HIER(7) Miscellaneous Information Manual HIER(7) NAME hier -- layout of file systems DESCRIPTION A sketch of the file system hierarchy. / root directory of the file system /bin/ user utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments /boot/ programs and configuration files used during operating system bootstrap defaults/ default bootstrapping configuration files; see loader.conf(5) dtb/ Compiled flattened device tree (FDT) files; see fdt(4) and dtc(1) firmware/ Loadable modules containing binary firmware for hard- ware that needs firmware downloaded to it to function kernel/ pure kernel executable (the operating system loaded into memory at boot time) modules/ third-party loadable kernel modules; see kldstat(8) zfs/ Contains zfs(8) zpool cache files. /cdrom/ default mount point for CD-ROM drives /compat/ normally a link to /usr/compat. If not, then the /usr/compat comments apply /dev/ device special files managed by devfs(5) fd/ file descriptor files; see fd(4) net/ network devices /etc/ system configuration files and scripts defaults/ default system configuration files; see rc(8) bluetooth/ bluetooth configuration files localtime local timezone information; see ctime(3) mail/ Sendmail control files mtree/ mtree configuration files; see mtree(8) pam.d/ configuration files for the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) library periodic/ scripts that are run daily, weekly, and monthly, via cron(8); see periodic(8) rc.d/ System and daemon startup/control scripts; see rc(8) security/ OpenBSM audit configuration files; see audit(8) ppp/ ppp configuration files; see ppp(8) ssh/ OpenSSH configuration files; see ssh(1) ssl/ OpenSSL configuration files /lib/ critical system libraries needed for binaries in /bin and /sbin geom/ class-specific libraries for the geom(8) utility /libexec/ critical system utilities needed for binaries in /bin and /sbin /media/ contains subdirectories to be used as mount points for removable media such as CDs, USB drives, and floppy disks /mnt/ empty directory commonly used by system administrators as a tem- porary mount point /net/ automounted NFS shares; see auto_master(5) /proc/ process file system; see procfs(5) /rescue/ statically linked programs for emergency recovery; see rescue(8) /root/ root's HOME directory /sbin/ system programs and administration utilities fundamental to both single-user and multi-user environments /tmp/ temporary files that are not guaranteed to persist across system reboots /usr/ contains the majority of user utilities and applications bin/ common utilities, programming tools, and applications compat/ files needed to support binary compatibility with other operating systems, such as Linux games/ useful and semi-frivolous programs include/ standard C include files altq/ C include files for alternate queueing arpa/ C include files for Internet service pro- tocols bsnmp/ C include files for the SNMP daemon c++/ C++ include files cam/ C include files for the Common Access Methods Layer scsi/ The SCSI device on top of CAM dev/ C include files for programming various FreeBSD devices ic/ Various header files describ- ing driver- and bus-indepen- dent hardware circuits ofw/ Open Firmware support pbio/ 8255 PPI cards; see pbio(4) ppbus/ The parallel port bus; see pp- bus(4) usb/ The USB subsystem utopia/ Physical chip driver for ATM interfaces; see utopia(4) wi/ The wi(4) WaveLAN driver fs/ fdescfs/ per-process file descriptors file system fifofs/ IEEE Std 1003.1 ("POSIX.1") FIFOs file system msdosfs/ MS-DOS file system nfs/ C include files for NFS (Net- work File System) version 2, 3 and 4 nullfs/ loopback file system procfs/ process file system smbfs/ SMB/CIFS file system udf/ UDF file system unionfs union file system geom/ GEOM framework concat/ CONCAT GEOM class gate/ GATE GEOM class mirror/ MIRROR GEOM class nop/ NOP GEOM class raid3/ RAID3 GEOM class stripe/ STRIPE GEOM class isc/ ISC utility library libisc include files isofs/ cd9660/ iso9660 file system libmilter/ C include files for libmilter, the send- mail(8) mail filter API machine/ machine-specific C include files net/ miscellaneous network C include files netatalk/ Appletalk protocol netinet/ C include files for Internet standard pro- tocols; see inet(4) netinet6/ C include files for Internet protocol ver- sion 6; see inet6(4) netipsec/ kernel key-management service; see ipsec(4) netipx/ IPX/SPX protocol stacks netnatm/ NATM include files; see natm(4) api/ include files for the sig- nalling API msg/ include files that describe signalling messages and de- clare associated functions saal/ include files for the sig- nalling AAL layer sig/ include files for the UNI sig- nalling protocol netsmb/ SMB/CIFS requester nfs/ C include files for NFS (Network File Sys- tem) version 2 and 3 (legacy) objc/ Objective C include files openssl/ OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) headers pccard/ PC-CARD controllers protocols/ C include files for Berkeley service pro- tocols readline/ get a line from a user, with editing; see readline(3) rpc/ remote procedure calls; see rpc(3) rpcsvc/ definition of RPC service structures; see rpc(3) security/ PAM; see pam(8) sys/ system C include files (kernel data struc- tures) ufs/ C include files for UFS (The U-word File System) ffs/ Fast file system ufs/ UFS file system vm/ virtual memory; see vmstat(8) lib/ shared and archive ar(1)-type libraries aout/ a.out archive libraries compat/ shared libraries for compatibility aout/ a.out backward compatibility libraries dtrace/ DTrace library scripts engines/ OpenSSL (Cryptography/SSL toolkit) dynami- cally loadable engines private/ Private system libraries not for use by third-party programs. ABI and API stabil- ity are not guaranteed. libdata/ miscellaneous utility data files gcc/ gcc(1) configuration data ldscripts/ linker scripts; see ld(1) lint/ various prebuilt lint libraries; see lint(1) libexec/ system daemons & system utilities (executed by other programs) aout/ utilities to manipulate a.out executables elf/ utilities to manipulate ELF executables lpr/ utilities and filters for LP print system; see lpr(1) sendmail/ the sendmail(8) binary; see mailwrapper(8) sm.bin/ restricted shell for sendmail(8); see smrsh(8) local/ local executables, libraries, etc. Also used as the default destination for the FreeBSD ports framework. Within local/, the general layout sketched out by hier for /usr should be used. Exceptions are the man di- rectory (directly under local/ rather than under local/share/), ports documentation (in share/doc/<port>/), and /usr/local/etc (mimics /etc). obj/ architecture-specific target tree produced by building the /usr/src tree ports/ The FreeBSD ports collection (optional). sbin/ system daemons & system utilities (executed by users) share/ architecture-independent files calendar/ a variety of pre-fab calendar files; see calendar(1) dict/ word lists; see look(1) freebsd FreeBSD-specific terms, proper names, and jargon words common words web2 words from Webster's 2nd Inter- national papers/ reference databases; see re- fer(1) doc/ miscellaneous documentation; source for most of the printed BSD manuals (available from the USENIX association) FAQ/ Frequently Asked Questions IPv6/ implementation notes for IPv6 bind/ documents pertaining to BIND (the Berkeley Internet Name Do- main) es/ Spanish translations of docu- ments in /usr/share/doc handbook/ FreeBSD Handbook ja/ Japanese translations of docu- ments in /usr/share/doc legal/ License files for vendor sup- plied firmwares ncurses/ HTML documents pertaining to ncurses; see ncurses(3) ntp/ HTML documents pertaining to the Network Time Protocol papers/ UNIX Papers psd/ UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents ru/ Russian translations of docu- ments in /usr/share/doc smm/ UNIX System Manager's Manual tutorials/ FreeBSD tutorials usd/ UNIX User's Supplementary Docu- ments zh/ Chinese translations of docu- ments in /usr/share/doc examples/ various examples for users and programmers games/ ASCII text files used by various games groff_font/ device description file for device name info/ GNU Info hypertext system keys/ known trusted and revoked keys. keys/pkg/ fingerprints for pkg(7) and pkg(8) locale/ localization files; see setlocale(3) man/ manual pages mdocml/ data files used by mdocml me/ macros for use with the me macro package; see me(7) misc/ miscellaneous system-wide ASCII text files fonts/ ??? termcap terminal characteristics data- base; see termcap(5) mk/ templates for make; see make(1) nls/ national language support files; see mklo- cale(1) security/ data files for security policies such as mac_lomac(4) sendmail/ sendmail(8) configuration files skel/ example . (dot) files for new accounts snmp/ MIBs, example files and tree definitions for the SNMP daemon. defs/ Tree definition files for use with gensnmptree(1) mibs/ MIB files syscons/ files used by syscons; see syscons(4) fonts/ console fonts; see vidcontrol(1) and vidfont(1) keymaps/ console keyboard maps; see kbd- control(1) and kbdmap(1) scrnmaps/ console screen maps tabset/ tab description files for a variety of ter- minals; used in the termcap file; see term- cap(5) tmac/ text processing macros; see nroff(1) and troff(1) vi/ localization support and utilities for vi(1) zoneinfo/ timezone configuration information; see tz- file(5) vt/ files used by vt; see vt(4) fonts/ console fonts; see vidcontrol(1) and vid- font(1) keymaps/ console keyboard maps; see kbdcontrol(1) and kbdmap(1) src/ BSD, third-party, and/or local source files bin/ source code for files in /bin cddl/ Utilities covered by the Common Develop- ment and Distribution License contrib/ source code for contributed software crypto/ source code for contributed cryptography software etc/ source code for files in /etc games/ source code for files in /usr/games gnu/ Utilities covered by the GNU General Pub- lic License include/ source code for files in /usr/include kerberos5/ build infrastructure for kerberos version 5 lib/ source code for files in /usr/lib libexec/ source code for files in /usr/libexec release/ files required to produce a FreeBSD re- lease sbin/ source code for files in /sbin secure/ build directory for files in /usr/src/crypto share/ source for files in /usr/share sys/ kernel source code tools/ tools used for maintenance and testing of FreeBSD usr.bin/ source code for files in /usr/bin usr.sbin/ source code for files in /usr/sbin tests/ The FreeBSD test suite. See tests(7) for more de- tails. /var/ multi-purpose log, temporary, transient, and spool files account/ system accounting files acct execution accounting file; see acct(5) at/ timed command scheduling files; see at(1) jobs/ directory containing job files spool/ directory containing output spool files backups/ miscellaneous backup files cache/ miscellaneous cached files pkg/ cached packages for pkg(8) crash/ default directory to store kernel crash dumps; see crash(8) and savecore(8) cron/ files used by cron; see cron(8) tabs/ crontab files; see crontab(5) db/ miscellaneous automatically generated system-specific database files empty/ empty directory for use by programs that need a specifically empty directory. Used for instance by sshd(8) for privilege separation. games/ miscellaneous game status and score files heimdal/ kerberos server databases; see kdc(8) log/ miscellaneous system log files utx.lastlogin last login log; see getutxent(3) utx.log login/logout log; see getutxent(3) mail/ user mailbox files msgs/ system messages database; see msgs(1) preserve/ temporary home of files preserved after an accidental death of an editor; see ex(1) quotas/ file system quota information files run/ system information files describing various info about system since it was booted ppp/ writable by the "network" group for com- mand connection sockets; see ppp(8) utx.active database of current users; see getutx- ent(3) rwho/ rwho data files; see rwhod(8), rwho(1), and rup- time(1) spool/ miscellaneous printer and mail system spooling direc- tories clientmqueue/ undelivered submission mail queue; see sendmail(8) ftp/ commonly ~ftp; the anonymous ftp root di- rectory mqueue/ undelivered mail queue; see sendmail(8) output/ line printer spooling directories tmp/ temporary files that are kept between system reboots vi.recover/ the directory where recovery files are stored yp/ the NIS maps NOTES This manual page documents the default FreeBSD file system layout, but the actual hierarchy on a given system is defined at the system administrator's discretion. A well-maintained installation will include a customized ver- sion of this document. SEE ALSO apropos(1), find(1), finger(1), grep(1), ls(1), whatis(1), whereis(1), which(1), fd(4), devfs(5), fsck(8) HISTORY A hier manual page appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX. FreeBSD 10.2 January 14, 2015 HIER(7)
NAME | DESCRIPTION | NOTES | SEE ALSO | HISTORY
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