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std::vector::back(3) C++ Standard Libary std::vector::back(3) NAME std::vector::back - std::vector::back Synopsis reference back(); (until C++20) constexpr reference back(); (since C++20) const_reference back() const; (until C++20) constexpr const_reference back() const; (since C++20) Returns a reference to the last element in the container. Calling back on an empty container causes undefined behavior. Parameters (none) Return value Reference to the last element. Complexity Constant. Notes For a non-empty container c, the expression c.back() is equivalent to *std::prev(c.end()) Example The following code uses back to display the last element of a std::vector<char>: // Run this code #include <vector> #include <iostream> int main() { std::vector<char> letters {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'}; if (!letters.empty()) { std::cout << "The last character is '" << letters.back() << "'.\n"; } } Output: The last character is 'f'. See also front access the first element (public member function) http://cppreference.com 2022.07.31 std::vector::back(3)
NAME | Synopsis | Parameters | Return value | Complexity | Notes | Example | Output: | See also
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