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CHRONY.CONF(5) Configuration Files CHRONY.CONF(5) NAME chrony.conf - chronyd configuration file SYNOPSIS chrony.conf DESCRIPTION This file configures the chronyd daemon. The compiled-in location is /usr/local/etc/chrony.conf. Other locations can be specified on the chronyd command line with the -f option. Each directive in the configuration file is placed on a separate line. The following sections describe each of the directives in turn. The directives are not case-sensitive. Generally, the directives can occur in any order in the file and if a directive is specified multiple times, only the last one will be effective. Exceptions are noted in the descriptions. The configuration directives can also be specified directly on the chronyd command line. In this case each argument is parsed as a new line and the configuration file is ignored. While the number of supported directives is large, only a few of them are typically needed. See the EXAMPLES section for configuration in typical op- erating scenarios. The configuration file might contain comment lines. A comment line is any line that starts with zero or more spaces followed by any one of the fol- lowing characters: !, ;, #, %. Any line with this format will be ignored. DIRECTIVES Time sources server hostname [option]... The server directive specifies an NTP server which can be used as a time source. The client-server relationship is strictly hierarchical: a client might synchronise its system time to that of the server, but the server's system time will never be influenced by that of a client. The server can be specified by its hostname or IP address. If the host- name cannot be resolved on start, chronyd will try it again in increas- ing intervals, and also when the online command is issued in chronyc. The DNS record can change over time. The used address will be replaced with a newly resolved address when the server becomes unreachable (i.e. no valid response to the last 8 requests), unsynchronised, a falset- icker (i.e. does not agree with a majority of other sources), or the root distance is too large (the limit can be configured by the maxdis- tance directive). The automatic replacement happens at most once per 30 minutes and only one server can be replaced at a time. The address is also refreshed periodically when the server is working normally (the interval can be configured by the refresh directive). This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple servers. Each server must have a different IP address to be usable by chronyd. If a server is specified by a hostname that resolves only to addresses already used by other servers, the server will be treated as having an unknown address (e.g. reported by the chronyc activity command). The directive supports the following options: minpoll poll This option specifies the minimum interval between requests sent to the server as a power of 2 in seconds. For example, minpoll 5 would mean that the polling interval should not drop below 32 seconds. The default is 6 (64 seconds), the minimum is -7 (1/128th of a sec- ond), and the maximum is 24 (6 months). Note that intervals shorter than 6 (64 seconds) should generally not be used with public servers on the Internet, because it might be considered abuse. A sub-second interval will be enabled only when the server is reach- able and the round-trip delay is shorter than 10 milliseconds, i.e. the server should be in a local network. maxpoll poll This option specifies the maximum interval between requests sent to the server as a power of 2 in seconds. For example, maxpoll 9 indi- cates that the polling interval should stay at or below 9 (512 sec- onds). The default is 10 (1024 seconds), the minimum is -7 (1/128th of a second), and the maximum is 24 (6 months). iburst With this option, chronyd will start with a burst of 4-8 requests in order to make the first update of the clock sooner. It will also repeat the burst every time the source is switched from the offline state to online with the online command in chronyc. burst With this option, chronyd will send a burst of up to 4 requests when it cannot get a good measurement from the server. The number of requests in the burst is limited by the current polling interval to keep the average interval at or above the minimum interval, i.e. the current interval needs to be at least two times longer than the minimum interval in order to allow a burst with two requests. key ID The NTP protocol supports a message authentication code (MAC) to prevent computers from having their system time upset by rogue packets being sent to them. The MAC is generated as a function of a key specified in the key file, which is specified by the keyfile directive. The key option specifies which key (with an ID in the range 1 through 2^32-1) chronyd should use to authenticate requests sent to the server and verify its responses. The server must have the same key for this number configured; otherwise no relationship between the computers will be possible. If the server is running ntpd and the output size of the hash func- tion used by the key is longer than 160 bits (e.g. SHA256), the version option needs to be set to 4 for compatibility. nts This option enables authentication using the Network Time Security (NTS) mechanism. Unlike with the key option, the server and client do not need to share a key in a key file. NTS has a Key Establish- ment (NTS-KE) protocol using the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol to get the keys and cookies required by NTS for authenti- cation of NTP packets. With this option, the hostname specified in the server or pool di- rective is the NTS-KE server or pool of NTS-KE servers, respec- tively. The NTP server usually runs on the same host, but it can be separated from the NTS-KE server (the hostname or address of the NTP server is provided to the client by the NTS-KE server). The NTS-KE server can be specified by IP address if it is included in the server's certificate as a Subject Alternative Name (SAN). certset ID This option specifies which set of trusted certificates should be used to verify the server's certificate when the nts option is en- abled. Sets of certificates can be specified with the ntstrusted- certs directive. The default set is 0, which by default contains certificates of the system's default trusted certificate authori- ties. maxdelay delay chronyd uses the network round-trip delay to the server to deter- mine how accurate a particular measurement is likely to be. Long round-trip delays indicate that the request, or the response, or both were delayed. If only one of the messages was delayed, the measurement error is likely to be substantial. For small variations in the round-trip delay, chronyd uses a weighting scheme when processing the measurements. Beyond a certain level of delay, however, the measurements are likely to be so cor- rupted as to be useless. (This is particularly so on wireless net- works and other slow links, where a long delay probably indicates a highly asymmetric delay caused by the response waiting behind a lot of packets related to a download of some sort). If the user knows that round trip delays above a certain level should cause the measurement to be ignored, this level can be de- fined with the maxdelay option. For example, maxdelay 0.3 would in- dicate that measurements with a round-trip delay greater than 0.3 seconds should be ignored. The default value is 3 seconds, and the maximum value is 1000 seconds. maxdelayratio ratio This option is similar to the maxdelay option above. chronyd keeps a record of the minimum round-trip delay amongst the previous mea- surements that it has buffered. If a measurement has a round-trip delay that is greater than the specified ratio times the minimum delay, it will be rejected. By default, this test is disabled. maxdelaydevratio ratio If a measurement has a ratio of the increase in the round-trip de- lay from the minimum delay amongst the previous measurements to the standard deviation of the previous measurements that is greater than the specified ratio, it will be rejected. The default is 10.0. maxdelayquant p This option disables the maxdelaydevratio test and specifies the maximum acceptable delay as a quantile of the round-trip delay in- stead of a function of the minimum delay amongst the buffered mea- surements. If a measurement has a round-trip delay that is greater than a long-term estimate of the p-quantile, it will be rejected. The specified p value should be between 0.05 and 0.95. For example, maxdelayquant 0.2 would indicate that only measurements with the lowest 20 percent of round-trip delays should be accepted. Note that it can take many measurements for the estimated quantile to reach the expected value. This option is intended for synchronisa- tion in mostly static local networks with very short polling inter- vals and possibly combined with the filter option. By default, this test is disabled in favour of the maxdelaydevratio test. mindelay delay This option specifies a fixed minimum round-trip delay to be used instead of the minimum amongst the previous measurements. This can be useful in networks with static configuration to improve the sta- bility of corrections for asymmetric jitter, weighting of the mea- surements, and the maxdelayratio and maxdelaydevratio tests. The value should be set accurately in order to have a positive effect on the synchronisation. asymmetry ratio This option specifies the asymmetry of the network jitter on the path to the source, which is used to correct the measured offset according to the delay. The asymmetry can be between -0.5 and +0.5. A negative value means the delay of packets sent to the source is more variable than the delay of packets sent from the source back. By default, chronyd estimates the asymmetry automatically. offset offset This option specifies a correction (in seconds) that will be ap- plied to offsets measured with this source. It's particularly use- ful to compensate for a known asymmetry in network delay or time- stamping errors. For example, if packets sent to the source were on average delayed by 100 microseconds more than packets sent from the source back, the correction would be -0.00005 (-50 microseconds). The default is 0.0. minsamples samples Set the minimum number of samples kept for this source. This over- rides the minsamples directive. maxsamples samples Set the maximum number of samples kept for this source. This over- rides the maxsamples directive. maxunreach polls This option specifies the maximum number of polls that this source can stay selected for synchronisation when it is unreachable (i.e. no valid response was received to the last 8 requests). Only sources with at least one sample more recent than the oldest sample of all reachable sources can be selected. The default is 100000. filter polls This option enables a median filter to reduce noise in NTP measure- ments. The filter will process samples collected in the specified number of polls into a single sample. It is intended to be used with very short polling intervals in local networks where it is ac- ceptable to generate a lot of NTP traffic. offline If the server will not be reachable when chronyd is started, the offline option can be specified. chronyd will not try to poll the server until it is enabled to do so (by using the online command in chronyc). auto_offline With this option, the server will be assumed to have gone offline when sending a request fails, e.g. due to a missing route to the network. This option avoids the need to run the offline command from chronyc when disconnecting the network link. (It will still be necessary to use the online command when the link has been estab- lished, to enable measurements to start.) prefer Prefer this source over other selectable sources without the prefer option. noselect Never select this source. This is particularly useful for monitor- ing. trust Assume time from this source is always true. It can be rejected as a falseticker in the source selection only if another source with this option does not agree with it. require Require that at least one of the sources specified with this option is selectable (i.e. recently reachable and not a falseticker) be- fore updating the clock. Together with the trust option this might be useful to allow a trusted authenticated source to be safely com- bined with unauthenticated sources in order to improve the accuracy of the clock. They can be selected and used for synchronisation only if they agree with the trusted and required source. xleave This option enables the interleaved mode of NTP (RFC 9769). It en- ables the server to respond with more accurate transmit timestamps (e.g. kernel or hardware timestamps), which cannot be contained in the transmitted packet itself and need to refer to a previous packet instead. This can significantly improve the accuracy and stability of the measurements. The interleaved mode is compatible with servers that support only the basic mode. Note that even servers that support the interleaved mode might respond in the basic mode as the interleaved mode re- quires the servers to keep some state for each client and the state might be dropped when there are too many clients (e.g. client- loglimit is too small), or it might be overwritten by other clients that have the same IP address (e.g. computers behind NAT or someone sending requests with a spoofed source address). The xleave option can be combined with the presend option in order to shorten the interval in which the server has to keep the state to be able to respond in the interleaved mode. polltarget target Target number of measurements to use for the regression algorithm which chronyd will try to maintain by adjusting the polling inter- val between minpoll and maxpoll. A higher target makes chronyd pre- fer shorter polling intervals. The default is 8 and a useful range is from 6 to 60. port port This option allows the UDP port on which the server understands NTP requests to be specified. For normal servers this option should not be required (the default is 123, the standard NTP port). ntsport port This option specifies the TCP port on which the server is listening for NTS-KE connections when the nts option is enabled. The default is 4460. presend poll If the timing measurements being made by chronyd are the only net- work data passing between two computers, you might find that some measurements are badly skewed due to either the client or the server having to do an ARP lookup on the other party prior to transmitting a packet. This is more of a problem with long sampling intervals, which might be similar in duration to the lifetime of entries in the ARP caches of the machines. In order to avoid this problem, the presend option can be used. It takes a single integer argument, which is the smallest polling in- terval for which an extra pair of NTP packets will be exchanged be- tween the client and the server prior to the actual measurement. For example, with the following option included in a server direc- tive: presend 9 When the polling interval is 512 seconds or more, an extra NTP client packet will be sent to the server a short time (2 seconds) before making the actual measurement. If the presend option is used together with the xleave option, chronyd will send two extra packets instead of one. minstratum stratum When the synchronisation source is selected from available sources, sources with lower stratum are normally slightly preferred. This option can be used to increase stratum of the source to the speci- fied minimum, so chronyd will avoid selecting that source. This is useful with low-stratum sources that are known to be unreliable or inaccurate and that should be used only when other sources are un- reachable. version version This option sets the NTP version of packets sent to the server. This can be useful when the server runs an old NTP implementation that does not respond to requests using a newer version. The de- fault version depends on other options. If the extfield or xleave option is used, the default version is 4. If those options are not used and the key option specifies a key using a hash function with an output size longer than 160 bits (e.g. SHA256), the default ver- sion is 3 for compatibility with older chronyd servers. In other cases, the default version is 4. copy This option specifies that the server and client are closely re- lated, their configuration does not allow a synchronisation loop to form between them, and the client is allowed to assume the refer- ence ID and stratum of the server. This is useful when multiple in- stances of chronyd are running on one computer (e.g. for security or performance reasons), one primarily operating as a client to synchronise the system clock and other instances started with the -x option to operate as NTP servers for other computers with their NTP clocks synchronised to the first instance. extfield type This option enables an NTPv4 extension field specified by its type as a hexadecimal number. It will be included in requests sent to the server and processed in received responses if the server sup- ports it. Note that some server implementations do not respond to requests containing an unknown extension field (chronyd as a server responded to such requests since version 2.0). This option can be used multiple times to enable multiple extension fields. The following extension fields are supported: F323 An experimental extension field to enable several improvements that were proposed for the next version of the NTP protocol (NTPv5). The field contains root delay and dispersion in higher resolution and a monotonic receive timestamp, which enables a frequency transfer between the server and client to signifi- cantly improve stability of the synchronisation. This field should be enabled only for servers known to be running chronyd version 4.2 or later. F324 An experimental extension field to enable the use of the Preci- sion Time Protocol (PTP) correction field in NTP-over-PTP mes- sages updated by one-step end-to-end transparent clocks in net- work switches and routers to significantly improve accuracy and stability of the synchronisation. NTP-over-PTP can be enabled by the ptpport directive and setting the port option to the PTP port. The corrections are applied only to NTP measurements with HW timestamps (enabled by the hwtimestamp directive). This field should be enabled only for servers known to be running chronyd version 4.5 or later. ipv4, ipv6 These options force chronyd to use only IPv4 or IPv6 addresses re- spectively for this source. They do not override the -4 or -6 op- tion on the chronyd command line. pool name [option]... The syntax of this directive is similar to that for the server direc- tive, except that it is used to specify a pool of NTP servers rather than a single NTP server. The pool name is expected to resolve to mul- tiple addresses which might change over time. This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple pools. All options valid in the server directive can be used in this directive too. There is one option specific to the pool directive: maxsources sources This option sets the desired number of sources to be used from the pool. chronyd will repeatedly try to resolve the name until it gets this number of sources responding to requests. The default value is 4, and the maximum value is 16. An example of the pool directive is pool pool.ntp.org iburst maxsources 3 peer hostname [option]... The syntax of this directive is identical to that for the server direc- tive, except that it specifies a symmetric association with an NTP peer instead of a client/server association with an NTP server. A single symmetric association allows the peers to be both servers and clients to each other. This is mainly useful when the NTP implementation of the peer (e.g. ntpd) supports ephemeral symmetric associations and does not need to be configured with an address of this host. chronyd does not support ephemeral associations. This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple peers. The following options of the server directive do not work in the peer directive: iburst, burst, nts, presend, copy. When using the xleave option, both peers must support and have enabled the interleaved mode; otherwise the synchronisation will work in one direction only. When a key is specified by the key option to enable au- thentication, both peers must use the same key and the same key number. Note that the symmetric mode is less secure than the client/server mode. A denial-of-service attack is possible on unauthenticated symmet- ric associations, i.e. when the peer was specified without the key op- tion. An attacker who does not see network traffic between two hosts, but knows that they are peering with each other, can periodically send them unauthenticated packets with spoofed source addresses in order to disrupt their NTP state and prevent them from synchronising to each other. When the association is authenticated, an attacker who does see the network traffic, but cannot prevent the packets from reaching the other host, can still disrupt the state by replaying old packets. The attacker has effectively the same power as a man-in-the-middle at- tacker. A partial protection against this attack is implemented in chronyd, which can protect the peers if they are using the same polling interval and they never sent an authenticated packet with a timestamp from future, but it should not be relied on as it is difficult to en- sure the conditions are met. If two hosts should be able to synchronise to each other in both directions, it is recommended to use two separate client/server associations (specified by the server directive on both hosts) instead. initstepslew step-threshold [hostname]... (This directive is deprecated in favour of the makestep directive.) The purpose of the initstepslew directive is to allow chronyd to make a rapid measurement of the system clock error at boot time and to correct the system clock by stepping before normal operation begins. Since this would normally be performed only at an appropriate point in the system boot sequence, no other software should be adversely affected by the step. If the correction required is less than a specified threshold, a slew is used instead. This makes it safer to restart chronyd whilst the sys- tem is in normal operation. The initstepslew directive takes a threshold and a list of NTP servers as arguments. Each of the servers is rapidly polled several times, and a majority voting mechanism used to find the most likely range of sys- tem clock error that is present. A step or slew is applied to the sys- tem clock to correct this error. chronyd then enters its normal operat- ing mode. An example of the use of the directive is: initstepslew 30 ntp1.example.net ntp2.example.net ntp3.example.net where 3 NTP servers are used to make the measurement. The 30 indicates that if the system's error is found to be 30 seconds or less, a slew will be used to correct it; if the error is above 30 seconds, a step will be used. The initstepslew directive can also be used in an isolated LAN environ- ment, where the clocks are set manually. The most stable computer is chosen as the primary server and the other computers are its clients. If each of the clients is configured with the local directive, the server can be set up with an initstepslew directive that references some or all of the clients. Then, if the server machine has to be re- booted, the clients can be relied on to act analogously to a flywheel and preserve the time for a short period while the server completes its reboot. The initstepslew directive is functionally similar to a combination of the makestep and server directives with the iburst option. The main difference is that the initstepslew servers are used only before normal operation begins and that the foreground chronyd process waits for initstepslew to finish before exiting. This prevent programs started in the boot sequence after chronyd from reading the clock before it has been stepped. With the makestep directive, the waitsync command of chronyc can be used instead. refclock driver parameter[:option]... [option]... The refclock directive specifies a hardware reference clock to be used as a time source. It has two mandatory parameters, a driver name and a driver-specific parameter. The two parameters are followed by zero or more refclock options. Some drivers have special options, which can be appended to the driver-specific parameter using the : character. This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple reference clocks. There are five drivers included in chronyd: PPS Driver for the kernel PPS (pulse per second) API. The parameter is the path to the PPS device (typically /dev/pps?). As PPS refclocks do not supply full time, another time source (e.g. NTP server or non-PPS refclock) is needed to complete samples from the PPS ref- clock. An alternative is to enable the local directive to allow synchronisation with some unknown but constant offset. The driver supports the following option: clear By default, the PPS refclock uses assert events (rising edge) for synchronisation. With this option, it will use clear events (falling edge) instead. Examples: refclock PPS /dev/pps0 lock NMEA refid GPS1 refclock SOCK /var/run/chrony.clk.ttyS0.sock offset 0.5 delay 0.2 refid NMEA noselect refclock PPS /dev/pps1:clear refid GPS2 SOCK Unix domain socket driver. This driver uses a datagram socket to receive samples from another application running on the system. The parameter is the path to the socket, which chronyd will create on start. The format of the messages is described in the ref- clock_sock.c file in the chrony source code. An application that supports the SOCK protocol is the gpsd daemon. It can provide accurate measurements using the receiver's PPS sig- nal, and since version 3.25 also (much less accurate) measurements based on the timing of serial data (e.g. NMEA), which can be useful when the receiver does not provide a PPS signal, or it cannot be connected to the computer. The paths where gpsd expects the sockets to be created by chronyd are described in the gpsd(8) man page. Note that gpsd needs to be started after chronyd in order to con- nect to the socket. Examples: refclock SOCK /var/run/chrony.ttyS0.sock refid GPS1 poll 2 filter 4 refclock SOCK /var/run/chrony.clk.ttyUSB0.sock refid GPS2 offset 0.2 delay 0.1 SHM NTP shared memory driver. This driver implements the protocol of the ntpd driver type 28. It is functionally similar to the SOCK driver, but uses a shared memory segment instead of a socket. The parameter is the unit number, typically a small number like 0, 1, 2, or 3, from which is derived the key of the memory segment as 0x4e545030 + unit. The driver supports the following option: perm=mode This option specifies the permissions of the shared memory seg- ment created by chronyd. They are specified as a numeric mode. The default value is 0600 (read-write access for owner only). Unlike with the SOCK driver, there is no prescribed order of start- ing chronyd and the program providing measurements. Both are ex- pected to create the memory segment if it does not exist. chronyd will attach to an existing segment even if it has a different owner than root or different permissions than the permissions specified by the perm option. The segment needs to be created before un- trusted applications or users can execute code to prevent an at- tacker from feeding chronyd with false measurements. The owner and permissions of the segment can be verified with the ipcs -m com- mand. For this reason, the SHM driver is deprecated in favor of SOCK. Examples: refclock SHM 0 poll 3 refid GPS1 refclock SHM 1:perm=0644 refid GPS2 PHC PTP hardware clock (PHC) driver. The parameter is the absolute path to the device of the PTP clock which should be used as a time source, or the name of the network interface whose PTP clock should be used. If the clock is kept in TAI instead of UTC (e.g. it is synchronised by a PTP daemon), the current UTC-TAI offset needs to be specified by the offset option. Alternatively, the pps refclock option can be enabled to treat the PHC as a PPS refclock, using only the sub-second offset for synchronisation. The driver supports the following options: nocrossts This option disables use of precise cross timestamping. extpps This option enables a PPS mode in which the PTP clock is time- stamping pulses of an external PPS signal connected to the clock. The clock does not need to be synchronised, but another time source is needed to complete the PPS samples. Note that some PTP clocks cannot be configured to timestamp only assert or clear events, and it is necessary to use the width option to filter wrong PPS samples. pin=index This option specifies the index of the pin which should be en- abled for the PPS timestamping. If the PHC does not have con- figurable pins (i.e. the channel function is fixed), the index needs to be set to -1 to disable the pin configuration. The de- fault value is 0. channel=index This option specifies the index of the channel for the PPS mode. The default value is 0. clear This option enables timestamping of clear events (falling edge) instead of assert events (rising edge) in the PPS mode. This may not work with some clocks. Examples: refclock PHC /dev/ptp0 poll 0 dpoll -2 offset -37 refclock PHC /dev/ptp1:nocrossts poll 3 pps refclock PHC /dev/ptp2:extpps:pin=1 width 0.2 poll 2 RTC Driver for using the Real Time Clock (RTC) as a reference clock. The parameter is the path to the RTC character device which should be used as a time source. This driver cannot be used together with the rtcfile or rtcsync directive. The driver supports the following option: utc Assume that RTC keeps Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) instead of local time. Examples: refclock RTC /dev/rtc0:utc The refclock directive supports the following options: poll poll Timestamps produced by refclock drivers are not used immediately, but they are stored and processed by a median filter in the polling interval specified by this option. This is defined as a power of 2 and can be negative to specify a sub-second interval. The default is 4 (16 seconds). A shorter interval allows chronyd to react faster to changes in the frequency of the system clock, but it might have a negative effect on its accuracy if the samples have a lot of jitter. dpoll dpoll Some drivers do not listen for external events and try to produce samples in their own polling interval. This is defined as a power of 2 and can be negative to specify a sub-second interval. The de- fault is 0 (1 second). refid refid This option is used to specify the reference ID of the refclock, as up to four ASCII characters. The default reference ID is composed from the first three characters of the driver name and the number of the refclock. Each refclock must have a unique reference ID. lock refid This option can be used to lock a PPS refclock to another refclock, which is specified by its reference ID. In this mode received PPS samples are paired directly with raw samples from the specified re- fclock. rate rate This option sets the rate of the pulses in the PPS signal (in Hz). This option controls how the pulses will be completed with real time. In order to receive more than one pulse per second, a nega- tive dpoll has to be specified (-3 for a 5Hz signal). The default is 1. maxlockage pulses This option specifies in number of pulses how old samples can be from the refclock specified by the lock option to be paired with the pulses. Increasing this value is useful when the samples are produced at a lower rate than the pulses. The default is 2. width width This option specifies the width of the pulses (in seconds). It is used to filter PPS samples when the driver provides samples for both rising and falling edges. Note that it reduces the maximum al- lowed error of the time source that completes the PPS samples. If the duty cycle is configurable, 50% should be preferred in order to maximise the allowed error. pps This options forces chronyd to treat any refclock (e.g. SHM or PHC) as a PPS refclock. This can be useful when the refclock provides time with a variable offset of a whole number of seconds (e.g. it uses TAI instead of UTC). Another time source is needed to complete samples from the refclock. offset offset This option can be used to compensate for a constant error. The specified offset (in seconds) is applied to all samples produced by the reference clock. The default is 0.0. delay delay This option sets the NTP delay of the source (in seconds). Half of this value is included in the maximum assumed error, which is used in the source selection algorithm. Increasing the delay is useful to avoid having no majority in the source selection or to make it prefer other sources. The default is 1e-9 (1 nanosecond). stratum stratum This option sets the NTP stratum of the refclock. This can be use- ful when the refclock provides time with a stratum other than 0. The default is 0. precision precision This option sets the precision of the reference clock (in seconds). The default value is the estimated precision of the system clock. maxdispersion dispersion Maximum allowed dispersion for filtered samples (in seconds). Sam- ples with larger estimated dispersion are ignored. By default, this limit is disabled. filter samples This option sets the maximum number of samples that can be stored in the median filter between polls of the source. The filter com- bines about 60 percent of the samples closest to the median offset into one sample. If more samples are received by the driver between polls, the oldest samples will be dropped. One sample per poll is sufficient for the source to be selectable. The default is 64. Note that the PHC driver has additional filtering based on the reading delay. prefer Prefer this source over other selectable sources without the prefer option. noselect Never select this source. This is useful for monitoring or with sources which are not very accurate, but are locked with a PPS ref- clock. trust Assume time from this source is always true. It can be rejected as a falseticker in the source selection only if another source with this option does not agree with it. require Require that at least one of the sources specified with this option is selectable (i.e. recently reachable and not a falseticker) be- fore updating the clock. Together with the trust option this can be useful to allow a trusted, but not very precise, reference clock to be safely combined with unauthenticated NTP sources in order to im- prove the accuracy of the clock. They can be selected and used for synchronisation only if they agree with the trusted and required source. tai This option indicates that the reference clock keeps time in TAI instead of UTC and that chronyd should correct its offset by the current TAI-UTC offset. The leapsectz or leapseclist directive must be used with this option and the database must be kept up to date in order for this correction to work as expected. This option does not make sense with PPS refclocks. local This option specifies that the reference clock is an unsynchronised clock which is more stable than the system clock (e.g. TCXO, OCXO, or atomic clock) and it should be used as a local standard to sta- bilise the system clock. The refclock will bypass the source selec- tion. There should be at most one refclock specified with this op- tion and it should have the shortest polling interval among all configured sources. minsamples samples Set the minimum number of samples kept for this source. This over- rides the minsamples directive. maxsamples samples Set the maximum number of samples kept for this source. This over- rides the maxsamples directive. maxunreach polls This option specifies the maximum number of polls that this source can stay selected for synchronisation when it is unreachable (i.e. no valid sample was received in the last 8 polls). Only sources with at least one sample more recent than the oldest sample of all reachable sources can be selected. The default is 100000. manual The manual directive enables support at run-time for the settime com- mand in chronyc. If no manual directive is included, any attempt to use the settime command in chronyc will be met with an error message. Note that the settime command can be enabled at run-time using the man- ual command in chronyc. (The idea of the two commands is that the man- ual command controls the manual clock driver's behaviour, whereas the settime command allows samples of manually entered time to be pro- vided.) acquisitionport port By default, chronyd as an NTP client opens a new socket for each re- quest with the source port chosen randomly by the operating system. The acquisitionport directive can be used to specify the source port and use only one socket (per IPv4 or IPv6 address family) for all config- ured servers. This can be useful for getting through some firewalls. It should not be used if not necessary as there is a small impact on secu- rity of the client. If set to 0, the source port of the permanent socket will be chosen randomly by the operating system. It can be set to the same port as is used by the NTP server (which can be configured with the port directive) to use only one socket for all NTP packets. An example of the acquisitionport directive is: acquisitionport 1123 This would change the source port used for client requests to UDP port 1123. You could then persuade the firewall administrator to open that port. bindacqaddress address The bindacqaddress directive specifies a local IP address to which chronyd will bind its NTP and NTS-KE client sockets. The syntax is sim- ilar to the bindaddress and bindcmdaddress directives. For each of the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, only one bindacqaddress direc- tive can be specified. bindacqdevice interface The bindacqdevice directive binds the client sockets to a network de- vice specified by the interface name. This can be useful when the local address is dynamic, or to enable an NTP source specified with a link-local IPv6 address. This directive can specify only one interface and it is supported on Linux only. An example of the directive is: bindacqdevice eth0 dscp point The dscp directive sets the Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) in transmitted NTP packets to the specified value. It can improve sta- bility of NTP measurements in local networks where switches or routers are configured to prioritise forwarding of packets with specific DSCP values. The default value is 0 and the maximum value is 63. An example of the directive (setting the Expedited Forwarding class) is: dscp 46 dumpdir directory To compute the rate of gain or loss of time, chronyd has to store a measurement history for each of the time sources it uses. All supported systems, with the exception of macOS 10.12 and earlier, have operating system support for setting the rate of gain or loss to compensate for known errors. (On macOS 10.12 and earlier, chronyd must simulate such a capability by periodically slewing the system clock forwards or backwards by a suitable amount to compensate for the error built up since the previous slew.) For such systems, it is possible to save the measurement history across restarts of chronyd (assuming no changes are made to the system clock behaviour whilst it is not running). The dumpdir directive defines the directory where the measurement histories are saved when chronyd exits, or the dump command in chronyc is issued. If the directory does not exist, it will be created automatically. The -r option of chronyd enables loading of the dump files on start. All dump files found in the directory will be removed after start, even if the -r option is not present. An example of the directive is: dumpdir /var/run/chrony A source whose IP address is 1.2.3.4 would have its measurement history saved in the file /var/run/chrony/1.2.3.4.dat. History of reference clocks is saved to files named by their reference ID in form of re- fid:XXXXXXXX.dat. maxsamples samples The maxsamples directive sets the default maximum number of samples that chronyd should keep for each source. This setting can be overrid- den for individual sources in the server and refclock directives. The default value is 0, which disables the configurable limit. The useful range is 4 to 64. As a special case, setting maxsamples to 1 disables frequency tracking in order to make the sources immediately selectable with only one sam- ple. This can be useful when chronyd is started with the -q or -Q op- tion. minsamples samples The minsamples directive sets the default minimum number of samples that chronyd should keep for each source. This setting can be overrid- den for individual sources in the server and refclock directives. The default value is 6. The useful range is 4 to 64. Forcing chronyd to keep more samples than it would normally keep re- duces noise in the estimated frequency and offset, but slows down the response to changes in the frequency and offset of the clock. The off- sets in the tracking and sourcestats reports (and the tracking.log and statistics.log files) may be smaller than the actual offsets. ntsaeads ID... This directive specifies a list of IDs of Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithms enabled for NTS authentication of NTP messages. The algorithms are specified in decreasing order of priority. Algorithms that are not supported by the installed version of the crypto library (Nettle, GnuTLS) are ignored. The following IDs are supported: * 15: AES-SIV-CMAC-256 * 30: AES-128-GCM-SIV The default list of IDs is 30 15. AES-128-GCM-SIV is preferred over AES-SIV-CMAC-256 for shorter keys, which makes NTS cookies shorter and improves reliability of NTS in networks that block or limit rate of longer NTP messages. The ID of the used algorithm is reported for each server by the auth- data command. An example of the directive is: ntsaeads 15 This list is used also by the NTS server. ntsdumpdir directory This directive specifies a directory for the client to save NTS cookies it received from the server in order to avoid making an NTS-KE request when chronyd is started again. The cookies are saved separately for each NTP source in files named by the IP address of the NTS-KE server (e.g. 1.2.3.4.nts). By default, the client does not save the cookies. If the directory does not exist, it will be created automatically. An example of the directive is: ntsdumpdir /var/db/chrony This directory is used also by the NTS server to save keys. ntsrefresh interval This directive specifies the maximum interval between NTS-KE handshakes (in seconds) in order to refresh the keys authenticating NTP packets. The default value is 2419200 (4 weeks) and the maximum value is 2^31-1 (68 years). The interval must be longer than polling intervals of all configured NTP sources using NTS, otherwise the source with a longer polling in- terval will refresh the keys on each poll and no NTP packets will be exchanged. ntstrustedcerts [set-ID] file|directory This directive specifies a file or directory containing trusted cer- tificates (in the PEM format) that are needed to verify certificates of NTS-KE servers, e.g. certificates of trusted certificate authorities (CA) or self-signed certificates of the servers. The optional set-ID argument is a number in the range 0 through 2^32-1, which selects the set of certificates where certificates from the spec- ified file or directory are added. The default ID is 0, which is a set containing the system's default trusted CAs (unless the nosystemcert directive is present). All other sets are empty by default. A set of certificates can be selected for verification of an NTS server by the certset option in the server or pool directive. This directive can be used multiple times to specify one or more sets of trusted certificates, each containing certificates from one or more files and/or directories. It is not necessary to restart chronyd in order to reload the certifi- cates if they change (e.g. after a renewal). An example is: ntstrustedcerts /etc/pki/nts/ca1.example.net.crt ntstrustedcerts 1 /etc/pki/nts/ca2.example.net.crt ntstrustedcerts 1 /etc/pki/nts/ca3.example.net.crt ntstrustedcerts 2 /etc/pki/nts/ntp2.example.net.crt nosystemcert This directive disables the system's default trusted CAs. Only certifi- cates specified by the ntstrustedcerts directive will be trusted. nocerttimecheck limit This directive disables the checks of the activation and expiration times of certificates for the specified number of clock updates. It al- lows the NTS authentication mechanism to be used on computers which start with the wrong time (e.g. due to not having an RTC or backup bat- tery). Disabling the time checks has important security implications and should be used only as a last resort, preferably with a minimal number of trusted certificates. The default value is 0, which means the time checks are always enabled. An example of the directive is: nocerttimecheck 1 This would disable the time checks until the clock is updated for the first time, assuming the first update corrects the clock and later checks can work with the correct time. refresh interval This directive specifies the minimum interval (in seconds) between re- freshing IP addresses of NTP sources specified by hostname. If the hostname no longer resolves to the currently used address, it will be replaced with one of the new addresses to avoid using a server which is no longer intended for service, even if it is still responding cor- rectly and would not be replaced as unreachable. Only one source is re- freshed at a time and only when a valid response is received (unreach- able sources are replaced independently). The default value is 1209600 (2 weeks) and the maximum value is 2^31-1 (68 years). A value of 0 dis- ables the periodic refreshment. The refresh command can be used to refresh all sources immediately. Source selection authselectmode mode NTP sources can be specified with the key or nts option to enable au- thentication to limit the impact of man-in-the-middle attacks. The at- tackers can drop or delay NTP packets (up to the maxdelay and maxdis- tance limits), but they cannot modify the timestamps contained in the packets. The attack can cause only a limited slew or step, and also cause the clock to run faster or slower than real time (up to double the maxdrift limit). When authentication is enabled for an NTP source, it is important to disable unauthenticated NTP sources that could be exploited in the at- tack, e.g. if they are not reachable only over a trusted network. Al- ternatively, the source selection can be configured with the require and trust options to synchronise to the unauthenticated sources only if they agree with the authenticated sources and might have a positive im- pact on the accuracy of the clock. Note that in this case the impact of the attack is higher. The attackers cannot cause an arbitrarily large step or slew, but they have more control over the frequency of the clock and can cause chronyd to report false information, e.g. a signif- icantly smaller root delay and dispersion. This directive determines the default selection options for authenti- cated and unauthenticated sources in order to simplify the configura- tion with the configuration file and chronyc commands. It sets a policy for authentication. Sources specified with the noselect option are ignored (not counted as either authenticated or unauthenticated), and they always have only the selection options specified in the configuration. There are four modes: require Authentication is strictly required for NTP sources in this mode. If any unauthenticated NTP sources are specified, they will auto- matically get the noselect option to prevent them from being se- lected for synchronisation. prefer In this mode, authentication is optional and preferred. If it is enabled for at least one NTP source, all unauthenticated NTP sources will get the noselect option. mix In this mode, authentication is optional and synchronisation to a mix of authenticated and unauthenticated NTP sources is allowed. If both authenticated and unauthenticated NTP sources are specified, all authenticated NTP sources and reference clocks will get the re- quire and trust options to prevent synchronisation to unauthenti- cated NTP sources if they do not agree with a majority of the au- thenticated sources and reference clocks. This is the default mode. ignore In this mode, authentication is ignored in the source selection. All sources will have only the selection options that were speci- fied in the configuration file, or chronyc command. This was the behaviour of chronyd in versions before 4.0. As an example, the following configuration using the default mix mode: server ntp1.example.net nts server ntp2.example.net nts server ntp3.example.net refclock SOCK /var/run/chrony.ttyS0.sock is equivalent to the following configuration using the ignore mode: authselectmode ignore server ntp1.example.net nts require trust server ntp2.example.net nts require trust server ntp3.example.net refclock /var/run/chrony.ttyS0.sock require trust combinelimit limit When chronyd has multiple sources available for synchronisation, it has to select one source as the synchronisation source. The measured off- sets and frequencies of the system clock relative to the other sources, however, can be combined with the selected source to improve the accu- racy of the system clock. The combinelimit directive limits which sources are included in the combining algorithm. Their synchronisation distance has to be shorter than the distance of the selected source multiplied by the value of the limit. Also, their measured frequencies have to be close to the fre- quency of the selected source. If the selected source was specified with the prefer option, it can be combined only with other sources specified with this option. By default, the limit is 3. Setting the limit to 0 effectively disables the source-combining algorithm and only the selected source will be used to control the system clock. maxdistance distance The maxdistance directive sets the maximum root distance of a source to be acceptable for synchronisation of the clock. Sources that have a distance larger than the specified distance will be rejected. The dis- tance estimates the maximum error of the source. It includes the root dispersion and half of the root delay (round-trip time) accumulated on the path to the primary source. By default, the maximum root distance is 3 seconds. Setting maxdistance to a larger value can be useful to allow synchroni- sation with a server that only has a very infrequent connection to its sources and can accumulate a large dispersion between updates of its clock. maxjitter jitter The maxjitter directive sets the maximum allowed jitter of the sources to not be rejected by the source selection algorithm. This prevents synchronisation with sources that have a small root distance, but their time is too variable. By default, the maximum jitter is 1 second. minsources sources The minsources directive sets the minimum number of sources that need to be considered as selectable in the source selection algorithm before the local clock is updated. The default value is 1. Setting this option to a larger number can be used to improve the reli- ability. More sources will have to agree with each other, and the clock will not be updated when only one source (which could be serving incor- rect time) is reachable. reselectdist distance When chronyd selects a synchronisation source from available sources, it will prefer the one with the shortest synchronisation distance. To avoid frequent reselecting when there are sources with similar dis- tance, however, a fixed distance is added to the distance for sources that are currently not selected. This can be set with the reselectdist directive. By default, the distance is 100 microseconds. stratumweight distance The stratumweight directive sets how much distance should be added per stratum to the synchronisation distance when chronyd selects the syn- chronisation source from available sources. By default, the weight is 0.001 seconds. This means that the stratum of the sources in the selection process matters only when the differences between the distances are in milliseconds. System clock clockprecision precision The clockprecision directive specifies the precision of the system clock (in seconds). It is used by chronyd to estimate the minimum noise in NTP measurements and randomise low-order bits of timestamps in NTP responses. By default, the precision is measured on start-up as the minimum time to read the clock. The measured value works well in most cases. It generally overestimates the precision and it can be sensitive to the CPU speed, however, which can change over time to save power. In some cases with a high-precision clocksource (e.g. the Time Stamp Counter of the CPU) and hardware time- stamping, setting the precision on the server to a smaller value can improve stability of clients' NTP measurements. The server's precision is reported on clients by the ntpdata command. An example setting the precision to 8 nanoseconds is: clockprecision 8e-9 corrtimeratio ratio When chronyd is slewing the system clock to correct an offset, the rate at which it is slewing adds to the frequency error of the clock. On all supported systems, with the exception of macOS 12 and earlier, this rate can be controlled. The corrtimeratio directive sets the ratio between the duration in which the clock is slewed for an average correction according to the source history and the interval in which the corrections are done (usu- ally the NTP polling interval). Corrections larger than the average take less time and smaller corrections take more time; the amount of the correction and the correction time are inversely proportional. Increasing corrtimeratio improves the overall frequency error of the system clock, but increases the overall time error as the corrections take longer. By default, the ratio is set to 3, the time accuracy of the clock is preferred over its frequency accuracy. The maximum allowed slew rate can be set by the maxslewrate directive. The current remaining correction is shown in the tracking report as the System time value. driftfile file [interval interval] One of the main activities of the chronyd program is to work out the rate at which the system clock gains or loses time relative to real time. Whenever chronyd computes a new value of the gain or loss rate, it is desirable to record it somewhere. This allows chronyd to begin compen- sating the system clock at that rate whenever it is restarted, even be- fore it has had a chance to obtain an equally good estimate of the rate during the new run. (This process can take many minutes, at least.) The driftfile directive allows a file to be specified into which chronyd can store the rate information. Two parameters are recorded in the file. The first is the rate at which the system clock gains or loses time, expressed in parts per million, with gains positive. There- fore, a value of 100.0 indicates that when the system clock has ad- vanced by a second, it has gained 100 microseconds in reality (so the true time has only advanced by 999900 microseconds). The second is an estimate of the error bound around the first value in which the true rate actually lies. The interval option specifies the minimum interval between updates of the file in seconds. The file is written only on an update of the local clock. The default interval is 3600 seconds. An example of the driftfile directive is: driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift fallbackdrift min-interval max-interval Fallback drifts are long-term averages of the system clock drift calcu- lated over exponentially increasing intervals. They are used to avoid quickly drifting away from true time when the clock was not updated for a longer period of time and there was a short-term deviation in the drift before the updates stopped. The directive specifies the minimum and maximum interval since the last clock update to switch between fallback drifts. They are defined as a power of 2 (in seconds). The syntax is as follows: fallbackdrift 16 19 In this example, the minimum interval is 16 (18 hours) and the maximum interval is 19 (6 days). The system clock frequency will be set to the first fallback 18 hours after the last clock update, to the second af- ter 36 hours, and so on. This might be a good setting to cover fre- quency changes due to daily and weekly temperature fluctuations. When the frequency is set to a fallback, the state of the clock will change to `Not synchronised'. By default (or if the specified maximum or minimum is 0), no fallbacks are used and the clock frequency changes only with new measurements from NTP sources, reference clocks, or manual input. leapsecmode mode A leap second is an adjustment that is occasionally applied to UTC to keep it close to the mean solar time. When a leap second is inserted, the last day of June or December has an extra second 23:59:60. For computer clocks that is a problem. The Unix time is defined as num- ber of seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970 without leap sec- onds. The system clock cannot have time 23:59:60, every minute has 60 seconds and every day has 86400 seconds by definition. The inserted leap second is skipped and the clock is suddenly ahead of UTC by one second. The leapsecmode directive selects how that error is corrected. There are four options: system When inserting a leap second, the kernel steps the system clock backwards by one second when the clock gets to 00:00:00 UTC. When deleting a leap second, it steps forward by one second when the clock gets to 23:59:59 UTC. This is the default mode when the sys- tem driver supports leap seconds (i.e. all supported systems with the exception of macOS 12 and earlier). step This is similar to the system mode, except the clock is stepped by chronyd instead of the kernel. It can be useful to avoid bugs in the kernel code that would be executed in the system mode. This is the default mode when the system driver does not support leap sec- onds. slew The clock is corrected by slewing started at 00:00:00 UTC when a leap second is inserted or 23:59:59 UTC when a leap second is deleted. This might be preferred over the system and step modes when applications running on the system are sensitive to jumps in the system time and it is acceptable that the clock will be off for a longer time. On Linux with the default maxslewrate value the cor- rection takes 12 seconds. ignore No correction is applied to the clock for the leap second. The clock will be corrected later in normal operation when new measure- ments are made and the estimated offset includes the one second er- ror. This option is particularly useful when multiple chronyd in- stances are running on the system, one controlling the system clock and others started with the -x option, which should rely on the first instance to correct the system clock and ignore it for the correction of their own NTP clock running on top of the system clock. When serving time to NTP clients that cannot be configured to correct their clocks for a leap second by slewing, or to clients that would correct at slightly different rates when it is necessary to keep them close together, the slew mode can be combined with the smoothtime di- rective to enable a server leap smear. When smearing a leap second, the leap status is suppressed on the server and the served time is corrected slowly by slewing instead of stepping. The clients do not need any special configuration as they do not know there is any leap second and they follow the server time which eventually brings them back to UTC. Care must be taken to ensure they use only NTP servers that smear the leap second in exactly the same way for synchronisation. This feature must be used carefully, because the server is intention- ally not serving its best estimate of the true time. A recommended configuration to enable a server leap smear is: leapsecmode slew maxslewrate 1000 smoothtime 400 0.001024 leaponly The first directive is necessary to disable the clock step which would reset the smoothing process. The second directive limits the slewing rate of the local clock to 1000 ppm, which improves the stability of the smoothing process when the local correction starts and ends. The third directive enables the server time smoothing process. It will start when the clock gets to 00:00:00 UTC and it will take 62500 sec- onds (about 17.36 hours) to finish. The frequency offset will be chang- ing by 0.001024 ppm per second and will reach a maximum of 32 ppm in 31250 seconds. The leaponly option makes the duration of the leap smear constant and allows the clients to safely synchronise with multiple identically configured leap smearing servers. The duration of the leap smear can be calculated from the specified wander as duration = sqrt(4 / wander) leapsectz timezone This directive specifies a timezone in the system timezone database which chronyd can use to determine when the next leap second occurs and what the current offset between TAI and UTC is. It will periodically check if 23:59:59 and 23:59:60 are valid times in the timezone. This normally works with the right/UTC timezone. When a leap second is announced, the timezone needs to be updated at least 12 hours before the leap second. It is not necessary to restart chronyd. This directive is useful with reference clocks and other time sources that do not announce leap seconds, or announce them too late for an NTP server to forward them to its own clients. Clients of leap smearing servers must not use this directive. It is also useful when the system clock is required to have correct TAI-UTC offset. Note that the offset is set only when leap seconds are handled by the kernel, i.e. leapsecmode is set to system. The specified timezone is not used as an exclusive source of informa- tion about leap seconds. If a majority of time sources announce on the last day of June or December that a leap second should be inserted or deleted, it will be accepted even if it is not included in the time- zone. An example of the directive is: leapsectz right/UTC The following shell command verifies that the timezone contains leap seconds and can be used with this directive: $ TZ=right/UTC date -d 'Dec 31 2008 23:59:60' Wed Dec 31 23:59:60 UTC 2008 leapseclist file This directive specifies the path to a file containing a list of leap seconds and TAI-UTC offsets in NIST/IERS format. It is recommended to use the file leap-seconds.list usually included with the system time- zone database. The behaviour of this directive is otherwise equivalent to leapsectz. An example of this directive is: leapseclist /usr/share/zoneinfo/leap-seconds.list makestep threshold limit Normally chronyd will cause the system to gradually correct any time offset by slowing down or speeding up the clock as required. In certain situations, e.g. when chronyd is initially started, the system clock might be so far adrift that this slewing process would take a very long time to correct the system clock. This directive forces chronyd to step the system clock if the adjust- ment is larger than a threshold value, but only if there were no more clock updates since chronyd was started than the specified limit. A negative value disables the limit. On most systems it is desirable to step the system clock only on boot, before starting programs that rely on time advancing monotonically for- wards. An example of the use of this directive is: makestep 0.1 3 This would step the system clock if the adjustment is larger than 0.1 seconds, but only in the first three clock updates. Note that this directive does not work and should not be used when the system clock control is disabled by the -x option of chronyd. maxchange offset start ignore This directive sets the maximum offset to be accepted on a clock up- date. The offset is measured relative to the current estimate of the true time, which is different from the system time if a previous slew did not finish. The check is enabled after the specified number of clock updates to al- low a large initial offset to be corrected on start. Offsets larger than the specified maximum will be ignored for the specified number of times. Another large offset will cause chronyd to give up and exit. A negative value can be used to disable the limit to ignore all large offsets. A syslog message will be generated when an offset is ignored or it causes the exit. An example of the use of this directive is: maxchange 1000 1 2 After the first clock update, chronyd will check the offset on every clock update, it will ignore two adjustments larger than 1000 seconds and exit on another one. maxclockerror error-in-ppm The maxclockerror directive sets the maximum assumed frequency error that the system clock can gain on its own between clock updates. It de- scribes the stability of the clock. By default, the maximum error is 1 ppm. Typical values for error-in-ppm might be 10 for a low quality clock and 0.1 for a high quality clock using a temperature compensated crystal oscillator. maxdrift drift-in-ppm This directive specifies the maximum assumed drift (frequency error) of the system clock. It limits the frequency adjustment that chronyd is allowed to use to correct the measured drift. It is an additional limit to the maximum adjustment that can be set by the system driver (100000 ppm on Linux, 500 ppm on FreeBSD, NetBSD, and macOS 10.13+, 32500 ppm on illumos). By default, the maximum assumed drift is 500000 ppm, i.e. the adjust- ment is limited by the system driver rather than this directive. maxupdateskew skew-in-ppm One of chronyd's tasks is to work out how fast or slow the computer's clock runs relative to its reference sources. In addition, it computes an estimate of the error bounds around the estimated value. If the range of error is too large, it probably indicates that the mea- surements have not settled down yet, and that the estimated gain or loss rate is not very reliable. The maxupdateskew directive sets the threshold for determining whether an estimate might be so unreliable that it should not be used. By de- fault, the threshold is 1000 ppm. Typical values for skew-in-ppm might be 100 for NTP sources polled over a wireless network, and 10 or smaller for sources on a local wired net- work. It should be noted that this is not the only means of protection against using unreliable estimates. At all times, chronyd keeps track of both the estimated gain or loss rate, and the error bound on the es- timate. When a new estimate is generated following another measurement from one of the sources, a weighted combination algorithm is used to update the existing estimate. If it has significantly smaller error bounds than the new estimate, the existing estimate will dominate in the new combined value. maxslewrate rate-in-ppm The maxslewrate directive sets the maximum rate at which chronyd is al- lowed to slew the time. It limits the slew rate controlled by the cor- rection time ratio (which can be set by the corrtimeratio directive) and is effective only on systems where chronyd is able to control the rate (i.e. all supported systems with the exception of macOS 12 or ear- lier). For each system there is a maximum frequency offset of the clock that can be set by the driver. On Linux it is 100000 ppm, on FreeBSD, NetBSD and macOS 10.13+ it is 5000 ppm, and on illumos it is 32500 ppm. Also, due to a kernel limitation, setting maxslewrate on FreeBSD, NetBSD, ma- cOS 10.13+ to a value between 500 ppm and 5000 ppm will effectively set it to 500 ppm. By default, the maximum slew rate is set to 83333.333 ppm (one twelfth). tempcomp file interval T0 k0 k1 k2, tempcomp file interval points-file Normally, changes in the rate of drift of the system clock are caused mainly by changes in the temperature of the crystal oscillator on the motherboard. If there are temperature measurements available from a sensor close to the oscillator, the tempcomp directive can be used to compensate for the changes in the temperature and improve the stability and accuracy of the clock. The result depends on many factors, including the resolution of the sensor, the amount of noise in the measurements, the polling interval of the time source, the compensation update interval, how well the com- pensation is specified, and how close the sensor is to the oscillator. When it is working well, the frequency reported in the tracking.log file is more stable and the maximum reached offset is smaller. There are two forms of the directive. The first one has six parameters: a path to the file containing the current temperature from the sensor (in text format), the compensation update interval (in seconds), and temperature coefficients T0, k0, k1, k2. The frequency compensation is calculated (in ppm) as comp = k0 + (T - T0) * k1 + (T - T0)^2 * k2 The result has to be between -10 ppm and 10 ppm, otherwise the measure- ment is considered invalid and will be ignored. The k0 coefficient can be adjusted to keep the compensation in that range. An example of the use is: tempcomp /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon0/temp2_input 30 26000 0.0 0.000183 0.0 The measured temperature will be read from the file in the Linux sysfs filesystem every 30 seconds. When the temperature is 26000 (26 degrees Celsius), the frequency correction will be zero. When it is 27000 (27 degrees Celsius), the clock will be set to run faster by 0.183 ppm, etc. The second form has three parameters: the path to the sensor file, the update interval, and a path to a file containing a list of (tempera- ture, compensation) points, from which the compensation is linearly in- terpolated or extrapolated. An example is: tempcomp /sys/class/hwmon/hwmon0/temp2_input 30 /etc/chrony.tempcomp where the /etc/chrony.tempcomp file could have 20000 1.0 21000 0.64 22000 0.36 23000 0.16 24000 0.04 25000 0.0 26000 0.04 27000 0.16 28000 0.36 29000 0.64 30000 1.0 Valid measurements with corresponding compensations are logged to the tempcomp.log file if enabled by the log tempcomp directive. NTP server allow [all] [subnet] The allow directive is used to designate a particular subnet from which NTP clients are allowed to access the computer as an NTP server. It also controls access of NTS-KE clients when NTS is enabled on the server. The default is that no clients are allowed access, i.e. chronyd oper- ates purely as an NTP client. If the allow directive is used, chronyd will be both a client of its servers, and a server to other clients. This directive can be used multiple times. Examples of the use of the directive are as follows: allow 1.2.3.4 allow 3.4.5.0/24 allow 3.4.5 allow 2001:db8::/32 allow 0/0 allow ::/0 allow The first directive allows access from an IPv4 address. The second di- rective allows access from all computers in an IPv4 subnet specified in the CIDR notation. The third directive specifies the same subnet using a simpler notation where the prefix length is determined by the number of dots. The fourth directive specifies an IPv6 subnet. The fifth and sixth directives allow access from all IPv4 and IPv6 addresses respec- tively. The seventh directive allows access from all addresses (both IPv4 or IPv6). A second form of the directive, allow all, has a greater effect, de- pending on the ordering of directives in the configuration file. To il- lustrate the effect, consider the two examples: allow 1.2.3.4 deny 1.2.3.0/24 allow 1.2.0.0/16 and allow 1.2.3.4 deny 1.2.3.0/24 allow all 1.2.0.0/16 In the first example, the effect is the same regardless of what order the three directives are given in. So the 1.2.0.0/16 subnet is allowed access, except for the 1.2.3.0/24 subnet, which is denied access, while the host 1.2.3.4 is allowed access. In the second example, the allow all 1.2.0.0/16 directive overrides the effect of any previous directive relating to a subnet within the speci- fied subnet. Within a configuration file this capability is probably rather moot; yet, it is of greater use for reconfiguration at run-time via chronyc with the allow all command. The rules are internally represented as a tree of tables with one level per four bits of the IPv4 or IPv6 address. The order of the allow and deny directives matters if they modify the same records of one table, i.e. if one subnet is included in the other subnet and their prefix lengths are at the same level. For example, 1.2.3.0/28 and 1.2.3.0/29 are in different tables, but 1.2.3.0/25 and 1.2.3.0/28 are in the same table. The configuration can be verified for individual addresses with the accheck command in chronyc. A hostname can be specified in the directives instead of the IP ad- dress, but the name must be resolvable when chronyd is started, i.e. the network is already up and DNS is working. If the hostname resolves to multiple addresses, only the first address (in the order returned by the system resolver) will be allowed or denied. Note, if the initstepslew directive is used in the configuration file, each of the computers listed in that directive must allow client access by this computer for it to work. deny [all] [subnet] This is similar to the allow directive, except that it denies NTP and NTS-KE client access to a particular subnet or host, rather than allow- ing it. The syntax is identical, and the directive can be used multiple times too. There is also a deny all directive with similar behaviour to the allow all directive. bindaddress address The bindaddress directive binds the sockets on which chronyd listens for NTP and NTS-KE requests to a local address of the computer. On sys- tems other than Linux, the address of the computer needs to be already configured when chronyd is started. An example of the use of the directive is: bindaddress 192.168.1.1 Currently, for each of the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, only one bindad- dress directive can be specified. Therefore, it is not useful on com- puters that should serve NTP on multiple network interfaces. binddevice interface The binddevice directive binds the NTP and NTS-KE server sockets to a network device specified by the interface name. This directive can specify only one interface and it is supported on Linux only. An example of the directive is: binddevice eth0 broadcast interval address [port] The broadcast directive is used to declare a broadcast address to which chronyd should send packets in the NTP broadcast mode (i.e. make chronyd act as a broadcast server). Broadcast clients on that subnet will be able to synchronise. This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple ad- dresses. The syntax is as follows: broadcast 32 192.168.1.255 broadcast 64 192.168.2.255 12123 broadcast 64 ff02::101 In the first example, the destination port defaults to UDP port 123 (the normal NTP port). In the second example, the destination port is specified as 12123. The first parameter in each case (32 or 64 respec- tively) is the interval in seconds between broadcast packets being sent. The second parameter in each case is the broadcast address to send the packet to. This should correspond to the broadcast address of one of the network interfaces on the computer where chronyd is running. You can have more than 1 broadcast directive if you have more than 1 network interface onto which you want to send NTP broadcast packets. chronyd itself cannot act as a broadcast client; it must always be con- figured as a point-to-point client by defining specific NTP servers and peers. This broadcast server feature is intended for providing a time source to other NTP implementations. If ntpd is used as the broadcast client, it will try to measure the round-trip delay between the server and client with normal client mode packets. Thus, the broadcast subnet should also be the subject of an allow directive. clientloglimit limit This directive specifies the maximum amount of memory that chronyd is allowed to allocate for logging of client accesses and the state that chronyd as an NTP server needs to support the interleaved mode for its clients. The default limit is 524288 bytes, which enables monitoring of up to 4096 IP addresses at the same time and holding NTP timestamps for up to 4096 clients using the interleaved mode (depending on uniformity of their polling interval). The number of addresses and timestamps is always a power of 2. The maximum effective value is 2147483648 (2 GB), which corresponds to 16777216 addresses and timestamps. An example of the use of this directive is: clientloglimit 1048576 noclientlog This directive, which takes no arguments, specifies that client ac- cesses are not to be logged. Normally they are logged, allowing statis- tics to be reported using the clients command in chronyc. This option also effectively disables server support for the NTP interleaved mode. local [option]... The local directive enables a local reference mode, which allows chronyd operating as an NTP server to appear synchronised to real time (from the viewpoint of clients polling it), even when it was never syn- chronised or the last update of the clock happened a long time ago. This directive is normally used in an isolated network, where computers are required to be synchronised to one another, but not necessarily to real time. The server can be kept vaguely in line with real time by manual input. The local directive has the following options: stratum stratum This option sets the stratum of the server which will be reported to clients when the local reference is active. The specified value is in the range 1 through 15, and the default value is 10. It should be larger than the maximum expected stratum in the network when external NTP servers are accessible. Stratum 1 indicates a computer that has a true real-time reference directly connected to it (e.g. GPS, atomic clock, etc.), such com- puters are expected to be very close to real time. Stratum 2 com- puters are those that have a stratum 1 server; stratum 3 computers have a stratum 2 server and so on. A value of 10 indicates that the clock is so many hops away from a reference clock that its time is fairly unreliable. distance distance This option sets the threshold for the root distance which will ac- tivate the local reference. If chronyd was synchronised to a con- figured time source, the local reference will not be activated un- til its root distance reaches the specified value (the rate at which the distance is increasing depends on how well the clock was tracking the source). When the clock is not synchronised, it is considered to have an infinite root distance, i.e. the local refer- ence activates as soon as allowed by the waitunsynced option. The default threshold is 1 second. The current root distance can be calculated from root delay and root dispersion (reported by the tracking command in chronyc) as: distance = delay / 2 + dispersion activate distance This option sets an activating root distance for the local refer- ence. The local reference will not be used until the root distance drops below the configured value for the first time. This can be used to prevent the local reference from being activated on a server which has never been synchronised with an upstream server. The default value of 0.0 causes no activating distance to be used, such that the local reference is always eligible for activation. orphan This option enables a special `orphan' mode, where sources with stratum equal to the local stratum are assumed to not serve real time. They are ignored unless no other source is selectable and their reference IDs are smaller than the local reference ID. This allows multiple servers in the network to use the same local configuration and to be synchronised to one another without confus- ing clients that poll more than one server. Each server needs to be configured to poll all other servers with the local directive. This ensures only the server with the smallest reference ID has the lo- cal reference active and others are synchronised to it. If that server stops responding, the server with the second smallest refer- ence ID will take over when its local reference mode activates (root distance reaches the threshold configured by the distance op- tion). The orphan mode is compatible with the ntpd's orphan mode (enabled by the tos orphan command). waitsynced interval This option specifies the minimum interval (in seconds) between the last update of the clock and activation of the local reference as configured by the distance and activate options. The distance op- tion can be set to 0 to ignore the root distance and control the activation only by the interval. In such case it should be at least as long as the maximum expected polling interval to prevent fre- quent activation in normal polling of the source. The default mini- mum interval is 0. waitunsynced interval This option specifies how long (in seconds) chronyd needs to wait before activating the local reference when the clock is not consid- ered to be synchronised (e.g. after start or the source selection failing due to no majority). This delay prevents chronyd from serv- ing incorrect time to clients before the configured time sources are given a chance to synchronise the local clock. The default in- terval is 300 seconds if the orphan option is set, otherwise it is 0 (i.e. local reference activates immediately). Examples of the directive are: local stratum 5 local stratum 10 orphan distance 0.1 activate 0.5 local stratum 10 orphan distance 0.0 waitsynced 7200 waitunsynced 300 ntpsigndsocket directory This directive specifies the location of the Samba ntp_signd socket when it is running as a Domain Controller (DC). If chronyd is compiled with this feature, responses to MS-SNTP clients will be signed by the smbd daemon. Note that MS-SNTP requests are not authenticated and any client that is allowed to access the server by the allow directive, or the allow com- mand in chronyc, can get an MS-SNTP response signed with a trust ac- count's password and try to crack the password in a brute-force attack. Access to the server should be carefully controlled. An example of the directive is: ntpsigndsocket /var/lib/samba/ntp_signd ntsport port This directive specifies the TCP port on which chronyd will provide the NTS Key Establishment (NTS-KE) service. The default port is 4460. The port will be open only when a certificate and key is specified by the ntsservercert and ntsserverkey directives. ntsservercert file This directive specifies a file containing a certificate in the PEM format for chronyd to operate as an NTS server. The file should also include any intermediate certificates that the clients will need to validate the server's certificate. The file needs to be readable by the user under which chronyd is running after dropping root privileges. This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple certifi- cates for different names of the server. The files are loaded only once. chronyd needs to be restarted in order to load a renewed certificate. The ntsdumpdir and dumpdir directives with the -r option of chronyd are recommended for a near-seamless server operation. ntsserverkey file This directive specifies a file containing a private key in the PEM format for chronyd to operate as an NTS server. The file needs to be readable by the user under which chronyd is running after dropping root privileges. For security reasons, it should not be readable by other users. This directive can be used multiple times to specify multiple keys. The number of keys must be the same as the number of certificates, and the corresponding files must be specified in the same order. ntsprocesses processes This directive specifies how many helper processes will chronyd operat- ing as an NTS server start for handling client NTS-KE requests in order to improve performance with multi-core CPUs and multithreading. If set to 0, no helper process will be started and all NTS-KE requests will be handled by the main chronyd process. The default value is 1, and the maximum value is 1000. maxntsconnections connections This directive specifies the maximum number of concurrent NTS-KE con- nections per process that the NTS server will accept. The default value is 100. The maximum practical value is half of the system FD_SETSIZE constant (usually 1024). ntsaeads ID... This directive specifies a list of IDs of Authenticated Encryption with Associated Data (AEAD) algorithms enabled for NTS authentication of NTP messages. chronyd as a server uses the first enabled algorithm from the list provided by the client. Algorithms that are not supported by the installed version of the crypto library (Nettle, GnuTLS) are ignored. The following IDs are supported: * 15: AES-SIV-CMAC-256 * 30: AES-128-GCM-SIV The default list of IDs is 30 15. AES-128-GCM-SIV is preferred over AES-SIV-CMAC-256 for shorter keys, which makes NTS cookies shorter and improves reliability of NTS in networks that block or limit rate of longer NTP messages. An example of the directive is: ntsaeads 15 This list is used also by the NTS client. Note the the NTS specification (RFC 8915) requires servers to support AES-SIV-CMAC-256, i.e. 15 should always be included in the specified list. The AES-128-GCM-SIV keys used by chronyd do not comply to RFC 8915 for compatibility with older chrony clients unless the use of compliant keys is negotiated with an NTS-KE record <https://chrony-project.org/doc/spec/nts-compliant-128gcm.html>. Sup- port for this record was added in version 4.6.1. As a client, chronyd can interoperate with a server that uses compliant keys, but does not support the negotiation if it responds to incorrectly authenticated re- quests with an NTS NAK. ntsdumpdir directory This directive specifies a directory where chronyd operating as an NTS server can save the keys which encrypt NTS cookies provided to clients. The keys are saved to a single file named ntskeys. When chronyd is restarted, reloading the keys allows the clients to continue using old cookies and avoids a storm of NTS-KE requests. By default, the server does not save the keys. An example of the directive is: ntsdumpdir /var/db/chrony This directory is used also by the NTS client to save NTS cookies. ntsntpserver hostname This directive specifies the hostname (as a fully qualified domain name) or address of the NTP server(s) that is provided in the NTS-KE response to the clients. It allows the NTS-KE server to be separated from the NTP server. The servers need to share the keys, however, i.e. external key management needs to be enabled by setting ntsrotate to 0. By default, no hostname or address is provided to the clients, which means they should use the same server for NTS-KE and NTP. ntsrotate interval This directive specifies the rotation interval (in seconds) of the server key which encrypts the NTS cookies. New keys are generated auto- matically from the /dev/urandom device. The server keeps two previous keys to give the clients time to get new cookies encrypted by the lat- est key. The interval is measured as the server's operating time, i.e. the actual interval can be longer if chronyd is not running continu- ously. The default interval is 604800 seconds (1 week). The maximum value is 2^31-1 (68 years). The automatic rotation of the keys can be disabled by setting ntsrotate to 0. In this case the keys are assumed to be managed externally. chronyd will not save the keys to the ntskeys file and will reload the keys from the file when the rekey command is issued in chronyc. The file can be periodically copied from another server running chronyd (which does not have ntsrotate set to 0) in order to have one or more servers dedicated to NTS-KE. The file includes the subsequent key to which the NTS-KE server will switch on the next rotation, i.e. the process copying and reloading the file does not need to be timed pre- cisely (it can be delayed by up to one rotation interval). The NTS-KE servers need to be configured with the ntsntpserver directive to point the clients to the right NTP server. An example of the directive is: ntsrotate 2592000 port port This option allows you to configure the port on which chronyd will lis- ten for NTP requests. The port will be open only when an address is al- lowed by the allow directive or the allow command in chronyc, an NTP peer is configured, or the broadcast server mode is enabled. The default value is 123, the standard NTP port. If set to 0, chronyd will never open the server port and will operate strictly in a client-only mode. The source port used in NTP client requests can be set by the acquisitionport directive. ratelimit [option]... This directive enables response rate limiting for NTP packets. Its pur- pose is to reduce network traffic with misconfigured or broken NTP clients that are polling the server too frequently. The limits are ap- plied to individual IP addresses. If multiple clients share one IP ad- dress (e.g. multiple hosts behind NAT), the sum of their traffic will be limited. If a client that increases its polling rate when it does not receive a reply is detected, its rate limiting will be temporarily suspended to avoid increasing the overall amount of traffic. The maxi- mum number of IP addresses that can be monitored at the same time de- pends on the memory limit set by the clientloglimit directive. The ratelimit directive supports a number of options (which can be de- fined in any order): interval interval This option sets the minimum interval between responses. It is de- fined as a power of 2 in seconds. The default value is 3 (8 sec- onds). The minimum value is -19 (524288 packets per second) and the maximum value is 12 (one packet per 4096 seconds). Note that with values below -4 the rate limiting is coarse (responses are allowed in bursts, even if the interval between them is shorter than the specified interval). burst responses This option sets the maximum number of responses that can be sent in a burst, temporarily exceeding the limit specified by the inter- val option. This is useful for clients that make rapid measurements on start (e.g. chronyd with the iburst option). The default value is 8. The minimum value is 1, and the maximum value is 255. leak rate This option sets the rate at which responses are randomly allowed even if the limits specified by the interval and burst options are exceeded. This is necessary to prevent an attacker who is sending requests with a spoofed source address from completely blocking re- sponses to that address. The leak rate is defined as a power of 1/2 and it is 2 by default, i.e. on average at least every fourth re- quest has a response. The minimum value is 1, and the maximum value is 4. kod rate This option sets the rate at which Kiss-o'-Death (KoD) RATE re- sponses are randomly sent when the limits specified by the interval and burst options are exceeded. It is an additional stream of re- sponses to the leak option. A KoD RATE response is a request for the client to reduce its polling rate. Few implementations actually support it. The rate is defined as a power of 1/2. The default value is 0, which means disabled. The minimum value is 0, and the maximum value is 4. An example use of the directive is: ratelimit interval 1 burst 16 This would reduce the response rate for IP addresses sending packets on average more than once per 2 seconds, or sending packets in bursts of more than 16 packets, by up to 75% (with default leak of 2). ntsratelimit [option]... This directive enables rate limiting of NTS-KE requests. It is similar to the ratelimit directive, except the default interval is 6 (1 connec- tion per 64 seconds) and the kod option is not supported. An example of the use of the directive is: ntsratelimit interval 3 burst 1 smoothtime max-freq max-wander [leaponly] The smoothtime directive can be used to enable smoothing of the time that chronyd serves to its clients to make it easier for them to track it and keep their clocks close together even when large offset or fre- quency corrections are applied to the server's clock, for example, af- ter being offline for a longer time. BE WARNED: The server is intentionally not serving its best estimate of the true time. If a large offset has been accumulated, it can take a very long time to smooth it out. This directive should be used only when the clients are not configured to poll another NTP server also, because they could reject this server as a falseticker or fail to se- lect a source completely. The smoothing process is implemented with a quadratic spline function with two or three pieces. It is independent from any slewing applied to the local system clock, but the accumulated offset and frequency will be reset when the clock is corrected by stepping, e.g. by the makestep directive or the makestep command in chronyc. The process can be reset without stepping the clock by the smoothtime reset command. The first two arguments of the directive are the maximum frequency off- set of the smoothed time to the tracked NTP time (in ppm) and the maxi- mum rate at which the frequency offset is allowed to change (in ppm per second). leaponly is an optional third argument that enables a mode where only leap seconds are smoothed out and normal offset and fre- quency changes are ignored. The leaponly option is useful in a combina- tion with the leapsecmode slew directive to allow the clients to use multiple time smoothing servers safely. The smoothing process is activated automatically when 1/10000 of the estimated skew of the local clock falls below the maximum rate of fre- quency change. It can be also activated manually by the smoothtime ac- tivate command, which is particularly useful when the clock is synchro- nised only with manual input and the skew is always larger than the threshold. The smoothing command can be used to monitor the process. An example suitable for clients using ntpd and 1024 second polling in- terval could be: smoothtime 400 0.001 An example suitable for clients using chronyd on Linux could be: smoothtime 50000 0.01 Command and monitoring access bindcmdaddress address The bindcmdaddress directive specifies a local IP address to which chronyd will bind the UDP socket listening for monitoring command pack- ets (issued by chronyc). On systems other than Linux, the address of the interface needs to be already configured when chronyd is started. This directive can also change the path of the Unix domain command socket, which is used by chronyc to send configuration commands. The socket must be in a directory that is accessible only by the root or chrony user. The directory will be created on start if it does not ex- ist. The compiled-in default path of the socket is /var/run/chrony/chronyd.sock. The socket can be disabled by setting the path to /. By default, chronyd binds the UDP sockets to the addresses 127.0.0.1 and ::1 (i.e. the loopback interface). This blocks all access except from localhost. To listen for command packets on all interfaces, you can add the lines: bindcmdaddress 0.0.0.0 bindcmdaddress :: to the configuration file. For each of the IPv4, IPv6, and Unix domain protocols, only one bindcm- daddress directive can be specified. An example that sets the path of the Unix domain command socket is: bindcmdaddress /var/run/chrony/chronyd.sock bindcmddevice interface The bindcmddevice directive binds the UDP command sockets to a network device specified by the interface name. This directive can specify only one interface and it is supported on Linux only. An example of the directive is: bindcmddevice eth0 cmdallow [all] [subnet] This is similar to the allow directive, except that it allows monitor- ing access (rather than NTP client access) to a particular subnet or host. (By `monitoring access' is meant that chronyc can be run on those hosts and retrieve monitoring data from chronyd on this computer.) The syntax is identical to the allow directive. There is also a cmdallow all directive with similar behaviour to the allow all directive (but applying to monitoring access in this case, of course). Addresses 127.0.0.1 and ::1 (i.e. the loopback interface) are always allowed. Note that chronyd has to be configured with the bindcmdaddress direc- tive to not listen only on the loopback interface to actually allow re- mote access. cmddeny [all] [subnet] This is similar to the cmdallow directive, except that it denies moni- toring access to a particular subnet or host, rather than allowing it. The syntax is identical. There is also a cmddeny all directive with similar behaviour to the cm- dallow all directive. cmdport port The cmdport directive allows the port that is used for run-time moni- toring (via the chronyc program) to be altered from its default (323). If set to 0, chronyd will not open the port, which disables remote chronyc access (with a non-default bindcmdaddress) and local access for unprivileged users. It does not disable the Unix domain command socket. An example shows the syntax: cmdport 257 This would make chronyd use UDP 257 as its command port. (chronyc would need to be run with the -p 257 option to inter-operate correctly.) cmdratelimit [option]... This directive enables response rate limiting for command packets. It is similar to the ratelimit directive, except responses to localhost are never limited, the default interval is -4 (16 packets per second), and the kod option is not supported. An example of the use of the directive is: cmdratelimit interval 2 opencommands [command]... This directive specifies a list of monitoring commands to be enabled for the hosts allowed by the cmdallow directive. The following commands can be specified (the naming follows chronyc): activity*, authdata, clients, manual*, ntpdata, rtcdata*, selectdata, serverstats*, smoothing*, sourcename*, sources*, sourcestats, track- ing*. The commands marked with * are enabled by default. The protocol of these commands is considered stable and can be expected to work between different versions of chronyc and chronyd. The protocol of the other commands is not considered stable and different versions of chronyc and chronyd may not interoperate. When that happens, chronyc will print an `Invalid command' or `Bad reply from daemon' error. Note that some of the reported data can be potentially useful to at- tackers, enabling them to observe and predict better the internal state of chronyd. It is recommended to enable only commands that are actually needed for monitoring and limit the access to the hosts that need it. Real-time clock (RTC) hwclockfile file The hwclockfile directive sets the location of the adjtime file which is used by the hwclock program on Linux. chronyd parses the file to find out if the RTC keeps local time or UTC. It overrides the rtconutc directive. The compiled-in default value is ''. An example of the directive is: hwclockfile /etc/adjtime rtcautotrim threshold The rtcautotrim directive is used to keep the RTC close to the system clock automatically. When the system clock is synchronised and the es- timated error between the two clocks is larger than the specified threshold, chronyd will trim the RTC as if the trimrtc command in chronyc was issued. The trimming operation is accurate to only about 1 second, which is the minimum effective threshold. This directive is effective only with the rtcfile directive. An example of the use of this directive is: rtcautotrim 30 This would set the threshold error to 30 seconds. rtcdevice device The rtcdevice directive sets the path to the device file for accessing the RTC. The default path is /dev/rtc. rtcfile file The rtcfile directive defines the name of the file in which chronyd can save parameters associated with tracking the accuracy of the RTC. An example of the directive is: rtcfile /var/db/chrony/rtc chronyd saves information in this file when it exits and when the writertc command is issued in chronyc. The information saved is the RTC's error at some epoch, that epoch (in seconds since January 1 1970), and the rate at which the RTC gains or loses time. So far, the support for real-time clocks is limited; their code is even more system-specific than the rest of the software. You can only use the RTC facilities (the rtcfile directive and the -s command-line op- tion to chronyd) if the following three conditions apply: 1. You are running Linux. 2. The kernel is compiled with extended real-time clock support (i.e. the /dev/rtc device is capable of doing useful things). 3. You do not have other applications that need to make use of /dev/rtc at all. rtconutc chronyd assumes by default that the RTC keeps local time (including any daylight saving changes). This is convenient on PCs running Linux that are dual-booted with Windows. If you keep the RTC on local time and your computer is off when day- light saving (summer time) starts or ends, the computer's system time will be one hour in error when you next boot and start chronyd. An alternative is for the RTC to keep Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). This does not suffer from the 1 hour problem when daylight saving starts or ends. If the rtconutc directive appears, it means the RTC is required to keep UTC. The directive takes no arguments. It is equivalent to specifying the -u switch to the Linux hwclock program. Note that this setting is overridden by the hwclockfile file and is not relevant for the rtcsync directive or when the RTC is used as reference clock. rtcsync The rtcsync directive enables a mode where the system time is periodi- cally copied to the RTC and chronyd does not try to track its drift. This directive cannot be used with the rtcfile directive. On Linux, the RTC copy is performed by the kernel every 11 minutes. On macOS, chronyd will perform the RTC copy every 60 minutes when the system clock is in a synchronised state. On other systems this directive does nothing. Logging log [option]... The log directive indicates that certain information is to be logged. The log files are written to the directory specified by the logdir di- rective. A banner is periodically written to the files to indicate the meanings of the columns. rawmeasurements This option logs the raw NTP measurements and related information to a file called measurements.log. An entry is made for each packet received from the source. This can be useful when debugging a prob- lem. An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the log file is shown below. 2016-11-09 05:40:50 203.0.113.15 N 2 111 111 1111 10 10 1.0 \ -4.966e-03 2.296e-01 1.577e-05 1.615e-01 7.446e-03 CB00717B 4B D K The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above): 1. Date [2015-10-13] 2. Hour:Minute:Second. Note that the date-time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone. [05:40:50] 3. IP address of server or peer from which measurement came [203.0.113.15] 4. Leap status (N means normal, + means that the last minute of the current month has 61 seconds, - means that the last minute of the month has 59 seconds, ? means the remote computer is not currently synchronised.) [N] 5. Stratum of remote computer. [2] 6. RFC 5905 tests 1 through 3 (1=pass, 0=fail) [111] 7. RFC 5905 tests 5 through 7 (1=pass, 0=fail) [111] 8. Results of the maxdelay, maxdelayratio, and maxdelaydevratio (or maxdelayquant) tests, and a test for synchronisation loop (1=pass, 0=fail). The first test from these four also checks the server precision, response time, validity of the measured offset, and whether an interleaved response is acceptable for synchronisation. [1111] 9. Local poll [10] 10. Remote poll [10] 11. `Score' (an internal score within each polling level used to decide when to increase or decrease the polling level. This is adjusted based on number of measurements currently being used for the regression algorithm). [1.0] 12. The estimated local clock error (theta in RFC 5905). Positive indicates that the local clock is slow of the remote source. [-4.966e-03] 13. The peer delay (delta in RFC 5905). [2.296e-01] 14. The peer dispersion (epsilon in RFC 5905). [1.577e-05] 15. The root delay (DELTA in RFC 5905). [1.615e-01] 16. The root dispersion (EPSILON in RFC 5905). [7.446e-03] 17. Reference ID of the server's source as a hexadecimal number. [CB00717B] 18. NTP mode of the received packet (1=active peer, 2=passive peer, 4=server, B=basic, I=interleaved). [4B] 19. Source of the local transmit timestamp (D=daemon, K=kernel, H=hardware). [D] 20. Source of the local receive timestamp (D=daemon, K=kernel, H=hardware). [K] measurements This option is identical to the rawmeasurements option, except it logs only valid measurements from synchronised sources, i.e. mea- surements that passed the RFC 5905 tests 1 through 7. This can be useful for producing graphs of the source's performance. statistics This option logs information about the regression processing to a file called statistics.log. An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the log file is shown below. 2016-08-10 05:40:50 203.0.113.15 6.261e-03 -3.247e-03 \ 2.220e-03 1.874e-06 1.080e-06 7.8e-02 16 0 8 0.00 The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above): 1. Date [2015-07-22] 2. Hour:Minute:Second. Note that the date-time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone. [05:40:50] 3. IP address of server or peer from which measurement comes [203.0.113.15] 4. The estimated standard deviation of the measurements from the source (in seconds). [6.261e-03] 5. The estimated offset of the source (in seconds, positive means the local clock is estimated to be fast, in this case). [-3.247e-03] 6. The estimated standard deviation of the offset estimate (in seconds). [2.220e-03] 7. The estimated rate at which the local clock is gaining or los- ing time relative to the source (in seconds per second, posi- tive means the local clock is gaining). This is relative to the compensation currently being applied to the local clock, not to the local clock without any compensation. [1.874e-06] 8. The estimated error in the rate value (in seconds per second). [1.080e-06]. 9. The ratio of |old_rate - new_rate| / old_rate_error. Large val- ues indicate the statistics are not modelling the source very well. [7.8e-02] 10. The number of measurements currently being used for the re- gression algorithm. [16] 11. The new starting index (the oldest sample has index 0; this is the method used to prune old samples when it no longer looks like the measurements fit a linear model). [0, i.e. no samples discarded this time] 12. The number of runs. The number of runs of regression residuals with the same sign is computed. If this is too small, it indi- cates that the measurements are no longer represented well by a linear model and that some older samples need to be discarded. The number of runs for the data that is being retained is tabu- lated. Values of approximately half the number of samples are expected. [8] 13. The estimated or configured asymmetry of network jitter on the path to the source which was used to correct the measured off- sets. The asymmetry can be between -0.5 and +0.5. A negative value means the delay of packets sent to the source is more variable than the delay of packets sent from the source back. [0.00, i.e. no correction for asymmetry] selection This option logs information about selection of sources for syn- chronisation to a file called selection.log. Note that the rate of entries written to this file grows quadratically with the number of specified sources (each measurement triggers the selection for all sources). An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the log file is shown below. 2022-05-01 02:01:20 203.0.113.15 * ----- 377 1.00 \ 4.228e+01 -1.575e-04 1.239e-04 The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above): 1. Date [2022-05-01] 2. Hour:Minute:Second. Note that the date-time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone. [02:01:20] 3. IP address or reference ID of the source. [203.0.113.15] 4. State of the source indicated with one of the following sym- bols. [*] Not considered selectable for synchronisation: * N - has the noselect option. * s - is not synchronised. * M - does not have enough measurements. * d - has a root distance larger than the maximum dis- tance (configured by the maxdistance directive). * ~ - has a jitter larger than the maximum jitter (con- figured by the maxjitter directive). * w - waits for other sources to get out of the M state. * S - has older measurements than other sources. * O - has a stratum equal or larger than the orphan stra- tum (configured by the local directive). * T - does not fully agree with sources that have the trust option. * x - does not agree with other sources (falseticker). Considered selectable for synchronisation, but not cur- rently used: * W - waits for other sources to be selectable (required by the minsources directive, or the require option of another source). * P - another selectable source is preferred due to the prefer option. * U - waits for a new measurement (after selecting a dif- ferent best source). * D - has, or recently had, a root distance which is too large to be combined with other sources (configured by the combinelimit directive). Used for synchronisation of the local clock: * + - combined with the best source. * * - selected as the best source to update the reference data (e.g. root delay, root dispersion). 5. Current effective selection options of the source. which can be different from the configured options due to the authentication selection mode (configured by the authselectmode directive). [-----] * N indicates the noselect option. * P indicates the prefer option. * T indicates the trust option. * R indicates the require option. 6. Reachability register printed as an octal number. The register has 8 bits and is updated on every received or missed packet from the source. A value of 377 indicates that a valid reply was received for all from the last eight transmissions. [377] 7. Current score against the source in the * state. The scoring system avoids frequent reselection when multiple sources have a similar root distance. A value larger than 1 indicates this source was better than the * source in recent selections. If the score reaches 10, the best source will be reselected and the scores will be reset to 1. [1.00] 8. Interval since the last measurement of the source in seconds. [4.228e+01] 9. Lower endpoint of the interval which was expected to contain the true offset of the local clock determined by the root dis- tance of the source. [-1.575e-04] 10. Upper endpoint of the interval which was expected to contain the true offset of the local clock determined by the root dis- tance of the source. [1.239e-04] tracking This option logs changes to the estimate of the system's gain or loss rate, and any slews made, to a file called tracking.log. An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the log file is shown below. 2017-08-22 13:22:36 203.0.113.15 2 -3.541 0.075 -8.621e-06 N \ 2 2.940e-03 -2.084e-04 1.534e-02 3.472e-04 8.304e-03 The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above) : 1. Date [2017-08-22] 2. Hour:Minute:Second. Note that the date-time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone. [13:22:36] 3. The IP address of the server or peer to which the local system is synchronised. [203.0.113.15] 4. The stratum of the local system. [2] 5. The local system frequency (in ppm, positive means the local system runs fast of UTC). [-3.541] 6. The error bounds on the frequency (in ppm). [0.075] 7. The estimated local offset at the epoch, which is normally cor- rected by slewing the local clock (in seconds, positive indi- cates the clock is fast of UTC). [-8.621e-06] 8. Leap status (N means normal, + means that the last minute of this month has 61 seconds, - means that the last minute of the month has 59 seconds, ? means the clock is not currently syn- chronised.) [N] 9. The number of combined sources. [2] 10. The estimated standard deviation of the combined offset (in seconds). [2.940e-03] 11. The remaining offset correction from the previous update (in seconds, positive means the system clock is slow of UTC). [-2.084e-04] 12. The total of the network path delays to the reference clock to which the local clock is ultimately synchronised (in seconds). [1.534e-02] 13. The total dispersion accumulated through all the servers back to the reference clock to which the local clock is ultimately synchronised (in seconds). [3.472e-04] 14. The maximum estimated error of the system clock in the inter- val since the previous update (in seconds). It includes the offset, remaining offset correction, root delay, and dispersion from the previous update with the dispersion which accumulated in the interval. [8.304e-03] rtc This option logs information about the system's real-time clock. An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the rtc.log file is shown below. 2015-07-22 05:40:50 -0.037360 1 -0.037434\ -37.948 12 5 120 The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above): 1. Date [2015-07-22] 2. Hour:Minute:Second. Note that the date-time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone. [05:40:50] 3. The measured offset between the RTC and the system clock in seconds. Positive indicates that the RTC is fast of the system time [-0.037360]. 4. Flag indicating whether the regression has produced valid coef- ficients. (1 for yes, 0 for no). [1] 5. Offset at the current time predicted by the regression process. A large difference between this value and the measured offset tends to indicate that the measurement is an outlier with a se- rious measurement error. [-0.037434] 6. The rate at which the RTC is losing or gaining time relative to the system clock. In ppm, with positive indicating that the RTC is gaining time. [-37.948] 7. The number of measurements used in the regression. [12] 8. The number of runs of regression residuals of the same sign. Low values indicate that a straight line is no longer a good model of the measured data and that older measurements should be discarded. [5] 9. The measurement interval used prior to the measurement being made (in seconds). [120] refclocks This option logs the raw and filtered reference clock measurements to a file called refclocks.log. An example line (which actually ap- pears as a single line in the file) from the log file is shown be- low. 2009-11-30 14:33:27.000000 PPS2 7 N 1 4.900000e-07 -6.741777e-07 1.000e-06 The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above): 1. Date [2009-11-30] 2. Hour:Minute:Second.Microsecond. Note that the date-time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone. [14:33:27.000000] 3. Reference ID of the reference clock from which the measurement came. [PPS2] 4. Sequence number of driver poll within one polling interval for raw samples, or - for filtered samples. [7] 5. Leap status (N means normal, + means that the last minute of the current month has 61 seconds, - means that the last minute of the month has 59 seconds). [N] 6. Flag indicating whether the sample comes from PPS source. (1 for yes, 0 for no, or - for filtered sample). [1] 7. Local clock error measured by reference clock driver, or - for filtered sample. [4.900000e-07] 8. Local clock error with applied corrections. Positive indicates that the local clock is slow. [-6.741777e-07] 9. Assumed dispersion of the sample. [1.000e-06] tempcomp This option logs the temperature measurements and system rate com- pensations to a file called tempcomp.log. An example line (which actually appears as a single line in the file) from the log file is shown below. 2015-04-19 10:39:48 2.8000e+04 3.6600e-01 The columns are as follows (the quantities in square brackets are the values from the example line above): 1. Date [2015-04-19] 2. Hour:Minute:Second. Note that the date-time pair is expressed in UTC, not the local time zone. [10:39:48] 3. Temperature read from the sensor. [2.8000e+04] 4. Applied compensation in ppm, positive means the system clock is running faster than it would be without the compensation. [3.6600e-01] An example of the directive is: log measurements statistics tracking logbanner entries A banner is periodically written to the log files enabled by the log directive to indicate the meanings of the columns. The logbanner directive specifies the cadence size of how many entries are written to the log file after which the banner is written anew. The default is 32, and 0 can be used to disable it entirely. logchange threshold This directive sets the threshold for the adjustment of the system clock that will generate a syslog message. Clock errors detected via NTP packets, reference clocks, or timestamps entered via the settime command of chronyc are logged. By default, the threshold is 1 second. An example of the use is: logchange 0.1 which would cause a syslog message to be generated if a system clock error of over 0.1 seconds starts to be compensated. logdir directory This directive specifies the directory for writing log files enabled by the log directive. If the directory does not exist, it will be created automatically. An example of the use of this directive is: logdir /var/log/chrony mailonchange email threshold This directive defines an email address to which mail should be sent if chronyd applies a correction exceeding a particular threshold to the system clock. An example of the use of this directive is: mailonchange root@localhost 0.5 This would send a mail message to root if a change of more than 0.5 seconds were applied to the system clock. This directive cannot be used when a system call filter is enabled by the -F option as the chronyd process will not be allowed to fork and execute the sendmail binary. Miscellaneous confdir directory... The confdir directive includes configuration files with the .conf suf- fix from a directory. The files are included in the lexicographical or- der of the file names. Multiple directories (up to 10) can be specified with a single confdir directive. In this case, if multiple directories contain a file with the same name, only the first file in the order of the specified direc- tories will be included. This enables a fragmented configuration where existing fragments can be replaced by adding files to a different di- rectory. This directive can be used multiple times. An example of the directive is: confdir /usr/local/etc/chrony.d sourcedir directory... The sourcedir directive is identical to the confdir directive, except the configuration files have the .sources suffix, they can only specify NTP sources (i.e. the server, pool, and peer directives), they are ex- pected to have all lines terminated by the newline character, and they can be reloaded by the reload sources command in chronyc. It is partic- ularly useful with dynamic sources like NTP servers received from a DHCP server, which can be written to a file specific to the network in- terface by a networking script. This directive can be used multiple times. An example of the directive is: sourcedir /var/run/chrony-dhcp include pattern The include directive includes a configuration file, or multiple con- figuration files if a wildcard pattern is specified. Unlike with the confdir directive, the full name of the files needs to be specified, and at least one file is required to exist. This directive can be used multiple times. An example of the directive is: include /usr/local/etc/chrony.d/*.conf hwtimestamp interface [option]... This directive enables hardware timestamping of NTP packets sent to and received from the specified network interface. The network interface controller (NIC) uses its own clock to accurately timestamp the actual transmissions and receptions, avoiding processing and queueing delays in the kernel, network driver, and hardware. This can significantly im- prove the accuracy of the timestamps and the measured offset, which is used for synchronisation of the system clock. In order to get the best results, both sides receiving and sending NTP packets (i.e. server and client, or two peers) need to use HW timestamping. If the server or peer supports the interleaved mode, it needs to be enabled by the xleave option in the server or the peer directive. This directive is supported on Linux 3.19 and newer. The NIC must sup- port HW timestamping, which can be verified with the ethtool -T com- mand. The list of capabilities should include hardware-raw-clock, hard- ware-transmit, and hardware-receive. The receive filter all, or ntp, is necessary for timestamping of received NTP packets. Timestamping of packets received on bridged and bonded interfaces is supported on Linux 4.13 and newer. If HW timestamping does not work for received packets, chronyd will use kernel receive timestamps instead. Transmit-only HW timestamping can still be useful to improve stability of the synchroni- sation. chronyd does not synchronise the NIC clock. It assumes the clock is running free. Multiple instances of chronyd can use the same interface with enabled HW timestamping. Applications which need HW timestamping with a synchronised clock (e.g. a PTP daemon) should use a virtual clock running on top of the physical clock created by writing to /sys/class/ptp/ptpX/n_vclocks. This feature is available on Linux 5.14 and newer. If the kernel supports software timestamping, it will be enabled for all interfaces automatically. The source of timestamps (i.e. hardware, kernel, or daemon) is indi- cated on the client side in the measurements.log file (if enabled by the log directive) and the ntpdata report. On the server side, the num- ber of served timestamps from each source is provided in the server- stats report. This directive can be used multiple times to enable HW timestamping on multiple interfaces. If the specified interface is *, chronyd will try to enable HW timestamping on all available interfaces. The hwtimestamp directive has the following options: minpoll poll This option specifies the minimum interval between readings of the NIC clock. It's defined as a power of 2. It should correspond to the minimum polling interval of all NTP sources and the minimum ex- pected polling interval of NTP clients. The default value is 0 (1 second), the minimum value is -6 (1/64th of a second), and the max- imum value is 20 (about 12 days). maxpoll poll This option specifies the maximum interval between readings of the NIC clock, as a power of 2. The default value is minpoll + 1, i.e. 1 (2 seconds) with the default minpoll of 0. The minimum and maxi- mum values are the same as with the minpoll option. minsamples samples This option specifies the minimum number of readings kept for tracking of the NIC clock. The default value is 2. maxsamples samples This option specifies the maximum number of readings kept for tracking of the NIC clock. The default value is 16. precision precision This option specifies the assumed precision of reading of the NIC clock. The default value is 100e-9 (100 nanoseconds). txcomp compensation This option specifies the difference in seconds between the actual transmission time at the physical layer and the reported transmit timestamp. This value will be added to transmit timestamps obtained from the NIC. The default value is 0. rxcomp compensation This option specifies the difference in seconds between the re- ported receive timestamp and the actual reception time at the phys- ical layer. This value will be subtracted from receive timestamps obtained from the NIC. The default value is 0. nocrossts Some hardware can precisely cross-timestamp the NIC clock with the system clock. This option disables the use of the cross-timestamp- ing. rxfilter filter This option selects the receive timestamping filter. The filter can be one of the following: all Enables timestamping of all received packets. ntp Enables timestamping of received NTP packets. ptp Enables timestamping of received PTP packets. none Disables timestamping of received packets. The most specific filter for timestamping of NTP packets supported by the NIC is selected by default. Some NICs can timestamp PTP packets only. By default, they will be configured with the none filter and expected to provide hardware timestamps for transmitted packets only. Timestamping of PTP packets is useful with NTP-over-PTP enabled by the ptpport directive, or when another ap- plication is receiving PTP packets on the interface. Forcing time- stamping of all packets with the all filter could be useful if the NIC supported both the all and ntp filters, and it should timestamp both NTP and PTP packets, or NTP packets on a different UDP port. Examples of the directive are: hwtimestamp eth0 hwtimestamp eth1 txcomp 300e-9 rxcomp 645e-9 hwtimestamp * hwtstimeout timeout If hardware timestamping is used with a close NTP server, or the NIC or its driver is slow in providing the transmit timestamp of NTP requests, a response from the server can be received before the transmit time- stamp of the request. To avoid calculating the offset with a less accu- rate transmit timestamp, chronyd can save the response for later pro- cessing and wait for the hardware transmit timestamp. There is no guar- antee that the timestamp will be provided (NICs typically have a lim- ited rate of transmit timestamping). This directive configures how long chronyd should wait for the timestamp after receiving a valid response from the server. If a second valid response is received from the server while waiting for the timestamp, they will be both processed immedi- ately. The default value is 0.001 seconds, which should be sufficient with most hardware. If you frequently see kernel transmit timestamps in the measurements.log file or ntpdata report, and it is not a server han- dling a high rate of requests in the interleaved mode on the same in- terface (which would compete with timestamping of the server's own re- quests), increasing the timeout to 0.01 or possibly even longer might help. Note that the maximum timeout is limited by the NTP polling in- terval. keyfile file This directive is used to specify the location of the file containing symmetric keys, which are shared between NTP servers and clients, or peers, in order to authenticate NTP packets with a message authentica- tion code (MAC) using a cryptographic hash function or cipher. The format of the directive is shown in the example below: keyfile /usr/local/etc/chrony.keys The argument is simply the name of the file containing the ID-key pairs. The format of the file is shown below: 10 tulip 11 hyacinth 20 MD5 ASCII:crocus 25 SHA1 HEX:933F62BE1D604E68A81B557F18CFA200483F5B70 30 AES128 HEX:7EA62AE64D190114D46D5A082F948EC1 31 AES256 HEX:37DDCBC67BB902BCB8E995977FAB4D2B5642F5B32EBCEEE421921D97E5CBFE39 ... Each line consists of an ID, optional type, and key. The ID can be any positive integer in the range 1 through 2^32-1. The type is a name of a cryptographic hash function or cipher that is used to generate and verify the MAC. The default type is MD5, which is always supported. If chronyd was built with enabled support for hashing using a crypto library (Nettle, GnuTLS, NSS, or LibTomCrypt), the fol- lowing functions are available: MD5, SHA1, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512. De- pending on which library and version is chronyd using, some of the fol- lowing hash functions and ciphers may also be available: SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, SHA3-512, TIGER, WHIRLPOOL, AES128, AES256. The key can be specified as a string of ASCII characters not containing white space with an optional ASCII: prefix, or as a hexadecimal number with the HEX: prefix. The maximum length of the line is 2047 charac- ters. If the type is a cipher, the length of the key must match the ci- pher (i.e. 128 bits for AES128 and 256 bits for AES256). It is recommended to use randomly generated keys, specified in the hexadecimal format, which are at least 128 bits long (i.e. they have at least 32 characters after the HEX: prefix). chronyd will log a warning to syslog on start if a source is specified in the configuration file with a key shorter than 80 bits. The recommended key types are AES ciphers and SHA3 hash functions. MD5 should be avoided unless no other type is supported on the server and client, or peers. A major weakness of MD5 for the NTP MAC is a length extension attack, where a man-in-the-middle attacker can add arbitrary extension fields to the NTP message and update the MAC to pass the ver- ification of the extended message. The extfield option (enabling pro- cessing of the specified extension field) should not be used for NTP sources authenticated with an MD5 key. The keygen command of chronyc can be used to generate random keys for the key file. By default, it generates 160-bit MD5 or SHA1 keys. For security reasons, the file should be readable only by root and the user under which chronyd is normally running (to allow chronyd to re-read the file when the rekey command is issued by chronyc). lock_all The lock_all directive will lock the chronyd process into RAM so that it will never be paged out. This can result in lower and more consis- tent latency. The directive is supported on Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and illumos. pidfile file Unless chronyd is started with the -Q option, it writes its process ID (PID) to a file, and checks this file on startup to see if another chronyd might already be running on the system. By default, the file used is /var/run/chrony/chronyd.pid. The pidfile directive allows the name to be changed, e.g.: pidfile /run/chronyd.pid Setting this directive to / disables writing and checking of the PID file. ptpport port The ptpport directive enables chronyd to send and receive NTP messages contained in PTP event messages (NTP-over-PTP) to enable hardware time- stamping on NICs that cannot timestamp NTP packets, but can timestamp unicast PTP packets, and also use corrections provided by PTP one-step end-to-end transparent clocks in network switches and routers. The port recognized by the NICs and PTP transparent clocks is 319 (PTP event port). The default value is 0 (disabled). The NTP-over-PTP support is experimental. The protocol and configura- tion can change in future. It should be used only in local networks. The PTP port will be open even if chronyd is not configured to operate as a server or client. The directive does not change the default proto- col of specified NTP sources. Each NTP source that should use NTP-over-PTP needs to be specified with the port option set to the PTP port. To actually enable hardware timestamping on NICs that can time- stamp PTP packets only, the rxfilter option of the hwtimestamp direc- tive needs to be set to ptp. The extension field F324 needs to be en- abled to use the corrections provided by the PTP transparent clocks. An example of client configuration is: server ntp1.example.net minpoll 0 maxpoll 0 xleave port 319 extfield F324 hwtimestamp * rxfilter ptp ptpport 319 ptpdomain domain The ptpdomain directive sets the PTP domain number of transmitted and accepted NTP-over-PTP messages. Messages from other domains are ig- nored. The default is 123, the minimum is 0, and the maximum is 255. sched_priority priority On Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, and illumos, the sched_priority directive will select the SCHED_FIFO real-time scheduler at the specified prior- ity (which must be between 0 and 100). On macOS, this option must have either a value of 0 (the default) to disable the thread time constraint policy or 1 for the policy to be enabled. On systems other than macOS, this directive uses the pthread_setsched- param() system call to instruct the kernel to use the SCHED_FIFO first-in, first-out real-time scheduling policy for chronyd with the specified priority. This means that whenever chronyd is ready to run it will run, interrupting whatever else is running unless it is a higher priority real-time process. This should not impact performance as chronyd resource requirements are modest, but it should result in lower and more consistent latency since chronyd will not need to wait for the scheduler to get around to running it. You should not use this unless you really need it. The pthread_setschedparam(3) man page has more de- tails. On macOS, this directive uses the thread_policy_set() kernel call to specify real-time scheduling. As noted above, you should not use this directive unless you really need it. user user The user directive sets the name of the system user to which chronyd will switch after start in order to drop root privileges. On Linux, chronyd needs to be compiled with support for the libcap li- brary. On macOS, FreeBSD, NetBSD and illumos chronyd forks into two processes. The child process retains root privileges, but can only per- form a very limited range of privileged system calls on behalf of the parent. The compiled-in default value is chronyd. EXAMPLES NTP client with permanent connection to NTP servers This section shows how to configure chronyd for computers that are con- nected to the Internet (or to any network containing true NTP servers that ultimately derive their time from a reference clock) permanently or most of the time. To operate in this mode, you will need to know the names of the NTP servers you want to use. You might be able to find names of suitable servers by one of the following methods: * Your institution might already operate servers on its network. Contact your system administrator to find out. * Your ISP probably has one or more NTP servers available for its cus- tomers. * Somewhere under the NTP homepage there is a list of public stratum 1 and stratum 2 servers. You should find one or more servers that are near to you. Check that their access policy allows you to use their fa- cilities. * Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org <https://www.pool.ntp.org/> project. Assuming that your NTP servers are called ntp1.example.net, ntp2.exam- ple.net and ntp3.example.net, your chrony.conf file could contain as a min- imum: server ntp1.example.net server ntp2.example.net server ntp3.example.net You will probably want to include some of the other directives, however. The driftfile, makestep and rtcsync might be particularly useful. Also, the iburst option of the server directive is useful to speed up the initial synchronisation. The smallest useful configuration file would look some- thing like: server ntp1.example.net iburst server ntp2.example.net iburst server ntp3.example.net iburst driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift makestep 1.0 3 rtcsync When using a pool of NTP servers (one name is used for multiple servers which might change over time), it is better to specify them with the pool directive instead of multiple server directives. The configuration file could in this case look like: pool pool.ntp.org iburst driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift makestep 1.0 3 rtcsync If the servers (or pool) support the Network Time Security (NTS) authenti- cation mechanism and chronyd is compiled with NTS support, the nts option will enable a secure synchronisation to the servers. The configuration file could look like: server ntp1.example.net iburst nts server ntp2.example.net iburst nts server ntp3.example.net iburst nts driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift makestep 1.0 3 rtcsync NTP client with infrequent connection to NTP servers This section shows how to configure chronyd for computers that have occa- sional connections to NTP servers. In this case, you will need some addi- tional configuration to tell chronyd when the connection goes up and down. This saves the program from continuously trying to poll the servers when they are inaccessible. Again, assuming that your NTP servers are called ntp1.example.net, ntp2.ex- ample.net and ntp3.example.net, your chrony.conf file would now contain: server ntp1.example.net offline server ntp2.example.net offline server ntp3.example.net offline driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift makestep 1.0 3 rtcsync The offline keyword indicates that the servers start in an offline state, and that they should not be contacted until chronyd receives notification from chronyc that the link to the Internet is present. To tell chronyd when to start and finish sampling the servers, the online and offline commands of chronyc need to be used. To give an example of their use, assuming that pppd is the program being used to connect to the Internet and that chronyc has been installed at /usr/local/bin/chronyc, the script /etc/ppp/ip-up would include: /usr/local/bin/chronyc online and the script /etc/ppp/ip-down would include: /usr/local/bin/chronyc offline chronyd's polling of the servers would now only occur whilst the machine is actually connected to the Internet. Isolated networks This section shows how to configure chronyd for computers that never have network connectivity to any computer that ultimately derives its time from a reference clock. In this situation, one computer is selected to be the primary timeserver. The other computers are either direct clients of the server, or clients of clients. The local directive enables a local reference mode, which allows chronyd to appear synchronised even when it is not. The rate value in the server's drift file needs to be set to the average rate at which the server gains or loses time. chronyd includes support for this, in the form of the manual directive and the settime command in the chronyc program. If the server is rebooted, chronyd can re-read the drift rate from the drift file. The server has no accurate estimate of the current time, how- ever. To get around this, the system can be configured so that the server can initially set itself to a `majority-vote' of selected clients' times; this allows the clients to `flywheel' the server while it is rebooting. The smoothtime directive is useful when the clocks of the clients need to stay close together when the local time is adjusted by the settime command. The smoothing process needs to be activated by the smoothtime activate com- mand when the local time is ready to be served. After that point, any ad- justments will be smoothed out. A typical configuration file for the server (called ntp.local) might be (assuming the clients and the server are in the 192.168.165.x subnet): initstepslew 1 client1 client3 client6 driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift local stratum 8 manual allow 192.168.165.0/24 smoothtime 400 0.01 rtcsync For the clients that have to resynchronise the server when it restarts, the configuration file might be: server ntp.local iburst driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift allow 192.168.165.0/24 makestep 1.0 3 rtcsync The rest of the clients would be the same, except that the allow directive is not required. If there is no suitable computer to be designated as the primary server, or there is a requirement to keep the clients synchronised even when it fails, the orphan option of the local directive enables a special mode where the server is selected from multiple computers automatically. They all need to use the same local configuration and poll one another. The server with the smallest reference ID (which is based on its IP address) will take the role of the primary server and others will be synchronised to it. When it fails, the server with the second smallest reference ID will take over and so on. A configuration file for the first server might be (assuming there are three servers called ntp1.local, ntp2.local, and ntp3.local): initstepslew 1 ntp2.local ntp3.local server ntp2.local server ntp3.local driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift local stratum 8 orphan manual allow 192.168.165.0/24 rtcsync The other servers would be the same, except the hostnames in the initstep- slew and server directives would be modified to specify the other servers. Their clients might be configured to poll all three servers. RTC tracking This section considers a computer that has occasional connections to the Internet and is turned off between `sessions'. In this case, chronyd relies on the computer's RTC to maintain the time between the periods when it is powered up. It assumes that Linux is run exclusively on the computer. Dual-boot systems might work; it depends what (if anything) the other sys- tem does to the RTC. On 2.6 and later kernels, if your motherboard has a HPET, you will need to enable the HPET_EMULATE_RTC option in your kernel configuration. Otherwise, chronyd will not be able to interact with the RTC device and will give up using it. When the computer is connected to the Internet, chronyd has access to ex- ternal NTP servers that it makes measurements from. These measurements are saved, and straight-line fits are performed on them to provide an estimate of the computer's time error and rate of gaining or losing time. When the computer is taken offline from the Internet, the best estimate of the gain or loss rate is used to free-run the computer until it next goes online. Whilst the computer is running, chronyd makes measurements of the RTC (via the /dev/rtc interface, which must be compiled into the kernel). An esti- mate is made of the RTC error at a particular RTC second, and the rate at which the RTC gains or loses time relative to true time. When the computer is powered down, the measurement histories for all the NTP servers are saved to files, and the RTC tracking information is also saved to a file (if the rtcfile directive has been specified). These pieces of information are also saved if the dump and writertc commands respec- tively are issued through chronyc. When the computer is rebooted, chronyd reads the current RTC time and the RTC information saved at the last shutdown. This information is used to set the system clock to the best estimate of what its time would have been now, had it been left running continuously. The measurement histories for the servers are then reloaded. The next time the computer goes online, the previous sessions' measurements can contribute to the line-fitting process, which gives a much better esti- mate of the computer's gain or loss rate. One problem with saving the measurements and RTC data when the machine is shut down is what happens if there is a power failure; the most recent data will not be saved. Although chronyd is robust enough to cope with this, some performance might be lost. (The main danger arises if the RTC has been changed during the session, with the trimrtc command in chronyc. Because of this, trimrtc will make sure that a meaningful RTC file is saved after the change is completed). The easiest protection against power failure is to put the dump and writertc commands in the same place as the offline command is issued to take chronyd offline; because chronyd free-runs between online sessions, no parameters will change significantly between going offline from the Inter- net and any power failure. A final point regards computers that are left running for extended periods and where it is desired to spin down the hard disc when it is not in use (e.g. when not accessed for 15 minutes). chronyd has been planned so it supports such operation; this is the reason why the RTC tracking parameters are not saved to disc after every update, but only when the user requests such a write, or during the shutdown sequence. The only other facility that will generate periodic writes to the disc is the log rtc facility in the configuration file; this option should not be used if you want your disc to spin down. To illustrate how a computer might be configured for this case, example configuration files are shown. For the chrony.conf file, the following can be used as an example. server ntp1.example.net maxdelay 0.4 offline server ntp2.example.net maxdelay 0.4 offline server ntp3.example.net maxdelay 0.4 offline logdir /var/log/chrony log statistics measurements tracking driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift makestep 1.0 3 maxupdateskew 100.0 dumpdir /var/db/chrony rtcfile /var/db/chrony/rtc pppd is used for connecting to the Internet. This runs two scripts /etc/ppp/ip-up and /etc/ppp/ip-down when the link goes online and offline respectively. The relevant part of the /etc/ppp/ip-up file is: /usr/local/bin/chronyc online and the relevant part of the /etc/ppp/ip-down script is: /usr/local/bin/chronyc -m offline dump writertc chronyd is started during the boot sequence with the -r and -s options. It might need to be started before any software that depends on the system clock not jumping or moving backwards, depending on the directives in chronyd's configuration file. For the system shutdown, chronyd should receive a SIGTERM several seconds before the final SIGKILL; the SIGTERM causes the measurement histories and RTC information to be saved. Public NTP server chronyd can be configured to operate as a public NTP server, e.g. to join the pool.ntp.org <https://www.pool.ntp.org/en/join.html> project. The con- figuration is similar to the NTP client with permanent connection, except it needs to allow client access from all addresses. It is recommended to find at least four good servers (e.g. from the pool, or on the NTP home- page). If the server has a hardware reference clock (e.g. a GPS receiver), it can be specified by the refclock directive. The amount of memory used for logging client accesses can be increased in order to enable clients to use the interleaved mode even when the server has a large number of clients, and better support rate limiting if it is enabled by the ratelimit directive. The system timezone database, if it is kept up to date and includes the right/UTC timezone, can be used as a reli- able source to determine when a leap second will be applied to UTC. The -r option with the dumpdir directive shortens the time in which chronyd will not be able to serve time to its clients when it needs to be restarted (e.g. after upgrading to a newer version, or a change in the configura- tion). The configuration file could look like: server ntp1.example.net iburst server ntp2.example.net iburst server ntp3.example.net iburst server ntp4.example.net iburst makestep 1.0 3 rtcsync allow clientloglimit 100000000 leapsectz right/UTC driftfile /var/db/chrony/drift dumpdir /var/run/chrony SEE ALSO chronyc(1), chronyd(8) BUGS For instructions on how to report bugs, please visit https://chrony-project.org/. AUTHORS chrony was written by Richard Curnow, Miroslav Lichvar, and others. chrony 4.8 2025-08-27 CHRONY.CONF(5)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | DIRECTIVES | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO | BUGS | AUTHORS
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