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CRASH(8) System Manager's Manual CRASH(8) NAME crash -- FreeBSD system failures DESCRIPTION This section explains a bit about system crashes and (very briefly) how to analyze crash dumps. When the system crashes voluntarily it prints a message of the form panic: why i gave up the ghost on the console, and if dumps have been enabled (see dumpon(8)), takes a dump on a mass storage peripheral, and then invokes an automatic reboot procedure as described in reboot(8). Unless some unexpected inconsis- tency is encountered in the state of the file systems due to hardware or software failure, the system will then resume multi-user operations. The system has a large number of internal consistency checks; if one of these fails, then it will panic with a very short message indicating which one failed. In many instances, this will be the name of the rou- tine which detected the error, or a two-word description of the incon- sistency. A full understanding of most panic messages requires perusal of the source code for the system. The most common cause of system failures is hardware failure, which can reflect itself in different ways. Here are the messages which are most likely, with some hints as to causes. Left unstated in all cases is the possibility that hardware or software error produced the message in some unexpected way. Mounting from <device> failed with error <err> The system was unable to mount the configured root filesystem. Either the root filesystem has been corrupted, or the system is attempting to use the wrong device as root filesystem. This is not a panic message; rather it is followed by an interactive mountroot> prompt where the operator can list detected devices and filesystems, and select an alternative root filesystem to mount. Al- ternatively, the system can be booted from recovery media to repair the situation. The system install media provides a live environment which is suitable for this task. init: not found This is not a panic message, as reboots are likely to be futile. Late in the bootstrap procedure, the system was unable to locate and execute the initialization process, init(8). The root file system is incorrect or has been corrupted, or the mode or type of /sbin/init forbids execution or is totally missing. ffs_realloccg: bad optim ffs_valloc: dup alloc ffs_alloccgblk: cyl groups corrupted ffs_alloccg: map corrupted blkfree: freeing free block blkfree: freeing free frag ifree: freeing free inode These panic messages are among those that may be produced when file system inconsistencies are detected. The problem generally results from a failure to repair damaged file systems after a crash, hardware failures, or other condition that should not normally occur. A file system check will normally correct the problem. init died (signal #, exit #) The system initialization process has ex- ited with the specified signal number and exit code. This is bad news, as no new users will then be able to log in. Rebooting is the only fix, so the system just does it right away. That completes the list of panic types you are likely to see. If the system has been configured to take crash dumps (see dumpon(8)), then when it crashes it will write (or at least attempt to write) an image of memory into the back end of the dump device, usually the same as the primary swap area. After the system is rebooted, the program savecore(8) runs and preserves a copy of this core image and the cur- rent system in a specified directory for later perusal. See savecore(8) for details. To analyze a dump you should begin by running kgdb(1) (ports/devel/gdb) on the system load image and core dump. If the core image is the re- sult of a panic, the panic message is printed. For more details con- sult the chapter on kernel debugging in the FreeBSD Developers' Handbook (https://www.freebsd.org/doc/en/books/developers-handbook/). SEE ALSO kgdb(1) (ports/devel/gdb), dumpon(8), reboot(8), savecore(8) HISTORY The crash manual page first appeared in FreeBSD 2.2. FreeBSD 15.0 July 25, 2025 CRASH(8)
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