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IFCONFIG(8) System Manager's Manual IFCONFIG(8) NAME ifconfig -- configure network interface parameters SYNOPSIS ifconfig [-f type:format[,type:format]] [-L] [-k] [-m] [-n] interface [create] address_family [address [dest_address]] [parameters] ifconfig interface destroy ifconfig -a [-L] [-d] [-[gG] groupname] [-m] [-u] [-v] [address_family] ifconfig -l [-d] [-u] [address_family] ifconfig [-L] [-d] [-k] [-m] [-u] [-v] [-C] ifconfig [-g groupname] DESCRIPTION The ifconfig utility is used to assign an address to a network interface and/or configure network interface parameters. The ifconfig utility must be used at boot time to define the network address of each interface present on a machine; it may also be used at a later time to redefine an interface's address or other operating parameters. The following options are available: address For the DARPA-Internet family, the address is either a host name present in the host name data base, hosts(5), or a DARPA Internet address expressed in the Internet standard "dot notation". It is also possible to use the CIDR notation (also known as the slash notation) to include the netmask. That is, one can specify an address like 192.168.0.1/16. For the "inet6" family, it is also possible to specify the prefix length using the slash notation, like ::1/128. See the prefixlen parameter below for more information. The link-level ("link") address is specified as a series of colon- separated hex digits. This can be used to, for example, set a new MAC address on an Ethernet interface, though the mechanism used is not Ethernet specific. Use the ("random") keyword to set a ran- domly generated MAC address. A randomly-generated MAC address might be the same as one already in use in the network. Such du- plications are extremely unlikely. If the interface is already up when this option is used, it will be briefly brought down and then brought back up again in order to ensure that the receive filter in the underlying Ethernet hardware is properly reprogrammed. address_family Specify the address family which affects interpretation of the re- maining parameters. Since an interface can receive transmissions in differing protocols with different naming schemes, specifying the address family is recommended. The address or protocol fami- lies currently supported are "inet", "inet6", and "link". The de- fault if available is "inet" or otherwise "link". "ether" and "lladdr" are synonyms for "link". When using the -l flag, the "ether" address family has special meaning and is no longer synony- mous with "link" or "lladdr". Specifying -l "ether" will list only Ethernet interfaces, excluding all other interface types, including the loopback interface. dest_address Specify the address of the correspondent on the other end of a point to point link. interface This parameter is a string of the form "name unit", for example, "ed0". groupname List the interfaces in the given group. The output format of ifconfig can be controlled using the -f flag or the IFCONFIG_FORMAT environment variable. The format is specified as a comma separated list of type:format pairs. See the "EXAMPLES" section for more information. The types and their associated format strings are: addr Adjust the display of inet and inet6 addresses default Display inet and inet6 addresses in the default format, numeric fqdn Display inet and inet6 addresses as fully qualified domain names (FQDN) host Display inet and inet6 addresses as unqualified hostnames numeric Display inet and inet6 addresses in numeric format ether Adjust the display of link-level ethernet (MAC) addresses colon Separate address segments with a colon dash Separate address segments with a dash default Display ethernet addresses in the default format, colon inet Adjust the display of inet address subnet masks: cidr Display subnet masks in CIDR notation, for example: 10.0.0.0/8 or 203.0.113.224/26 default Display subnet masks in the default format, hex dotted Display subnet masks in dotted quad notation, for example: 255.255.0.0 or 255.255.255.192 hex Display subnet masks in hexadecimal, for example: 0xffff0000 or 0xffffffc0 inet6 Adjust the display of inet6 address prefixes (subnet masks): cidr Display subnet prefix in CIDR notation, for example: ::1/128 or fe80::1%lo0/64 default Display subnet prefix in the default format numeric numeric Display subnet prefix in integer format, for example: prefixlen 64 The following parameters may be set with ifconfig: add Another name for the alias parameter. Introduced for compatibility with BSD/OS. alias Establish an additional network address for this interface. This is sometimes useful when changing network numbers, and one wishes to accept packets addressed to the old interface. If the address is on the same subnet as the first network address for this inter- face, a non-conflicting netmask must be given. Usually 0xffffffff is most appropriate. -alias Remove the network address specified. This would be used if you incorrectly specified an alias, or it was no longer needed. If you have incorrectly set an NS address having the side effect of speci- fying the host portion, removing all NS addresses will allow you to respecify the host portion. anycast (Inet6 only.) Specify that the address configured is an anycast address. Based on the current specification, only routers may con- figure anycast addresses. Anycast address will not be used as source address of any of outgoing IPv6 packets. arp Enable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol (arp(4)) in map- ping between network level addresses and link level addresses (de- fault). This is currently implemented for mapping between DARPA Internet addresses and IEEE 802 48-bit MAC addresses (Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring addresses). -arp Disable the use of the Address Resolution Protocol (arp(4)). staticarp If the Address Resolution Protocol is enabled, the host will only reply to requests for its addresses, and will never send any re- quests. -staticarp If the Address Resolution Protocol is enabled, the host will per- form normally, sending out requests and listening for replies. broadcast (Inet only.) Specify the address to use to represent broadcasts to the network. The default broadcast address is the address with a host part of all 1's. debug Enable driver dependent debugging code; usually, this turns on ex- tra console error logging. -debug Disable driver dependent debugging code. promisc Put interface into permanently promiscuous mode. -promisc Disable permanently promiscuous mode. delete Another name for the -alias parameter. description value, descr value Specify a description of the interface. This can be used to label interfaces in situations where they may otherwise be difficult to distinguish. -description, -descr Clear the interface description. down Mark an interface "down". When an interface is marked "down", the system will not attempt to transmit messages through that inter- face. If possible, the interface will be reset to disable recep- tion as well. This action does not automatically disable routes using the interface. group groupname Assign the interface to a "group". Any interface can be in multi- ple groups. Cloned interfaces are members of their interface family group by default. For example, a PPP interface such as ppp0 is a member of the PPP interface family group, ppp. -group groupname Remove the interface from the given "group". eui64 (Inet6 only.) Fill interface index (lowermost 64bit of an IPv6 ad- dress) automatically. fib fib_number Specify interface FIB. A FIB fib_number is assigned to all frames or packets received on that interface. The FIB is not inherited, e.g., vlans or other sub-interfaces will use the default FIB (0) irrespective of the parent interface's FIB. The kernel needs to be tuned to support more than the default FIB using the ROUTETABLES kernel configuration option, or the net.fibs tunable. tunnelfib fib_number Specify tunnel FIB. A FIB fib_number is assigned to all packets encapsulated by tunnel interface, e.g., gif(4) and gre(4). maclabel label If Mandatory Access Control support is enabled in the kernel, set the MAC label to label. media type If the driver supports the media selection system, set the media type of the interface to type. Some interfaces support the mutu- ally exclusive use of one of several different physical media con- nectors. For example, a 10Mbit/s Ethernet interface might support the use of either AUI or twisted pair connectors. Setting the me- dia type to 10base5/AUI would change the currently active connector to the AUI port. Setting it to 10baseT/UTP would activate twisted pair. Refer to the interfaces' driver specific documentation or man page for a complete list of the available types. mediaopt opts If the driver supports the media selection system, set the speci- fied media options on the interface. The opts argument is a comma delimited list of options to apply to the interface. Refer to the interfaces' driver specific man page for a complete list of avail- able options. -mediaopt opts If the driver supports the media selection system, disable the specified media options on the interface. mode mode If the driver supports the media selection system, set the speci- fied operating mode on the interface to mode. For IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces that support multiple operating modes this di- rective is used to select between 802.11a (11a), 802.11b (11b), and 802.11g (11g) operating modes. txrtlmt Set if the driver supports TX rate limiting. inst minst, instance minst Set the media instance to minst. This is useful for devices which have multiple physical layer interfaces (PHYs). name name Set the interface name to name. rxcsum, txcsum, rxcsum6, txcsum6 If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading, en- able receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the interface. The feature can be turned on selectively per protocol family. Use rxcsum6, txcsum6 for ip6(4) or rxcsum, txcsum otherwise. Some dri- vers may not be able to enable these flags independently of each other, so setting one may also set the other. The driver will of- fload as much checksum work as it can reliably support, the exact level of offloading varies between drivers. -rxcsum, -txcsum, -rxcsum6, -txcsum6 If the driver supports user-configurable checksum offloading, dis- able receive (or transmit) checksum offloading on the interface. The feature can be turned off selectively per protocol family. Use -rxcsum6, -txcsum6 for ip6(4) or -rxcsum, -txcsum otherwise. These settings may not always be independent of each other. tso If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading, enable TSO on the interface. Some drivers may not be able to support TSO for ip(4) and ip6(4) packets, so they may enable only one of them. -tso If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading, disable TSO on the interface. It will always disable TSO for ip(4) and ip6(4). tso6, tso4 If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading for ip6(4) or ip(4) use one of these to selectively enabled it only for one pro- tocol family. -tso6, -tso4 If the driver supports tcp(4) segmentation offloading for ip6(4) or ip(4) use one of these to selectively disable it only for one pro- tocol family. lro If the driver supports tcp(4) large receive offloading, enable LRO on the interface. -lro If the driver supports tcp(4) large receive offloading, disable LRO on the interface. wol, wol_ucast, wol_mcast, wol_magic Enable Wake On Lan (WOL) support, if available. WOL is a facility whereby a machine in a low power state may be woken in response to a received packet. There are three types of packets that may wake a system: ucast (directed solely to the machine's mac address), mcast (directed to a broadcast or multicast address), or magic (unicast or multicast frames with a ``magic contents''). Not all devices support WOL, those that do indicate the mechanisms they support in their capabilities. wol is a synonym for enabling all available WOL mechanisms. To disable WOL use -wol. vlanmtu, vlanhwtag, vlanhwfilter, vlanhwcsum, vlanhwtso If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, enable recep- tion of extended frames, tag processing in hardware, frame filter- ing in hardware, checksum offloading, or TSO on VLAN, respectively. Note that this must be issued on a physical interface associated with vlan(4), not on a vlan(4) interface itself. -vlanmtu, -vlanhwtag, -vlanhwfilter, -vlanhwtso If the driver offers user-configurable VLAN support, disable recep- tion of extended frames, tag processing in hardware, frame filter- ing in hardware, or TSO on VLAN, respectively. vnet jail Move the interface to the jail(8), specified by name or JID. If the jail has a virtual network stack, the interface will disappear from the current environment and become visible to the jail. -vnet jail Reclaim the interface from the jail(8), specified by name or JID. If the jail has a virtual network stack, the interface will disap- pear from the jail, and become visible to the current network envi- ronment. polling Turn on polling(4) feature and disable interrupts on the interface, if driver supports this mode. -polling Turn off polling(4) feature and enable interrupt mode on the inter- face. create Create the specified network pseudo-device. If the interface is given without a unit number, try to create a new device with an ar- bitrary unit number. If creation of an arbitrary device is suc- cessful, the new device name is printed to standard output unless the interface is renamed or destroyed in the same ifconfig invoca- tion. destroy Destroy the specified network pseudo-device. plumb Another name for the create parameter. Included for Solaris com- patibility. unplumb Another name for the destroy parameter. Included for Solaris com- patibility. metric n Set the routing metric of the interface to n, default 0. The rout- ing metric is used by the routing protocol (routed(8)). Higher metrics have the effect of making a route less favorable; metrics are counted as additional hops to the destination network or host. mtu n Set the maximum transmission unit of the interface to n, default is interface specific. The MTU is used to limit the size of packets that are transmitted on an interface. Not all interfaces support setting the MTU, and some interfaces have range restrictions. netmask mask (Inet only.) Specify how much of the address to reserve for subdi- viding networks into sub-networks. The mask includes the network part of the local address and the subnet part, which is taken from the host field of the address. The mask can be specified as a sin- gle hexadecimal number with a leading `0x', with a dot-notation In- ternet address, or with a pseudo-network name listed in the network table networks(5). The mask contains 1's for the bit positions in the 32-bit address which are to be used for the network and subnet parts, and 0's for the host part. The mask should contain at least the standard network portion, and the subnet field should be con- tiguous with the network portion. The netmask can also be specified in CIDR notation after the ad- dress. See the address option above for more information. prefixlen len (Inet6 only.) Specify that len bits are reserved for subdividing networks into sub-networks. The len must be integer, and for syn- tactical reason it must be between 0 to 128. It is almost always 64 under the current IPv6 assignment rule. If the parameter is omitted, 64 is used. The prefix can also be specified using the slash notation after the address. See the address option above for more information. remove Another name for the -alias parameter. Introduced for compatibil- ity with BSD/OS. link[0-2] Enable special processing of the link level of the interface. These three options are interface specific in actual effect, how- ever, they are in general used to select special modes of opera- tion. An example of this is to enable SLIP compression, or to se- lect the connector type for some Ethernet cards. Refer to the man page for the specific driver for more information. -link[0-2] Disable special processing at the link level with the specified in- terface. monitor Put the interface in monitor mode. No packets are transmitted, and received packets are discarded after bpf(4) processing. -monitor Take the interface out of monitor mode. up Mark an interface "up". This may be used to enable an interface after an "ifconfig down". It happens automatically when setting the first address on an interface. If the interface was reset when previously marked down, the hardware will be re-initialized. The following parameters are for ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol. Note that the address family keyword "inet6" is needed for them: accept_rtadv Set a flag to enable accepting ICMPv6 Router Advertisement mes- sages. The sysctl(8) variable net.inet6.ip6.accept_rtadv controls whether this flag is set by default or not. -accept_rtadv Clear a flag accept_rtadv. no_radr Set a flag to control whether routers from which the system accepts Router Advertisement messages will be added to the Default Router List or not. When the accept_rtadv flag is disabled, this flag has no effect. The sysctl(8) variable net.inet6.ip6.no_radr controls whether this flag is set by default or not. -no_radr Clear a flag no_radr. auto_linklocal Set a flag to perform automatic link-local address configuration when the interface becomes available. The sysctl(8) variable net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal controls whether this flag is set by default or not. -auto_linklocal Clear a flag auto_linklocal. defaultif Set the specified interface as the default route when there is no default router. -defaultif Clear a flag defaultif. ifdisabled Set a flag to disable all of IPv6 network communications on the specified interface. Note that if there are already configured IPv6 addresses on that interface, all of them are marked as "tentative" and DAD will be performed when this flag is cleared. -ifdisabled Clear a flag ifdisabled. When this flag is cleared and auto_linklocal flag is enabled, automatic configuration of a link- local address is performed. nud Set a flag to enable Neighbor Unreachability Detection. -nud Clear a flag nud. no_prefer_iface Set a flag to not honor rule 5 of source address selection in RFC 3484. In practice this means the address on the outgoing interface will not be preferred, effectively yielding the decision to the ad- dress selection policy table, configurable with ip6addrctl(8). -no_prefer_iface Clear a flag no_prefer_iface. no_dad Set a flag to disable Duplicate Address Detection. -no_dad Clear a flag no_dad. The following parameters are specific for IPv6 addresses. Note that the address family keyword "inet6" is needed for them: autoconf Set the IPv6 autoconfigured address bit. -autoconf Clear the IPv6 autoconfigured address bit. deprecated Set the IPv6 deprecated address bit. -deprecated Clear the IPv6 deprecated address bit. pltime n Set preferred lifetime for the address. prefer_source Set a flag to prefer address as a candidate of the source address for outgoing packets. -prefer_source Clear a flag prefer_source. vltime n Set valid lifetime for the address. The following parameters are specific to cloning IEEE 802.11 wireless in- terfaces with the create request: wlandev device Use device as the parent for the cloned device. wlanmode mode Specify the operating mode for this cloned device. mode is one of sta, ahdemo (or adhoc-demo), ibss, (or adhoc), ap, (or hostap), wds, tdma, mesh, and monitor. The operating mode of a cloned in- terface cannot be changed. The tdma mode is actually implemented as an adhoc-demo interface with special properties. wlanbssid bssid The 802.11 mac address to use for the bssid. This must be speci- fied at create time for a legacy wds device. wlanaddr address The local mac address. If this is not specified then a mac address will automatically be assigned to the cloned device. Typically this address is the same as the address of the parent device but if the bssid parameter is specified then the driver will craft a unique address for the device (if supported). wdslegacy Mark a wds device as operating in ``legacy mode''. Legacy wds de- vices have a fixed peer relationship and do not, for example, roam if their peer stops communicating. For completeness a Dynamic WDS (DWDS) interface may marked as -wdslegacy. bssid Request a unique local mac address for the cloned device. This is only possible if the device supports multiple mac addresses. To force use of the parent's mac address use -bssid. beacons Mark the cloned interface as depending on hardware support to track received beacons. To have beacons tracked in software use -beacons. For hostap mode -beacons can also be used to indicate no beacons should be transmitted; this can be useful when creating a WDS configuration but wds interfaces can only be created as compan- ions to an access point. The following parameters are specific to IEEE 802.11 wireless interfaces cloned with a create operation: ampdu Enable sending and receiving AMPDU frames when using 802.11n (de- fault). The 802.11n specification states a compliant station must be capable of receiving AMPDU frames but transmission is optional. Use -ampdu to disable all use of AMPDU with 802.11n. For testing and/or to work around interoperability problems one can use ampdutx and ampdurx to control use of AMPDU in one direction. ampdudensity density Set the AMPDU density parameter used when operating with 802.11n. This parameter controls the inter-packet gap for AMPDU frames. The sending device normally controls this setting but a receiving sta- tion may request wider gaps. Legal values for density are 0, .25, .5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 (microseconds). A value of - is treated the same as 0. ampdulimit limit Set the limit on packet size for receiving AMPDU frames when oper- ating with 802.11n. Legal values for limit are 8192, 16384, 32768, and 65536 but one can also specify just the unique prefix: 8, 16, 32, 64. Note the sender may limit the size of AMPDU frames to be less than the maximum specified by the receiving station. amsdu Enable sending and receiving AMSDU frames when using 802.11n. By default AMSDU is received but not transmitted. Use -amsdu to dis- able all use of AMSDU with 802.11n. For testing and/or to work around interoperability problems one can use amsdutx and amsdurx to control use of AMSDU in one direction. amsdulimit limit Set the limit on packet size for sending and receiving AMSDU frames when operating with 802.11n. Legal values for limit are 7935 and 3839 (bytes). Note the sender may limit the size of AMSDU frames to be less than the maximum specified by the receiving station. Note also that devices are not required to support the 7935 limit, only 3839 is required by the specification and the larger value may require more memory to be dedicated to support functionality that is rarely used. apbridge When operating as an access point, pass packets between wireless clients directly (default). To instead let them pass up through the system and be forwarded using some other mechanism, use -apbridge. Disabling the internal bridging is useful when traffic is to be processed with packet filtering. authmode mode Set the desired authentication mode in infrastructure mode. Not all adapters support all modes. The set of valid modes is none, open, shared (shared key), 8021x (IEEE 802.1x), and wpa (IEEE WPA/WPA2/802.11i). The 8021x and wpa modes are only useful when using an authentication service (a supplicant for client operation or an authenticator when operating as an access point). Modes are case insensitive. bgscan Enable background scanning when operating as a station. Background scanning is a technique whereby a station associated to an access point will temporarily leave the channel to scan for neighboring stations. This allows a station to maintain a cache of nearby ac- cess points so that roaming between access points can be done with- out a lengthy scan operation. Background scanning is done only when a station is not busy and any outbound traffic will cancel a scan operation. Background scanning should never cause packets to be lost though there may be some small latency if outbound traffic interrupts a scan operation. By default background scanning is en- abled if the device is capable. To disable background scanning, use -bgscan. Background scanning is controlled by the bgscanidle and bgscanintvl parameters. Background scanning must be enabled for roaming; this is an artifact of the current implementation and may not be required in the future. bgscanidle idletime Set the minimum time a station must be idle (not transmitting or receiving frames) before a background scan is initiated. The idletime parameter is specified in milliseconds. By default a sta- tion must be idle at least 250 milliseconds before a background scan is initiated. The idle time may not be set to less than 100 milliseconds. bgscanintvl interval Set the interval at which background scanning is attempted. The interval parameter is specified in seconds. By default a back- ground scan is considered every 300 seconds (5 minutes). The interval may not be set to less than 15 seconds. bintval interval Set the interval at which beacon frames are sent when operating in ad-hoc or ap mode. The interval parameter is specified in TU's (1024 usecs). By default beacon frames are transmitted every 100 TU's. bmissthreshold count Set the number of consecutive missed beacons at which the station will attempt to roam (i.e., search for a new access point). The count parameter must be in the range 1 to 255; though the upper bound may be reduced according to device capabilities. The default threshold is 7 consecutive missed beacons; but this may be overrid- den by the device driver. Another name for the bmissthreshold pa- rameter is bmiss. bssid address Specify the MAC address of the access point to use when operating as a station in a BSS network. This overrides any automatic selec- tion done by the system. To disable a previously selected access point, supply any, none, or - for the address. This option is use- ful when more than one access point uses the same SSID. Another name for the bssid parameter is ap. burst Enable packet bursting. Packet bursting is a transmission tech- nique whereby the wireless medium is acquired once to send multiple frames and the interframe spacing is reduced. This technique can significantly increase throughput by reducing transmission over- head. Packet bursting is supported by the 802.11e QoS specifica- tion and some devices that do not support QoS may still be capable. By default packet bursting is enabled if a device is capable of do- ing it. To disable packet bursting, use -burst. chanlist channels Set the desired channels to use when scanning for access points, neighbors in an IBSS network, or looking for unoccupied channels when operating as an access point. The set of channels is speci- fied as a comma-separated list with each element in the list repre- senting either a single channel number or a range of the form "a-b". Channel numbers must be in the range 1 to 255 and be per- missible according to the operating characteristics of the device. channel number Set a single desired channel. Channels range from 1 to 255, but the exact selection available depends on the region your adaptor was manufactured for. Setting the channel to any, or - will clear any desired channel and, if the device is marked up, force a scan for a channel to operate on. Alternatively the frequency, in mega- hertz, may be specified instead of the channel number. When there are several ways to use a channel the channel num- ber/frequency may be appended with attributes to clarify. For ex- ample, if a device is capable of operating on channel 6 with 802.11n and 802.11g then one can specify that g-only use should be used by specifying ``6:g''. Similarly the channel width can be specified by appending it with ``/''; e.g., ``6/40'' specifies a 40MHz wide channel, These attributes can be combined as in: ``6:ht/40''. The full set of flags specified following a ``:'' are: a (802.11a), b (802.11b), d (Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode), g (802.11g), h or n (802.11n aka HT), s (Atheros Static Turbo mode), and t (Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode, or appended to ``st'' and ``dt''). The full set of channel widths following a '/' are: 5 (5MHz aka quarter-rate channel), 10 (10MHz aka half-rate channel), 20 (20MHz mostly for use in specifying ht20), and 40 (40MHz mostly for use in specifying ht40). In addition, a 40MHz HT channel spec- ification may include the location of the extension channel by ap- pending ``+'' or ``-'' for above and below, respectively; e.g., ``2437:ht/40+'' specifies 40MHz wide HT operation with the center channel at frequency 2437 and the extension channel above. country name Set the country code to use in calculating the regulatory con- straints for operation. In particular the set of available chan- nels, how the wireless device will operation on the channels, and the maximum transmit power that can be used on a channel are de- fined by this setting. Country/Region codes are specified as a 2-character abbreviation defined by ISO 3166 or using a longer, but possibly ambiguous, spelling; e.g., "ES" and "Spain". The set of country codes are taken from /etc/regdomain.xml and can also be viewed with the ``list countries'' request. Note that not all de- vices support changing the country code from a default setting; typically stored in EEPROM. See also regdomain, indoor, outdoor, and anywhere. dfs Enable Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) as specified in 802.11h. DFS embodies several facilities including detection of overlapping radar signals, dynamic transmit power control, and channel selec- tion according to a least-congested criteria. DFS support is mandatory for some 5GHz frequencies in certain locales (e.g., ETSI). By default DFS is enabled according to the regulatory defi- nitions specified in /etc/regdomain.xml and the current country code, regdomain, and channel. Note the underlying device (and dri- ver) must support radar detection for full DFS support to work. To be fully compliant with the local regulatory agency frequencies that require DFS should not be used unless it is fully supported. Use -dfs to disable this functionality for testing. dotd Enable support for the 802.11d specification (default). When this support is enabled in station mode, beacon frames that advertise a country code different than the currently configured country code will cause an event to be dispatched to user applications. This event can be used by the station to adopt that country code and op- erate according to the associated regulatory constraints. When op- erating as an access point with 802.11d enabled the beacon and probe response frames transmitted will advertise the current regu- latory domain settings. To disable 802.11d use -dotd. doth Enable 802.11h support including spectrum management. When 802.11h is enabled beacon and probe response frames will have the Spectrum- Mgt bit set in the capabilities field and country and power con- straint information elements will be present. 802.11h support also includes handling Channel Switch Announcements (CSA) which are a mechanism to coordinate channel changes by an access point. By de- fault 802.11h is enabled if the device is capable. To disable 802.11h use -doth. deftxkey index Set the default key to use for transmission. Typically this is only set when using WEP encryption. Note that you must set a de- fault transmit key for the system to know which key to use in en- crypting outbound traffic. The weptxkey is an alias for this re- quest; it is provided for backwards compatibility. dtimperiod period Set the DTIM period for transmitting buffered multicast data frames when operating in ap mode. The period specifies the number of bea- con intervals between DTIM and must be in the range 1 to 15. By default DTIM is 1 (i.e., DTIM occurs at each beacon). quiet Enable the use of quiet IE. Hostap will use this to silence other stations to reduce interference for radar detection when operating on 5GHz frequency and doth support is enabled. Use -quiet to dis- able this functionality. quiet_period period Set the QUIET period to the number of beacon intervals between the start of regularly scheduled quiet intervals defined by Quiet ele- ment. quiet_count count Set the QUIET count to the number of TBTTs until the beacon inter- val during which the next quiet interval shall start. A value of 1 indicates the quiet interval will start during the beacon interval starting at the next TBTT. A value 0 is reserved. quiet_offset offset Set the QUIET offset to the offset of the start of the quiet inter- val from the TBTT specified by the Quiet count, expressed in TUs. The value of the offset shall be less than one beacon interval. quiet_duration dur Set the QUIET dur to the duration of the Quiet interval, expressed in TUs. The value should be less than beacon interval. dturbo Enable the use of Atheros Dynamic Turbo mode when communicating with another Dynamic Turbo-capable station. Dynamic Turbo mode is an Atheros-specific mechanism by which stations switch between nor- mal 802.11 operation and a ``boosted'' mode in which a 40MHz wide channel is used for communication. Stations using Dynamic Turbo mode operate boosted only when the channel is free of non-dturbo stations; when a non-dturbo station is identified on the channel all stations will automatically drop back to normal operation. By default, Dynamic Turbo mode is not enabled, even if the device is capable. Note that turbo mode (dynamic or static) is only allowed on some channels depending on the regulatory constraints; use the list chan command to identify the channels where turbo mode may be used. To disable Dynamic Turbo mode use -dturbo. dwds Enable Dynamic WDS (DWDS) support. DWDS is a facility by which 4-address traffic can be carried between stations operating in in- frastructure mode. A station first associates to an access point and authenticates using normal procedures (e.g., WPA). Then 4-ad- dress frames are passed to carry traffic for stations operating on either side of the wireless link. DWDS extends the normal WDS mechanism by leveraging existing security protocols and eliminating static binding. When DWDS is enabled on an access point 4-address frames received from an authorized station will generate a ``DWDS discovery'' event to user applications. This event should be used to create a WDS interface that is bound to the remote station (and usually plumbed into a bridge). Once the WDS interface is up and running 4-address traffic then logically flows through that interface. When DWDS is enabled on a station, traffic with a destination ad- dress different from the peer station are encapsulated in a 4-ad- dress frame and transmitted to the peer. All 4-address traffic uses the security information of the stations (e.g., cryptographic keys). A station is associated using 802.11n facilities may trans- port 4-address traffic using these same mechanisms; this depends on available resources and capabilities of the device. The DWDS im- plementation guards against layer 2 routing loops of multicast traffic. ff Enable the use of Atheros Fast Frames when communicating with an- other Fast Frames-capable station. Fast Frames are an encapsula- tion technique by which two 802.3 frames are transmitted in a sin- gle 802.11 frame. This can noticeably improve throughput but re- quires that the receiving station understand how to decapsulate the frame. Fast frame use is negotiated using the Atheros 802.11 ven- dor-specific protocol extension so enabling use is safe when commu- nicating with non-Atheros devices. By default, use of fast frames is enabled if the device is capable. To explicitly disable fast frames, use -ff. fragthreshold length Set the threshold for which transmitted frames are broken into fragments. The length argument is the frame size in bytes and must be in the range 256 to 2346. Setting length to 2346, any, or - disables transmit fragmentation. Not all adapters honor the frag- mentation threshold. hidessid When operating as an access point, do not broadcast the SSID in beacon frames or respond to probe request frames unless they are directed to the ap (i.e., they include the ap's SSID). By default, the SSID is included in beacon frames and undirected probe request frames are answered. To re-enable the broadcast of the SSID etc., use -hidessid. ht Enable use of High Throughput (HT) when using 802.11n (default). The 802.11n specification includes mechanisms for operation on 20MHz and 40MHz wide channels using different signalling mechanisms than specified in 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11a. Stations negoti- ate use of these facilities, termed HT20 and HT40, when they asso- ciate. To disable all use of 802.11n use -ht. To disable use of HT20 (e.g., to force only HT40 use) use -ht20. To disable use of HT40 use -ht40. HT configuration is used to ``auto promote'' operation when several choices are available. For example, if a station associates to an 11n-capable access point it controls whether the station uses legacy operation, HT20, or HT40. When an 11n-capable device is setup as an access point and Auto Channel Selection is used to lo- cate a channel to operate on, HT configuration controls whether legacy, HT20, or HT40 operation is setup on the selected channel. If a fixed channel is specified for a station then HT configuration can be given as part of the channel specification; e.g., 6:ht/20 to setup HT20 operation on channel 6. htcompat Enable use of compatibility support for pre-802.11n devices (de- fault). The 802.11n protocol specification went through several incompatible iterations. Some vendors implemented 11n support to older specifications that will not interoperate with a purely 11n- compliant station. In particular the information elements included in management frames for old devices are different. When compati- bility support is enabled both standard and compatible data will be provided. Stations that associate using the compatibility mecha- nisms are flagged in ``list sta''. To disable compatibility sup- port use -htcompat. htprotmode technique For interfaces operating in 802.11n, use the specified technique for protecting HT frames in a mixed legacy/HT network. The set of valid techniques is off, and rts (RTS/CTS, default). Technique names are case insensitive. inact Enable inactivity processing for stations associated to an access point (default). When operating as an access point the 802.11 layer monitors the activity of each associated station. When a station is inactive for 5 minutes it will send several ``probe frames'' to see if the station is still present. If no response is received then the station is deauthenticated. Applications that prefer to handle this work can disable this facility by using -inact. indoor Set the location to use in calculating regulatory constraints. The location is also advertised in beacon and probe response frames when 802.11d is enabled with dotd. See also outdoor, anywhere, country, and regdomain. list active Display the list of channels available for use taking into account any restrictions set with the chanlist directive. See the descrip- tion of list chan for more information. list caps Display the adaptor's capabilities, including the operating modes supported. list chan Display the list of channels available for use. Channels are shown with their IEEE channel number, equivalent frequency, and usage modes. Channels identified as `11g' are also usable in `11b' mode. Channels identified as `11a Turbo' may be used only for Atheros' Static Turbo mode (specified with mediaopt turbo). Channels marked with a `*' have a regulatory constraint that they be passively scanned. This means a station is not permitted to transmit on the channel until it identifies the channel is being used for 802.11 communication; typically by hearing a beacon frame from an access point operating on the channel. list freq is another way of re- questing this information. By default a compacted list of channels is displayed; if the -v option is specified then all channels are shown. list countries Display the set of country codes and regulatory domains that can be used in regulatory configuration. list mac Display the current MAC Access Control List state. Each address is prefixed with a character that indicates the current policy applied to it: `+' indicates the address is allowed access, `-' indicates the address is denied access, `*' indicates the address is present but the current policy open (so the ACL is not consulted). list mesh Displays the mesh routing table, used for forwarding packets on a mesh network. list regdomain Display the current regulatory settings including the available channels and transmit power caps. list roam Display the parameters that govern roaming operation. list txparam Display the parameters that govern transmit operation. list txpower Display the transmit power caps for each channel. list scan Display the access points and/or ad-hoc neighbors located in the vicinity. This information may be updated automatically by the adapter with a scan request or through background scanning. De- pending on the capabilities of the stations the following flags can be included in the output: A Channel agility. B PBCC modulation. C Poll request capability. D DSSS/OFDM capability. E Extended Service Set (ESS). I Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). P Privacy capability. The station requires authentication. R Robust Secure Network (RSN). S Short Preamble. Indicates that the station is doing short preamble to optionally improve throughput performance with 802.11g and 802.11b. c Pollable capability. s Short slot time capability. By default interesting information elements captured from the neighboring stations are displayed at the end of each row. Possi- ble elements include: WME (station supports WME), WPA (station sup- ports WPA), WPS (station supports WPS), RSN (station supports 802.11i/RSN), HTCAP (station supports 802.11n/HT communication), ATH (station supports Atheros protocol extensions), VEN (station supports unknown vendor-specific extensions). If the -v flag is used all the information elements and their contents will be shown. Specifying the -v flag also enables display of long SSIDs. The list ap command is another way of requesting this information. list sta When operating as an access point display the stations that are currently associated. When operating in ad-hoc mode display sta- tions identified as neighbors in the IBSS. When operating in mesh mode display stations identified as neighbors in the MBSS. When operating in station mode display the access point. Capabilities advertised by the stations are described under the scan request. The following flags can be included in the output: A Authorized. Indicates that the station is permitted to send/receive data frames. E Extended Rate Phy (ERP). Indicates that the station is oper- ating in an 802.11g network using extended transmit rates. H High Throughput (HT). Indicates that the station is using HT transmit rates. If a `+' follows immediately after then the station associated using deprecated mechanisms supported only when htcompat is enabled. P Power Save. Indicates that the station is operating in power save mode. Q Quality of Service (QoS). Indicates that the station is using QoS encapsulation for data frame. QoS encapsulation is en- abled only when WME mode is enabled. S Short GI in HT 40MHz mode enabled. If a `+' follows immedi- ately after then short GI in HT 20MHz mode is enabled as well. T Transitional Security Network (TSN). Indicates that the sta- tion associated using TSN; see also tsn below. W Wi-Fi Protected Setup (WPS). Indicates that the station asso- ciated using WPS. s Short GI in HT 20MHz mode enabled. By default information elements received from associated stations are displayed in a short form; the -v flag causes this information to be displayed symbolically. list wme Display the current channel parameters to use when operating in WME mode. If the -v option is specified then both channel and BSS pa- rameters are displayed for each AC (first channel, then BSS). When WME mode is enabled for an adaptor this information will be dis- played with the regular status; this command is mostly useful for examining parameters when WME mode is disabled. See the descrip- tion of the wme directive for information on the various parame- ters. maxretry count Set the maximum number of tries to use in sending unicast frames. The default setting is 6 but drivers may override this with a value they choose. mcastrate rate Set the rate for transmitting multicast/broadcast frames. Rates are specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g., 5.5 for 5.5 Mb/s. This rate should be valid for the current operating condi- tions; if an invalid rate is specified drivers are free to chose an appropriate rate. mgtrate rate Set the rate for transmitting management and/or control frames. Rates are specified as megabits/second in decimal; e.g., 5.5 for 5.5 Mb/s. outdoor Set the location to use in calculating regulatory constraints. The location is also advertised in beacon and probe response frames when 802.11d is enabled with dotd. See also anywhere, country, indoor, and regdomain. powersave Enable powersave operation. When operating as a client, the sta- tion will conserve power by periodically turning off the radio and listening for messages from the access point telling it there are packets waiting. The station must then retrieve the packets. Not all devices support power save operation as a client. The 802.11 specification requires that all access points support power save but some drivers do not. Use -powersave to disable powersave oper- ation when operating as a client. powersavesleep sleep Set the desired max powersave sleep time in TU's (1024 usecs). By default the max powersave sleep time is 100 TU's. protmode technique For interfaces operating in 802.11g, use the specified technique for protecting OFDM frames in a mixed 11b/11g network. The set of valid techniques is off, cts (CTS to self), and rtscts (RTS/CTS). Technique names are case insensitive. Not all devices support cts as a protection technique. pureg When operating as an access point in 802.11g mode allow only 11g- capable stations to associate (11b-only stations are not permitted to associate). To allow both 11g and 11b-only stations to asso- ciate, use -pureg. puren When operating as an access point in 802.11n mode allow only HT-ca- pable stations to associate (legacy stations are not permitted to associate). To allow both HT and legacy stations to associate, use -puren. regdomain sku Set the regulatory domain to use in calculating the regulatory con- straints for operation. In particular the set of available chan- nels, how the wireless device will operation on the channels, and the maximum transmit power that can be used on a channel are de- fined by this setting. Regdomain codes (SKU's) are taken from /etc/regdomain.xml and can also be viewed with the ``list coun- tries'' request. Note that not all devices support changing the regdomain from a default setting; typically stored in EEPROM. See also country, indoor, outdoor, and anywhere. rifs Enable use of Reduced InterFrame Spacing (RIFS) when operating in 802.11n on an HT channel. Note that RIFS must be supported by both the station and access point for it to be used. To disable RIFS use -rifs. roam:rate rate Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in a BSS. The rate parameter specifies the transmit rate in megabits at which roaming should be considered. If the current transmit rate drops below this setting and background scanning is enabled, then the system will check if a more desirable access point is available and switch over to it. The current scan cache contents are used if they are considered valid according to the scanvalid parameter; otherwise a background scan operation is triggered before any se- lection occurs. Each channel type has a separate rate threshold; the default values are: 12 Mb/s (11a), 2 Mb/s (11b), 2 Mb/s (11g), MCS 1 (11na, 11ng). roam:rssi rssi Set the threshold for controlling roaming when operating in a BSS. The rssi parameter specifies the receive signal strength in dBm units at which roaming should be considered. If the current rssi drops below this setting and background scanning is enabled, then the system will check if a more desirable access point is available and switch over to it. The current scan cache contents are used if they are considered valid according to the scanvalid parameter; otherwise a background scan operation is triggered before any se- lection occurs. Each channel type has a separate rssi threshold; the default values are all 7 dBm. roaming mode When operating as a station, control how the system will behave when communication with the current access point is broken. The mode argument may be one of device (leave it to the hardware device to decide), auto (handle either in the device or the operating sys- tem--as appropriate), manual (do nothing until explicitly in- structed). By default, the device is left to handle this if it is capable; otherwise, the operating system will automatically attempt to reestablish communication. Manual mode is used by applications such as wpa_supplicant(8) that want to control the selection of an access point. rtsthreshold length Set the threshold for which transmitted frames are preceded by transmission of an RTS control frame. The length argument is the frame size in bytes and must be in the range 1 to 2346. Setting length to 2346, any, or - disables transmission of RTS frames. Not all adapters support setting the RTS threshold. scan Initiate a scan of neighboring stations, wait for it to complete, and display all stations found. Only the super-user can initiate a scan. See list scan for information on the display. By default a background scan is done; otherwise a foreground scan is done and the station may roam to a different access point. The list scan request can be used to show recent scan results without initiating a new scan. scanvalid threshold Set the maximum time the scan cache contents are considered valid; i.e., will be used without first triggering a scan operation to re- fresh the data. The threshold parameter is specified in seconds and defaults to 60 seconds. The minimum setting for threshold is 10 seconds. One should take care setting this threshold; if it is set too low then attempts to roam to another access point may trig- ger unnecessary background scan operations. shortgi Enable use of Short Guard Interval when operating in 802.11n on an HT channel. NB: this currently enables Short GI on both HT40 and HT20 channels. To disable Short GI use -shortgi. smps Enable use of Static Spatial Multiplexing Power Save (SMPS) when operating in 802.11n. A station operating with Static SMPS main- tains only a single receive chain active (this can significantly reduce power consumption). To disable SMPS use -smps. smpsdyn Enable use of Dynamic Spatial Multiplexing Power Save (SMPS) when operating in 802.11n. A station operating with Dynamic SMPS main- tains only a single receive chain active but switches to multiple receive chains when it receives an RTS frame (this can signifi- cantly reduce power consumption). Note that stations cannot dis- tinguish between RTS/CTS intended to enable multiple receive chains and those used for other purposes. To disable SMPS use -smps. ssid ssid Set the desired Service Set Identifier (aka network name). The SSID is a string up to 32 characters in length and may be specified as either a normal string or in hexadecimal when preceded by `0x'. Additionally, the SSID may be cleared by setting it to `-'. tdmaslot slot When operating with TDMA, use the specified slot configuration. The slot is a number between 0 and the maximum number of slots in the BSS. Note that a station configured as slot 0 is a master and will broadcast beacon frames advertising the BSS; stations config- ured to use other slots will always scan to locate a master before they ever transmit. By default tdmaslot is set to 1. tdmaslotcnt cnt When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS with cnt slots. The slot count may be at most 8. The current implementation is only tested with two stations (i.e., point to point applications). This set- ting is only meaningful when a station is configured as slot 0; other stations adopt this setting from the BSS they join. By de- fault tdmaslotcnt is set to 2. tdmaslotlen len When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS such that each station has a slot len microseconds long. The slot length must be at least 150 microseconds (1/8 TU) and no more than 65 milliseconds. Note that setting too small a slot length may result in poor channel band- width utilization due to factors such as timer granularity and guard time. This setting is only meaningful when a station is con- figured as slot 0; other stations adopt this setting from the BSS they join. By default tdmaslotlen is set to 10 milliseconds. tdmabintval intval When operating with TDMA, setup a BSS such that beacons are trans- mitted every intval superframes to synchronize the TDMA slot tim- ing. A superframe is defined as the number of slots times the slot length; e.g., a BSS with two slots of 10 milliseconds has a 20 mil- lisecond superframe. The beacon interval may not be zero. A lower setting of tdmabintval causes the timers to be resynchronized more often; this can be help if significant timer drift is observed. By default tdmabintval is set to 5. tsn When operating as an access point with WPA/802.11i allow legacy stations to associate using static key WEP and open authentication. To disallow legacy station use of WEP, use -tsn. txpower power Set the power used to transmit frames. The power argument is spec- ified in .5 dBm units. Out of range values are truncated. Typi- cally only a few discreet power settings are available and the dri- ver will use the setting closest to the specified value. Not all adapters support changing the transmit power. ucastrate rate Set a fixed rate for transmitting unicast frames. Rates are speci- fied as megabits/second in decimal; e.g., 5.5 for 5.5 Mb/s. This rate should be valid for the current operating conditions; if an invalid rate is specified drivers are free to chose an appropriate rate. wepmode mode Set the desired WEP mode. Not all adapters support all modes. The set of valid modes is off, on, and mixed. The mixed mode explic- itly tells the adaptor to allow association with access points which allow both encrypted and unencrypted traffic. On these adapters, on means that the access point must only allow encrypted connections. On other adapters, on is generally another name for mixed. Modes are case insensitive. weptxkey index Set the WEP key to be used for transmission. This is the same as setting the default transmission key with deftxkey. wepkey key|index:key Set the selected WEP key. If an index is not given, key 1 is set. A WEP key will be either 5 or 13 characters (40 or 104 bits) de- pending on the local network and the capabilities of the adaptor. It may be specified either as a plain string or as a string of hexadecimal digits preceded by `0x'. For maximum portability, hex keys are recommended; the mapping of text keys to WEP encryption is usually driver-specific. In particular, the Windows drivers do this mapping differently to FreeBSD. A key may be cleared by set- ting it to `-'. If WEP is supported then there are at least four keys. Some adapters support more than four keys. If that is the case, then the first four keys (1-4) will be the standard temporary keys and any others will be adaptor specific keys such as permanent keys stored in NVRAM. Note that you must set a default transmit key with deftxkey for the system to know which key to use in encrypting outbound traffic. wme Enable Wireless Multimedia Extensions (WME) support, if available, for the specified interface. WME is a subset of the IEEE 802.11e standard to support the efficient communication of realtime and multimedia data. To disable WME support, use -wme. Another name for this parameter is wmm. The following parameters are meaningful only when WME support is in use. Parameters are specified per-AC (Access Category) and split into those that are used by a station when acting as an access point and those for client stations in the BSS. The latter are re- ceived from the access point and may not be changed (at the sta- tion). The following Access Categories are recognized: AC_BE (or BE) best effort delivery, AC_BK (or BK) background traffic, AC_VI (or VI) video traffic, AC_VO (or VO) voice traffic. AC parameters are case-insensitive. Traffic classification is done in the operating system using the vlan priority associated with data frames or the ToS (Type of Service) indication in IP-encapsu- lated frames. If neither information is present, traffic is as- signed to the Best Effort (BE) category. ack ac Set the ACK policy for QoS transmissions by the local sta- tion; this controls whether or not data frames transmitted by a station require an ACK response from the receiving station. To disable waiting for an ACK use -ack. This pa- rameter is applied only to the local station. acm ac Enable the Admission Control Mandatory (ACM) mechanism for transmissions by the local station. To disable the ACM use -acm. On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates the setting received from the access point. NB: ACM is not supported right now. aifs ac count Set the Arbitration Inter Frame Spacing (AIFS) channel ac- cess parameter to use for transmissions by the local sta- tion. On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates the setting received from the access point. cwmin ac count Set the CWmin channel access parameter to use for transmis- sions by the local station. On stations in a BSS this pa- rameter is read-only and indicates the setting received from the access point. cwmax ac count Set the CWmax channel access parameter to use for transmis- sions by the local station. On stations in a BSS this pa- rameter is read-only and indicates the setting received from the access point. txoplimit ac limit Set the Transmission Opportunity Limit channel access para- meter to use for transmissions by the local station. This parameter defines an interval of time when a WME station has the right to initiate transmissions onto the wireless medium. On stations in a BSS this parameter is read-only and indicates the setting received from the access point. bss:aifs ac count Set the AIFS channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS. This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode. bss:cwmin ac count Set the CWmin channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS. This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode. bss:cwmax ac count Set the CWmax channel access parameter to send to stations in a BSS. This parameter is meaningful only when operating in ap mode. bss:txoplimit ac limit Set the TxOpLimit channel access parameter to send to sta- tions in a BSS. This parameter is meaningful only when op- erating in ap mode. wps Enable Wireless Privacy Subscriber support. Note that WPS support requires a WPS-capable supplicant. To disable this function use -wps. The following parameters support an optional access control list feature available with some adapters when operating in ap mode; see wlan_acl(4). This facility allows an access point to accept/deny association requests based on the MAC address of the station. Note that this feature does not significantly enhance security as MAC address spoofing is easy to do. mac:add address Add the specified MAC address to the database. Depending on the policy setting association requests from the specified station will be allowed or denied. mac:allow Set the ACL policy to permit association only by stations regis- tered in the database. mac:del address Delete the specified MAC address from the database. mac:deny Set the ACL policy to deny association only by stations registered in the database. mac:kick address Force the specified station to be deauthenticated. This typically is done to block a station after updating the address database. mac:open Set the ACL policy to allow all stations to associate. mac:flush Delete all entries in the database. mac:radius Set the ACL policy to permit association only by stations approved by a RADIUS server. Note that this feature requires the hostapd(8) program be configured to do the right thing as it handles the RA- DIUS processing (and marks stations as authorized). The following parameters are related to a wireless interface operating in mesh mode: meshid meshid Set the desired Mesh Identifier. The Mesh ID is a string up to 32 characters in length. A mesh interface must have a Mesh Identifier specified to reach an operational state. meshttl ttl Set the desired ``time to live'' for mesh forwarded packets; this is the number of hops a packet may be forwarded before it is dis- carded. The default setting for meshttl is 31. meshpeering Enable or disable peering with neighbor mesh stations. Stations must peer before any data packets can be exchanged. By default meshpeering is enabled. meshforward Enable or disable forwarding packets by a mesh interface. By de- fault meshforward is enabled. meshgate This attribute specifies whether or not the mesh STA activates mesh gate announcements. By default meshgate is disabled. meshmetric protocol Set the specified protocol as the link metric protocol used on a mesh network. The default protocol is called AIRTIME. The mesh interface will restart after changing this setting. meshpath protocol Set the specified protocol as the path selection protocol used on a mesh network. The only available protocol at the moment is called HWMP (Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol). The mesh interface will restart after changing this setting. hwmprootmode mode Stations on a mesh network can operate as ``root nodes.'' Root nodes try to find paths to all mesh nodes and advertise themselves regularly. When there is a root mesh node on a network, other mesh nodes can setup paths between themselves faster because they can use the root node to find the destination. This path may not be the best, but on-demand routing will eventually find the best path. The following modes are recognized: DISABLED Disable root mode. NORMAL Send broadcast path requests every two seconds. Nodes on the mesh without a path to this root mesh station with try to discover a path to us. PROACTIVE Send broadcast path requests every two seconds and every node must reply with a path reply even if it already has a path to this root mesh station. RANN Send broadcast root announcement (RANN) frames. Nodes on the mesh without a path to this root mesh station with try to discover a path to us. By default hwmprootmode is set to DISABLED. hwmpmaxhops cnt Set the maximum number of hops allowed in an HMWP path to cnt. The default setting for hwmpmaxhops is 31. The following parameters are for compatibility with other systems: nwid ssid Another name for the ssid parameter. Included for NetBSD compati- bility. stationname name Set the name of this station. The station name is not part of the IEEE 802.11 protocol though some interfaces support it. As such it only seems to be meaningful to identical or virtually identical equipment. Setting the station name is identical in syntax to set- ting the SSID. One can also use station for BSD/OS compatibility. wep Another way of saying wepmode on. Included for BSD/OS compatibil- ity. -wep Another way of saying wepmode off. Included for BSD/OS compatibil- ity. nwkey key Another way of saying: "wepmode on weptxkey 1 wepkey 1:key wepkey 2:- wepkey 3:- wepkey 4:-". Included for NetBSD compatibility. nwkey n:k1,k2,k3,k4 Another way of saying "wepmode on weptxkey n wepkey 1:k1 wepkey 2:k2 wepkey 3:k3 wepkey 4:k4". Included for NetBSD compatibility. -nwkey Another way of saying wepmode off. Included for NetBSD compatibil- ity. The following parameters are specific to bridge interfaces: addm interface Add the interface named by interface as a member of the bridge. The interface is put into promiscuous mode so that it can receive every packet sent on the network. deletem interface Remove the interface named by interface from the bridge. Promiscu- ous mode is disabled on the interface when it is removed from the bridge. maxaddr size Set the size of the bridge address cache to size. The default is 2000 entries. timeout seconds Set the timeout of address cache entries to seconds seconds. If seconds is zero, then address cache entries will not be expired. The default is 1200 seconds. addr Display the addresses that have been learned by the bridge. static interface-name address Add a static entry into the address cache pointing to interface-name. Static entries are never aged out of the cache or re-placed, even if the address is seen on a different interface. deladdr address Delete address from the address cache. flush Delete all dynamically-learned addresses from the address cache. flushall Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the address cache. discover interface Mark an interface as a "discovering" interface. When the bridge has no address cache entry (either dynamic or static) for the des- tination address of a packet, the bridge will forward the packet to all member interfaces marked as "discovering". This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge. -discover interface Clear the "discovering" attribute on a member interface. For pack- ets without the "discovering" attribute, the only packets forwarded on the interface are broadcast or multicast packets and packets for which the destination address is known to be on the interface's segment. learn interface Mark an interface as a "learning" interface. When a packet arrives on such an interface, the source address of the packet is entered into the address cache as being a destination address on the inter- face's segment. This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge. -learn interface Clear the "learning" attribute on a member interface. sticky interface Mark an interface as a "sticky" interface. Dynamically learned ad- dress entries are treated at static once entered into the cache. Sticky entries are never aged out of the cache or replaced, even if the address is seen on a different interface. -sticky interface Clear the "sticky" attribute on a member interface. private interface Mark an interface as a "private" interface. A private interface does not forward any traffic to any other port that is also a pri- vate interface. -private interface Clear the "private" attribute on a member interface. span interface Add the interface named by interface as a span port on the bridge. Span ports transmit a copy of every frame received by the bridge. This is most useful for snooping a bridged network passively on an- other host connected to one of the span ports of the bridge. -span interface Delete the interface named by interface from the list of span ports of the bridge. stp interface Enable Spanning Tree protocol on interface. The if_bridge(4) dri- ver has support for the IEEE 802.1D Spanning Tree protocol (STP). Spanning Tree is used to detect and remove loops in a network topology. -stp interface Disable Spanning Tree protocol on interface. This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge. edge interface Set interface as an edge port. An edge port connects directly to end stations cannot create bridging loops in the network, this al- lows it to transition straight to forwarding. -edge interface Disable edge status on interface. autoedge interface Allow interface to automatically detect edge status. This is the default for all interfaces added to a bridge. -autoedge interface Disable automatic edge status on interface. ptp interface Set the interface as a point to point link. This is required for straight transitions to forwarding and should be enabled on a di- rect link to another RSTP capable switch. -ptp interface Disable point to point link status on interface. This should be disabled for a half duplex link and for an interface connected to a shared network segment, like a hub or a wireless network. autoptp interface Automatically detect the point to point status on interface by checking the full duplex link status. This is the default for in- terfaces added to the bridge. -autoptp interface Disable automatic point to point link detection on interface. maxage seconds Set the time that a Spanning Tree protocol configuration is valid. The default is 20 seconds. The minimum is 6 seconds and the maxi- mum is 40 seconds. fwddelay seconds Set the time that must pass before an interface begins forwarding packets when Spanning Tree is enabled. The default is 15 seconds. The minimum is 4 seconds and the maximum is 30 seconds. hellotime seconds Set the time between broadcasting of Spanning Tree protocol config- uration messages. The hello time may only be changed when operat- ing in legacy stp mode. The default is 2 seconds. The minimum is 1 second and the maximum is 2 seconds. priority value Set the bridge priority for Spanning Tree. The default is 32768. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 61440. proto value Set the Spanning Tree protocol. The default is rstp. The avail- able options are stp and rstp. holdcnt value Set the transmit hold count for Spanning Tree. This is the number of packets transmitted before being rate limited. The default is 6. The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 10. ifpriority interface value Set the Spanning Tree priority of interface to value. The default is 128. The minimum is 0 and the maximum is 240. ifpathcost interface value Set the Spanning Tree path cost of interface to value. The default is calculated from the link speed. To change a previously selected path cost back to automatic, set the cost to 0. The minimum is 1 and the maximum is 200000000. ifmaxaddr interface size Set the maximum number of hosts allowed from an interface, packets with unknown source addresses are dropped until an existing host cache entry expires or is removed. Set to 0 to disable. The following parameters are specific to lagg interfaces: laggport interface Add the interface named by interface as a port of the aggregation interface. -laggport interface Remove the interface named by interface from the aggregation inter- face. laggproto proto Set the aggregation protocol. The default is failover. The avail- able options are failover, lacp, loadbalance, roundrobin, broadcast and none. lagghash option[,option] Set the packet layers to hash for aggregation protocols which load balance. The default is "l2,l3,l4". The options can be combined using commas. l2 src/dst mac address and optional vlan number. l3 src/dst address for IPv4 or IPv6. l4 src/dst port for TCP/UDP/SCTP. -use_flowid Enable local hash computation for RSS hash on the interface. The loadbalance and lacp modes will use the RSS hash from the network card if available to avoid computing one, this may give poor traf- fic distribution if the hash is invalid or uses less of the proto- col header information. -use_flowid disables use of RSS hash from the network card. The default value can be set via the net.link.lagg.default_use_flowid sysctl(8) variable. 0 means "disabled" and 1 means "enabled". use_flowid Use the RSS hash from the network card if available. flowid_shift number Set a shift parameter for RSS local hash computation. Hash is cal- culated by using flowid bits in a packet header mbuf which are shifted by the number of this parameter. lacp_fast_timeout Enable lacp fast-timeout on the interface. -lacp_fast_timeout Disable lacp fast-timeout on the interface. lacp_strict Enable lacp strict compliance on the interface. The default value can be set via the net.link.lagg.lacp.default_strict_mode sysctl(8) variable. 0 means "disabled" and 1 means "enabled". -lacp_strict Disable lacp strict compliance on the interface. rr_limit number Configure a stride for an interface in round-robin mode. The de- fault stride is 1. The following parameters apply to IP tunnel interfaces, gif(4): tunnel src_addr dest_addr Configure the physical source and destination address for IP tunnel interfaces. The arguments src_addr and dest_addr are interpreted as the outer source/destination for the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header. -tunnel Unconfigure the physical source and destination address for IP tun- nel interfaces previously configured with tunnel. deletetunnel Another name for the -tunnel parameter. accept_rev_ethip_ver Set a flag to accept both correct EtherIP packets and ones with re- versed version field. Enabled by default. This is for backward compatibility with FreeBSD 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 7.1. -accept_rev_ethip_ver Clear a flag accept_rev_ethip_ver. ignore_source Set a flag to accept encapsulated packets destined to this host in- dependently from source address. This may be useful for hosts, that receive encapsulated packets from the load balancers. -ignore_source Clear a flag ignore_source. send_rev_ethip_ver Set a flag to send EtherIP packets with reversed version field in- tentionally. Disabled by default. This is for backward compati- bility with FreeBSD 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.0, and 7.1. -send_rev_ethip_ver Clear a flag send_rev_ethip_ver. The following parameters apply to GRE tunnel interfaces, gre(4): tunnel src_addr dest_addr Configure the physical source and destination address for GRE tun- nel interfaces. The arguments src_addr and dest_addr are inter- preted as the outer source/destination for the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header. -tunnel Unconfigure the physical source and destination address for GRE tunnel interfaces previously configured with tunnel. deletetunnel Another name for the -tunnel parameter. grekey key Configure the GRE key to be used for outgoing packets. Note that gre(4)will always accept GRE packets with invalid or absent keys. This command will result in a four byte MTU reduction on the inter- face. The following parameters are specific to pfsync(4) interfaces: syncdev iface Use the specified interface to send and receive pfsync state syn- chronisation messages. -syncdev Stop sending pfsync state synchronisation messages over the net- work. syncpeer peer_address Make the pfsync link point-to-point rather than using multicast to broadcast the state synchronisation messages. The peer_address is the IP address of the other host taking part in the pfsync cluster. -syncpeer Broadcast the packets using multicast. maxupd n Set the maximum number of updates for a single state which can be collapsed into one. This is an 8-bit number; the default value is 128. defer Defer transmission of the first packet in a state until a peer has acknowledged that the associated state has been inserted. -defer Do not defer the first packet in a state. This is the default. The following parameters are specific to vlan(4) interfaces: vlan vlan_tag Set the VLAN tag value to vlan_tag. This value is a 12-bit VLAN Identifier (VID) which is used to create an 802.1Q VLAN header for packets sent from the vlan(4) interface. Note that vlan and vlandev must both be set at the same time. vlanpcp priority_code_point Priority code point (PCP) is an 3-bit field which refers to the IEEE 802.1p class of service and maps to the frame priority level. Values in order of priority are: 1 (Background (lowest)), 0 (Best effort (default)), 2 (Excellent effort), 3 (Critical applications), 4 (Video, < 100ms latency), 5 (Video, < 10ms latency), 6 (Internetwork control), 7 (Network control (highest)). vlandev iface Associate the physical interface iface with a vlan(4) interface. Packets transmitted through the vlan(4) interface will be diverted to the specified physical interface iface with 802.1Q VLAN encapsu- lation. Packets with 802.1Q encapsulation received by the parent interface with the correct VLAN Identifier will be diverted to the associated vlan(4) pseudo-interface. The vlan(4) interface is as- signed a copy of the parent interface's flags and the parent's Eth- ernet address. The vlandev and vlan must both be set at the same time. If the vlan(4) interface already has a physical interface associated with it, this command will fail. To change the associa- tion to another physical interface, the existing association must be cleared first. Note: if the hardware tagging capability is set on the parent in- terface, the vlan(4) pseudo interface's behavior changes: the vlan(4) interface recognizes that the parent interface supports in- sertion and extraction of VLAN tags on its own (usually in firmware) and that it should pass packets to and from the parent unaltered. -vlandev [iface] If the driver is a vlan(4) pseudo device, disassociate the parent interface from it. This breaks the link between the vlan(4) inter- face and its parent, clears its VLAN Identifier, flags and its link address and shuts the interface down. The iface argument is use- less and hence deprecated. The following parameters are used to configure vxlan(4) interfaces. vxlanid identifier This value is a 24-bit VXLAN Network Identifier (VNI) that identi- fies the virtual network segment membership of the interface. vxlanlocal address The source address used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header. The address should already be assigned to an existing interface. When the interface is configured in unicast mode, the listening socket is bound to this address. vxlanremote address The interface can be configured in a unicast, or point-to-point, mode to create a tunnel between two hosts. This is the IP address of the remote end of the tunnel. vxlangroup address The interface can be configured in a multicast mode to create a virtual network of hosts. This is the IP multicast group address the interface will join. vxlanlocalport port The port number the interface will listen on. The default port number is 4789. vxlanremoteport port The destination port number used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header. The remote host should be listening on this port. The de- fault port number is 4789. Note some other implementations, such as Linux, do not default to the IANA assigned port, but instead listen on port 8472. vxlanportrange low high The range of source ports used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header. The port selected within the range is based on a hash of the inner frame. A range is useful to provide entropy within the outer IP header for more effective load balancing. The default range is between the sysctl(8) variables net.inet.ip.portrange.first and net.inet.ip.portrange.last vxlantimeout timeout The maximum time, in seconds, before an entry in the forwarding ta- ble is pruned. The default is 1200 seconds (20 minutes). vxlanmaxaddr max The maximum number of entries in the forwarding table. The default is 2000. vxlandev dev When the interface is configured in multicast mode, the dev inter- face is used to transmit IP multicast packets. vxlanttl ttl The TTL used in the encapsulating IPv4/IPv6 header. The default is 64. vxlanlearn The source IP address and inner source Ethernet MAC address of re- ceived packets are used to dynamically populate the forwarding ta- ble. When in multicast mode, an entry in the forwarding table al- lows the interface to send the frame directly to the remote host instead of broadcasting the frame to the multicast group. This is the default. -vxlanlearn The forwarding table is not populated by received packets. vxlanflush Delete all dynamically-learned addresses from the forwarding table. vxlanflushall Delete all addresses, including static addresses, from the forward- ing table. The following parameters are used to configure carp(4) protocol on an in- terface: vhid n Set the virtual host ID. This is a required setting to initiate carp(4). If the virtual host ID does not exist yet, it is created and attached to the interface, otherwise configuration of an exist- ing vhid is adjusted. If the vhid keyword is supplied along with an "inet6" or "inet" address, then this address is configured to be run under control of the specified vhid. Whenever a last address that refers to a particular vhid is removed from an interface, the vhid is automatically removed from interface and destroyed. Any other configuration parameters for the carp(4) protocol should be supplied along with the vhid keyword. Acceptable values for vhid are 1 to 255. advbase seconds Specifies the base of the advertisement interval in seconds. The acceptable values are 1 to 255. The default value is 1. advskew interval Specifies the skew to add to the base advertisement interval to make one host advertise slower than another host. It is specified in 1/256 of seconds. The acceptable values are 1 to 254. The de- fault value is 0. pass phrase Set the authentication key to phrase. state MASTER|BACKUP Forcibly change state of a given vhid. The ifconfig utility displays the current configuration for a network in- terface when no optional parameters are supplied. If a protocol family is specified, ifconfig will report only the details specific to that protocol family. If the -m flag is passed before an interface name, ifconfig will display the capability list and all of the supported media for the specified inter- face. If -L flag is supplied, address lifetime is displayed for IPv6 ad- dresses, as time offset string. Optionally, the -a flag may be used instead of an interface name. This flag instructs ifconfig to display information about all interfaces in the system. The -d flag limits this to interfaces that are down, -u limits this to interfaces that are up, limits this to interfaces that are up, -g limits this to members of the specified group of interfaces, and -G ex- cludes members of the specified group from the list. Both -g and -G flags may be specified to apply both conditions. Only one option -g should be specified as later override previous ones (same for -G). groupname may contain shell patterns in which case it should be quoted. When no argu- ments are given, -a is implied. The -l flag may be used to list all available interfaces on the system, with no other additional information. If an address_family is specified, only interfaces of that type will be listed. -l "ether" will list only Ethernet adapters, excluding the loopback interface. Use of this flag is mutually exclusive with all other flags and commands, except for -d (only list interfaces that are down) and -u (only list interfaces that are up). The -v flag may be used to get more verbose status for an interface. The -C flag may be used to list all of the interface cloners available on the system, with no additional information. Use of this flag is mutually exclusive with all other flags and commands. The -k flag causes keying information for the interface, if available, to be printed. For example, the values of 802.11 WEP keys and carp(4) passphrases will be printed, if accessible to the current user. This in- formation is not printed by default, as it may be considered sensitive. If the network interface driver is not present in the kernel then ifconfig will attempt to load it. The -n flag disables this behavior. Only the super-user may modify the configuration of a network interface. EXAMPLES Assign the IPv4 address 192.0.2.10, with a network mask of 255.255.255.0, to the interface fxp0: # ifconfig fxp0 inet 192.0.2.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 Add the IPv4 address 192.0.2.45, with the CIDR network prefix /28, to the interface ed0, using add as a synonym for the canonical form of the option alias: # ifconfig ed0 inet 192.0.2.45/28 add Remove the IPv4 address 192.0.2.45 from the interface ed0: # ifconfig ed0 inet 192.0.2.45 -alias Enable IPv6 functionality of the interface: # ifconfig em0 inet6 -ifdisabled Add the IPv6 address 2001:DB8:DBDB::123/48 to the interface em0: # ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123 prefixlen 48 alias Note that lower case hexadecimal IPv6 addresses are acceptable. Remove the IPv6 address added in the above example, using the / character as shorthand for the network prefix, and using delete as a synonym for the canonical form of the option -alias: # ifconfig em0 inet6 2001:db8:bdbd::123/48 delete Configure a single CARP redundant address on igb0, and then switch it to be master: # ifconfig igb0 vhid 1 10.0.0.1/24 pass foobar up # ifconfig igb0 vhid 1 state master Configure the interface xl0, to use 100baseTX, full duplex Ethernet media options: # ifconfig xl0 media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex Label the em0 interface as an uplink: # ifconfig em0 description "Uplink to Gigabit Switch 2" Create the software network interface gif1: # ifconfig gif1 create Destroy the software network interface gif1: # ifconfig gif1 destroy Display available wireless networks using wlan0: # ifconfig wlan0 list scan Display inet and inet6 address subnet masks in CIDR notation # ifconfig -f inet:cidr,inet6:cidr Display interfaces that are up with the exception of loopback # ifconfig -a -u -G lo DIAGNOSTICS Messages indicating the specified interface does not exist, the requested address is unknown, or the user is not privileged and tried to alter an in- terface's configuration. SEE ALSO netstat(1), carp(4), gif(4), netintro(4), pfsync(4), polling(4), vlan(4), vxlan(4), devd.conf(5), devd(8), jail(8), rc(8), routed(8), sysctl(8) HISTORY The ifconfig utility appeared in 4.2BSD. BUGS Basic IPv6 node operation requires a link-local address on each interface configured for IPv6. Normally, such an address is automatically configured by the kernel on each interface added to the system or enabled; this behav- ior may be disabled by setting per-interface flag -auto_linklocal. The de- fault value of this flag is 1 and can be disabled by using the sysctl MIB variable net.inet6.ip6.auto_linklocal. Do not configure IPv6 addresses with no link-local address by using ifconfig. It can result in unexpected behaviors of the kernel. FreeBSD 12.2 June 4, 2020 IFCONFIG(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLES | DIAGNOSTICS | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | BUGS
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