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nbdkit(1) NBDKIT nbdkit(1) NAME nbdkit - toolkit for creating NBD servers SYNOPSIS nbdkit [-D|--debug PLUGIN|FILTER|nbdkit.FLAG=N] [-e|--exportname EXPORTNAME] [--exit-with-parent] [--filter FILTER ...] [-f|--foreground] [-g|--group GROUP] [-i|--ipaddr IPADDR] [--log stderr|syslog|null] [-n|--newstyle] [--mask-handshake MASK] [--no-sr] [-o|--oldstyle] [-P|--pidfile PIDFILE] [-p|--port PORT] [-r|--readonly] [--run CMD] [-s|--single] [--selinux-label LABEL] [--swap] [-t|--threads THREADS] [--tls off|on|require] [--tls-certificates /path/to/certificates] [--tls-psk /path/to/pskfile] [--tls-verify-peer] [-U|--unix SOCKET] [-u|--user USER] [-v|--verbose] [-V|--version] [--vsock] PLUGIN [[KEY=]VALUE [KEY=VALUE [...]]] nbdkit --dump-config nbdkit PLUGIN --dump-plugin nbdkit --help DESCRIPTION Network Block Device (NBD) is a network protocol for accessing block devices over the network. Block devices are hard disks and things that behave like hard disks such as disk images and virtual machines. nbdkit is both a toolkit for creating NBD servers from unconventional sources, and the name of an NBD server. nbdkit ships with many plugins for performing common tasks like serving local files. Plugins and filters nbdkit is different from other NBD servers because you can easily create new Network Block Device sources by writing a few glue functions, possibly in C, or perhaps in a high level language like Perl or Python. The liberal licensing of nbdkit is meant to allow you to link nbdkit with proprietary libraries or to include nbdkit in proprietary code. If you want to write your own nbdkit plugin you should read nbdkit-plugin(3). nbdkit also has a concept of filters which can be layered on top of plugins. Several filters are provided with nbdkit and if you want to write your own you should read nbdkit-filter(3). EXAMPLES Basic file serving • Serve file disk.img on port 10809 using nbdkit-file-plugin(1), and connect to it using guestfish(1): nbdkit file disk.img guestfish --rw --format=raw -a nbd://localhost • Serve file disk.img on port 10809, requiring clients to use encrypted (TLS) connections: nbdkit --tls=require file disk.img Other nbdkit plugins • Create a 1MB disk with one empty partition entirely on the command line using nbdkit-data-plugin(1): nbdkit data size=1M \ data="@0x1b8 0xf8 0x21 0xdc 0xeb 0 0 0 0 2 0 0x83 0x20 0x20 0 1 0 0 0 0xff 0x7 @0x1fe 0x55 0xaa" • Forward an NBD connection to a remote server over HTTPS or SSH using nbdkit-curl-plugin(1) or nbdkit-ssh-plugin(1): nbdkit -r curl https://example.com/disk.img nbdkit ssh host=example.com /var/tmp/disk.img • Create a RAM disk using nbdkit-memory-plugin(1): nbdkit memory 64M • Create a floppy disk image containing files from a local directory using nbdkit-floppy-plugin(1): nbdkit floppy dir/ Combining plugins and filters • Serve only the first partition from compressed disk image disk.img.xz, combining nbdkit-partition-filter(1), nbdkit-xz-filter(1) and nbdkit-file-plugin(1). nbdkit --filter=partition --filter=xz file disk.img.xz partition=1 To understand this command line: plugin name and plugin parameter nbdkit --filter=partition --filter=xz file disk.img.xz partition=1 filters and filter parameter • Create a scratch, empty nbdkit device and inject errors and delays, for testing clients, using nbdkit-memory-plugin(1), nbdkit-error-filter(1) and nbdkit-delay-filter(1): nbdkit --filter=error --filter=delay memory 100M \ error-rate=10% rdelay=1 wdelay=1 Writing plugins in shell script • Write a simple, custom plugin in shell script using nbdkit-sh-plugin(3): nbdkit sh - <<'EOF' case "$1" in get_size) echo 1M ;; pread) dd if=/dev/zero count=$3 iflag=count_bytes ;; *) exit 2 ;; esac EOF • The same example as above can be written entirely on the command line using nbdkit-eval-plugin(1): nbdkit eval get_size='echo 1M' \ pread='dd if=/dev/zero count=$3 iflag=count_bytes' Display information Display information about nbdkit or a specific plugin: nbdkit --help nbdkit --version nbdkit --dump-config nbdkit example1 --help nbdkit example1 --dump-plugin GLOBAL OPTIONS --help Display brief command line usage information and exit. -D PLUGIN.FLAG=N -D FILTER.FLAG=N --debug PLUGIN.FLAG=N --debug FILTER.FLAG=N Set the plugin or filter Debug Flag called "FLAG" to the integer value "N". See "Debug Flags" in nbdkit-plugin(3). -D nbdkit.FLAG=N --debug nbdkit.FLAG=N Set the nbdkit server Debug Flag called "FLAG" to the integer value "N". See "SERVER DEBUG FLAGS" below. --dump-config Dump out the compile-time configuration values and exit. See nbdkit-probing(1). --dump-plugin Dump out information about the plugin and exit. See nbdkit-probing(1). --exit-with-parent If the parent process exits, we exit. This can be used to avoid complicated cleanup or orphaned nbdkit processes. There are some important caveats with this, see "EXIT WITH PARENT" in nbdkit-captive(1). An alternative to this is "CAPTIVE NBDKIT" in nbdkit-captive(1). This option implies --foreground. -e EXPORTNAME --export EXPORTNAME --export-name EXPORTNAME --exportname EXPORTNAME Set the exportname. If not set, exportname "" (empty string) is used. Exportnames are not allowed with the oldstyle protocol. -f --foreground --no-fork Don't fork into the background. --filter FILTER Add a filter before the plugin. This option may be given one or more times to stack filters in front of the plugin. They are processed in the order they appear on the command line. See "FILTERS" and nbdkit-filter(3). -g GROUP --group GROUP Change group to "GROUP" after starting up. A group name or numeric group ID can be used. The server needs sufficient permissions to be able to do this. Normally this would mean starting the server up as root. See also -u. -i IPADDR --ip-addr IPADDR --ipaddr IPADDR Listen on the specified interface. The default is to listen on all interfaces. See also -p. --log=stderr --log=syslog --log=null Send error messages to standard error (--log=stderr), or to the system log (--log=syslog), or discard them completely (--log=null, not recommended for normal use). The default is to send error messages to stderr, unless nbdkit forks into the background in which case they are sent to syslog. For more details see "LOGGING" in nbdkit-service(1). -n --new-style --newstyle Use the newstyle NBD protocol. This is the default in nbdkit 1.3. In earlier versions the default was oldstyle. See nbdkit-protocol(1). --no-sr Do not advertise structured replies. A client must request structured replies to take advantage of block status and potential sparse reads; however, as structured reads are not a mandatory part of the newstyle NBD protocol, this option can be used to debug client fallbacks for dealing with older servers. See nbdkit-protocol(1). -o --old-style --oldstyle Use the oldstyle NBD protocol. This was the default in nbdkit 1.2, but now the default is newstyle. Note this is incompatible with newer features such as export names and TLS. See nbdkit-protocol(1). -P PIDFILE --pid-file PIDFILE --pidfile PIDFILE Write "PIDFILE" (containing the process ID of the server) after nbdkit becomes ready to accept connections. If the file already exists, it is overwritten. nbdkit does not delete the file when it exits. -p PORT --port PORT Change the TCP/IP port number on which nbdkit serves requests. The default is 10809. See also -i. -r --read-only --readonly The export will be read-only. If a client writes, then it will get an error. Note that some plugins inherently don't support writes. With those plugins the -r option is added implicitly. nbdkit-cow-filter(1) can be placed over read-only plugins to provide copy-on-write (or "snapshot") functionality. If you are using qemu as a client then it also supports snapshots. --run CMD Run nbdkit as a captive subprocess of "CMD". When "CMD" exits, nbdkit is killed. See "CAPTIVE NBDKIT" in nbdkit-captive(1). This option implies --foreground. -s --single --stdin Don't fork. Handle a single NBD connection on stdin/stdout. After stdin closes, the server exits. You can use this option to run nbdkit from inetd or similar superservers; or just for testing; or if you want to run nbdkit in a non-conventional way. Note that if you want to run nbdkit from systemd, then it may be better to use "SOCKET ACTIVATION" in nbdkit-service(1) instead of this option. This option implies --foreground. --selinux-label SOCKET-LABEL Apply the SELinux label "SOCKET-LABEL" to the nbdkit listening socket. The common perhaps only use of this option is to allow libvirt guests which are using SELinux and sVirt confinement to access nbdkit Unix domain sockets: nbdkit --selinux-label system_u:object_r:svirt_t:s0 ... --swap Specifies that the NBD device will be used as swap space loop mounted on the same machine which is running nbdkit. To avoid deadlocks this locks the whole nbdkit process into memory using mlockall(2). This may require additional permissions, such as starting the server as root or raising the "RLIMIT_MEMLOCK" (ulimit(1) -l) limit on the process. -t THREADS --threads THREADS Set the number of threads to be used per connection, which in turn controls the number of outstanding requests that can be processed at once. Only matters for plugins with thread_model=parallel (where it defaults to 16). To force serialized behavior (useful if the client is not prepared for out-of-order responses), set this to 1. --tls=off --tls=on --tls=require Disable, enable or require TLS (authentication and encryption support). See nbdkit-tls(1). --tls-certificates /path/to/certificates Set the path to the TLS certificates directory. If not specified, some built-in paths are checked. See nbdkit-tls(1) for more details. --tls-psk /path/to/pskfile Set the path to the pre-shared keys (PSK) file. If used, this overrides certificate authentication. There is no built-in path. See nbdkit-tls(1) for more details. --tls-verify-peer Enables TLS client certificate verification. The default is not to check the client's certificate. -U SOCKET --unix SOCKET -U - --unix - Accept connections on the Unix domain socket "SOCKET" (which is a path). nbdkit creates this socket, but it will probably have incorrect permissions (too permissive). If it is a problem that some unauthorized user could connect to this socket between the time that nbdkit starts up and the authorized user connects, then put the socket into a directory that has restrictive permissions. nbdkit does not delete the socket file when it exits. The caller should delete the socket file after use (else if you try to start nbdkit up again you will get an "Address already in use" error). If the socket name is - then nbdkit generates a randomly named private socket. This is useful with "CAPTIVE NBDKIT" in nbdkit-captive(1). -u USER --user USER Change user to "USER" after starting up. A user name or numeric user ID can be used. The server needs sufficient permissions to be able to do this. Normally this would mean starting the server up as root. See also -g. -v --verbose Enable verbose messages. It's a good idea to use -f as well so the process does not fork into the background (but not required). -V --version Print the version number of nbdkit and exit. The --dump-config option provides separate major and minor numbers and may be easier to parse from shell scripts. --vsock Use the AF_VSOCK protocol (instead of TCP/IP). You must use this in conjunction with -p/--port. See "AF_VSOCK" in nbdkit-service(1). PLUGIN NAME You can give the full path to the plugin, like this: nbdkit $libdir/nbdkit/plugins/nbdkit-file-plugin.so [...] but it is usually more convenient to use this equivalent syntax: nbdkit file [...] $libdir is set at compile time. To print it out, do: nbdkit --dump-config PLUGIN CONFIGURATION After specifying the plugin name you can (optionally, it depends on the plugin) give plugin configuration on the command line in the form of "key=value". For example: nbdkit file file=disk.img To list all the options supported by a plugin, do: nbdkit --help file To dump information about a plugin, do: nbdkit file --dump-plugin Magic parameters Some plugins declare a special "magic config key". This is a key which is assumed if no "key=" part is present. For example: nbdkit file disk.img is assumed to be "file=disk.img" because the file plugin declares "file" as its magic config key. There can be ambiguity in the parsing of magic config keys if the value might look like a "key=value". If there could be ambiguity then modify the value, eg. by prefixing it with "./" There is also a special exception for plugins which do not declare a magic config key, but where the first plugin argument does not contain an '=' character: it is assumed to be "script=value". This is used by scripting language plugins: nbdkit perl foo.pl [args...] has the same meaning as: nbdkit perl script=foo.pl [args...] Shebang scripts You can use "#!" to run nbdkit plugins written in most scripting languages. The file should be executable. For example: #!/usr/sbin/nbdkit perl sub open { # etc } (see nbdkit-perl-plugin(3) for a full example). SERVER DEBUG FLAGS As well as enabling or disabling debugging in the server using --verbose you can control extra debugging in the server using the "-D nbdkit.*" flags listed in this section. Note these flags are an internal implementation detail of the server and may be changed or removed at any time in the future. -D nbdkit.backend.controlpath=0 -D nbdkit.backend.controlpath=1 -D nbdkit.backend.datapath=0 -D nbdkit.backend.datapath=1 These flags control the verbosity of nbdkit backend debugging messages (the ones which show every request processed by the server). The default for both settings is 1 (normal debugging) but you can set them to 0 to suppress these messages. "-D nbdkit.backend.datapath=0" is the more useful setting which lets you suppress messages about pread, pwrite, zero, trim, etc. commands. When transferring large amounts of data these messages are numerous and not usually very interesting. "-D nbdkit.backend.controlpath=0" suppresses the non-datapath commands (config, open, close, can_write, etc.) SIGNALS nbdkit responds to the following signals: "SIGINT" "SIGQUIT" "SIGTERM" The server exits cleanly. "SIGPIPE" This signal is ignored. ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES "LISTEN_FDS" "LISTEN_PID" If present in the environment when nbdkit starts up, these trigger "SOCKET ACTIVATION" in nbdkit-service(1). SEE ALSO Other topics nbdkit-captive(1) Run nbdkit under another process and have it reliably cleaned up. nbdkit-loop(1) Use nbdkit with the Linux kernel client to create loop devices and loop mounts. nbdkit-probing(1) How to probe for nbdkit configuration and plugins. nbdkit-protocol(1) Which parts of the NBD protocol nbdkit supports. nbdkit-security(1) Lists past security issues in nbdkit. nbdkit-service(1) Running nbdkit as a service, and systemd socket activation. nbdkit-tls(1) Authentication and encryption of NBD connections (sometimes incorrectly called "SSL"). Plugins nbdkit-curl-plugin(1), nbdkit-data-plugin(1), nbdkit-eval-plugin(1), nbdkit-example1-plugin(1), nbdkit-example2-plugin(1), nbdkit-example3-plugin(1), nbdkit-example4-plugin(1), nbdkit-ext2-plugin(1), nbdkit-file-plugin(1), nbdkit-floppy-plugin(1), nbdkit-full-plugin(1), nbdkit-guestfs-plugin(1), nbdkit-gzip-plugin(1), nbdkit-info-plugin(1), nbdkit-iso-plugin(1), nbdkit-libvirt-plugin(1), nbdkit-linuxdisk-plugin(1), nbdkit-memory-plugin(1), nbdkit-nbd-plugin(1), nbdkit-null-plugin(1), nbdkit-partitioning-plugin(1), nbdkit-pattern-plugin(1), nbdkit-random-plugin(1), nbdkit-split-plugin(1), nbdkit-ssh-plugin(1), nbdkit-streaming-plugin(1), nbdkit-tar-plugin(1), nbdkit-tmpdisk-plugin(1), nbdkit-vddk-plugin(1), nbdkit-zero-plugin(1) ; nbdkit-golang-plugin(3), nbdkit-lua-plugin(3), nbdkit-ocaml-plugin(3), nbdkit-perl-plugin(3), nbdkit-python-plugin(3), nbdkit-ruby-plugin(3), nbdkit-rust-plugin(3), nbdkit-sh-plugin(3), nbdkit-tcl-plugin(3) . Filters nbdkit-blocksize-filter(1), nbdkit-cache-filter(1), nbdkit-cacheextents-filter(1), nbdkit-cow-filter(1), nbdkit-delay-filter(1), nbdkit-error-filter(1), nbdkit-exitlast-filter(1), nbdkit-ext2-filter(1), nbdkit-extentlist-filter(1), nbdkit-fua-filter(1), nbdkit-ip-filter(1), nbdkit-limit-filter(1), nbdkit-log-filter(1), nbdkit-nocache-filter(1), nbdkit-noextents-filter(1), nbdkit-nofilter-filter(1), nbdkit-noparallel-filter(1), nbdkit-nozero-filter(1), nbdkit-offset-filter(1), nbdkit-partition-filter(1), nbdkit-rate-filter(1), nbdkit-readahead-filter(1), nbdkit-retry-filter(1), nbdkit-stats-filter(1), nbdkit-truncate-filter(1), nbdkit-xz-filter(1) . For developers nbdkit-plugin(3), nbdkit-filter(3). Writing plugins in other programming languages nbdkit-golang-plugin(3), nbdkit-lua-plugin(3), nbdkit-ocaml-plugin(3), nbdkit-perl-plugin(3), nbdkit-python-plugin(3), nbdkit-ruby-plugin(3), nbdkit-rust-plugin(3), nbdkit-sh-plugin(3), nbdkit-tcl-plugin(3) . Release notes for previous releases of nbdkit nbdkit-release-notes-1.4(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.6(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.8(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.10(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.12(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.14(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.16(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.18(1), nbdkit-release-notes-1.20(1). NBD clients guestfish(1), libnbd(3), nbd-client(1), nbdfuse(1), nbdsh(1), qemu(1). nbdkit links http://github.com/libguestfs/nbdkit Source code. Other NBD servers qemu-nbd(1), nbd-server(1), https://bitbucket.org/hirofuchi/xnbd. Documentation for the NBD protocol https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/blob/master/doc/proto.md, https://nbd.sourceforge.io/. Similar protocols https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/iSCSI, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATA_over_Ethernet, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_Channel_over_Ethernet. Other manual pages of interest gnutls_priority_init(3), qemu-img(1), psktool(1), systemd.socket(5). AUTHORS Eric Blake Richard W.M. Jones Yann E. MORIN Nir Soffer Pino Toscano COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2013-2020 Red Hat Inc. LICENSE Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: • Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. • Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. • Neither the name of Red Hat nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY RED HAT AND CONTRIBUTORS ''AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL RED HAT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. nbdkit-1.20.4 2025-04-13 nbdkit(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLES | GLOBAL OPTIONS | PLUGIN NAME | PLUGIN CONFIGURATION | SERVER DEBUG FLAGS | SIGNALS | ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES | SEE ALSO | AUTHORS | COPYRIGHT | LICENSE
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