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MAKE(1) User Commands MAKE(1) NAME make - GNU Make utility to maintain groups of programs SYNOPSIS make [OPTION]... [TARGET]... DESCRIPTION The make utility will determine automatically which pieces of a large pro- gram need to be recompiled, and issue the commands to recompile them. The manual describes the GNU implementation of make, which was written by Richard Stallman and Roland McGrath, and is currently maintained by Paul Smith. Our examples show C programs, since they are very common, but you can use make with any programming language whose compiler can be run with a shell command. In fact, make is not limited to programs. You can use it to describe any task where some files must be updated automatically from others whenever the others change. To prepare to use make, you must write a file called the makefile that de- scribes the relationships among files in your program, and provides com- mands for updating each file. In a program, typically the executable file is updated from object files, which are in turn made by compiling source files. Once a suitable makefile exists, each time you change some source files, this simple shell command: make suffices to perform all necessary recompilations. The make program uses the makefile description and the last-modification times of the files to decide which of the files need to be updated. For each of those files, it issues the commands recorded in the makefile. make executes commands in the makefile to update one or more targets, where target is typically a program. If no -f option is present, make will look for the makefiles GNUmakefile, makefile, and Makefile, in that order. Normally you should call your makefile either makefile or Makefile. (We recommend Makefile because it appears prominently near the beginning of a directory listing, right near other important files such as README.) The first name checked, GNUmakefile, is not recommended for most makefiles. You should use this name if you have a makefile that is specific to GNU Make, and will not be understood by other versions of make. If makefile is '-', the standard input is read. make updates a target if it depends on prerequisite files that have been modified since the target was last modified, or if the target does not ex- ist. OPTIONS -b, -m These options are ignored for compatibility with other versions of make. -B, --always-make Unconditionally make all targets. -C dir, --directory=dir Change to directory dir before reading the makefiles or doing anything else. If multiple -C options are specified, each is interpreted rela- tive to the previous one: -C / -C etc is equivalent to -C /etc. This is typically used with recursive invocations of make. -d Print debugging information in addition to normal processing. The de- bugging information says which files are being considered for remak- ing, which file-times are being compared and with what results, which files actually need to be remade, which implicit rules are considered and which are applied---everything interesting about how make decides what to do. --debug[=FLAGS] Print debugging information in addition to normal processing. If the FLAGS are omitted, then the behavior is the same as if -d was speci- fied. FLAGS may be any or all of the following names, comma- or space-separated. Only the first character is significant: the rest may be omitted: all for all debugging output (same as using -d), basic for basic debugging, verbose for more verbose basic debugging, im- plicit for showing implicit rule search operations, jobs for details on invocation of commands, makefile for debugging while remaking make- files, print shows all recipes that are run even if they are silent, and why shows the reason make decided to rebuild each target. Use none to disable all previous debugging flags. -e, --environment-overrides Give variables taken from the environment precedence over variables from makefiles. -E string, --eval string Interpret string using the eval function, before parsing any make- files. -f file, --file=file, --makefile=FILE Use file as a makefile. -i, --ignore-errors Ignore all errors in commands executed to remake files. -I dir, --include-dir=dir Specifies a directory dir to search for included makefiles. If sev- eral -I options are used to specify several directories, the directo- ries are searched in the order specified. Unlike the arguments to other flags of make, directories given with -I flags may come directly after the flag: -Idir is allowed, as well as -I dir. This syntax is allowed for compatibility with the C preprocessor's -I flag. -j [jobs], --jobs[=jobs] Specifies the number of jobs (commands) to run simultaneously. If there is more than one -j option, the last one is effective. If the -j option is given without an argument, make will not limit the number of jobs that can run simultaneously. --jobserver-style=style The style of jobserver to use. The style may be one of fifo, pipe, or sem (Windows only). -k, --keep-going Continue as much as possible after an error. While the target that failed, and those that depend on it, cannot be remade, the other de- pendencies of these targets can be processed all the same. -l [load], --load-average[=load] Specifies that no new jobs (commands) should be started if there are others jobs running and the load average is at least load (a floating- point number). With no argument, removes a previous load limit. -L, --check-symlink-times Use the latest mtime between symlinks and target. -n, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon Print the commands that would be executed, but do not execute them (except in certain circumstances). -o file, --old-file=file, --assume-old=file Do not remake the file file even if it is older than its dependencies, and do not remake anything on account of changes in file. Essentially the file is treated as very old and its rules are ignored. -O[type], --output-sync[=type] When running multiple jobs in parallel with -j, ensure the output of each job is collected together rather than interspersed with output from other jobs. If type is not specified or is target the output from the entire recipe for each target is grouped together. If type is line the output from each command line within a recipe is grouped together. If type is recurse output from an entire recursive make is grouped together. If type is none output synchronization is disabled. -p, --print-data-base Print the data base (rules and variable values) that results from reading the makefiles; then execute as usual or as otherwise speci- fied. This also prints the version information given by the -v switch (see below). To print the data base without trying to remake any files, use make -p -f/dev/null. -q, --question ``Question mode''. Do not run any commands, or print anything; just return an exit status that is zero if the specified targets are al- ready up to date, nonzero otherwise. -r, --no-builtin-rules Eliminate use of the built-in implicit rules. Also clear out the de- fault list of suffixes for suffix rules. -R, --no-builtin-variables Don't define any built-in variables. -s, --silent, --quiet Silent operation; do not print the commands as they are executed. --no-silent Cancel the effect of the -s option. -S, --no-keep-going, --stop Cancel the effect of the -k option. -t, --touch Touch files (mark them up to date without really changing them) in- stead of running their commands. This is used to pretend that the commands were done, in order to fool future invocations of make. --trace Information about the disposition of each target is printed (why the target is being rebuilt and what commands are run to rebuild it). -v, --version Print the version of the make program plus a copyright, a list of au- thors and a notice that there is no warranty. -w, --print-directory Print a message containing the working directory before and after other processing. This may be useful for tracking down errors from complicated nests of recursive make commands. --no-print-directory Turn off -w, even if it was turned on implicitly. --shuffle[=MODE] Enable shuffling of goal and prerequisite ordering. MODE is one of none to disable shuffle mode, random to shuffle prerequisites in ran- dom order, reverse to consider prerequisites in reverse order, or an integer <seed> which enables random mode with a specific seed value. If MODE is omitted the default is random. -W file, --what-if=file, --new-file=file, --assume-new=file Pretend that the target file has just been modified. When used with the -n flag, this shows you what would happen if you were to modify that file. Without -n, it is almost the same as running a touch com- mand on the given file before running make, except that the modifica- tion time is changed only in the imagination of make. --warn-undefined-variables Warn when an undefined variable is referenced. EXIT STATUS GNU Make exits with a status of zero if all makefiles were successfully parsed and no targets that were built failed. A status of one will be re- turned if the -q flag was used and make determines that a target needs to be rebuilt. A status of two will be returned if any errors were encoun- tered. SEE ALSO The full documentation for make is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info and make programs are properly installed at your site, the command info make should give you access to the complete manual. BUGS See the chapter ``Problems and Bugs'' in The GNU Make Manual. AUTHOR This manual page contributed by Dennis Morse of Stanford University. Fur- ther updates contributed by Mike Frysinger. It has been reworked by Roland McGrath. Maintained by Paul Smith. COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 1992-1993, 1996-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is part of GNU Make. GNU Make is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Soft- ware Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. GNU Make is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more de- tails. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program. If not, see https://www.gnu.org/licenses/. GNU 26 May 2023 MAKE(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | EXIT STATUS | SEE ALSO | BUGS | AUTHOR | COPYRIGHT
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