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podman-pod-create(1) General Commands Manual podman-pod-create(1)

NAME
podman-pod-create - Create a new pod

SYNOPSIS
podman pod create [options] [name]

DESCRIPTION
Creates an empty pod, or unit of multiple containers, and prepares it
to have containers added to it. The pod can be created with a specific
name. If a name is not given a random name is generated. The pod ID is
printed to STDOUT. You can then use podman create --pod
<pod_id|pod_name> ... to add containers to the pod, and podman pod
start <pod_id|pod_name> to start the pod.

The operator can identify a pod in three ways: UUID long identifier
(f78375b1c487e03c9438c729345e54db9d20cfa2ac1fc3494b6eb60872e74778) UUID
short identifier (f78375b1c487) Name (jonah)

podman generates a UUID for each pod, and if a name is not assigned to
the container with --name then a random string name is generated for
it. This name is useful to identify a pod.

Note: resource limit related flags work by setting the limits explic-
itly in the pod's cgroup parent for all containers joining the pod. A
container can override the resource limits when joining a pod. For ex-
ample, if a pod was created via podman pod create --cpus=5, specifying
podman container create --pod=<pod_id|pod_name> --cpus=4 causes the
container to use the smaller limit. Also, containers which specify
their own cgroup, such as --cgroupns=host, do NOT get the assigned pod
level cgroup resources.

OPTIONS
--add-host=hostname[;hostname[;...]]:ip
Add a custom host-to-IP mapping to the pod's /etc/hosts file.

The option takes one or multiple semicolon-separated hostnames to be
mapped to a single IPv4 or IPv6 address, separated by a colon. It can
also be used to overwrite the IP addresses of hostnames Podman adds to
/etc/hosts by default (also see the --name and --hostname options).
This option can be specified multiple times to add additional mappings
to /etc/hosts. It conflicts with the --no-hosts option and conflicts
with no_hosts=true in containers.conf.

Instead of an IP address, the special flag host-gateway can be given.
This resolves to an IP address the container can use to connect to the
host. The IP address chosen depends on your network setup, thus there's
no guarantee that Podman can determine the host-gateway address auto-
matically, which will then cause Podman to fail with an error message.
You can overwrite this IP address using the host_containers_internal_ip
option in containers.conf.

The host-gateway address is also used by Podman to automatically add
the host.containers.internal and host.docker.internal hostnames to
/etc/hosts. You can prevent that by either giving the --no-hosts op-
tion, or by setting host_containers_internal_ip="none" in contain-
ers.conf. If no host-gateway address was configured manually and Podman
fails to determine the IP address automatically, Podman will silently
skip adding these internal hostnames to /etc/hosts. If Podman is run-
ning in a virtual machine using podman machine (this includes Mac and
Windows hosts), Podman will silently skip adding the internal hostnames
to /etc/hosts, unless an IP address was configured manually; the inter-
nal hostnames are resolved by the gvproxy DNS resolver instead.

Podman will use the /etc/hosts file of the host as a basis by default,
i.e. any hostname present in this file will also be present in the
/etc/hosts file of the container. A different base file can be config-
ured using the base_hosts_file config in containers.conf.

The /etc/hosts file is shared between all containers in the pod.

--blkio-weight=weight
Block IO relative weight. The weight is a value between 10 and 1000.

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--blkio-weight-device=device:weight
Block IO relative device weight.

--cgroup-parent=path
Path to cgroups under which the cgroup for the pod is created. If the
path is not absolute, the path is considered to be relative to the
cgroups path of the init process. Cgroups are created if they do not
already exist.

--cpu-shares, -c=shares
CPU shares (relative weight).

By default, all containers get the same proportion of CPU cycles. This
proportion can be modified by changing the container's CPU share
weighting relative to the combined weight of all the running contain-
ers. Default weight is 1024.

The proportion only applies when CPU-intensive processes are running.
When tasks in one container are idle, other containers can use the
left-over CPU time. The actual amount of CPU time varies depending on
the number of containers running on the system.

For example, consider three containers, one has a cpu-share of 1024 and
two others have a cpu-share setting of 512. When processes in all three
containers attempt to use 100% of CPU, the first container receives 50%
of the total CPU time. If a fourth container is added with a cpu-share
of 1024, the first container only gets 33% of the CPU. The remaining
containers receive 16.5%, 16.5% and 33% of the CPU.

On a multi-core system, the shares of CPU time are distributed over all
CPU cores. Even if a container is limited to less than 100% of CPU
time, it can use 100% of each individual CPU core.

For example, consider a system with more than three cores. If the con-
tainer C0 is started with --cpu-shares=512 running one process, and an-
other container C1 with --cpu-shares=1024 running two processes, this
can result in the following division of CPU shares:

+-----+-----------+-----+--------------+
| PID | container | CPU | CPU share |
+-----+-----------+-----+--------------+
| 100 | C0 | 0 | 100% of CPU0 |
+-----+-----------+-----+--------------+
| 101 | C1 | 1 | 100% of CPU1 |
+-----+-----------+-----+--------------+
| 102 | C1 | 2 | 100% of CPU2 |
+-----+-----------+-----+--------------+

On some systems, changing the resource limits may not be allowed for
non-root users. For more details, see https://github.com/contain-
ers/podman/blob/main/troubleshooting.md#26-running-containers-with-re-
source-limits-fails-with-a-permissions-error

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--cpus=amount
Set the total number of CPUs delegated to the pod. Default is 0.000
which indicates that there is no limit on computation power.

--cpuset-cpus=number
CPUs in which to allow execution. Can be specified as a comma-separated
list (e.g. 0,1), as a range (e.g. 0-3), or any combination thereof
(e.g. 0-3,7,11-15).

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--cpuset-mems=nodes
Memory nodes (MEMs) in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1). Only effec-
tive on NUMA systems.

If there are four memory nodes on the system (0-3), use --cpuset-
mems=0,1 then processes in the container only uses memory from the
first two memory nodes.

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--device=host-device[:container-device][:permissions]
Add a host device to the pod. Optional permissions parameter can be
used to specify device permissions by combining r for read, w for
write, and m for mknod(2).

Example: --device=/dev/sdc:/dev/xvdc:rwm.

Note: if host-device is a symbolic link then it is resolved first. The
pod only stores the major and minor numbers of the host device.

Podman may load kernel modules required for using the specified device.
The devices that Podman loads modules for when necessary are:
/dev/fuse.

In rootless mode, the new device is bind mounted in the container from
the host rather than Podman creating it within the container space. Be-
cause the bind mount retains its SELinux label on SELinux systems, the
container can get permission denied when accessing the mounted device.
Modify SELinux settings to allow containers to use all device labels
via the following command:

$ sudo setsebool -P container_use_devices=true

Note: the pod implements devices by storing the initial configuration
passed by the user and recreating the device on each container added to
the pod.

--device-read-bps=path:rate
Limit read rate (in bytes per second) from a device (e.g. --device-
read-bps=/dev/sda:1mb).

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--device-write-bps=path:rate
Limit write rate (in bytes per second) to a device (e.g. --device-
write-bps=/dev/sda:1mb).

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--dns=ipaddr
Set custom DNS servers in the /etc/resolv.conf file that is shared be-
tween all containers in the pod. A special option, "none" is allowed
which disables creation of /etc/resolv.conf for the pod.

--dns-option=option
Set custom DNS options in the /etc/resolv.conf file that is shared be-
tween all containers in the pod.

--dns-search=domain
Set custom DNS search domains in the /etc/resolv.conf file that is
shared between all containers in the pod.

--exit-policy=continue | stop
Set the exit policy of the pod when the last container exits. Sup-
ported policies are:

--gidmap=pod_gid:host_gid:amount
GID map for the user namespace. Using this flag runs all containers in
the pod with user namespace enabled. It conflicts with the --userns
and --subgidname flags.

--gpus=ENTRY
GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs) Currently
only Nvidia devices are supported.

--help, -h
Print usage statement.

--hostname=name
Set the pod's hostname inside all containers.

The given hostname is also added to the /etc/hosts file using the con-
tainer's primary IP address (also see the --add-host option).

--infra
Create an infra container and associate it with the pod. An infra con-
tainer is a lightweight container used to coordinate the shared kernel
namespace of a pod. Default: true.

--infra-command=command
The command that is run to start the infra container. Default:
"/pause".

--infra-conmon-pidfile=file
Write the pid of the infra container's conmon process to a file. As
conmon runs in a separate process than Podman, this is necessary when
using systemd to manage Podman containers and pods.

--infra-image=image
The custom image that is used for the infra container. Unless speci-
fied, Podman builds a custom local image which does not require pulling
down an image.

--infra-name=name
The name that is used for the pod's infra container.

--ip=ipv4
Specify a static IPv4 address for the pod, for example 10.88.64.128.
This option can only be used if the pod is joined to only a single net-
work - i.e., --network=network-name is used at most once - and if the
pod is not joining another container's network namespace via --net-
work=container:id. The address must be within the network's IP address
pool (default 10.88.0.0/16).

To specify multiple static IP addresses per pod, set multiple networks
using the --network option with a static IP address specified for each
using the ip mode for that option.

--ip6=ipv6
Specify a static IPv6 address for the pod, for example
fd46:db93:aa76:ac37::10. This option can only be used if the pod is
joined to only a single network - i.e., --network=network-name is used
at most once - and if the pod is not joining another container's net-
work namespace via --network=container:id. The address must be within
the network's IPv6 address pool.

To specify multiple static IPv6 addresses per pod, set multiple net-
works using the --network option with a static IPv6 address specified
for each using the ip6 mode for that option.

--label, -l=key=value
Add metadata to a pod.

--label-file=file
Read in a line-delimited file of labels.

--mac-address=address
Pod network interface MAC address (e.g. 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33) This option
can only be used if the pod is joined to only a single network - i.e.,
--network=network-name is used at most once - and if the pod is not
joining another container's network namespace via --network=con-
tainer:id.

Remember that the MAC address in an Ethernet network must be unique.
The IPv6 link-local address is based on the device's MAC address ac-
cording to RFC4862.

To specify multiple static MAC addresses per pod, set multiple networks
using the --network option with a static MAC address specified for each
using the mac mode for that option.

--memory, -m=number[unit]
Memory limit. A unit can be b (bytes), k (kibibytes), m (mebibytes), or
g (gibibytes).

Allows the memory available to a container to be constrained. If the
host supports swap memory, then the -m memory setting can be larger
than physical RAM. If a limit of 0 is specified (not using -m), the
container's memory is not limited. The actual limit may be rounded up
to a multiple of the operating system's page size (the value is very
large, that's millions of trillions).

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--memory-swap=number[unit]
A limit value equal to memory plus swap. A unit can be b (bytes), k
(kibibytes), m (mebibytes), or g (gibibytes).

Must be used with the -m (--memory) flag. The argument value must be
larger than that of
-m (--memory) By default, it is set to double the value of --memory.

Set number to -1 to enable unlimited swap.

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--name, -n=name
Assign a name to the pod.

--network=mode, --net
Set the network mode for the pod.

Valid mode values are:

• bridge[:OPTIONS,...]: Create a network stack on the default bridge.
This is the default for rootful containers. It is possible to specify
these additional options:

• alias=name: Add network-scoped alias for the container.

• ip=IPv4: Specify a static IPv4 address for this container.

• ip6=IPv6: Specify a static IPv6 address for this container.

• mac=MAC: Specify a static MAC address for this container.

• interface_name=name: Specify a name for the created network inter-
face inside the container.

For example, to set a static ipv4 address and a static mac address,
use --network bridge:ip=10.88.0.10,mac=44:33:22:11:00:99.

• <network name or ID>[:OPTIONS,...]: Connect to a user-defined net-
work; this is the network name or ID from a network created by podman
network create. It is possible to specify the same options described
under the bridge mode above. Use the --network option multiple times
to specify additional networks.
For backwards compatibility it is also possible to specify comma-sep-
arated networks on the first --network argument, however this pre-
vents you from using the options described under the bridge section
above.

• none: Create a network namespace for the container but do not config-
ure network interfaces for it, thus the container has no network con-
nectivity.

• container:id: Reuse another container's network stack.

• host: Do not create a network namespace, the container uses the
host's network. Note: The host mode gives the container full access
to local system services such as D-bus and is therefore considered
insecure.

• ns:path: Path to a network namespace to join.

• private: Create a new namespace for the container. This uses the
bridge mode for rootful containers and slirp4netns for rootless ones.

• slirp4netns[:OPTIONS,...]: use slirp4netns(1) to create a user net-
work stack. It is possible to specify these additional options, they
can also be set with network_cmd_options in containers.conf:

• allow_host_loopback=true|false: Allow slirp4netns to reach the host
loopback IP (default is 10.0.2.2 or the second IP from slirp4netns
cidr subnet when changed, see the cidr option below). The default
is false.

• mtu=MTU: Specify the MTU to use for this network. (Default is
65520).

• cidr=CIDR: Specify ip range to use for this network. (Default is
10.0.2.0/24).

• enable_ipv6=true|false: Enable IPv6. Default is true. (Required for
outbound_addr6).

• outbound_addr=INTERFACE: Specify the outbound interface slirp binds
to (ipv4 traffic only).

• outbound_addr=IPv4: Specify the outbound ipv4 address slirp binds
to.

• outbound_addr6=INTERFACE: Specify the outbound interface slirp
binds to (ipv6 traffic only).

• outbound_addr6=IPv6: Specify the outbound ipv6 address slirp binds
to.

• port_handler=rootlesskit: Use rootlesskit for port forwarding. De-
fault.
Note: Rootlesskit changes the source IP address of incoming packets
to an IP address in the container network namespace, usually
10.0.2.100. If the application requires the real source IP address,
e.g. web server logs, use the slirp4netns port handler. The root-
lesskit port handler is also used for rootless containers when con-
nected to user-defined networks.

• port_handler=slirp4netns: Use the slirp4netns port forwarding, it
is slower than rootlesskit but preserves the correct source IP ad-
dress. This port handler cannot be used for user-defined networks.

• pasta[:OPTIONS,...]: use pasta(1) to create a user-mode networking
stack.
This is the default for rootless containers and only supported in
rootless mode.
By default, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and routes, as well as the pod
interface name, are copied from the host. If port forwarding isn't
configured, ports are forwarded dynamically as services are bound on
either side (init namespace or container namespace). Port forwarding
preserves the original source IP address. Options described in
pasta(1) can be specified as comma-separated arguments.
In terms of pasta(1) options, --config-net is given by default, in
order to configure networking when the container is started, and
--no-map-gw is also assumed by default, to avoid direct access from
container to host using the gateway address. The latter can be over-
ridden by passing --map-gw in the pasta-specific options (despite not
being an actual pasta(1) option).
Also, -t none and -u none are passed if, respectively, no TCP or UDP
port forwarding from host to container is configured, to disable au-
tomatic port forwarding based on bound ports. Similarly, -T none and
-U none are given to disable the same functionality from container to
host.
Some examples:

• pasta:--map-gw: Allow the container to directly reach the host us-
ing the gateway address.

• pasta:--mtu,1500: Specify a 1500 bytes MTU for the tap interface in
the container.

• pasta:--ipv4-only,-a,10.0.2.0,-n,24,-g,10.0.2.2,--dns-for-
ward,10.0.2.3,-m,1500,--no-ndp,--no-dhcpv6,--no-dhcp, equivalent to
default slirp4netns(1) options: disable IPv6, assign 10.0.2.0/24 to
the tap0 interface in the container, with gateway 10.0.2.3, enable
DNS forwarder reachable at 10.0.2.3, set MTU to 1500 bytes, disable
NDP, DHCPv6 and DHCP support.

• pasta:-I,tap0,--ipv4-only,-a,10.0.2.0,-n,24,-g,10.0.2.2,--dns-for-
ward,10.0.2.3,--no-ndp,--no-dhcpv6,--no-dhcp, equivalent to default
slirp4netns(1) options with Podman overrides: same as above, but
leave the MTU to 65520 bytes

• pasta:-t,auto,-u,auto,-T,auto,-U,auto: enable automatic port for-
warding based on observed bound ports from both host and container
sides

• pasta:-T,5201: enable forwarding of TCP port 5201 from container to
host, using the loopback interface instead of the tap interface for
improved performance

Invalid if using --dns, --dns-option, or --dns-search with --network
set to none or container:id.

--network-alias=alias
Add a network-scoped alias for the pod, setting the alias for all net-
works that the container joins. To set a name only for a specific net-
work, use the alias option as described under the --network option. If
the network has DNS enabled (podman network inspect -f {{.DNSEnabled}}
<name>), these aliases can be used for name resolution on the given
network. This option can be specified multiple times. NOTE: When using
CNI a pod only has access to aliases on the first network that it
joins. This limitation does not exist with netavark/aardvark-dns.

--no-hosts
Do not modify the /etc/hosts file in the pod.

Podman assumes control over the pod's /etc/hosts file by default and
adds entries for the container's name (see --name option) and hostname
(see --hostname option), the internal host.containers.internal and
host.docker.internal hosts, as well as any hostname added using the
--add-host option. Refer to the --add-host option for details. Passing
--no-hosts disables this, so that the image's /etc/hosts file is kept
unmodified. The same can be achieved globally by setting no_hosts=true
in containers.conf.

This option conflicts with --add-host.

--pid=pid
Set the PID mode for the pod. The default is to create a private PID
namespace for the pod. Requires the PID namespace to be shared via
--share.

host: use the hosts PID namespace for the pod
ns: join the specified PID namespace
private: create a new namespace for the pod (default)

--pod-id-file=path
Write the pod ID to the file.

--publish, -p=[[ip:][hostPort]:]containerPort[/protocol]
Publish a container's port, or range of ports, within this pod to the
host.

Both hostPort and containerPort can be specified as a range of ports.
When specifying ranges for both, the number of container ports in the
range must match the number of host ports in the range.

If host IP is set to 0.0.0.0 or not set at all, the port is bound on
all IPs on the host.

By default, Podman publishes TCP ports. To publish a UDP port instead,
give udp as protocol. To publish both TCP and UDP ports, set --publish
twice, with tcp, and udp as protocols respectively. Rootful containers
can also publish ports using the sctp protocol.

Host port does not have to be specified (e.g. podman run -p
127.0.0.1::80). If it is not, the container port is randomly assigned
a port on the host.

Use podman port to see the actual mapping: podman port $CONTAINER $CON-
TAINERPORT.

Note that the network drivers macvlan and ipvlan do not support port
forwarding, it will have no effect on these networks.

Note: You must not publish ports of containers in the pod individually,
but only by the pod itself.

Note: This cannot be modified once the pod is created.

--replace
If another pod with the same name already exists, replace and remove
it. The default is false.

--restart=policy
Restart policy to follow when containers exit. Restart policy does not
take effect if a container is stopped via the podman kill or podman
stop commands.

Valid policy values are:

• no : Do not restart containers on exit

• never : Synonym for no; do not restart containers
on exit

• on-failure[:max_retries] : Restart containers when they exit with a
non-zero exit code, retrying indefinitely or until the optional
max_retries count is hit

• always : Restart containers when they exit, regard-
less of status, retrying indefinitely

• unless-stopped : Identical to always

Podman provides a systemd unit file, podman-restart.service, which
restarts containers after a system reboot.

When running containers in systemd services, use the restart function-
ality provided by systemd. In other words, do not use this option in a
container unit, instead set the Restart= systemd directive in the [Ser-
vice] section. See podman-systemd.unit(5) and systemd.service(5).

Default restart policy for all the containers in a pod.

--security-opt=option
Security Options

• apparmor=unconfined : Turn off apparmor confinement for the pod

• apparmor=alternate-profile : Set the apparmor confinement profile for
the pod

• label=user:USER: Set the label user for the pod processes

• label=role:ROLE: Set the label role for the pod processes

• label=type:TYPE: Set the label process type for the pod processes

• label=level:LEVEL: Set the label level for the pod processes

• label=filetype:TYPE: Set the label file type for the pod files

• label=disable: Turn off label separation for the pod

Note: Labeling can be disabled for all pods/containers by setting la-
bel=false in the containers.conf (/etc/containers/containers.conf or
$HOME/.config/containers/containers.conf) file.

• label=nested: Allows SELinux modifications within the container. Con-
tainers are allowed to modify SELinux labels on files and processes,
as long as SELinux policy allows. Without nested, containers view
SELinux as disabled, even when it is enabled on the host. Containers
are prevented from setting any labels.

• mask=/path/1:/path/2: The paths to mask separated by a colon. A
masked path cannot be accessed inside the containers within the pod.

• no-new-privileges: Disable container processes from gaining addi-
tional privileges.

• seccomp=unconfined: Turn off seccomp confinement for the pod.

• seccomp=profile.json: JSON file to be used as a seccomp filter. Note
that the io.podman.annotations.seccomp annotation is set with the
specified value as shown in podman inspect.

• proc-opts=OPTIONS : Comma-separated list of options to use for the
/proc mount. More details for the possible mount options are speci-
fied in the proc(5) man page.

• unmask=ALL or /path/1:/path/2, or shell expanded paths (/proc/*):
Paths to unmask separated by a colon. If set to ALL, it unmasks all
the paths that are masked or made read-only by default. The default
masked paths are /proc/acpi, /proc/kcore, /proc/keys, /proc/la-
tency_stats, /proc/sched_debug, /proc/scsi, /proc/timer_list,
/proc/timer_stats, /sys/firmware, and /sys/fs/selinux, /sys/de-
vices/virtual/powercap. The default paths that are read-only are
/proc/asound, /proc/bus, /proc/fs, /proc/irq, /proc/sys, /proc/sysrq-
trigger, /sys/fs/cgroup.

Note: Labeling can be disabled for all containers by setting la-
bel=false in the containers.conf(5) file.

--share=namespace
A comma-separated list of kernel namespaces to share. If none or "" is
specified, no namespaces are shared, and the infra container is not
created unless explicitly specified via --infra=true. The namespaces to
choose from are cgroup, ipc, net, pid, uts. If the option is prefixed
with a "+", the namespace is appended to the default list. Otherwise,
it replaces the default list. Defaults match Kubernetes default (ipc,
net, uts)

--share-parent
This boolean determines whether or not all containers entering the pod
use the pod as their cgroup parent. The default value of this option is
true. Use the --share option to share the cgroup namespace rather than
a cgroup parent in a pod.

Note: This option conflicts with the --share=cgroup option since that
option sets the pod as the cgroup parent but enters the container into
the same cgroupNS as the infra container.

--shm-size=number[unit]
Size of /dev/shm. A unit can be b (bytes), k (kibibytes), m
(mebibytes), or g (gibibytes). If the unit is omitted, the system uses
bytes. If the size is omitted, the default is 64m. When size is 0,
there is no limit on the amount of memory used for IPC by the pod.
This option conflicts with --ipc=host.

--shm-size-systemd=number[unit]
Size of systemd-specific tmpfs mounts such as /run, /run/lock,
/var/log/journal and /tmp. A unit can be b (bytes), k (kibibytes), m
(mebibytes), or g (gibibytes). If the unit is omitted, the system uses
bytes. If the size is omitted, the default is 64m. When size is 0, the
usage is limited to 50% of the host's available memory.

--subgidname=name
Run the container in a new user namespace using the map with name in
the /etc/subgid file. If running rootless, the user needs to have the
right to use the mapping. See subgid(5). This flag conflicts with
--userns and --gidmap.

--subuidname=name
Run the container in a new user namespace using the map with name in
the /etc/subuid file. If running rootless, the user needs to have the
right to use the mapping. See subuid(5). This flag conflicts with
--userns and --uidmap.

--sysctl=name=value
Configure namespaced kernel parameters for all containers in the pod.

For the IPC namespace, the following sysctls are allowed:

• kernel.msgmax

• kernel.msgmnb

• kernel.msgmni

• kernel.sem

• kernel.shmall

• kernel.shmmax

• kernel.shmmni

• kernel.shm_rmid_forced

• Sysctls beginning with fs.mqueue.*

Note: if the ipc namespace is not shared within the pod, the above
sysctls are not allowed.

For the network namespace, only sysctls beginning with net.* are al-
lowed.

Note: if the network namespace is not shared within the pod, the above
sysctls are not allowed.

--uidmap=container_uid:from_uid:amount
Run all containers in the pod in a new user namespace using the sup-
plied mapping. This option conflicts with the --userns and --subuidname
options. This option provides a way to map host UIDs to container UIDs.
It can be passed several times to map different ranges.

--userns=mode
Set the user namespace mode for all the containers in a pod. It de-
faults to the PODMAN_USERNS environment variable. An empty value ("")
means user namespaces are disabled.

Rootless user --userns=Key mappings:

Valid mode values are:

• auto[:OPTIONS,...]: automatically create a namespace. It is possible
to specify these options to auto:

• gidmapping=CONTAINER_GID:HOST_GID:SIZE to force a GID mapping to be
present in the user namespace.

• size=SIZE: to specify an explicit size for the automatic user name-
space. e.g. --userns=auto:size=8192. If size is not specified, auto
estimates the size for the user namespace.

• uidmapping=CONTAINER_UID:HOST_UID:SIZE to force a UID mapping to be
present in the user namespace.

• host: run in the user namespace of the caller. The processes running
in the container have the same privileges on the host as any other
process launched by the calling user (default).

• keep-id: creates a user namespace where the current rootless user's
UID:GID are mapped to the same values in the container. This option
is not allowed for containers created by the root user.

• nomap: creates a user namespace where the current rootless user's
UID:GID are not mapped into the container. This option is not allowed
for containers created by the root user.

--uts=mode
Set the UTS namespace mode for the pod. The following values are sup-
ported:

• host: use the host's UTS namespace inside the pod.

• private: create a new namespace for the pod (default).

• ns:[path]: run the pod in the given existing UTS namespace.

--volume, -v=[[SOURCE-VOLUME|HOST-DIR:]CONTAINER-DIR[:OPTIONS]]
Create a bind mount. If -v /HOST-DIR:/CONTAINER-DIR is specified, Pod-
man bind mounts /HOST-DIR from the host into /CONTAINER-DIR in the Pod-
man container. Similarly, -v SOURCE-VOLUME:/CONTAINER-DIR mounts the
named volume from the host into the container. If no such named volume
exists, Podman creates one. If no source is given, the volume is cre-
ated as an anonymously named volume with a randomly generated name, and
is removed when the pod is removed via the --rm flag or the podman rm
--volumes command.

(Note when using the remote client, including Mac and Windows (exclud-
ing WSL2) machines, the volumes are mounted from the remote server, not
necessarily the client machine.)

The OPTIONS is a comma-separated list and can be one or more of:

• rw|ro

• z|Z

• [O]

• [U]

• [no]copy

• [no]dev

• [no]exec

• [no]suid

• [r]bind

• [r]shared|[r]slave|[r]private[r]unbindable [1] <#Footnote1>

• idmap[=options]

The CONTAINER-DIR must be an absolute path such as /src/docs. The vol-
ume is mounted into the container at this directory.

If a volume source is specified, it must be a path on the host or the
name of a named volume. Host paths are allowed to be absolute or rela-
tive; relative paths are resolved relative to the directory Podman is
run in. If the source does not exist, Podman returns an error. Users
must pre-create the source files or directories.

Any source that does not begin with a . or / is treated as the name of
a named volume. If a volume with that name does not exist, it is cre-
ated. Volumes created with names are not anonymous, and they are not
removed by the --rm option and the podman rm --volumes command.

Specify multiple -v options to mount one or more volumes into a pod.

Write Protected Volume Mounts

Add :ro or :rw option to mount a volume in read-only or read-write
mode, respectively. By default, the volumes are mounted read-write.
See examples.

Chowning Volume Mounts

By default, Podman does not change the owner and group of source volume
directories mounted into containers. If a pod is created in a new user
namespace, the UID and GID in the container may correspond to another
UID and GID on the host.

The :U suffix tells Podman to use the correct host UID and GID based on
the UID and GID within the pod, to change recursively the owner and
group of the source volume. Chowning walks the file system under the
volume and changes the UID/GID on each file. If the volume has thou-
sands of inodes, this process takes a long time, delaying the start of
the pod.

Warning use with caution since this modifies the host filesystem.

Labeling Volume Mounts

Labeling systems like SELinux require that proper labels are placed on
volume content mounted into a pod. Without a label, the security system
might prevent the processes running inside the pod from using the con-
tent. By default, Podman does not change the labels set by the OS.

To change a label in the pod context, add either of two suffixes :z or
:Z to the volume mount. These suffixes tell Podman to relabel file ob-
jects on the shared volumes. The z option tells Podman that two or more
pods share the volume content. As a result, Podman labels the content
with a shared content label. Shared volume labels allow all containers
to read/write content. The Z option tells Podman to label the content
with a private unshared label Only the current pod can use a private
volume. Note: all containers within a pod share the same SELinux label.
This means all containers within said pod can read/write volumes shared
into the container created with the :Z on any of one the containers.
Relabeling walks the file system under the volume and changes the label
on each file, if the volume has thousands of inodes, this process takes
a long time, delaying the start of the pod. If the volume was previ-
ously relabeled with the z option, Podman is optimized to not relabel a
second time. If files are moved into the volume, then the labels can be
manually change with the chcon -Rt container_file_t PATH command.

Note: Do not relabel system files and directories. Relabeling system
content might cause other confined services on the machine to fail.
For these types of containers we recommend disabling SELinux separa-
tion. The option --security-opt label=disable disables SELinux separa-
tion for the pod. For example if a user wanted to volume mount their
entire home directory into a pod, they need to disable SELinux separa-
tion.

$ podman pod create --security-opt label=disable -v $HOME:/home/user fedora touch /home/user/file

Overlay Volume Mounts

The :O flag tells Podman to mount the directory from the host as a tem-
porary storage using the overlay file system. The pod processes can
modify content within the mountpoint which is stored in the container
storage in a separate directory. In overlay terms, the source directory
is the lower, and the container storage directory is the upper. Modifi-
cations to the mount point are destroyed when the pod finishes execut-
ing, similar to a tmpfs mount point being unmounted.

For advanced users, the overlay option also supports custom non-
volatile upperdir and workdir for the overlay mount. Custom upperdir
and workdir can be fully managed by the users themselves, and Podman
does not remove it on lifecycle completion. Example :O,up-
perdir=/some/upper,workdir=/some/work

Subsequent executions of the container sees the original source direc-
tory content, any changes from previous pod executions no longer exist.

One use case of the overlay mount is sharing the package cache from the
host into the container to allow speeding up builds.

Note: The O flag conflicts with other options listed above.

Content mounted into the container is labeled with the private label.
On SELinux systems, labels in the source directory must be readable by
the pod infra container label. Usually containers can read/execute con-
tainer_share_t and can read/write container_file_t. If unable to change
the labels on a source volume, SELinux container separation must be
disabled for the pod or infra container to work.

Do not modify the source directory mounted into the pod with an overlay
mount, it can cause unexpected failures. Only modify the directory af-
ter the container finishes running.

Mounts propagation

By default, bind-mounted volumes are private. That means any mounts
done inside the pod are not visible on the host and vice versa. One
can change this behavior by specifying a volume mount propagation prop-
erty. When a volume is shared, mounts done under that volume inside
the pod are visible on host and vice versa. Making a volume slave[1]
<#Footnote1> enables only one-way mount propagation: mounts done on the
host under that volume are visible inside the container but not the
other way around.

To control mount propagation property of a volume one can use the
[r]shared, [r]slave, [r]private or the [r]unbindable propagation flag.
Propagation property can be specified only for bind mounted volumes and
not for internal volumes or named volumes. For mount propagation to
work the source mount point (the mount point where source dir is
mounted on) has to have the right propagation properties. For shared
volumes, the source mount point has to be shared. And for slave vol-
umes, the source mount point has to be either shared or slave. [1]
<#Footnote1>

To recursively mount a volume and all of its submounts into a pod, use
the rbind option. By default the bind option is used, and submounts of
the source directory is not mounted into the pod.

Mounting the volume with a copy option tells podman to copy content
from the underlying destination directory onto newly created internal
volumes. The copy only happens on the initial creation of the volume.
Content is not copied up when the volume is subsequently used on dif-
ferent containers. The copy option is ignored on bind mounts and has no
effect.

Mounting volumes with the nosuid options means that SUID executables on
the volume can not be used by applications to change their privilege.
By default volumes are mounted with nosuid.

Mounting the volume with the noexec option means that no executables on
the volume can be executed within the pod.

Mounting the volume with the nodev option means that no devices on the
volume can be used by processes within the pod. By default volumes are
mounted with nodev.

If the HOST-DIR is a mount point, then dev, suid, and exec options are
ignored by the kernel.

Use df HOST-DIR to figure out the source mount, then use findmnt -o
TARGET,PROPAGATION source-mount-dir to figure out propagation proper-
ties of source mount. If findmnt(1) utility is not available, then one
can look at the mount entry for the source mount point in
/proc/self/mountinfo. Look at the "optional fields" and see if any
propagation properties are specified. In there, shared:N means the
mount is shared, master:N means mount is slave, and if nothing is
there, the mount is private. [1] <#Footnote1>

To change propagation properties of a mount point, use mount(8) com-
mand. For example, if one wants to bind mount source directory /foo,
one can do mount --bind /foo /foo and mount --make-private --make-
shared /foo. This converts /foo into a shared mount point. Alterna-
tively, one can directly change propagation properties of source mount.
Say / is source mount for /foo, then use mount --make-shared / to con-
vert / into a shared mount.

Note: if the user only has access rights via a group, accessing the
volume from inside a rootless pod fails.

Idmapped mount

If idmap is specified, create an idmapped mount to the target user
namespace in the container. The idmap option supports a custom mapping
that can be different than the user namespace used by the container.
The mapping can be specified after the idmap option like:
idmap=uids=0-1-10#10-11-10;gids=0-100-10. For each triplet, the first
value is the start of the backing file system IDs that are mapped to
the second value on the host. The length of this mapping is given in
the third value. Multiple ranges are separated with #.

--volumes-from=CONTAINER[:OPTIONS]
Mount volumes from the specified container(s). Used to share volumes
between containers and pods. The options is a comma-separated list with
the following available elements:

• rw|ro

• z

Mounts already mounted volumes from a source container onto another
pod. CONTAINER may be a name or ID. To share a volume, use the --vol-
umes-from option when running the target container. Volumes can be
shared even if the source container is not running.

By default, Podman mounts the volumes in the same mode (read-write or
read-only) as it is mounted in the source container. This can be
changed by adding a ro or rw option.

Labeling systems like SELinux require that proper labels are placed on
volume content mounted into a pod. Without a label, the security system
might prevent the processes running inside the container from using the
content. By default, Podman does not change the labels set by the OS.

To change a label in the pod context, add z to the volume mount. This
suffix tells Podman to relabel file objects on the shared volumes. The
z option tells Podman that two entities share the volume content. As a
result, Podman labels the content with a shared content label. Shared
volume labels allow all containers to read/write content.

If the location of the volume from the source container overlaps with
data residing on a target pod, then the volume hides that data on the
target.

EXAMPLES
Create a named pod.

$ podman pod create --name test

Create a named pod.

$ podman pod create mypod

Create a pod without an infra container.

$ podman pod create --infra=false

Create a named pod with infra container command to run.

$ podman pod create --infra-command /top toppod

Create a pod with published ports on the host.

$ podman pod create --publish 8443:443

Create a pod with the specified network configuration.

$ podman pod create --network slirp4netns:outbound_addr=127.0.0.1,allow_host_loopback=true

Create a pod with the specified network.

$ podman pod create --network pasta

Create a pod on two networks.

$ podman pod create --network net1:ip=10.89.1.5 --network net2:ip=10.89.10.10

SEE ALSO
podman(1), podman-pod(1), podman-kube-play(1), containers.conf(1),
cgroups(7)

Troubleshooting
See podman-troubleshooting(7) for solutions to common issues.

HISTORY
July 2018, Originally compiled by Peter Hunt pehunt@redhat.com
<mailto:pehunt@redhat.com>

FOOTNOTES
1: The Podman project is committed to inclusivity, a core value of open
source. The master and slave mount propagation terminology used here is
problematic and divisive, and needs to be changed. However, these terms
are currently used within the Linux kernel and must be used as-is at
this time. When the kernel maintainers rectify this usage, Podman will
follow suit immediately.

podman-pod-create(1)

Want to link to this manual page? Use this URL:
<https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=podman-pod-create&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+Ports+14.3.quarterly>

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