EXPORTS(5) File Formats Manual EXPORTS(5) NAME exports -- define remote mount points for NFS mount requests SYNOPSIS exports DESCRIPTION The exports file specifies remote mount points for the NFS mount protocol per the NFS server specification; see Network File System Protocol Specifi- cation, RFC1094, Appendix A and NFS: Network File System Version 3 Specifi- cation, Appendix I. Each line in the file (other than comment lines that begin with a #) speci- fies the mount point(s) and export flags within one local server file sys- tem or the NFSv4 tree root for one or more hosts. A long line may be split over several lines by ending all but the last line with a backslash (`\'). A host may be specified only once for each local file or the NFSv4 tree root on the server and there may be only one default entry for each server file system that applies to all other hosts. The latter exports the file system to the "world" and should be used only when the file system contains public information. In a mount entry, the first field(s) specify the directory path(s) within a server file system that can be mounted on by the corresponding client(s). There are three forms of this specification. The first is to list all mount points as absolute directory paths separated by whitespace. This list of directory paths should be considered an "administrative control", since it is only enforced by the mountd(8) daemon and not the kernel. As such, it only applies to NFSv2 and NFSv3 mounts and only with respect to the client's use of the mount protocol. The second is to specify the path- name of the root of the file system followed by the -alldirs flag; this form allows the host(s) to mount at any point within the file system, in- cluding regular files if the -r option is used on mountd(8). Because NFSv4 does not use the mount protocol, the "administrative controls" are not ap- plied. Thus, all the above export line(s) should be considered to have the -alldirs flag, even if the line is specified without it. The third form has the string ``V4:'' followed by a single absolute path name, to specify the NFSv4 tree root. This line does not export any file system, but simply marks where the root of the server's directory tree is for NFSv4 clients. The exported file systems for NFSv4 are specified via the other lines in the exports(5) file in the same way as for NFSv2 and NFSv3. The pathnames must not have any symbolic links in them and should not have any "." or ".." components. Mount points for a file system may appear on multiple lines each with different sets of hosts and export options. The second component of a line specifies how the file system is to be ex- ported to the host set. The option flags specify whether the file system is exported read-only or read-write and how the client UID is mapped to user credentials on the server. For the NFSv4 tree root, the only option that can be specified in this section is -sec. Export options are specified as follows: -maproot=user The credential of the specified user is used for remote ac- cess by root. The credential includes all the groups to which the user is a member on the local machine (see id(1)). The user may be specified by name or number. -maproot=user:group1:group2:... The colon separated list is used to specify the precise credential to be used for remote access by root. The elements of the list may be either names or numbers. Note that user: should be used to distinguish a credential containing no groups from a complete credential for that user. -mapall=user or -mapall=user:group1:group2:... specifies a mapping for all client UIDs (including root) using the same semantics as -maproot. The option -r is a synonym for -maproot in an effort to be backward compat- ible with older export file formats. In the absence of -maproot and -mapall options, remote accesses by root will result in using a credential of -2:-2. All other users will be mapped to their remote credential. If a -maproot option is given, remote access by root will be mapped to that credential instead of -2:-2. If a -mapall option is given, all users (including root) will be mapped to that creden- tial in place of their own. -sec=flavor1:flavor2... specifies a colon separated list of acceptable se- curity flavors to be used for remote access. Supported security flavors are sys, krb5, krb5i and krb5p. If multiple flavors are listed, they should be ordered with the most preferred flavor first. If this option is not present, the default security flavor list of just sys is used. The -ro option specifies that the file system should be exported read-only (default read/write). The option -o is a synonym for -ro in an effort to be backward compatible with older export file formats. WebNFS exports strictly according to the spec (RFC 2054 and RFC 2055) can be done with the -public flag. However, this flag in itself allows r/w ac- cess to all files in the file system, not requiring reserved ports and not remapping UIDs. It is only provided to conform to the spec, and should normally not be used. For a WebNFS export, use the -webnfs flag, which im- plies -public, -mapall=nobody and -ro. Note that only one file system can be WebNFS exported on a server. A -index=file option can be used to specify a file whose handle will be re- turned if a directory is looked up using the public filehandle (WebNFS). This is to mimic the behavior of URLs. If no -index option is specified, a directory filehandle will be returned as usual. The -index option only makes sense in combination with the -public or -webnfs flags. Specifying the -quiet option will inhibit some of the syslog diagnostics for bad lines in /etc/exports. This can be useful to avoid annoying error messages for known possible problems (see "EXAMPLES" below). The third component of a line specifies the host set to which the line ap- plies. The set may be specified in three ways. The first way is to list the host name(s) separated by white space. (Standard Internet "dot" ad- dresses may be used in place of names.) The second way is to specify a "netgroup" as defined in the netgroup file (see netgroup(5)). The third way is to specify an Internet subnetwork using a network and network mask that is defined as the set of all hosts with addresses within the subnet- work. This latter approach requires less overhead within the kernel and is recommended for cases where the export line refers to a large number of clients within an administrative subnet. The first two cases are specified by simply listing the name(s) separated by whitespace. All names are checked to see if they are "netgroup" names first and are assumed to be hostnames otherwise. Using the full domain specification for a hostname can normally circumvent the problem of a host that has the same name as a netgroup. The third case is specified by the flag -network=netname[/prefixlength] and optionally -mask=netmask. The netmask may be specified either by attaching a prefixlength to the -network option, or by using a separate -mask option. If the mask is not specified, it will default to the mask for that network class (A, B or C; see inet(4)). See the "EXAMPLES" section below. Scoped IPv6 address must carry scope identifier as documented in inet6(4). For example, "fe80::%re2/10" is used to specify fe80::/10 on re2 interface. For the third form which specifies the NFSv4 tree root, the directory path specifies the location within the server's file system tree which is the root of the NFSv4 tree. All entries of this form must specify the same di- rectory path. This location can be any directory and does not need to be within an exported file system. If it is not in an exported file system, a very limited set of operations are permitted, so that an NFSv4 client can traverse the tree to an exported file system. Although parts of the NFSv4 tree can be non-exported, the entire NFSv4 tree must consist of local file systems capable of being exported via NFS. NFSv4 does not use the mount protocol and does permit clients to cross server mount point boundaries, although not all clients are capable of crossing the mount points. The -sec option on these line(s) specifies what security flavors may be used for NFSv4 operations that do not use file handles. Since these opera- tions (SetClientID, SetClientIDConfirm, Renew, DelegPurge and ReleaseLock- Onwer) allocate/modify state in the server, it is possible to restrict some clients to the use of the krb5[ip] security flavors, via this option. See the "EXAMPLES" section below. This third form is meaningless for NFSv2 and NFSv3 and is ignored for them. The mountd(8) utility can be made to re-read the exports file by sending it a hangup signal as follows: /etc/rc.d/mountd reload After sending the SIGHUP, check the syslogd(8) output to see whether mountd(8) logged any parsing errors in the exports file. FILES /etc/exports the default remote mount-point file EXAMPLES /usr /usr/local -maproot=0:10 friends /usr -maproot=daemon grumpy.cis.uoguelph.ca 131.104.48.16 /usr -ro -mapall=nobody /u -maproot=bin: -network 131.104.48 -mask 255.255.255.0 /a -network 192.168.0/24 /a -network 3ffe:1ce1:1:fe80::/64 /u2 -maproot=root friends /u2 -alldirs -network cis-net -mask cis-mask /cdrom -alldirs,quiet,ro -network 192.168.33.0 -mask 255.255.255.0 /private -sec=krb5i /secret -sec=krb5p V4: / -sec=krb5:krb5i:krb5p -network 131.104.48 -mask 255.255.255.0 V4: / -sec=sys:krb5:krb5i:krb5p grumpy.cis.uoguelph.ca Given that /usr, /u, /a and /u2 are local file system mount points, the above example specifies the following: The file system rooted at /usr is exported to hosts friends where friends is specified in the netgroup file with users mapped to their remote creden- tials and root mapped to UID 0 and group 10. It is exported read-write and the hosts in "friends" can mount either /usr or /usr/local. It is exported to 131.104.48.16 and grumpy.cis.uoguelph.ca with users mapped to their re- mote credentials and root mapped to the user and groups associated with "daemon"; it is exported to the rest of the world as read-only with all users mapped to the user and groups associated with "nobody". The file system rooted at /u is exported to all hosts on the subnetwork 131.104.48 with root mapped to the UID for "bin" and with no group access. The file system rooted at /u2 is exported to the hosts in "friends" with root mapped to UID and groups associated with "root"; it is exported to all hosts on network "cis-net" allowing mounts at any directory within /u2. The file system rooted at /a is exported to the network 192.168.0.0, with a netmask of 255.255.255.0. However, the netmask length in the entry for /a is not specified through a -mask option, but through the /prefix notation. The file system rooted at /a is also exported to the IPv6 network 3ffe:1ce1:1:fe80:: address, using the upper 64 bits as the prefix. Note that, unlike with IPv4 network addresses, the specified network address must be complete, and not just contain the upper bits. With IPv6 ad- dresses, the -mask option must not be used. The file system rooted at /cdrom will be exported read-only to the entire network 192.168.33.0/24, including all its subdirectories. Since /cdrom is the conventional mountpoint for a CD-ROM device, this export will fail if no CD-ROM medium is currently mounted there since that line would then at- tempt to export a subdirectory of the root file system with the -alldirs option which is not allowed. The -quiet option will then suppress the er- ror message for this condition that would normally be syslogged. As soon as an actual CD-ROM is going to be mounted, mount(8) will notify mountd(8) about this situation, and the /cdrom file system will be exported as in- tended. Note that without using the -alldirs option, the export would al- ways succeed. While there is no CD-ROM medium mounted under /cdrom, it would export the (normally empty) directory /cdrom of the root file system instead. The file system rooted at /private will be exported using Kerberos 5 au- thentication and will require integrity protected messages for all ac- cesses. The file system rooted at /secret will also be exported using Ker- beros 5 authentication and all messages used to access it will be en- crypted. For the experimental server, the NFSv4 tree is rooted at ``/'', and any client within the 131.104.48 subnet is permitted to perform NFSv4 state op- erations on the server, so long as valid Kerberos credentials are provided. The machine grumpy.cis.uoguelph.ca is permitted to perform NFSv4 state op- erations on the server using AUTH_SYS credentials, as well as Kerberos ones. SEE ALSO nfsv4(4), netgroup(5), mountd(8), nfsd(8), showmount(8) BUGS The export options are tied to the local mount points in the kernel and must be non-contradictory for any exported subdirectory of the local server mount point. It is recommended that all exported directories within the same server file system be specified on adjacent lines going down the tree. You cannot specify a hostname that is also the name of a netgroup. Speci- fying the full domain specification for a hostname can normally circumvent the problem. FreeBSD 9.0 July 12, 2011 EXPORTS(5)
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