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LOADER(8) System Manager's Manual LOADER(8) NAME loader -- kernel bootstrapping final stage DESCRIPTION The program called loader is the final stage of FreeBSD's kernel boot- strapping process. On IA32 (i386) architectures, it is a BTX client. It is linked statically to libstand(3) and usually located in the di- rectory /boot. It provides a scripting language that can be used to automate tasks, do pre-configuration or assist in recovery procedures. This scripting language is roughly divided in two main components. The smaller one is a set of commands designed for direct use by the casual user, called "builtin commands" for historical reasons. The main drive behind these commands is user-friendliness. The bigger component is an ANS Forth compatible Forth interpreter based on FICL, by John Sadler. During initialization, loader will probe for a console and set the console variable, or set it to serial console ("comconsole") if the previous boot stage used that. If multiple consoles are selected, they will be listed separated by spaces. Then, devices are probed, currdev and loaddev are set, and LINES is set to 24. Next, FICL is initial- ized, the builtin words are added to its vocabulary, and /boot/boot.4th is processed if it exists. No disk switching is possible while that file is being read. The inner interpreter loader will use with FICL is then set to interpret, which is FICL's default. After that, /boot/loader.rc is processed if available. These files are processed through the include command, which reads all of them into memory before processing them, making disk changes possible. At this point, if an autoboot has not been tried, and if autoboot_delay is not set to "NO" (not case sensitive), then an autoboot will be tried. If the system gets past this point, prompt will be set and loader will engage interactive mode. Please note that historically even when autoboot_delay is set to "0" user will be able to interrupt autoboot process by pressing some key on the console while kernel and modules are being loaded. In some cases such behaviour may be undesir- able, to prevent it set autoboot_delay to "-1", in this case loader will engage interactive mode only if autoboot has failed. BUILTIN COMMANDS In loader, builtin commands take parameters from the command line. Presently, the only way to call them from a script is by using evaluate on a string. If an error condition occurs, an exception will be gener- ated, which can be intercepted using ANS Forth exception handling words. If not intercepted, an error message will be displayed and the interpreter's state will be reset, emptying the stack and restoring in- terpreting mode. The builtin commands available are: autoboot [seconds [prompt]] Proceeds to bootstrap the system after a number of seconds, if not interrupted by the user. Displays a countdown prompt warn- ing the user the system is about to be booted, unless inter- rupted by a key press. The kernel will be loaded first if nec- essary. Defaults to 10 seconds. bcachestat Displays statistics about disk cache usage. For debugging only. boot boot kernelname [...] boot -flag ... Immediately proceeds to bootstrap the system, loading the ker- nel if necessary. Any flags or arguments are passed to the kernel, but they must precede the kernel name, if a kernel name is provided. WARNING: The behavior of this builtin is changed if loader.4th(8) is loaded. echo [-n] [<message>] Displays text on the screen. A new line will be printed unless -n is specified. heap Displays memory usage statistics. For debugging purposes only. help [topic [subtopic]] Shows help messages read from /boot/loader.help. The special topic index will list the topics available. include file [file ...] Process script files. Each file, in turn, is completely read into memory, and then each of its lines is passed to the com- mand line interpreter. If any error is returned by the inter- preter, the include command aborts immediately, without reading any other files, and returns an error itself (see "ERRORS"). load [-t type] file ... Loads a kernel, kernel loadable module (kld), disk image, or file of opaque contents tagged as being of the type type. Ker- nel and modules can be either in a.out or ELF format. Any ar- guments passed after the name of the file to be loaded will be passed as arguments to that file. Use the md_image type to make the kernel create a file-backed md(4) disk. This is use- ful for booting from a temporary rootfs. Currently, argument passing does not work for the kernel. load_geli [-n keyno] prov file Loads a geli(8) encryption keyfile for the given provider name. The key index can be specified via keyno or will default to zero. ls [-l] [path] Displays a listing of files in the directory path, or the root directory if path is not specified. If -l is specified, file sizes will be shown too. lsdev [-v] Lists all of the devices from which it may be possible to load modules, as well as ZFS pools. If -v is specified, more de- tails are printed, including ZFS pool information in a format that resembles zpool status output. lsmod [-v] Displays loaded modules. If -v is specified, more details are shown. lszfs filesystem A ZFS extended command that can be used to explore the ZFS filesystem hierarchy in a pool. Lists the immediate children of the filesystem. The filesystem hierarchy is rooted at a filesystem with the same name as the pool. more file [file ...] Display the files specified, with a pause at each LINES dis- played. pnpscan [-v] Scans for Plug-and-Play devices. This is not functional at present. read [-t seconds] [-p prompt] [variable] Reads a line of input from the terminal, storing it in variable if specified. A timeout can be specified with -t, though it will be canceled at the first key pressed. A prompt may also be displayed through the -p flag. reboot Immediately reboots the system. set variable set variable=value Set loader's environment variables. show [variable] Displays the specified variable's value, or all variables and their values if variable is not specified. unload Remove all modules from memory. unset variable Removes variable from the environment. ? Lists available commands. BUILTIN ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES The loader has actually two different kinds of `environment' variables. There are ANS Forth's environmental queries, and a separate space of environment variables used by builtins, which are not directly avail- able to Forth words. It is the latter type that this section covers. Environment variables can be set and unset through the set and unset builtins, and can have their values interactively examined through the use of the show builtin. Their values can also be accessed as de- scribed in "BUILTIN PARSER". Notice that these environment variables are not inherited by any shell after the system has been booted. A few variables are set automatically by loader. Others can affect the behavior of either loader or the kernel at boot. Some options may re- quire a value, while others define behavior just by being set. Both types of builtin variables are described below. autoboot_delay Number of seconds autoboot will wait before booting. If this variable is not defined, autoboot will default to 10 seconds. If set to "NO", no autoboot will be automatically attempted after processing /boot/loader.rc, though explicit autoboot's will be processed normally, defaulting to 10 seconds delay. If set to "0", no delay will be inserted, but user still will be able to interrupt autoboot process and escape into the in- teractive mode by pressing some key on the console while ker- nel and modules are being loaded. If set to "-1", no delay will be inserted and loader will en- gage interactive mode only if autoboot has failed for some reason. boot_askname Instructs the kernel to prompt the user for the name of the root device when the kernel is booted. boot_cdrom Instructs the kernel to try to mount the root file system from CD-ROM. boot_ddb Instructs the kernel to start in the DDB debugger, rather than proceeding to initialize when booted. boot_dfltroot Instructs the kernel to mount the statically compiled-in root file system. boot_gdb Selects gdb-remote mode for the kernel debugger by default. boot_multicons Enables multiple console support in the kernel early on boot. In a running system, console configuration can be manipulated by the conscontrol(8) utility. boot_mute All kernel console output is suppressed when console is muted. In a running system, the state of console muting can be manipulated by the conscontrol(8) utility. boot_pause During the device probe, pause after each line is printed. boot_serial Force the use of a serial console even when an internal con- sole is present. boot_single Prevents the kernel from initiating a multi-user startup; in- stead, a single-user mode will be entered when the kernel has finished device probing. boot_verbose Setting this variable causes extra debugging information to be printed by the kernel during the boot phase. bootfile List of semicolon-separated search path for bootable kernels. The default is "kernel". comconsole_speed Defines the speed of the serial console (i386 and amd64 only). If the previous boot stage indicated that a serial console is in use then this variable is initialized to the current speed of the console serial port. Otherwise it is set to 9600 unless this was overridden using the BOOT_COMCONSOLE_SPEED variable when loader was compiled. Changes to the comconsole_speed variable take effect immedi- ately. comconsole_port Defines the base i/o port used to access console UART (i386 and amd64 only). If the variable is not set, its assumed value is 0x3F8, which corresponds to PC port COM1, unless overridden by BOOT_COMCONSOLE_PORT variable during the compi- lation of loader. Setting the comconsole_port variable auto- matically set hw.uart.console environment variable to provide a hint to kernel for location of the console. Loader console is changed immediately after variable comconsole_port is set. comconsole_pcidev Defines the location of a PCI device of the 'simple communi- cation' class to be used as the serial console UART (i386 and amd64 only). The syntax of the variable is 'bus:device:function[:bar]', where all members must be nu- meric, with possible 0x prefix to indicate a hexadecimal value. The bar member is optional and assumed to be 0x10 if omitted. The bar must decode i/o space. Setting the vari- able comconsole_pcidev automatically sets the variable comconsole_port to the base of the selected bar, and hint hw.uart.console. Loader console is changed immediately after variable comconsole_pcidev is set. console Defines the current console or consoles. Multiple consoles may be specified. In that case, the first listed console will become the default console for userland output (e.g. from init(8)). currdev Selects the default device. Syntax for devices is odd. dumpdev Sets the device for kernel dumps. This can be used to ensure that a device is configured before the corresponding dumpdev directive from rc.conf(5) has been processed, allowing kernel panics that happen during the early stages of boot to be cap- tured. init_chroot See init(8). init_exec See init(8). init_path Sets the list of binaries which the kernel will try to run as the initial process. The first matching binary is used. The default list is "/sbin/init:/sbin/oinit:/sbin/init.bak: /rescue/init". init_script See init(8). init_shell See init(8). interpret Has the value "OK" if the Forth's current state is interpret- ing. LINES Define the number of lines on the screen, to be used by the pager. module_path Sets the list of directories which will be searched for mod- ules named in a load command or implicitly required by a de- pendency. The default value for this variable is "/boot/kernel;/boot/modules". num_ide_disks Sets the number of IDE disks as a workaround for some prob- lems in finding the root disk at boot. This has been depre- cated in favor of root_disk_unit. prompt Value of loader's prompt. Defaults to "${interpret}". If variable prompt is unset, the default prompt is `>'. root_disk_unit If the code which detects the disk unit number for the root disk is confused, e.g. by a mix of SCSI and IDE disks, or IDE disks with gaps in the sequence (e.g. no primary slave), the unit number can be forced by setting this variable. rootdev By default the value of currdev is used to set the root file system when the kernel is booted. This can be overridden by setting rootdev explicitly. Other variables are used to override kernel tunable parameters. The following tunables are available: efi.rt.disabled Disable UEFI runtime services in the kernel, if applica- ble. Runtime services are only available and used if the kernel is booted in a UEFI environment. hw.physmem Limit the amount of physical memory the system will use. By default the size is in bytes, but the k, K, m, M, g and G suffixes are also accepted and indicate kilobytes, megabytes and gigabytes respectively. An invalid suffix will result in the variable being ignored by the kernel. hw.pci.host_start_mem, hw.acpi.host_start_mem When not otherwise constrained, this limits the memory start address. The default is 0x80000000 and should be set to at least size of the memory and not conflict with other resources. Typically, only systems without PCI bridges need to set this variable since PCI bridges typi- cally constrain the memory starting address (and the variable is only used when bridges do not constrain this address). hw.pci.enable_io_modes Enable PCI resources which are left off by some BIOSes or are not enabled correctly by the device driver. Tunable value set to ON (1) by default, but this may cause prob- lems with some peripherals. kern.maxusers Set the size of a number of statically allocated system tables; see tuning(7) for a description of how to select an appropriate value for this tunable. When set, this tunable replaces the value declared in the kernel com- pile-time configuration file. kern.ipc.nmbclusters Set the number of mbuf clusters to be allocated. The value cannot be set below the default determined when the kernel was compiled. kern.ipc.nsfbufs Set the number of sendfile(2) buffers to be allocated. Overrides NSFBUFS. Not all architectures use such buffers; see sendfile(2) for details. kern.maxswzone Limits the amount of KVM to be used to hold swap meta- data, which directly governs the maximum amount of swap the system can support, at the rate of approximately 200 MB of swap space per 1 MB of metadata. This value is specified in bytes of KVA space. If no value is pro- vided, the system allocates enough memory to handle an amount of swap that corresponds to eight times the amount of physical memory present in the system. Note that swap metadata can be fragmented, which means that the system can run out of space before it reaches the theoretical limit. Therefore, care should be taken to not configure more swap than approximately half of the theoretical maximum. Running out of space for swap metadata can leave the sys- tem in an unrecoverable state. Therefore, you should only change this parameter if you need to greatly extend the KVM reservation for other resources such as the buffer cache or kern.ipc.nmbclusters. Modifies kernel option VM_SWZONE_SIZE_MAX. kern.maxbcache Limits the amount of KVM reserved for use by the buffer cache, specified in bytes. The default maximum is 200MB on i386, and 400MB on amd64 and sparc64. This parameter is used to prevent the buffer cache from eating too much KVM in large-memory machine configurations. Only mess around with this parameter if you need to greatly extend the KVM reservation for other resources such as the swap zone or kern.ipc.nmbclusters. Note that the NBUF parame- ter will override this limit. Modifies VM_BCACHE_SIZE_MAX. kern.msgbufsize Sets the size of the kernel message buffer. The default limit of 64KB is usually sufficient unless large amounts of trace data need to be collected between opportunities to examine the buffer or dump it to a file. Overrides kernel option MSGBUF_SIZE. machdep.disable_mtrrs Disable the use of i686 MTRRs (x86 only). net.inet.tcp.tcbhashsize Overrides the compile-time set value of TCBHASHSIZE or the preset default of 512. Must be a power of 2. twiddle_divisor Throttles the output of the `twiddle' I/O progress indi- cator displayed while loading the kernel and modules. This is useful on slow serial consoles where the time spent waiting for these characters to be written can add up to many seconds. The default is 1 (full speed); a value of 2 spins half as fast, and so on. vm.kmem_size Sets the size of kernel memory (bytes). This overrides the value determined when the kernel was compiled. Modi- fies VM_KMEM_SIZE. vm.kmem_size_min vm.kmem_size_max Sets the minimum and maximum (respectively) amount of kernel memory that will be automatically allocated by the kernel. These override the values determined when the kernel was compiled. Modifies VM_KMEM_SIZE_MIN and VM_KMEM_SIZE_MAX. ZFS FEATURES loader supports the following format for specifying ZFS filesystems which can be used wherever loader(8) refers to a device specification: zfs:pool/filesystem: where pool/filesystem is a ZFS filesystem name as described in zfs(8). If /etc/fstab does not have an entry for the root filesystem and vfs.root.mountfrom is not set, but currdev refers to a ZFS filesystem, then loader will instruct kernel to use that filesystem as the root filesystem. BUILTIN PARSER When a builtin command is executed, the rest of the line is taken by it as arguments, and it is processed by a special parser which is not used for regular Forth commands. This special parser applies the following rules to the parsed text: 1. All backslash characters are preprocessed. • \b , \f , \r , \n and \t are processed as in C. • \s is converted to a space. • \v is converted to ASCII 11. • \z is just skipped. Useful for things like "\0xf\z\0xf". • \0xN and \0xNN are replaced by the hex N or NN. • \NNN is replaced by the octal NNN ASCII character. • \" , \' and \$ will escape these characters, preventing them from receiving special treatment in Step 2, described below. • \\ will be replaced with a single \ . • In any other occurrence, backslash will just be removed. 2. Every string between non-escaped quotes or double-quotes will be treated as a single word for the purposes of the remaining steps. 3. Replace any $VARIABLE or ${VARIABLE} with the value of the envi- ronment variable VARIABLE. 4. Space-delimited arguments are passed to the called builtin com- mand. Spaces can also be escaped through the use of \\ . An exception to this parsing rule exists, and is described in "BUILTINS AND FORTH". BUILTINS AND FORTH All builtin words are state-smart, immediate words. If interpreted, they behave exactly as described previously. If they are compiled, though, they extract their arguments from the stack instead of the com- mand line. If compiled, the builtin words expect to find, at execution time, the following parameters on the stack: addrN lenN ... addr2 len2 addr1 len1 N where addrX lenX are strings which will compose the command line that will be parsed into the builtin's arguments. Internally, these strings are concatenated in from 1 to N, with a space put between each one. If no arguments are passed, a 0 must be passed, even if the builtin ac- cepts no arguments. While this behavior has benefits, it has its trade-offs. If the execu- tion token of a builtin is acquired (through ' or [']), and then passed to catch or execute, the builtin behavior will depend on the system state at the time catch or execute is processed! This is particularly annoying for programs that want or need to handle exceptions. In this case, the use of a proxy is recommended. For example: : (boot) boot; FICL FICL is a Forth interpreter written in C, in the form of a forth vir- tual machine library that can be called by C functions and vice versa. In loader, each line read interactively is then fed to FICL, which may call loader back to execute the builtin words. The builtin include will also feed FICL, one line at a time. The words available to FICL can be classified into four groups. The ANS Forth standard words, extra FICL words, extra FreeBSD words, and the builtin commands; the latter were already described. The ANS Forth standard words are listed in the "STANDARDS" section. The words falling in the two other groups are described in the following subsec- tions. FICL EXTRA WORDS .env .ver -roll 2constant >name body> compare This is the STRING word set's compare. compile-only endif forget-wid parse-word sliteral This is the STRING word set's sliteral. wid-set-super w@ w! x. empty cell- -rot FREEBSD EXTRA WORDS $ (--) Evaluates the remainder of the input buffer, after having printed it first. % (--) Evaluates the remainder of the input buffer under a catch ex- ception guard. .# Works like . but without outputting a trailing space. fclose (fd --) Closes a file. fkey (fd -- char) Reads a single character from a file. fload (fd --) Processes a file fd. fopen (addr len mode -- fd) Opens a file. Returns a file descriptor, or -1 in case of failure. The mode parameter selects whether the file is to be opened for read access, write access, or both. The con- stants O_RDONLY, O_WRONLY, and O_RDWR are defined in /boot/support.4th, indicating read only, write only, and read-write access, respectively. fread (fd addr len -- len') Tries to read len bytes from file fd into buffer addr. Re- turns the actual number of bytes read, or -1 in case of error or end of file. heap? (-- cells) Return the space remaining in the dictionary heap, in cells. This is not related to the heap used by dynamic memory allo- cation words. inb (port -- char) Reads a byte from a port. key (-- char) Reads a single character from the console. key? (-- flag) Returns true if there is a character available to be read from the console. ms (u --) Waits u microseconds. outb (port char --) Writes a byte to a port. seconds (-- u) Returns the number of seconds since midnight. tib> (-- addr len) Returns the remainder of the input buffer as a string on the stack. trace! (flag --) Activates or deactivates tracing. Does not work with catch. FREEBSD DEFINED ENVIRONMENTAL QUERIES arch-i386 TRUE if the architecture is IA32. FreeBSD_version FreeBSD version at compile time. loader_version loader version. SECURITY Access to the loader command line provides several ways of compromising system security, including, but not limited to: • Booting from removable storage, by setting the currdev or loaddev variables • Executing binary of choice, by setting the init_path or init_script variables • Overriding ACPI DSDT to inject arbitrary code into the ACPI subsys- tem One can prevent unauthorized access to the loader command line by set- ting the password, or setting autoboot_delay to -1. See loader.conf(5) for details. In order for this to be effective, one should also con- figure the firmware (BIOS or UEFI) to prevent booting from unauthorized devices. FILES /boot/loader loader itself. /boot/boot.4th Additional FICL initialization. /boot/defaults/loader.conf /boot/loader.4th Extra builtin-like words. /boot/loader.conf /boot/loader.conf.local loader configuration files, as de- scribed in loader.conf(5). /boot/loader.rc loader bootstrapping script. /boot/loader.help Loaded by help. Contains the help mes- sages. /boot/support.4th loader.conf processing words. /usr/share/examples/bootforth/ Assorted examples. EXAMPLES Boot in single user mode: boot -s Load the kernel, a splash screen, and then autoboot in five seconds. Notice that a kernel must be loaded before any other load command is attempted. load kernel load splash_bmp load -t splash_image_data /boot/chuckrulez.bmp autoboot 5 Set the disk unit of the root device to 2, and then boot. This would be needed in a system with two IDE disks, with the second IDE disk hardwired to ada2 instead of ada1. set root_disk_unit=2 boot /boot/kernel/kernel Set the default device used for loading a kernel from a ZFS filesystem: set currdev=zfs:tank/ROOT/knowngood: ERRORS The following values are thrown by loader: 100 Any type of error in the processing of a builtin. -1 Abort executed. -2 Abort" executed. -56 Quit executed. -256 Out of interpreting text. -257 Need more text to succeed -- will finish on next run. -258 Bye executed. -259 Unspecified error. SEE ALSO libstand(3), loader.conf(5), tuning(7), boot(8), btxld(8) STANDARDS For the purposes of ANS Forth compliance, loader is an ANS Forth System with Environmental Restrictions, Providing .(, :noname, ?do, parse, pick, roll, refill, to, value, \, false, true, <>, 0<>, compile, , erase, nip, tuck and marker from the Core Extensions word set, Provid- ing the Exception Extensions word set, Providing the Locals Extensions word set, Providing the Memory-Allocation Extensions word set, Provid- ing .s, bye, forget, see, words, [if], [else] and [then] from the Pro- gramming-Tools extension word set, Providing the Search-Order exten- sions word set. HISTORY The loader first appeared in FreeBSD 3.1. AUTHORS The loader was written by Michael Smith <msmith@FreeBSD.org>. FICL was written by John Sadler <john_sadler@alum.mit.edu>. BUGS The expect and accept words will read from the input buffer instead of the console. The latter will be fixed, but the former will not. FreeBSD 12.2 August 15, 2018 LOADER(8)
NAME | DESCRIPTION | BUILTIN COMMANDS | FICL | SECURITY | FILES | EXAMPLES | ERRORS | SEE ALSO | STANDARDS | HISTORY | AUTHORS | BUGS
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