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mlton(1) General Commands Manual mlton(1) NAME mlton - whole-program compiler for the Standard ML (SML) programming language SYNOPSIS mlton [option ...] file.{c|mlb|o|sml} [file.{c|o|s|S} ...] DESCRIPTION MLton is run from the command line with a collection of options fol- lowed by a file name and a list of files with which to compile, assem- ble, and link with. The simplest case is to run mlton foo.sml, where foo.sml contains a valid SML program, in which case MLton compiles the program to produce an executable foo. Since MLton does not support separate compilation, the program must be the entire program you wish to compile. However, the program may refer to signatures and struc- tures defined in the Basis Library. Larger programs, spanning many files, may be compiled with the ML Basis system. In this case, mlton foo.mlb will compile the complete SML pro- gram described by the basis foo.mlb, which may specify both SML files and additional bases. See the MLton Guide for details. MLton's compile-time options control the name of the output file, the verbosity of compile-time messages, and whether or not certain opti- mizations are performed. They also can specify which intermediate files are saved and can stop the compilation process early, at some in- termediate pass, in which case compilation can be resumed by passing the generated files to MLton. MLton uses the input file suffix to de- termine the type of input program. The possibilities are .c, .mlb, .o, .s, and .sml. With no arguments, MLton prints the version number and exits. For a usage message, run MLton with an invalid switch, e.g. mlton -z. In the explanation below and in the usage message, for flags that take a number of choices (e.g. {true|false}), the first value listed is the default. Compile-time options -align n Aligns objects in memory by the specified alignment (4 or 8). The default varies depending on architecture. -as-opt option Pass option to gcc when compiling assembler code. If you wish to pass an option to the assembler, you must use gcc's -Wa, syn- tax. -cc-opt option Pass option to gcc when compiling C code. -codegen {native|x86|amd64|c|llvm} Generate native object code via amd64 assembly, C code, LLVM code, or x86 assembly. With -codegen native (-codegen amd64 or -codegen x86), MLton typically compiles more quickly and gener- ates better code. -const 'name value' Set the value of a compile-time constant. Here is a list of available constants, their default values, and what they con- trol. Exn.keepHistory {false|true} Enable MLton.Exn.history. There is a performance cost to setting this to true, both in memory usage of exceptions and in run time, because of additional work that must be performed at each exception construction, raise, and han- dle. -default-ann ann Specify default ML Basis annotations. For example, -default-ann 'warnUnused true' causes unused variable warnings to be enabled by default. Defaults may be overridden by an annotation in an ML Basis file. -default-type type Specify the default binding for a primitive type. For example, -default-type word64 causes the top-level type word and the top- level structure Word in the Basis Library to be equal to Word64.word and Word64:WORD, respectively. Similarly, -de- fault-type intinf causes the top-level type int and the top- level structure Int in the Basis Library to be equal to IntInf.int and IntInf:INTEGER, respectively. -disable-ann ann Ignore the specified ML Basis annotation in every ML Basis File. For example, to see all match and unused warnings, compile with -default-ann 'warnUnused true', -disable-ann forceUsed, -dis- able-ann nonexhaustiveMatch, -disable-ann redundantMatch, and -disable-ann warnUnused. -export-header file Write C prototypes to file for all of the functions in the pro- gram exported from SML to C. -ieee-fp {false|true} Cause the x86 native code generator to be pedantic about follow- ing the IEEE floating point standard. By default, it is not, because of the performance cost. This only has an effect with -codegen x86. -inline n Set the inlining threshold used in the optimizer. The threshold is an approximate measure of code size of a procedure. The de- fault is 320. -keep {g|o} Save intermediate files. If no -keep argument is given, then only the output file is saved. g generated .c and .s files passed to gcc and generated .ll files passed to llvm-as o object (.o) files -link-opt option Pass option to gcc when linking. You can use this to specify library search paths, e.g. -link-opt -Lpath, and libraries to link with, e.g. -link-opt -lfoo, or even both at the same time, e.g. -link-opt '-Lpath -lfoo'. If you wish to pass an option to the linker, you must use gcc's -Wl, syntax, e.g., -link-opt '-Wl,--export-dynamic'. -llvm-as-opt option Pass option to llvm-as when assembling (.ll to .bc) LLVM code. -llvm-llc-opt option Pass option to llc when compiling (.bc to .o) LLVM code. -llvm-opt-opt option Pass option to opt when optimizing (.bc to .bc) LLVM code. -mlb-path-map file Use file as an ML Basis path map to define additional MLB path variables. Multiple uses of -mlb-path-map and -mlb-path-var are allowed, with variable definitions in later path maps taking precedence over earlier ones. -mlb-path-var 'name value' Define an additional MLB path variable. Multiple uses of -mlb-path-map and -mlb-path-var are allowed, with variable defi- nitions in later path maps taking precedence over earlier ones. -output file Specify the name of the final output file. The default name is the input file name with its suffix removed and an appropriate, possibly empty, suffix added. -profile {no|alloc|count|time} Produce an executable that gathers profiling data. When such an executable is run, it will produce an mlmon.out file. The man page on mlprof describes how to extract information from this file. -profile-branch {false|true} If true, the profiler will separately gather profiling data for each branch of a function definition, case expression, and if expression. -profile-stack {false|true} If true, the profiler will gather profiling data for all func- tions on the stack, not just the currently executing function. -profile-val {false|true} If true, the profiler will separately gather profiling data for each (expansive) val declaration. -runtime arg Pass argument to the runtime system via @MLton. The argument will be processed before other @MLton command line switches. Multiple uses of -runtime are allowed, and will pass all the ar- guments in order. If the same runtime switch occurs more than once, then the last setting will take effect. There is no need to supply the leading @MLton or the trailing --; these will be supplied automatically. An argument to -runtime may contain spaces, which will cause the argument to be treated as a sequence of words by the runtime. For example, the command line: mlton -runtime 'ram-slop 0.4' foo.sml will cause foo to run as if it had been called like foo @MLton ram-slop 0.4 -- An executable created with -runtime stop doesn't process any @MLton arguments. This is useful to create an executable, e.g. echo, that must treat @MLton like any other command-line argu- ment. % mlton -runtime stop echo.sml % echo @MLton -- @MLton -- -show-basis file Pretty print to file the basis defined by the input program. -show-def-use file Output def-use information to file. Each identifier that is de- fined appears on a line, followed on subsequent lines by the po- sition of each use. -stop {f|g|o|tc} Specify when to stop. f list of files on stdout (only makes sense when input is foo.mlb) g generated .c and .s files o object (.o) files tc after type checking If you compile -stop g or -stop o, you can resume compilation by running MLton on the generated .c and .s or .o files. -target {self|...} Generate an executable that runs on the specified platform. The default is self, which means to compile for the machine that ML- ton is running on. To use any other target, you must first in- stall a cross compiler. See the MLton Guide for details. -target-as-opt target option Like -as-opt, this passes option to gcc when assembling, except it only passes option when the target architecture or operating system is target. -target-cc-opt target option Like -cc-opt, this passes option to gcc when compiling C code, except it only passes option when the target architecture or op- erating system is target. -target-link-opt target option Like -link-opt, this passes option to gcc when linking, except it only passes option when the target architecture or operating system is target. -verbose {0|1|2|3} How verbose to be about what passes are running. The default is 0. 0 silent 1 calls to compiler, assembler, and linker 2 1, plus intermediate compiler passes 3 2, plus some data structure sizes Runtime system options Executables produced by MLton take command line arguments that control the runtime system. These arguments are optional, and occur before the executable's usual arguments. To use these options, the first argument to the executable must be @MLton. The optional arguments then follow, must be terminated by --, and are followed by any arguments to the pro- gram. The optional arguments are not made available to the SML program via CommandLine.arguments. For example, a valid call to hello-world is: hello-world @MLton gc-summary fixed-heap 10k -- a b c In the above example, CommandLine.arguments () = ["a", "b", "c"]. It is allowed to have a sequence of @MLton arguments, as in: hello-world @MLton gc-summary -- @MLton fixed-heap 10k -- a b c Run-time options can also control MLton, as in mlton @MLton fixed-heap 0.5g -- foo.sml fixed-heap x{k|K|m|M|g|G} Use a fixed size heap of size x, where x is a real number and the trailing letter indicates its units. k or K 1024 m or M 1,048,576 g or G 1,073,741,824 A value of 0 means to use almost all the RAM present on the ma- chine. The heap size used by fixed-heap includes all memory allocated by SML code, including memory for the stack (or stacks, if there are multiple threads). It does not, however, include any memory used for code itself or memory used by C globals, the C stack, or malloc. gc-messages Print a message at the start and end of every garbage collec- tion. gc-summary Print a summary of garbage collection statistics upon program termination. gc-summary-file file Print a summary of garbage collection statistics upon program termination to the file specified by file. load-world world Restart the computation with the file specified by world, which must have been created by a call to MLton.World.save by the same executable. See the MLton Guide for details. max-heap x{k|K|m|M|g|G} Run the computation with an automatically resized heap that is never larger than x, where x is a real number and the trailing letter indicates the units as with fixed-heap. The heap size for max-heap is accounted for as with fixed-heap. may-page-heap {false|true} Enable paging the heap to disk when unable to grow the heap to a desired size. no-load-world Disable load-world. This can be used as an argument to the com- piler via -runtime no-load-world to create executables that will not load a world. This may be useful to ensure that set-uid ex- ecutables do not load some strange world. ram-slop x Multiply x by the amount of RAM on the machine to obtain what the runtime views as the amount of RAM it can use. Typically x is less than 1, and is used to account for space used by other programs running on the same machine. stop Causes the runtime to stop processing @MLton arguments once the next -- is reached. This can be used as an argument to the com- piler via -runtime stop to create executables that don't process any @MLton arguments. DIAGNOSTICS MLton's type error messages are not in a form suitable for processing by Emacs. For details on how to fix this, see http://mlton.org/Emacs. SEE ALSO mlprof(1) and the MLton Guide. January 17, 2021 mlton(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | Compile-time options | Runtime system options | DIAGNOSTICS | SEE ALSO
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