOrder list, you should use this facility with great care, for you can easily make the search order very confusing. Some LookupOrder examples may help clarify the NIAgent startup argument. " -compact -offset indent NI:.,extra@10.0.0.17 Local domain, then "extra" at 10.0.0.17; NI:network@192.42.172.1,... Start with "network" at the specified address, then climb from that domain to the root do- main. NISAgent The NISAgent is the NIS client. The names YPAgent and YP are aliases for the NISAgent. The NIS domain name must be set before lookupd starts, or this agent will not be able to connect to a server (in which case it does nothing). The NIS domain name is usually set during system startup using the value of the NISDOMAIN variable in the file /etc/hostconfig. For example: NISDOMAIN=quinta NISAgent supports the Timeout and ValidationLatency configuration options. NISAgent validates entries by checking the map order numbers. Note that lookupd has separate agents for the Flat Files (see FFAgent be- low) and NIS. NIS and the files are viewed as independent information sys- tems. You may use either agent or both in any order. NISAgent reads the following maps. Note that some of these maps are exten- sions to the standard set of maps created by most YP servers. ethers.byaddr Host names keyed by Ethernet address bootptab.byaddr Bootp data keyed by Ethernet address mail.aliases E-mail aliases and distribution lists passwd.byname Users passwd.byuid Users group.byname Groups group.bygid Groups hosts.byname Hosts hosts.byaddr Hosts networks.byname Networks networks.byaddr Networks services.byname TCP/IP service ports and protocols protocol.byname IP Protocols protocol.bynumber IP Protocols rpc.byname ONC RPC programs rpc.bynumber ONC RPC programs mounts.byname Mounts (fstab entries) keyed by name (fspec) printcap.byname Printers (printcap entries) keyed by name bootparams.byname Bootparams entries keyed by name bootp.byip Bootp entries keyed by IP address netgroup Netgroups NISAgent does not support a startup argument. DNSAgent DNSAgent is the DNS client. Cached DNS entries are validated simply by the time-to-live associated with the DNS records. DNSAgent is only used for host name/address and network name/address resolution. The Mac OS X DNS library used by the DNS agent allows the system to have a number of separate DNS clients. Each DNS client has the address of one or more DNS servers (which the client regards as being equivalent). Please refer to the resolver(5) man page for details on the Mac OS X DNS resolver. FFAgent The FFAgent reads the "Flat Files" in your computer's /etc directory. Specifically, it reads the files: /etc/master.passwd Users /etc/group Groups /etc/hosts Computer names and addresses /etc/networks Network names and addresses /etc/services TCP/IP service ports and protocols /etc/protocols IP protocol names and numbers /etc/rpcs ONC RPC servers /etc/fstab NFS mounts /etc/printcap Printers /etc/bootparams Bootparams settings /etc/bootp Bootp settings /etc/aliases E-mail aliases and distribution lists /etc/netgroup Netgroups FFAgent supports a directory path as an optional startup argument, which is used in place of /etc. By default, the FFAgent will read in and cache the entire contents of the /etc/hosts file. This is a performance optimization. The hosts file is frequently consulted since it is in the default LookupOrder for hosts, be- tween the Cache and the DNS agent. Caching the contents of the file has an advantage when a query is made for an entry that can be found in the file, but it also has a very important advantage when searching for an entry that is not in the file. The advantage in this case is that the agent can very quickly rule out queries that would otherwise require reading through the whole file. The FFAgent supports the CacheFile configuration option, which may be used to specify which files are cached in this manner. Computers that act as Web servers, in particular, can derive a performance advantage by enabling the FFAgent's cache for the /etc/services file. The use of file caches in FFAgent causes lookupd to use more memory, but performance is improved by a reduction in disk access. This may be a worthwhile tradeoff for server systems. The increase in memory required for a file is slightly more than the size of the file itself, the addi- tional memory used for internal data structures and indexing. The CacheFile configuration option takes a list of values. The special values all and none may be used to turn on or off caches for all files. Caches for specific files may be used by using one of the values below. A value prefaced with a minus ("-") disables caching for that file. For ex- ample, all -protocols enables all caches, but then disables caching of the /etc/protocols file. Values for the CacheFile key may be any of the following: all turns on all file caches none turns off all file caches user (users, passwd, master.passwd) /etc/master.passwd group (groups) /etc/groups host (hosts) /etc/hosts network (networks) /etc/networks service (services) /etc/services protocol (protocols) /etc/protocols rpc (rpcs) /etc/rpc mount (mounts, fstab) /etc/fstab printer (printers, printcap) /etc/printcap bootparam (bootparams) /etc/bootparams bootp (bootptab) /etc/bootptab alias (aliases) /etc/aliases ether (ethers) /etc/ethers netgroup (netgroups) /etc/netgroup DSAgent The DSAgent re-directs queries to Mac OS X's Directory Services system. See the on-line Help for the Directory Access application for more informa- tion on managing Directory Services. DSAgent uses a 300 second timer for validating cached entries. Records fetched using DSAgent are considered valid in for this period of time. NILAgent The NILAgent always returns a result for a query, so it stops any search. However, it returns a negative record, which carries the meaning that the item requested does not exist. The use of negative entries in a cache is controversial, so lookupd does not include the NILAgent in its default lookup order. However, adding NILAgent at the end of the LookupOrder can result in significant performance improvements in some cases. If there are many network information sources being searched it can take a long time for lookupd to check them all when you ask for something that doesn't exist. By including NILAgent at the end of the lookup order, lookup will cache a negative record. The next time lookupd gets a request for the same item, it will find the negative record in the cache, and avoid a long and useless search. It is always possible that lookupd may fail to find an item (and cache a negative record created by NILAgent) just before someone adds that item to one of your information systems. In that case the negative record will be incorrect, and should be removed from cache. Unfortunately, there's no way for lookupd to know that without doing another potentially expensive search. As a compromise, negative records only remain in the cache for a short time. The NILAgent assigns all negative records a time-to-live value of 60 seconds. You may change this by setting the TimeToLive option for the NILAgent. NILAgent does not support a startup argument. CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES Here's a sample configuration as it might appear in the output of the "nidump" utility program. # nidump -r /locations/lookupd name = lookupd; LogFile = /var/log/lookupd.log; LookupOrder = (CacheAgent, NIAgent); CHILDREN = ({ name = users; LookupOrder = (CacheAgent, NIAgent, FFAgent); }, { name = hosts; LookupOrder = (CacheAgent, NIAgent, DNSAgent, NILAgent); ValidateCache = NO; }, { name = netgroups; LookupOrder = (CacheAgent, NIAgent, NISAgent); }, { name = agents; CHILDREN = ({ name = NIAgent; ValidationLatency = 60; }, { name = NILAgent; TimeToLive = 120; }); }); PERFORMANCE TUNING AND TROUBLESHOOTING Simple queries can be sent to lookupd from the command line using: lookupd -q category [[-a key [value ...]] ...] The category may be user, group, host, network, service, protocol, rpc, mount, printer, bootparam, bootp, alias, or netgroup. The call will search for an item of the specified category having the given value(s) for the specified key(s). If no key or value options are specified, the call will return a list of all items of the specified category. If a key is specified with no value arguments, the call will only return items that have the specified key, regardless of its values. If statistics are enabled (see the setting of the StatisticsEnabled key in the "CONFIGURATION" section above), then statistics from lookupd can be ob- tained using: lookupd -statistics This will print version and build information, as well as a summary of calls and time usage. Statistics are given for each information system, for each query, and for each query within each information system. For ex- ample: Cache: 1676 1153 24285 Cache all group: 3 0 18 Cache all mount: 2 0 850 Cache group gid: 434 391 22 Cache group name: 12 10 342 Cache host ip_address: 5 3 0 Cache host name: 129 52 0 ... netgroup name: 1 1 6867 network address: 4 4 3565 service name: 85 85 3964 total: 1676 1676 212371 user name: 74 74 11641 user number: 3 3 773 user uid: 760 760 45271 The first number printed in each line is the total number of calls. The second is the number of calls answered successfully. The third is the to- tal time (in milliseconds) used for that item. Note that the time required for cache validation is included in the statistics for calls to the cache. The command: lookupd -flushcache causes lookupd to empty the cache. lookupd may be run in an interactive mode useful for testing and trou- bleshooting configuration problems. Since some directory information may only be available to privileged processes, lookupd should be run as the user root in interactive mode. When you use the interactive mode, you start a second copy of the lookupd program from a command line with a -d option: mycomputer# lookupd -d lookupd version 123 Enter command name, "help", or "quit" to exit > This second copy of lookupd runs independently of the system's "main" lookupd and does not provide information to other programs running on your system. This allows you to try queries and test configuration options without disturbing normal operations. The second copy of lookupd will at- tempt to read its configuration options from a NetInfo directory named /lo- cations/lookupd_debug (NetInfo) or /etc/lookupd_debug (files). If they don't exist, it will try /locations/lookupd or /etc/lookupd. The interactive mode command line supports escape completion for commands, so you can type a character or two then press the Escape key. lookupd will complete as much of the command as it can (sometimes there are several com- mand that start with the same characters). To see all possible comple- tions, press Control-d. To see all possible commands, press Control-d be- fore you type in any characters at all. For on-line help, use the "help" command. > help Enter command name, "help" for general help, or "quit" to exit help help> help This is lookupd's interactive query and testing facility. ... There are interactive commands for all standard queries, such as userWith- Name, hostWithInternetAddress, and so on. When you enter a query, lookupd will print the result that it located or "nil" if the item was not found. lookupd also keeps track of the information source for each item and a num- ber of other useful pieces of information that can help you track internal activities. For example: > userWithName: jru Dictionary: "NIAgent: user jru" _lookup_NI_checksum: 68850661 _lookup_NI_domain: / _lookup_NI_index: 2 _lookup_NI_server: pacific/network _lookup_info_system: NetInfo _writers_passwd: jru change: 0 expire: 0 gid: 114 home: /Network/Servers/fiji/Users/jru name: jru netgroups: programmer passwd: 2YEsFfX2fmC8. realname: Jane Random User shell: /bin/csh uid: 1664 + Category: user + Time to live: 43200 + Age: 0 (expires in 43200 seconds) + Negative: No + Cache hits: 3 + Retain count: 6 When you enter a query, lookupd follows its normal lookup order to obtain an answer. If you wish to query a specific agent, you can use the agent command. This stops the normal lookup and will direct all further queries to the agent you specify. You can use the agent command again to switch to a different agent, or use the normalLookupOrder command to resume normal lookups. > agent: NI > hostWithName: fiji Dictionary: "NIAgent: host fiji" _lookup_NI_checksum: 68850661 _lookup_NI_domain: / _lookup_NI_index: 1 _lookup_NI_server: pacific/network _lookup_info_system: NetInfo bootfile: mach bootparams: en_address: 0:5:2:fe:ef:4b ip_address: 192.42.172.168 name: fiji netgroups: island serves: fiji/local > agent: DNS > hostWithName: fiji Dictionary: "D-0x6d470" _lookup_DNS_time_to_live: 28800 _lookup_DNS_timestamp: 912796168 _lookup_domain: mydomain.com _lookup_info_system: DNS ip_address: 192.42.172.168 name: fiji.mydomain.com fiji > normalLookupOrder Using normal lookup order You can get timing and usage statistics for all types of lookups using the statistics command. Timing measurements can help you determine what might be causing slowdowns or problems on your network. You can examine all items in memory using the memory and showMemoryObject commands. This includes stored configuration settings, statistical records, and cached information. OPEN SOURCE The source code for lookupd is a available as part of Apple's Darwin open source initiative. lookupd is part of the netinfo project. More informa- tion on Darwin may be found on the Web at http://www.publicsource.apple.com The netinfo project sources include a script named "BUILD" that may be used to compile the sources. FILES /var/run/lookupd.pid, /etc/lookupd SEE ALSO netinfod(8), mach_init(8), syslog(5) Mac OS May 22, 2000 lookupd(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | LOOKUP STRATEGY | CACHE | CONFIGURATION | AGENTS | CONFIGURATION EXAMPLES | PERFORMANCE TUNING AND TROUBLESHOOTING | OPEN SOURCE | FILES | SEE ALSO
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