DAR(1) General Commands Manual DAR(1) NAME dar - creates, tests, lists, extracts, compares, merges, isolates, repairs dar archives SYNOPSIS dar [-c | -t | -l | -x | -d | -+ | -C | -y] [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> [<options>] [<user targets>] dar -h dar -V DESCRIPTION dar is a full featured backup tool, aimed for local and remote disks (floppy, CD-R(W), DVD-R(W), zip, jazz, hard-disks, usb keys, etc.) cloud storage (by mean of ftp or sftp protocols) and also adapted to tapes. dar can store a backup in several files (called "slices" in the following) of a given size, eventually pausing or running a user command/script before starting the next slice. This can allow for example, the burning of the last generated slice on a DVD-R(W), Blue-ray Disk, or changing of usb key before continuing on the next one. Like its grand-brother, the great "tar" command, dar may also use compression, at the difference that compression is used inside the archive to be able to have compressed slices of the de- fined size. But the most important feature of dar is its ability to make differential, incremental and decremental backups. In other words, backups that contain only new files or files that have changed from a backup of reference. Bi- nary delta is available but not activated by default: in combination with differential and incremental backups, it leads not only to not save a file that has not changed (thing dar does without binary delta), but also to only save an rsync patch of any modified file, which lead to even smaller backups. Moreover with differential backup, dar also stores files that have been deleted since the backup of reference. Thus, when restoring, first a full backup, then additional differential backups, at each restoration you get the exact state of the filesystem at the time the differential backup was made. dar is the first backup program I know that can also remove files during restoration! By the way, in this document, "archive" and "backup" are used interchangeably, the difference is the purpose you build them for. Unlike the tar command, dar has not to read a whole archive nor to stick together the different parts (the slices) to access its contents: dar archives contain a table of contents (aka "catalogue") located at the end, so dar can seek into the archive to read only the required data to restore files, thing which is much faster than what tar is used to do. The "cata- logue" can be copied out of the archive (operation called isolation) to be used as reference for further backup and as backup of the internal cata- logue in case of archive corruption. Dar can also use a sequential reading mode, in which dar acts like tar, just reading byte by byte the whole archive to know its contents and even- tually extracting file at each step. In other words, the archive contents is located at both locations, a first time all along the archive used for tar-like behavior suitable for sequential access media (tapes) and a second time at the end for faster access, suitable for random access media (disks). However note that tar archive and dar archive are not compatible. Note also that the sequential reading mode let you extract data from a par- tially written archive (those that failed to complete due to a lack of disk space for example) and since release 2.6.0 such truncated archive can be repaired to become a normal archive (the "catalogue" is rebuilt from in- lined information). Dar is able to save and restore to a cloud storage by mean of ftp or sftp network protocols. It can also leverage ssh protocol using dar_slave and dar_xform two auxiliary programs provided beside dar. Dar format is quite robust against corruption: Only the file where the cor- ruption took place in the archive will not be possible to restore. To have the possibility to repair a corrupted archive dar can work with par2 seam- lessly just specifying "par2" on command-line (see /etc/darrc). Last a "re- lax" reading mode is available which let dar to either ignore some incoher- ence in archive structure, use internal redundant information to overcome data corruption or in last resort asking the user on what to do when some archive structure information is missing (-al option). This relax mode can be used with both sequential and direct access read modes. Note that you should rather use Parchive to protect your data rather than just relying on the "relax" mode, which has to be seen as a the last chance solution. dar takes care of POSIX Extended Attributes (EA in short) that are used in particular under Linux to carry File Access Control List (FACL) as well as security attributes for SELinux, and also under MacOS X EA they are used to store file forks. EA also have room for user to add any key / value pair to any file, this is known as user EA. These attributes are not specific to any particular filesystem, they exist the same way under ext3/4, HFS+ and any other filesystem. dar also takes care of Filesystem Specific Attributes (FSA in short) which are, as you can guess, specific to one or several filesystem(s). For exam- ple the Birth date of a file exists for HFS+ and NTFS but not for ext2/3/4 filesystem. The immutable attribute exists for ext2/3/4 but not for NTFS while the nodump files does not exists for NTFS but exists for HFS+, ext2/3/4 and many other Unix filesystems. Sparse files (files with holes that system reports using several hundred gigabytes while they effectively use a few kilobytes on disk) are also well managed by dar: they are detected, stored and restored to filesystem prop- erly. Last, dar is also able to properly save and restore hard-links WARNING This document is to be considered as a full reference of dar/libdar fea- tures. It is however not adapted to discover dar, for that purpose some tu- torials are provided in dar documentation. Once you have apprehended the basic dar usages you are welcome to read further this document to see all other features you may find useful for your needs. DOCUMENT STRUCTURE The rest of this document is organized that way: COMMANDS The eight actions you can performs with dar GENERAL OPTIONS A set of options common to all actions SAVING, ISOLATING, MERGING AND REPAIRING SPECIFIC OPTIONS A set of options that are specific to the operation of backup, catalogue isolation and archive merging RESTORATION SPECIFIC OPTIONS A set of options that are specific to the restoration operation TESTING AND DIFFERENCE SPECIFIC OPTIONS A set of options that are specific to the operation of archive testing and archive comparison with a filesystem LISTING OPTIONS A set of options that are specific to archive listing operation EXPLICIT OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS Some system do not allow optional arguments to options, this chapter explain how to overcome this restriction USAGE MADE OF STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR BY DAR What message type you get on stdout or stderr, how input are fetched from the terminal EXIT CODES List of values dar returns at end of execution. This chapter should be read if you intend to create scripts relying on dar SIGNALS details the signal and their action on a running dar process FILES List configuration files that dar checks for CONDITIONAL SYNTAX Over command line, command and options can be passed to dar thanks to a plain file (known as DCF file). This plain file can also contain a specific syntax that will let you pass an option to dar only under certain situation/condition. This chapter de- scribes this simple syntax and the different available condi- tions. USER TARGETS User can add their own conditions known as user targets. This chapter describes what they are and how to use them ENVIRONMENT Dar may rely on environment variables to look for DCF files and DUC files, SFTP private and public key and so on. COMMANDS AND OPTIONS COMMANDS: Only eight commands define what action will be done by dar: Archive cre- ation, archive extraction, archive listing, archive testing, archive com- parison with filesystem, catalogue isolation, archive merging and archive repairing. These commands are described here below. Once defined, a large set of options can be used to modify the way the com- mand is performed. These options are described just after the commands chapter. Important note: Not all systems actually support long options (Solaris, FreeBSD, ...). For example --create will not be available on these systems, and you will have to use -c instead. In the same way, not all systems do support optional arguments (FreeBSD without GNU getopt for example), you then need to explicitly give the argument, for example in place of "-z" you will need to give "-z 9", see "EXPLICIT OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS" paragraph near the end of this document for details on that point. A slice is just a simple file which name is composed of a "basename" fol- lowed by a dot, then a number, again a dot and the extension (dar) to form the filename of that slice. On the command line you will never have to give the full file name of a slice, just the basename. The number between the dots is the slice number, which starts from 1 and may be arbitrary large (as large as your system can support the corresponding filename). For exam- ple "my_first_archive.42.dar" is the 42th slice of the archive which base- name is "my_first_archive". -c, --create [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> creates a backup with the name based on <basename>. All the slices will be created in the directory <path> if specified, details about the <URL> syntax is explained below at Remote repository syntax paragraph. Without <path> nor <URL> the current directory is used. If the destination filesystem is too small to contain all the slices of the backup, the -p option (pausing before starting new slices) might be of interest. Else, in the case the filesystem is full, dar will suspend the oper- ation, asking for the user to make free space, then continue its operation. To make free space, the only thing you cannot do is to touch the slice being writ- ten. If the filename is "-" *and* no slicing is asked for (no -s option) the archive is produced on the stan- dard output allowing the user to send the resulting archive through a pipe (or into a tape device directly or using the dar_split command). -x, --extract [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> extracts files from the given backup. Slices are ex- pected to be in the current directory or in the direc- tory given by <path> (see also Remote repository syntax below). It is also possible to use symbolic links to gather slices that are not in the same directory. Path may also point to a removable device (floppy, CD, USB key, etc.), in this case, to be able to mount/unmount the device, you must not launch dar from that direc- tory. In other words, the current directory must not on the removable media you plan to unmount (see tutorial for details). The basename may be set to "-", in direct access mode (the default historical mode), you will then need dar_slave to work with dar (see -i and -o op- tions, as well as dar_slave man page). However in se- quential read mode (--sequential-read is used on com- mand-line), dar will read the archive from standard in- put (see also -i option), this can eventually be used in combination with dar_split. -l, --list [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> lists the contents of the given backup (see also Remote repository syntax below) dar will only require the last slice of the archive in direct access mode. If however sequential mode is used, dar will read the overall archive, from the first slice to the last one. "-" can be used as basename, the behavior is the same as with -x option (read just above). -t, --test [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> checks the backup integrity. Even without compression, dar is able to detect at least one error per file in the archive, thanks to a variable length CRC recorded per file data, file EA and file FSA in the catalogue. Archive structure (slice header, archive header, cata- logue) is also protected by CRC to be able to detect any kind of archive corruption. Same remark here, "-" may be used as basename (see -x option above for de- tails). -d, --diff [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> compares saved files in the backup with those on the filesystem. <basename> may also be "-" (see -x option above for details). Note that the target for this oper- ation is to be seen as a step further than archive testing, where in addition to archive coherence, the archive contents is verified to be the same as what is found on the filesystem. But if new files are present on the filesystem, dar ignores them. If you want to check for changes since a archive has been made, better use dry-run differential backup. -C, --isolate [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> isolate a catalogue from its archive (that's to say make a copy of the internal catalogue to its own archive container). The argument is the basename of the file to create which will contain the catalogue's copy. The -A option is mandatory here to give the name of the archive to copy the catalogue from, this archive is not modified at all. Slicing is available (-s -S -p -b etc.). If the filename is "-" *and* no slice is asked (no -s option) the isolated catalogue is produced on the standard output, allowing the user to send the re- sulting archive through a pipe. Note that there is quite no difference in concept between an isolated cat- alogue and an archive. Thus you can do all operations on an isolated catalogue, in particular take it in place of the original backup as reference for a differ- ential archive, archive testing, archive comparison. Note however that for comparison (-d option) as data is not present in the isolated catalogue, dar relies on embedded CRC rather than comparing data byte by byte (what is done with a plain archive), and no comparison can be performed concerning EA or FSA even if each of them have their own CRC in the catalogue because dif- ferent ordering as provided by the OS of the items com- posing EA and FSA may lead the CRC to be different while the EA or FSA are exactly the same, so CRC here is used only to detect archive corruption. Since re- lease 2.4.0 you can use an isolated catalogue to rescue a corrupted internal catalogue of the archive it has been based on (see -A option). -+, --merge [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> create a subset archive from one or two existing archives (the resulting archive name is the argument to this command). The dar file selection mechanism (see GENERAL OPTIONS) let the user decide which files will be present in the resulting archive and which one will be ignored. This option thus let the user merge two archives in a single one (with a filtering mechanism that accepts all files), as well as this option let the user create a smaller archive which data is taken from one or two archives of reference. Note that at no time the contents of the archives of reference is extracted to real files and directories: this is an archive to archive transfer, thus you may lack support for Ex- tended Attribute while you will be able to fully manip- ulate files with their Extended Attributes from one archive to the resulting one. If the basename is "-" *and* no slice is asked (no -s option), the archive is produced on standard output allowing the user to send the resulting archive through a pipe. The first manda- tory archive of reference is provided thanks to the -A option, while the second "auxiliary" (and optional) archive of reference is provided thanks to the -@ op- tion. When a tie contention occurs (same file names from both archive have to be merged), the overwriting policy (-/ option) is used to define the one to keep in the resulting archive. By default, archive data se- lected for merging is uncompressed, and re-compressed. Thus the merging operation can be used to change com- pression algorithm of given archive as well as change its encryption. But, for better performance it is also possible thanks to the -ak option (see below the -ak option for usage restrictions) to merge files keeping them compressed, thus no decompression/re-compression is performed at all, which make the operation faster. Last it is not possible to merge two isolated cata- logues. -y, --add-missing-catalogue [[<URL>]<path>/]<basename> create a "repaired" archive based on the archive given with -A option. The repairing only concerns the case where an archive has been interrupted and dar could not cleanly end the archive creation process (lack of disk space, power outage, and so on). This operation con- sists in reading the tape marks in sequential reading mode to gather the content of the archive and once its end is reached, to recreate the missing table of con- tent (aka catalogue) located at the end of the archive. Note that the damaged archive is not modified but a re- paired copy is built beside it. Why not just appending the catalogue to the archive? Because first it was sim- pler to implement allowing to reuse routines of the merging operation, second by precaution for dar to not mess an existing archive due to a bug and last, it would not be compatible with archive signing and gpg encryption under certain conditions (several recipients or the archive is signed and you are not the one who signed it). During the repairing operation, the repaired archive may have a dif- ferent slicing (-s and -S options), a different encryption (-K and associated options, including gpg encryption and signing), a differ- ent repository slices permissions and ownership (--slice-mode op- tion), user comment (--user-comment), generated hash (--hash) and min digits in slice number (--min-digits), but compression cannot be changed and tape marks cannot be removed (you can do it once repair has completed using the merging operation). Last, file filtering is not allowed during archive repairing. -h, --help displays help usage. -V, --version displays version information. Remote repository syntax for [<URL>]<path> for all commands described above as well as some options detailed below (-A and -@ options), the <path> optional argument can be a Unix path like /var/tmp when the archive is located on the host dar runs on. But it can also make use of <URL> to define the remote host the archive is to be read or written to. "<URL><path>" follows the usual syntax: proto://[login[:password]@]hostname[:port]/path proto is either ftp or sftp login is optional, if not provided it defaults to anonymous. If the login string comports an @ it need to be escaped by \\ (a pair of backshashes) to avoid libdar considering it the hostname starting part. Example: login is me@here.com host is www.example.org gives: sftp://me\\@here.com@www.example.org/some/file. You may also need to escape the same way any other special characters like for example colon (:) slash (/) if they are part of the lo- gin string. password if login is provided, the associated password may be given after a colon (:) but this exposes the secret password to other users of the current system having access the table of process (using top, ps, /proc or other ways). If the login is given without password, the password will be asked interactively by dar at run time, which is much more secure. Alternatives are either to rely on ~/.netrc for FTP transfers (for that you need to use the --al- ter=file-authentication option described below), or for SFTP transfers you can rely on public key authentication (you also have to use --alter=file-authentication in that case to avoid a password being asked interactively). hostname is the name or IP address of the host to connect to. For sftp the server's public key is checked against the ~/.ssh/known_hosts file (or the file pointed to by then environment variable DAR_SFTP_KNOWNHOST_FILE, see more details about that variable at the bottom of this man page), the host must be known and the pub- lic key received from the network must match the one in that file, else dar aborts. If thus you want to operate with a new sftp server, first use ssh of sftp commands to do the usual fin- gerprint verifications which updates the known_hosts file accord- ingly, then run dar/libdar toward this sftp server. port if not provided, dar will use the default/standard port in regard to the protocol specified in the "proto" field path a unix path where resides the archive to read from the remote repository or where to write the archive to in that remote repos- itory. The given path is absolute, in regard to the remote root filesystem available for the given account though the requested protocol. See also --network-retry-delay option below. GENERAL OPTIONS: -v, --verbose For backward compatibility, this is an alias to "-vt -vm" (both options set). -vs, --verbose=skipped Display files skipped because of file filtering exclu- sion specified by the user -vt, --verbose=treated Display treated files because of file filtering inclu- sion specified by the user or no file filtering speci- fied at all. For each file a message is displayed *be- fore* the file is treated. This option is not available for archive isolation and is useless for archive list- ing as it is always set, unless -q is used. -vd, --verbose=dir Display the directory under process. The messages shows *before* entering a directory. You can have a less ver- bose output than -vt while are still able to follow what's dar is doing. Note that -vt and -vd are mutually exclusive. -vm, --verbose=messages Display detailed messages about what dar is currently performing but not related to currently treated or skipped files and directories -vf, --verbose=finished Issues a summary *after* each treated directory con- taining the amount of data backed up in that directory as well as the average compression ratio. This option is only available for archive creation. -va, --verbose=all is equivalent to -vm -vs -vt, see also -Q and -q op- tions below. Note: When using dar from a script better use dar's exit status to know which way the operation has ended (seen EXIT CODES at the end of this docu- ment). -vmasks, --verbose=masks Display raw information about the masks set by dar and passed to libdar -avc, --alter=verbose-libcurl activate verbose output from libcurl (remote reposito- ries context). This is to be considered as a debug op- tion relative to remote connection problems. -q, --quiet Suppress the final statistics report. If no verbose output is asked beside this option and -qcrypto (see below), nothing is displayed if the operation succeeds. When using dar from a script better use dar's exit sta- tus to know which way the operation has ended (seen EXIT CODES at the end of this document) -qcrypto, --quiet=crypto Disable the warning that shows when reading a ciphered backup about the impossibility to detect a wrong key -b, --beep makes the terminal ring when user action is required (like for example the creation of a new slice using the -p option) -B, --batch <filename> In the file which name is given in argument to this op- tion, You can put any option or argument as used on command line, that will be parsed as if they were in place of the "-B <filename>" option. This way you can overcome the command line size limitation. Commands in the file may be disposed on several lines, and -B op- tion can also be used inside files, leading a file to include other files. But an error occurs in case of loop (a file that includes itself directly or not) and DAR aborts immediately. Comments are allowed, and must start by a hash `#' character on each line. Note that for a line to be considered as a comment the hash char- acter must be the first character of the line (space or tab can still precede the hash). See Conditional Syntax below for a richer syntax in this type of configuration files known as DCF file (Dar Configuration File). See also the environment variable DAR_DCF_PATH in the ENVI- RONMENT section at the end of this document. Note that you can use quotes simple ('arg') double ("arg") and back-quotes (`arg`) inside such file, but they need to be balanced (have an ending one). To use such character without the meaning of a quote, for ex- ample as an apostrophe, you need to escape it using a back-slack ("That\'s an example"). Of course to add a single back-slash as a normal character in the file you will have to double it ("c:\\windows" for example) -N, --noconf Do not try to read neither ~/.darrc nor /etc/darrc con- figuration files. See files section below. -Q Do not display an initial warning on stderr when not launched from a terminal (when launched from a cronjob for example). This means that all questions to the user will be answered by 'no', which most of the time will abort the program. Please note that this option cannot be used in a configuration file (-B option). Since ver- sion 2.2.2, giving this option also forces the non-in- teractive mode, even if dar is launched from a termi- nal. This makes it possible for dar to run in the back- ground. When you do, it's recommended to also redirect stdout and/or stderr to files: dar -Q ... &> /dev/null & -n, --no-overwrite do not allow overwriting If an overwriting policy is specified (see -/ option) -n option do only apply to slices overwriting, the overwriting of files during restoration or merging is handled by the overwriting policy. Without overwriting policy, -n applies to restored files as well as gener- ated slices. -w, --no-warn Do not warn before overwriting (applied for slice over- writing and for overwriting decision make by the over- writing policy). By default overwriting is allowed but a warning is issued before proceeding. This option may receive 'a' as argument (see just below): -wa, --no-warn=all This implies the -w option, and means that over avoid- ing warning for file overwriting, DAR also avoids sig- naling a file about to be removed when its type is not the expected one. File are removed when they have been recorded as deleted since the archive of reference. At restoration of the differential archive, if a file of the given name exists, it is remove, but if the type does not match the file that was present at the time of the archive of reference (directory, plain file, fifo, socket, char or block device, etc.), a warning is nor- mally issued to prevent the accidental removal of data that was not saved in the backup of reference. (See also -k option) -A, --ref [[<URL>]<path>]/<basename> Depending on the context, it specifies the archive to use as reference, which is mandatory for archive isola- tion (-C option) and merging operation (-+ option). Else it specifies the rescue catalogue to use when restoring (-x command), testing (-t command) or compar- ing (-d command) an archive. All slices of the refer- ence backup are expected to be on the same directory given by <path> or the current directory by default. Usually only the last slice is required to extract the catalogue of reference. If necessary the use of sym- bolic links is also possible here to gather slices that do not reside in the same directory. You can also point <path> to a USB key, DVD-R(W) or any other mounted di- rectory, because dar will pause and ask the user for required slices if they are not present. The argument to -A may be of four types: - An existing archive basename, which will be taken as reference - a dash ("-") in direct access mode (default mode, when --sequential-read is not used) it may imply the use of -o and -i options, this allows the archive of reference to be read from a pair of pipes with dar_slave at the other ends. Dar_slave can be run through ssh on a remote host for example. Note that this type of argu- ment ("-") is only available when -A is used for isolation (-C option) and merging (-+ options). In sequential mode (--sequential-read is used), the archive of reference is read from standard input or from the named pipe specified by -i op- tion. -o option has no use in sequential mode. Note that merging operation (-+ option) cannot read archive of reference in sequential mode. - a plus sign ("+") which makes the reference be the current directory status. This argument is only available for archive creation (-c option). In other word, no file's data will be saved, just the current status of the inodes will be recorded in the catalogue. This feature is known as the "snapshot" backup. A snapshot backup can be used as reference later on to detect or save only the files that have changed since the snap- shot was made. - a <date>, if -af option has been placed before -A on the command-line or in a included file (see -B option). For more about that feature see -af option below. During backup operation (-c option) the archive of ref- erence, given thanks to the -A option, is used for com- parison with existing files on the filesystem. Dar will then backup only files that have changed since the archive of reference was done. If no -A option is given, the backup operation is a full backup. With -A option if the archive of reference is a full backup some call it a differential backup, while if the archive of reference is differential backup, some call this type of backup an incremental backup. For dar there is no difference in structure between incremental and differential backup, both are usually designed globally as "differential" backup in the documentation. During merging operation (-+ option), the contents of the -A given archive will been taken eventually with the contents of the -@ auxiliary archive if specified (see below), to form a new archive from files of this or these archives. Note that you can filter out files from the operation and setup subset of the original archive(s). During Catalogue isolation (-C option), dar will create the isolated catalogue from the one given with -A op- tion. During testing, diff or extraction, (-t, -d or -x op- tions respectively), the table of contents (the cata- logue) will be read from the archive given with -A in- stead of using the internal catalogue of the archive. The archive given for rescue must has been previously isolated from this same archive (else the contents will not match and dar will refuse to proceed to this opera- tion). This acts as a backup solution to the case of corruption inside an archive's catalogue, while the best way is still to use Parchive to protect your data against media error. -af, --alter=fixed-date Modify the -A option behavior, making it receiving a <date> as argument in place of the [<path>]/<basename> default argument. This feature is available for archive creation (-c option) and archive restoration from a dar_manager database (see -aefd option). In any case it must be placed before -A option to have an effect. For archive creation, the <date> is used to define which file to save: file which modification is newer or equal to <date>, and which to consider unchanged: those older than <date>. For archive restoration from a dar_manager database, the given date defines the latest state into which to restore the data and EA. Without this option, the most recent availabe state is restored. the <date> is passed to -A option (which must follow -af option) and is expected to be a date in the two following possible formats: - a number of second since Jan 1st, 1970 - a date with the following structure [[[year/]month/]day-]hour:minute[:second] Here are some examples of date: "-af -A 91836383927108078" "-af -A 2005/11/19-19:38:48" Which is 38 past 7 PM and 48 seconds, the 19th of November 2005 "-af -A 20:20" Which is 20 minutes past 8 PM of the current day "-af -A 2-00:08" Which is 8 minutes past noon, the second day of the current month "-af -A 2/2-14:59" Which is 1 to 3 PM, the 2nd of February in the current year Note that the provided date is relative to the system timezone which is overridden if the TZ environment variable is set (see tzselect(1) for more details) -@, --aux [[<URL>]<path>]/<basename>, --on-fly-isolate [<path>]/<basename> specifies an auxiliary archive of reference (merging context) or the name of the on-fly isolated catalogue (creation context). This option is thus only available with -+ option (merging) and -c option (archive cre- ation). Note that --aux and --on-fly-isolate are really aliases to the same option, this is the context of use (archive creation or merging) which lead it to behave a way or another. In a merging context, over -A option which is manda- tory, you may give a second archive of reference thanks to the -@ option. This allows you to merge two archives into a single one. See also -$ option (encryption) -~ option (command execution) and -% (crypto block size) for other options concerning auxiliary archive of ref- erence. They are the respective equivalent of -J, -F and -* options relative to archive given thanks to -A option. In a backup context -@ option let the user specify the archive name for an on-fly isolation. With on-fly iso- lation, you can also use -$ option (to define encryp- tion algorithm and passphrase), -~ option (to execute a command once the on-fly isolated catalogue is com- pleted) and -% option (crypto block size). On-fly iso- lated catalogue is always bzip2 if possible else gzip else lzo compressed (using compression level 9) else not compressed, and it is also always a single sliced archive. Due to command-line exiguity, it is not possi- ble to change compression algo nor slice size for the on-fly isolation. If you need a more complicated isola- tion, either look for a GUI over libdar, or do a normal (= not an on-fly) isolation operation (By the way it is possible to isolate an already isolated catalogue, this is equivalent to doing a copy, but you can change en- cryption, compression or slicing, for example), you can also use dar_xform on an isolated catalogue if you only want to change slices size (this is faster as no decom- pression/re-compression nor encryption/decryption is necessary). Using the merging operation on an isolated catalogue instead of isolating the isolated catalogue, leads the resulting archive to not be able to be used as a rescue for internal catalogue of the original archive. --aux-ref is a synonym to --aux. -R, --fs-root <path> The path points to the directory tree containing all the files that will be enrolled in the operation (backup, restoration or comparison). By default the current directory is used. All other paths used in -P or -g options on the command line are and must be rela- tive to this path (or to current directory if -R is not present). Note that -R is useless for testing (-t op- tion) isolation (-C option) and merging (-+ option). See also -ap option. -X, --exclude <mask> The mask is a string with wildcards (like * and ? see glob(7) for details) which is applied to filenames which are not directories. If a given file matches the mask, it is excluded from the operation. By default (no -X on the command line), no file is excluded from the operation. -X may be present several times on the com- mand line, in that case a file will not be considered for the given operation if it matches at least one -X mask. See also -ar and -am options. -I, --include <mask> The mask is applied to filenames which are not directo- ries (see glob(7) for details on wildcard characters). If a given file matches the mask and does not match any mask given with -X, the file is selected for the opera- tion. By default (no -I and no -X on the command line), all files are included for the operation. -I may be present several times on the command line, in that case all files that match one of the -I mask will be consid- ered for the given operation, if they do not also match one of the -X mask. See also -ar and -am options. -P, --prune <path> Do not consider file or directory sub-tree given by the path. -P may be present several time on the command line. The difference with -X is that the mask is not applied only to the filename, but also includes the path. Moreover it applies also to directories (-X does not). By default (no -P on the command-line), no sub- tree or file is excluded from the operation, and the whole directory tree (as indicated by -R option) is considered. Note that <path> may contains wildcards like * or ? see glob(7) or regex(7) man page for more information as well as -ar option to use regex instread of glob expressions. -g, --go-into <path> Files or directory to only take in account, as opposed to -P. -g may be used several time on command-line. Same thing here, the difference with -I is that the mask is applied to the path+filename and also concerns directories. By default all files under the -R direc- tory are considered. Else, if one or more -g option is given, just those are selected (if they do not match any -P option). All paths given this way must be rela- tive to the -R directory, which defaults to current di- rectory. Warning, -g option cannot receive wildcards, these would not be interpreted. -[, --include-from-file <listing_file>[:<eols>] Files listed in the listing file are included for the operation. No wildcard expression is interpreted in the listing file. <eols> is expected to be a comma sepa- rated list of End Of Line Sequences. If no <eols> is specified, lines in the listing file must be separated by either '\n' or '\r\n' sequence of character, which is equivalent to provide <listing_file>:'\n','\r\n'. You can provide as many sequences as you want, but the longuest match will always be preferred if two se- quences share the same beginning. If your filename con- tains a colon (:) you must add an eols or the default one (<filename_with_colon>:'\n','\r\n'). If your eols must contain a comma (,) or a backslash (\) you should escape them with a backslash: '\,' and '\\'. Quotes around eols may be necessary to avoid the shell inter- fering with them. Since release 2.8.0 the limit on the line size has been removed, you can use arbitrary long line if you need to. Note that this option applies to any files and directories exactly as -g does, with an important difference however: -g option only uses rela- tive paths to the root directory (the directory given with the -R option), while -[ can use absolute paths as well, but only for operations that have an fs_root ar- gument (archive creation, comparison, extraction, and so on, but not for archive listing, testing and merg- ing). Another difference is when the argument is a di- rectory -g will include all the subdirectories under that directory, while when the same entry is found in a listing file given to -[ option, only that directory will be included, no subdirectory or subfile would be enrolled in the backup. With -[ you need to list the exact set of files you want to backup. You can thus generate a listing file with the 'find / -print > some- file' command and give the 'somefile' generated file as argument to -[ option. Note that however, dar will never save files out of the -R given root directory tree, even if some are listed in the 'somefile' file. -], --exclude-from-file <listing_file>[:eols] Files listed in the listing file are excluded from the operation. If a directory is listed in the file, all its contents is excluded. This option is the opposite of -[ and acts the same was as -P option does (in par- ticular it is compared to the whole path+filename and applies to files and directories). As for -[ option, -] listing file can contain absolute paths, but wildcards are not expanded, neither. File selection in brief: As seen above, -I -X -P, -g, -[ and -] options are used to select the files to operate on. -I and -X only use the name of files and do not apply to di- rectories, while -P, -g -[ and -] use the filename *and* the path, they *do* apply to directories. since version 2.2.0 two modes of interpretation of these options exist. The normal original method and the ordered method: the normal method is the default and is the one that has been pre- sented above: A directory is elected for operation if no -P or -] option ex- cludes it. If at least one -g or -[ option is given on command line, one -g or -[ option must cover it, else it is not elected for operation. If a directory is not selected, no recursion is done in it (the directory is pruned). For non directories files, the same is true (P, -g, -[ and -] do apply) and a sec- ond test must also be satisfied: no -X option must exclude the filename, and if at least one -I option is given, one must match the given filename (using or not wildcards). the ordered method (when -am option is given on command-line): The ordered method takes care of the order of presence between -X and -I in one hand and of -P, -g, -[ and -] in the other hand (note that it has also the same action concerning EA se- lection when using -u and -U options, but that's no more file selection). In the ordered method the last argument take prece- dence over all the previous ones, let's take an example: -X "*.mp?" -I "*.mp3" -I "toto*" Here dar will include all files except file of name "*.mp?" (those ending with "mpX" where X is any charac- ter), but it will however include those ending with ".mp3". It will also include files which name begin by "toto" whatever they end with. This way, "toto.mp2" will be saved (while it matches "*.mp?" it also begins by "toto") as well as "toto.txt" as well as "joe.mp3" (while it matches "*.mp?" it also ends by "mp3"). But will not be saved "joe.mp2" (because it does not begin by "toto", nor ends by "mp3", and match "*.mp?" mask). As we see the last option (-I or -X) overcomes the previous one. -P, -g, -[ and -] act together the same but as seen above they do not only act on filename, but on the whole path+filename. Note that (-g, -P, -[, -]) and (-X , -I) are independent con- cerning their relative order. You can mix -X -I -g -P -] -[ in any order, what will be important is the relative positions of -X options compared to -I options, and the relative positions of -g -[ -] and -P options between them. In logical terms, if <prev_mask> is the mask generated by all previ- ous mask on the command line, -I <mask> generates the new following mask: <prev_mask> or <mask> . While -X <mask> generates the new fol- lowing mask: <prev_mask> and not <mask>. This is recursive each time you add a -I or -X option. Things work the same with -P, -g, -[ and -] options. This ends the file selection explication let's continue with other options. -u, --exclude-ea <mask> Do not consider the Extended Attributes (EA) that are matched by the given mask. By default, no EA are ex- cluded, if the support for EA has been activated at compilation time. This option can be used multiple times. -U, --include-ea <mask> Do only consider the EA that match the given mask. By default, all EA are included if no -u or -U option is present and if the support for EA has been activated at compilation time. This option can be used multiple times. See also the -am and -ae options, they also ap- ply to -U and -u options and read below the Note con- cerning EA. Note concerning Extended Attributes (EA) Support for EA must be activated at compilation time (the configure script tries to do so if your system has all the required support for that). Thus you can get two binaries of dar (of the same ver- sion), one supporting EA and another which does not (dar -V to see whether EA support is activated). The archives they produce are the same and can be read by each other. The only difference is that the binary without EA support is not able to save or restore EAs, but is still able to test them and list their presence. In the following when we will speak about Extended Attribute (EA) or EA entry, we will only consider a particular Extended Attribute key and its value. By opposition, the set of all EA associated to a file will be designated by "EA set". Since version 2.3.x the name of EA entries include the namespace for dar be able to consider any type of EA (not only "system" and "user" as previously). Thus the two previous options -u and -U have changed and now take an argument which is a mask applied to EA entry names written in the following form namespace.name where "namespace" is for example "user". Note that the mask may or may not include the dot (.) and may match arbitrary part of the EA namespace+name, just remind that masks will be applied to the "namespace.name" global string. the -am flag here also enables the ordered method, for EA selection too. The ordered versus normal method have been explained above in the file selection note, with some examples using -X and -I. Here this is the same with -U and -u, (just replace -X by -u and -I by -U, the corresponding mask will apply to Extended Attribute selec- tion in place of file selection). Another point, independently of the -am option the -ae option can be used at restoration time only. If set, when a file is about to be overwritten, all EA will be first erased before restoring those se- lected for restoration in the archive (according to the -U and -u options given). If not set, the EA of the existing file will be overwritten, those extra EA that are not in the archive or are not selected for restoration in regard to the -u and -U options will be preserved. If you have not used any -u/-U option at backup time and want to restore from a set of full/differential backups the EA ex- actly as they were, you have to use -ae for dar removes the EA be- fore overwriting their set of EA as stored in the archive. Without -ae option dar will simply add EA to existing ones, thus get a dif- ferent set of EA for a give file than those recorded at the time of the backup. Last point the -acase and -an options alters the case sensitivity of the -U and -u masks that follow them on the command-line/included files as they do for -I, -X, -P, -g, -[ and -] as well. Very last point ;-), if -ac option is used during backup dar set back the atime after having read each file (see -aa/-ac options), this has as side effect to modify the ctime date of each file. But ctime change is used by dar to detect EA changes. In brief, the next time you backup a file that had to be read (thus which contents changed), its EA will be saved even if they had not changed. To avoid this side effect, don't use the -ac option if not necessary. This ends the Extended Attribute selection explication let's continue with other options. -4 --fsa-scope <family>[,<family>[, ...] Reduce the scope of Filesystem Specific Attribute (FSA) to be considered for the operation. FSA are grouped by family. Current available families are: extX this family takes care of Linux ext2/3/4 flag at- tributes set by chattr(1) and read by lsattr(1). Dar only considers flags that are possible to set or clear by users (or privileged user): append- only, compressed, no_dump (Yes, dar can save files having the nodump flag set and restore then after- ward with that flag set!), immutable, data-jour- naling, secure-deletion, no-tail-merging, un- deletable, noatime-update, synchronous-directory, synchronous-update, top-of-directory-hierarchy. Note that "extx" and "ext" are aliases for this FSA family. In spite of its name, this family of attributes is not limited to ext2/3/4 filesystems. HFS+ this family takes care of Mac OS X HFS+ birth date of files, in addition of commonly found dates like atime (last access time), ctime (last meta data change) and mtime (last data change). none "none" is not a FSA family but can be used alone to ignore all FSA families. By default no restriction is done and FSA of all fami- lies are considered at restoration time, but if a fam- ily has not been activated at compilation time a warn- ing is issued for each file that cannot have its FSA restored completely (unless this family is excluded from the scope thanks to the -4 option). At backup time, if an FSA family has not been activated at compi- lation time, no warning is issued and FSA of that fam- ily are ignored. Still at backup time, you can also ig- nore FSA that have compilation time support by exclud- ing them from the operation thanks to this -4 option. Example of use: --fsa-scope extX,HFS+ -am, --alter=mask set the ordered mode for mask. This affects the way -I and -X options are interpreted, as well as -g, -P, -[ and -] options, -Z and -Y options and -U and -u op- tions. It can take any place on the command-line and can be placed only once. See the file selection in brief paragraph above for a detailed explanation of this option. It has also an incidence on the --backup- hook-exclude and --backup-hook-include options. -an, --alter=no-case set the filters in case insensitive mode. This concerns only masks specified after this option (see also -acase option below). This changes the behavior of -I, -X, -g, -P, -Z, -Y, -u and -U options. Warning: case insensitivity requires interpreting file- names which depends on the locale with which dar is run (defined by the LANG environment variable). For example if you create files with LANG set to fr_FR.UTF-8 and use non plain ASCII characters in filename, there is chances that these non ASCII characters will be stored over several bytes in that filename: so called "wide characters". If then you run dar with LANG set to an- other value like ru_RU.koi8r, there is much chances that these wide characters do not correspond to the same letter or worse, that they do not match any valid wide character for that locale. A filename is always a sequence of bytes and always saved as such, but using --alter=no-case implies interpreting that sequence in a way that depends on the given locale (as defined by the LANG environment variable). As such, dar cannot know if a given file has to be read with fr_FR.UTF-8 locale or with it_IT.iso88591 or ru_RU.koi8r and so on, because this information is not stored in filenames. In conse- quence, if different locales are used on your system and you are doing a system wide backup, using --al- ter=no-case option may lead dar to detect invalid wide character, in that case it falls back to a byte by byte case sensitivity comparison (ASCII characters), which may not be what you would expect at first sight: Most of the time, an upper case wide character (stored on several bytes) does not match the equivalent lower case wide character (several bytes too), when case sensitiv- ity comparison is performed byte by byte. -acase, --alter=case set back to case sensitive mode for filters. All fol- lowing masks are case sensitive, up to end of parsing or up to the next -an option. This changes the behavior of -I, -X, -g, -P, -Z, -Y, -u and -U options. -ar, --alter=regex set the filters to be interpreted as regular expres- sions (man regex(7) ) instead of the default glob ex- pression (man glob(7) ) This modifies the -I, -X, -g, -P, -Z, -Y, -u and -U options that follows up to an eventual -ag option (see just below). Note that for -P option, the given mask matches the relative path part of the files path: Let's take an example, assuming you have provided /usr/local to the -R option, the mask "^foo$" will replaced internally by "^/usr/local/foo$" while the mask "foo$" will be replaced internally by "^/usr/local/.*foo$". -ag, --alter=glob This option returns to glob expressions mode (which is the default) after an -ar option has been used, this applies to any -I, -X, -g, -P, -Z, -Y, -u and -U op- tions that follow up to an eventual new -ar option (see just above). -i, --input <path> is available when reading from pipe (basename is "-" for -x, -l, -t, -d or for -A when -c, -C or -+ is used). When reading from pipe, standard input is used, but with this option, the file <path> (usually a named pipe) is used instead. This option is to receive out- put from dar_slave program (see doc/usage_notes.html for examples of use). Note that when --sequential-read is used, dar uses a single pipe and does no more rely on dar_slave, -i option can be used to tell dar which named pipe to read the archive from, instead of the standard input. -o, --output <path> is available when reading from pipe (basename is "-" for -x, -l, -t, -d or for -A when -c, -C or -+ is used). When reading from pipe, standard output is used to send request to dar_slave, but with this option, the file <path> (usually a named pipe) is used instead. When standard output is used, all messages goes to standard error (not only interactive messages). See doc/usage_notes.html for examples of use. This option is not to be used in --sequential-read mode. -O, --comparison-field[=<flag>] When comparing with the archive of reference (-c -A) during a differential backup, when extracting (-x) or when comparing (-d) do only considers certain fields. The available flags are: ignore-owner all fields are considered except owner- ship. This is useful when dar is used by a non-privileged user. It will not con- sider a file has changed just because of a uid or gid mismatch and at restoration dar will not even try to set the file ownership. mtime only inode type and last modification date is considered as well as inode spe- cific attributes like file size for plain files. Ownership is ignored, per- mission is ignored. During comparison, difference on ownership or permission is ignored and at restoration time dar will not try to set the inode permission and ownership. inode-type Only the inode type is considered. Own- ership, permission and dates are ig- nored. Inode specific attributes are still considered (like file size for plain files). Thus comparison will ig- nore differences for ownership, permis- sion, and dates and at restoration dar will not try to set the ownership, per- mission and dates. When no flag is provided to this option, -O option acts as if the "ignore-owner" flag was set, which is the be- havior in older releases (< 2.3.0). Note also that for backward compatibility, --ignore-owner option still ex- ists and since version 2.3.0 is just an alias to the --comparison-field=ignore-owner option. Of course if this option is not used, all fields are used for com- parison or restoration. -H[num], --hour[=num] if -H is used, two dates are considered equal if they differ from a integer number of hours, and that number is less than or equal to [num]. If not specified, num defaults to 1. This is used when making a differential backup, to compare last_modification date of inodes, at restoration or merging time if overwriting policy is based on file's data or EA being more recent and last, when comparing an archive with a filesystem (-d op- tion). This is to workaround some filesystems (like Samba filesystem) that seems to change the dates of files after having gone from or to daylight saving time (winter/summer time). Note that -H option has influence on the overwriting policy (see -/ option) only if it is found before on command-line or in an included file (using -B option). -E, --execute <string> the string is a user command-line to be launched be- tween slices. For reading an archive (thus using -t, -d, -l or -x commands), the given string is executed before the slice is read or even asked, for writing an archive instead (thus using -c, -C or -+ commands), the given string is executed once the slice has been com- pleted. Some substitution macros can be used in the string: %% will be replaced by % %p will be replaced by the slice path %b will be replaced by the slice basename %n will be replaced by the slice number (to be read or just written). For reading, dar often needs the last slice, but initially it does not know its number. If it cannot be found in the current directory, the user command-line is then called with %n equal to 0. This is a convenient way to inform the user command to provide the last slice. If after executing the string the requested slice is still not present, dar asks the user (as usually) with a message on the terminal. Once the last slice is found, the user command-line is called a second time, with %n equal to the value of the last slice number. %N is the slice number with the leading zero as defined by --min-digits option. If this op- tion is not used, %N is equivalent to %n. %e will be replaced by the slice extension (al- ways substituted by "dar") %c will be replaced by the context. Actually three possible values exist: "init", "opera- tion" and "last_slice". When reading an archive for (testing, extraction, diff, list- ing, or while reading the archive of refer- ence, see below the -F option), the "init" context takes place from the beginning up to the time the catalogue is retrieved. On a multiple slice archive this corresponds to the last slice request. After, that point comes the "operation" context. While creat- ing an archive, the context is always "opera- tion" except when the last slice has been created, in which case the context is set to "last_slice". %u will be replaced by the full URL of path where the slice is stored Several -E option can be given, given commands will then be called in the order they appear on the command line and -B included files. Note that having '-E script1 -E script2' is totally equivalent to '-E "script1 ; script2"'. In other words if script1 fails, script2 fill still be executed and dar will only be no- tified of the exit status of the last -E option. Exit status of previous -E given commands will be ignored. If this does not match your need, consider using a sin- gle -aduc option (see below). More generally you can use any shell construction in the argument to -E, in- cluding parenthesis, || and &&. Such files given to -E option are known as DUC files (Dar User Command). See also the environment variable DAR_DUC_PATH in the ENVI- RONMENT section at the end of this document. -aduc, --alter=duc As described above for -E option, several -E/-F/-~ op- tions (aka DUC commands) are combined using the shell ";" operator, which ignores the exit status of the first commands and only reports to dar the exit status of the last command, leading all commands to always be- ing executed. --aduc option combines the different DUC commands using the shell "&&" operator, which execute the next command if and only if the previous command succeeded. In other words, dar get notified of an error in any given DUC command but due to an error not all DUC commands may be executed. --aduc modifies the way the next DUC file is sticked to the previous com- mand, in other words: dar --aduc -E script1 -E script2 ... leads libdar to call a shell with the following line "script1 && script2" dar -E script1 -script2 --aduc -E script3 ... leads libdar to call a shell with the following line "script1 ; script2 && script3". In other words if you want to avoid the ";" use --aduc before any -E/-F/-~ option. -F, --ref-execute <string> same as -E but is applied between slices of the refer- ence archive (-A option). --execute-ref is a synonym. -~, --aux-execute <string> same as -E and -F but is applied between slices of the auxiliary archive (-@ option). -K, --key [[<algo>]:]<string> -K, --key gnupg:[<algo>]:keyid/email[,keyid/email[...]] In the first syntax, encrypt/decrypt the archive using the <algo> cipher with the <string> as pass phrase. An encrypted archive can only be read if the same pass phrase is given (symmetric encryption). Available ci- phers are "blowfish" (alias "bf"), "aes", "twofish", "serpent" and "camellia" for strong encryption and "scrambling" (alias "scram") for a very weak encryp- tion. By default if no <algo> or no ':' is given, the aes256 cipher is assumed (default was blowfish up to 2.5.x). If your password contains a colon ':' you need to specify the cipher to use (or at least use the ini- tial ':' which is equivalent to 'aes:'). If the <string> is empty the pass phrase will be asked at exe- cution time. Thus, the smallest argument that -K can receive is ':' which means aes256 cipher with the pass phrase asked at execution time. Note that giving the passphrase as argument to -K (or -J or '-$' see below) may let other users learn pass phrase (thanks to the ps, or top program for examples). It is thus wise to either use an empty pass which will make dar ask the pass phrase when needed, or use -K (or -J option) from a Dar Command File (see -B option), as- suming it has the appropriated permission to avoid other users reading it. For those paranoids that are really concerned about security of their passwords, having a password read from a DCF is not that secure, because while the file gets parsed, dar makes use of "unsecured" memory (memory than can be swapped to disk under heavy memory load conditions). It is only when the passphrase has been identified that locked memory (aka secure memory) is used to store the parsed passphrase. So, the most secure way to transmit a passphrase to dar, then to libdar, then to libgcrypt, is having dar asking passphrase at execution time, dar then makes use of secured (locked) memory from the be- ginning. since archive format 9 (archive generated by release 2.5.0 and following) at reading time, it is not neces- sary to provide the encryption algorithm used, just the passphrase is required, dar will figure out which en- cryption algorithm had been used at archive creation time. You can either omit -K in which case dar will ask for the passphrase at execution time, or you can use -K <string> in a DCF file as explained above (avoid using -K directly on command-line). The second syntax starts with the word "gnupg" followed by a colon ':' . In that situation, the same set or symmetric encryption algorithms as described above is available after the colon, but the passphrase is not given by the user but randomly chosen by libdar and en- crypted using the public key of the target users which email or keyid (keyid since 2.7.0) is given in a comma separated list. This random key has the maximum length the cipher algorithms supports, this to maximize secu- rity. Once encrypted it is placed at the beginning (un- less -at option is used) and at the end of the gener- ated archive. At reading time, only the listed user(s) will be able to read that archive thanks to their re- spective private key. This feature implies that each user (the archive creator as well as the target users) have their GnuPG key-ring set properly. In particular, the archive creator must have validated the public keys of the target users, and the target users must own the corresponding private key in their key-ring. Example: using "--key gnupg::bob@nowhere.org,joe@somewhere.com" will generate an aes256 encrypted archive which passphrase randomly chosen by libdar will be encrypted with the public keys of bob@nowhere.org and joe@some- where.com. To use blowfish in place of aes256 one could use "--key gnupg:bf:bob@nowhere.org,joe@somewhere.com". More generally with GPG, note that users have the duty to validate/certify that a given key-pair is really owned by the physical person you expect it to have: this must be done checking key fingerprint by secure mean (face to face, phone call if you trust this mean enough not to be intercepted and deep faked, other al- ready trusted communication mean...). See also --sign option below. Note that if you have set a passphrase on your private key, dar will ask it dynamically, which requires dar to be run from a terminal. No other way has been provided to transmit a private key's passphrase to libdar. In consequence if you want to use dar/libdar in scripts and make use of public key algorithm you should avoid setting a passphrase to the private key you want to use. See also GNUPGHOME in the ENVIRONMENT section at the end of this document. Obvious but important! To read a gnupg encrypted archive, you need your private key (not only the passphrase to activate it, if set). Thus if you plan to make backup of your system and encrypt the backup using gnupg, you should have a copy of this private key available out of the archive (usb key, floppy, CD/DVD, ...) in order to be able to restore your backup! -J, --ref-key [[<algo>]:]<string> same meaning/use as -K option's first syntax, but the given key is used to decrypt the archive of reference (given with -A option). --key-ref is a synonym. Note that for archives generated using dar release 2.5.0 and above this option is no more necessary, unless you want to give the passphrase on command-line (not recom- mended) or in DCF file (which file would be set with restricted access permissions and/or ACL). -$, --aux-key [[<algo>]:]<string> same as -J but for the auxiliary archive of reference (given with -@ option). Here too, this option is no more necessary to read archives generated by dar re- lease 2.5.0 and above. -#, --crypto-block <size> to be able to randomly access data in an archive, it is not encrypted globally but block by block. You can de- fine the encryption block size thanks to this argument which default to 10240 bytes. Note that the syntax used for -s option is also available here (k, M, G, etc.). Note also that crypto-block is stored as a 32 bits in- teger thus value larger than 4GB will cause an error. Note last, that the block size given here must be pro- vided when reading this resulting archive, using the -* option if the archive is the archive of reference (given to -A option) using -% options if the archive is the auxiliary archive of reference (given to -@ option) or using this -# option if it is the subject of the op- eration (listing, comparing, testing that archive). If the value is not the default and the given value is not correct in regard to the value given at archive cre- ation time, the archive will not be possible to de- crypt, it is thus safer to keep the default value (and not using at all the -#, -*, -% options). -*, --ref-crypto-block <size> same as --crypto-block but to read the archive of ref- erence (-A option). --crypto-block-ref is a synonym. -%, --aux-crypto-block <size> same as --crypto-block but to read the auxiliary archive of reference (-@ option). -e, --dry-run Do not perform any action (backup, restoration or merg- ing), displays all messages as if it was for real ("dry run" action). The --empty option is a synonym. -aSI, --alter=SI[-unit[s]] when using k M G T E Z Y prefixes to define a size, use the SI meaning: multiple of 10^3 (a Mega is 1,000,000). -abinary, --alter=binary[-unit[s]] when using k M G T E Z Y prefixes to define a size, use the historical computer science meaning: multiple of 2^10 (a Mega is 1,048,576). The --alter=SI and --alter=binary options can be used several times on the command line. They affect all pre- fixes which follow, even those found in files included by the -B option, up to the next --alter=binary or --alter=SI occurrence. Note that if in a file included by the -B option, an --alter=binary or --alter=SI is encountered, it affects all the following prefixes, even those outside the included files. For example, when running with the parameters "-B some.dcf -s 1K", 1K may be equal to 1000 or 1024, depending on --al- ter=binary or --alter=SI being present in the some.dcf file. By default (before any --alter=SI/binary option is reached), binary interpretation of prefixes is done, for compatibility with older versions. -ac, --alter=ctime When reading a filesystem (during a backup or compari- son), restores the atime of all files to what it was before the file was read. This makes it appear as if it had not been read at all. However, because there is no system call to let applications changing the ctime (last inode change) of a file, setting back the atime results in the ctime being changed (hence the al- ter=ctime). Some recent unix system allow an applica- tion to get 'furtive read mode' to the filesystem (see below). On older systems, however, for most users, hav- ing the atimes of the files changed shouldn't be a problem, since they can be changed by any other program (running by any user!) as well (like the content-index program Beagle). Ctimes on the other hand, are the only way for security software to detect if files on your system have been replaced (by so called root-kits mostly). This means, that should you run dar with -ac, security software which uses ctimes to check, will mark every file on your system as compromised after the backup. In short, this means this option should only be used by people who know what they are doing. It's the opinion of this writer that any software susceptible to atime changes is flaky or even broken (because of the afore mentioned reasons why atimes can change). But, that doesn't take away that there are programs who rely on atimes remaining the same, like Leafnode NNTP caching software. Therefore this option exists. -aa, --alter=atime When specifying -aa (by opposition to -ac), the atime of every read file and directory is updated, and the ctime remains the same. In other words, Dar itself does nothing with atimes and ctimes, it only let the system do its job to update atimes when files are accessed for reading. This is in accordance with what atimes and ctimes were meant to represent. This is Dar's default (since version 2.4.0), unless 'furtive read mode' (see below) is supported by your system and dar has been compiled with this support activated. Furtive read mode is a mode in which neither atime nor ctime are modified while dar reads each file and directory. This provides also better perfor- mances as nothing has to be wrote back to disk. A known Unix kernel that supports this feature is Linux 2.6.8 and above (support must also be present in the standard C library of the system for dar to be able to acti- vate this feature at compilation time). When this feature is activated, it becomes the default behavior of dar for super user ; for other users the default is -aa. If however as root user, you do not want to use "furtive read mode" (while it has been activated at compilation time), you can spec- ify either -aa or -ac option. -at, --alter=tape-marks For archive creation and merging, the default behavior (since release 2.4.0) is to add escape sequences (aka tape marks) followed by inode information all along the archive. If -at is given, dar will not add this infor- mation to the archive, resulting in a slightly smaller archive and faster backup. When reading an archive, the default behavior is to ignore these escape sequences and rather rely on the catalogue located at the end of the archive. If instead --sequential-read is given on command-line (see below), dar will avoid using the cat- alogue at the end of the archive and will rely on these escape sequences to know the contents of the archive, which will lead to a sequential reading of the archive, operation suitable for tape media. Note that it is not recommended to disable escape sequences (aka tape marks) by using -at option except if you are more con- cerned by the resulting size and execution speed of your backup (in particular if you have a lot of small files) than by the possibility to recover your data in case of corrupted or partially written archive. With- out escape sequences, dar cannot sequential read an archive, which is the only way beside using an isolated catalogue to use an archive that has a corrupted cata- logue or has no catalogue at all, thing that happens if a system crash occurred during the archive creation or due to lack of disk space to complete the archive. -0, --sequential-read Change dar's behavior when reading an archive. By de- fault, the traditional way is used, which relies on the table of contents (aka "the catalogue") located at the end of the archive. With the --sequential-read option instead, dar will rely on escape sequences that are in- serted all along the archive with each file's inode in- formation. This will lead to a sequential reading of the archive, operation suitable for tape medium. How- ever, this feature is only available for archive format starting revision "08" (i.e.: since release 2.4.0) and if -at option has no been used during archive creation or merging. This option is available for archive test- ing (-t), comparison (-d), restoration (-x), listing (-l) and to read the archive of reference (-A option) for isolation (-C) and archive creation (-c). The se- quential reading of an archive is always much slower than the usual reading method, so you should not use this option unless you really need it. -9, --min-digits <num>[,<num ref>[,<num aux>]] By default slice number contained in filename do not have any padded zeros, which, when sorting a directory contents alphabetically leads to read all the slices starting by '1', then by '2'. for example, slice 1, 10, 11, 12, 13, ... 2, 20, 21, 23, ... etc. While dar is absolutely not perturbed by this display problem, some user shall like to have the slices sorted by order. For that reason, the --min-digits option lets you ask dar to prepend enough zeros in the slice number for it be as wide as the argument passed to --min-digits. For ex- ample, if you provide 3 for that number, dar will store the slice number as 001, 002, 003, ... 999. Well, next slice will be 1000, thus it will break again the alpha- betical sorting order. You are thus advised to use a number large enough to convert the number of slice you expect to use. Before release 2.7.0, when reading an archive, you were also requested to provide this same argument else dar was unable finding the slice. Since 2.7.0 dar auto-detects the mi-digits value to use, un- less there is a mix of archive of the same basename with different min-digits. In such conflicting context, you must bypass the min-digits auto-detection mechanism and specify which min-digits value to retain in order to read the archive, eventually followed by a comma and the number of digits to use to read the archive of ref- erence (given to -A option), eventually followed by a comma and the number of digits to use for the auxiliary archive of reference (given to -@ option). --pipe-fd <num> will read further arguments from the file-descriptor <num>. The arguments read through this file-descriptor must follow a TLV (Type/Length/Value) list format. This option is not intended for human use, but for other programs launching dar like dar_manager. This feature has been added to overcome the command line length limit. -al, --alter=lax When reading an archive, dar will try to workaround data corruption of slice header, archive header and catalogue. This option is to be used as last resort so- lution when facing media corruption. It is rather and still strongly encourage to test archives before rely- ing on them as well as using Parchive to do parity data of each slice to be able to recover data corruption in a much more effective manner and with much more chance of success. Dar also has the possibility to backup a catalogue using an isolated catalogue, but this does not face slice header corruption or even saved file's data corruption (dar will detect but will not correct such event). -G, --multi-thread { <num> | <crypto>,<compression> } When libdar is compiled against libthreadar, it can make use of several threads. If the argument is two numbers separated by a comma the first defines the num- ber of worker threads to cipher/decipher, the second the number of threads to compress/decompress. If the argument is a single number (-G <n>) it is equivalent to giving this number as the number of compression threads and giving 2 for the ciphering threads (-G 2,<n>). The use of multi-threading at archive creation time leads to rely on per block compression rather than the legacy streaming compression and if the block-size is not specified (see -z option for details) it de- faults to 240 KiB. Not providing any -G option, is equivalent to providing -G 2,1 when libthreadar is available else -G 1,1. Note that if an archive has been created with streaming compression, the decompression cannot use multi-threads, the deciphering can always use multiple threads. -j, --network-retry-delay <seconds> When a temporary network error occurs (lack of connec- tivity, server unavailable, and so on), dar does not give up, it waits some time then retries the failed op- eration. This option is available to change the default retry time which is 3 seconds. If set to zero, libdar will not wait but rather ask the user whether to retry or abort in case of network error. -afile-auth, --alter=file-authentication With this option, When reading or writing an archive to a remote (SFTP or FTP) repository when no password is provided, instead of interactively asking for a pass- word dar will check the ~/.netrc file for credentials when relying on FTP protocol. If instead SFTP protocol is used, this option leads dar to first try to connect using public key authentication instead of password au- thentication. If the key could not be loaded, a passphrase for that key will be asked interactively. -ab, --alter=blind-to-signatures do not check whether an encrypted archive with public key that has also been signed have correct signatures. SAVING, ISOLATION, MERGING AND REPAIRING SPECIFIC OPTIONS (to use with -c, -C, -+ or -y) -z, --compression={ [algo] | level | algo:level | algo:level:block-size } add compression within slices. If -z is not specified, no compression is performed, but if -z is specified without algorithm gzip will be assumed. algo: the following values are available "gzip", "bzip2", "lzo", "xz", "zstd" or "lz4". level: The compression level (an integer from 1 to 9 except for zstd which ranges from 1 to 22) is optional, and is 9 by default. Be careful when using xz algorithm better specify a compression ra- tio less than or equal to 6 to avoid important memory require- ments. A ratio of 1 means less compression and faster processing, while at the opposite a ratio of 9 gives the best compression but longest processing time. block-size: if set to zero (which is also the default value), you will get the legacy (and performant) "streaming compression" mode that was the only available up to release 2.7.0. Since then, the "block compression" mode gives the ability to leverage multi-threading (see -G option) by compressing per block and giving different blocks to different threads. The larger the block is, the better the compression ratio will be (it tends to be as good as the one of the streaming compression mode, when block size increases), but files smaller than a block size can only be processed by a single thread. The memory requirement also increases by the prod- uct of the block size times the number of threads. Last, a too small block-size will cost more CPU cycles (the multi-threading management overhead will become important compared to the effec- tive compression processing) and independently, short blocks gives poor compression rates. It is thus advised to use values at least greater than 50 ~ 100 KiB (you can use the k,M,G,... suf- fixes described for the -s option). If the block-size is not specified and given -G option leads to a number of compression threads greater or equal to 2, a block-size of 240 KiB is used. If you want the legacy streaming compression, do not use -G op- tion (or use it specifying only 1 compression thread) and do not set the compression block size (or set it to zero). Valid usage of -z option is for example: -z, -z9, -zlzo, -zgzip, -zbzip2, -zlzo:6, -zbzip2:2, -zgzip:1, -zxz:6, -zlz4::10k -z::12000 -zbzip2:8:10k and so on. Usage for long option is the same: --compres- sion, --compression=9, --compression=lzo, --compression=gzip, --com- pression=bzip2, --compression=lzo:6, --compression=bzip2:2, --compres- sion=gzip:1 --compression=xz:9 and so on. About lzo compression, the compression levels of dar and lzop program do not match. If you want to get the behavior of compression level 1 of lzop, use the lzop-1 algorithm in place of lzo with dar/libdar. If you want to get the behavior of lzop compression level 3, use the lzop-3 algorithm in place of the lzo algorithm. Lzop compression lev- els 2, 4, 5 and 6 are the same as level 3. last, there is no differ- ence about compression level 7, 8 and 9 between dar and lzop. The lzop-1 and lzop-3 algorithms do not make use of any compression level (compression level is ignored with these algorithms). -s, --slice <number> Size of the slices in bytes. If the number is appended by k (or K), M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y, R or Q the size is in kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes, petabytes, exabytes, zettabytes, yottabytes, ronnabytes or quet- tabytes respectively. Example: "20M" means 20 megabytes, by default, it is the same as giving 20971520 as argument (see also -aSI and -abinary op- tions). If -s is not present the backup will be written to a single slice whatever the size of the backup may be (assuming your operating system can support arbi- trarily large files). -S, --first-slice <number> -S gives the size of the first slice which may be cho- sen independently of the size of following slices (ei- ther bigger or smaller). This option needs -s option and by default of -S option, the size of the first slice is the same as the one of the following slices. -p [<integer>], --pause[=<integer>] pauses before writing to a new slice (this requires -s). By default there is no pause, all slices are writ- ten in the same directory, up to the end of the backup or until the filesystem is full. In this later case, the user is informed of the lack of disk space and dar stops for user action. As soon as some disk space is available, the user can continue the backup. The op- tional integer that this option can receive tells dar to only pause every 'n' slice. Giving 3 for 'n' will make dar pause only after slices 3, 6, 9 and so on. If this integer is not specified, the behavior is as if '1' was given as argument which makes dar pause after each slice. -D, --empty-dir At backup time only, when excluding directories either explicitly using -P or -] options, or implicitly by giving a -g or -[ options (a directory is excluded if it does not match mask given with -g options or -[ op- tions) dar does not store anything about these. But with -D option, dar stores them as empty directories. This can be useful, if excluding a mount point (like /proc or /dev/pts). At restoration time, dar will then recreate these directories (if necessary). This option has no meaning with -C and is ignored in that case. In- dependently of that, -D can also be used at restoration time, but it activates a slightly different feature (see RESTORATION SPECIFIC OPTIONS below). -Z, --exclude-compression <mask> Filenames covered by this mask are not compressed. It is only useful in conjunction with -z option. By de- fault, all files are compressed (if compression is used). This option can be used several times, in that case a file that matches one of the -Z mask will not be compressed. Argument given to -Z must not be include any path, just the filename (eventually/probably using wildcards). This option used while merging or repairing allow one to change the compression of files. -Y, --include-compression <mask> Filenames covered by this mask (and not covered masks given to -Z option(s)) are the only to be compressed. It is only available with -z option. By default all files are compressed. This option can be used several times, in that case all files that match one of the -Y will be compressed, if they do not also match on of the -Z masks. The ordered method here applies too when ac- tivated (with -am option), it works exactly the same as -I and -X options, but apply to file compression, not file selection. In other word, it matches only on the file name, not on the path of files. This option used while merging or repairing allow one to change the com- pression of files. -m, --mincompr <number> files which size is below this value will not be com- pressed. If -m is not specified it is equivalent to giving -m 100 as argument. If you want to compress all files whatever their size is you thus need to type -m 0 on the command line. The size unit is the byte (octet) and the same number extensions as those used with -s or -S are available here, if you want to specify the size in kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte etc. -1, --sparse-file-min-size <number> Define the minimum length of zeroed bytes to replace by "holes". By default, this feature is activated with a value of 15 bytes. To completely disable it, set the size to zero. Disabling this feature will bring some noticeable speed improvement but will probably make the archive slightly bigger (depending on the nature of the data). Sparse files are files that contain so called holes. On a filesystem, the portion of zeroed bytes is not stored on disk, thus an arbitrary large file with huge portion of zeros may only require a few bytes of disk storage. While dar cannot detect how is allocated a given file because it makes a filesystem abstraction (it does not know the implementation of any particular filesystem, where from its portability), when it finds a sequence of zeroed bytes larger than the given threshold it can assume that it is in presence of a hole. Doing so, it does not store the given zeroed bytes into the archive, but place a tag beside the saved data to record the size of the hole and thus where to place the next non zeroed bytes. This makes dar archive disk space requirement much smaller when a sparse files is met. At restoration time, dar will re- store holes writing normal data and seeking over the hole to write down the normal data after each hole. If the underlying file system supports sparse files, this will restore the holes. Note that there is no differ- ence for applications whether a file is sparse or not, thus dar may well transform normal files into sparse files and vice-versa, only the disk requirement will change. Last point, if dar can reduce disk requirement for archive with holes as small as 15 bytes (smaller value works but the overhead cost more than what is re- quired to store the zeroed bytes normally), it may not be the same at restoration, because filesystem alloca- tion unit is usually several kilobytes (a page), how- ever restored file will never be larger than it could be without holes. The only drawback of this feature is the additional CPU cycle it requires. -ak, --alter=keep-compressed During merging and repairing operation, keep files com- pressed, this has several restrictions : -z, -Z, -Y, -m are ignored, if two archives have to be merged, both must use the same compression algorithm or one of them must not use compression at all (this last restriction will probably disappear in a next version). The advan- tage of this option is a greater speed of execution (compression is usually CPU intensive). -ah, --alter=holes-recheck For merging and repairing, the sparse file detection mechanism is disabled by default. However if you want to activate it (assuming you have an old archive you want to convert the current archive format taking care of sparse files), you need to use -ah option to reacti- vate the sparse file detection mechanism. Then for merging and repairing --sparse-file-min-size can be used as described above for archive creation. In addi- tion, you can have files stored as sparse file in the archive of reference be stored as normal files in the merged archive using -ah and passing to --sparse-file- min-size an value larger than all file sizes, for exam- ple as of today in year 2018, passing -ah --sparse- file-min-size 1E (1E for one exabyte) should be large enough. --nodump do not save files which have the 'd' flag set (see chattr(1) lsattr(1) ext2 commands). This option may not be available if the system dar has been compiled on did not provide support for ext2 flags. Note that this op- tion does nothing with -+ option (merging) as no filesystem is used for that operation. -5, --exclude-by-ea[=<extended attribute name>] exclude inodes from backup that have been set with the EA given in argument. If not argument is given to that option the default EA used to exclude files from backup is "user.libdar_no_backup". To set this attribute to a given file, use the following command: "setfattr -n user.libdar_no_backup <filename>", to remove it: "set- fattr -x user.libdar_no_backup <filename>". Last, to check the presence this EA: "getfattr <filename>" -M, --mount-points={ I:<path to fs> | X:<path to fs> } If the argument is of the I:<path to fs> form, the filesystem to which this path points to is considered for the backup operation, that's to say, other file filtering mechanism will be applied and some or all files of that filesystem will be saved for backup. While with the X:<path to fs> form, no file in that filesystem will even be considered for backup. both X: and I: forms must be provided with an absolute path. -M option can be used several times on the command-line. If only I: forms are used, the filesystem based filter- ing mechanism behaves as a white list (only those listed paths are included). If only X: form is used, the filesystem based filtering mechanism behaves as a black list (everything is considered except those listed paths). Last, while a mix of I: and X: forms are used, filsystems that will be considered for backup will be those given with an I: form and not also given with an X: form. Note that this is filesystem based filtering, not path based: If for example a filesystem is mounted under /var directory and you specify I:/var/log all /var filesystem will be considered for backup. If you rather want to only save what is in /var/log use the -P/-g/-X/-I/-[/-] options that realise the file filtering by name and path+name. You cannot exclude the filesystem which contains the path given to -R option. The use of -M option with argument erases any previous configuration done with -M option without argument (see below), and vice versa. By default (no -M option specified), no filtering based on filesystem is performed, in other worlds all files are considered for other file filtering mechanism (in particular -P/-g/-X/-I/-[/-] options) and eventually backed up. example of use: -MI:/var -MX:/var/spool --mount-points=I:/var --mount-point=X:/var/spool -M, --no-mount-points This is the legacy form of the option described just above, that existed before release 2.7.0. When -M op- tion is provided without argument, only files located on the filesystem pointed to by the path given to -R option will be considered for backup. Subdirectory that are mounting points for other filesystems will not be saved (or saved empty if -D option is used). This op- tion is useless and ignored for merging operation. The use of -M without option lead dar to ignore any previ- ous -M I:<path> and -M X:<path> options that could have been given on command-line or -B included file so far. -, , --cache-directory-tagging don't save contents of directories that use the Cache Directory Tagging Standard. See http://www.brynosaurus.com/cachedir/spec.html for de- tails. (this option is useless with -+ option) -/ , --overwriting-policy <policy> This option let the user define when or how file over- writing can occur at restoration or archive merging time. It does no apply to slice overwriting which are driven by the -n option, it does instead apply to file during extraction and files inside archives when merg- ing two of them. When considering overwriting, a file is said to be 'in place' while an other is known as 'new' or 'to be added'. At restoration time, the 'in place' is the one that is present in filesystem while the 'to be added' is the one from the archive. At merg- ing time, the 'in place' is the one of the '-A' archive of reference while the 'to be added' is the one from the auxiliary '-@' archive or reference. This option does not apply to archive repairing. As soon as you use -/ option -n only applies only to slice overwriting and the -r, -k and -ae options are ignored (restoration specific options). The given <policy> argument is composed of actions and eventually of conditional expressions. Actions do de- fine how to solve overwriting conflict about file's data on one side and file's Attributes (Extended and Filesystem Specific) on the other side. An action is thus a couple of action for Data and for EA+FSA. Ac- tions for Data are represented by uppercase letters, while action for EA+FSA are defined by lowercase let- ters. Both actions are independent of each other: P means 'Preserve'. When merging two archives, the data of the resulting archive will be taken from the 'in place' file. While when extracting, the data of the inode in filesystem will be preserved (thus no overwriting will occur for the data). O means 'Overwrite'. When merging two archives, the data of the resulting archive will be taken from the 'to be added' file. While when extracting, the data of the inode in filesystem will be overwrit- ten by data from the archive. S means 'mark Saved and preserve'. When merging two archives, the data of the resulting archive will be marked as already saved in the archive of ref- erence (making thus a differential archive, even if none of the original archive were differential archives). All data will be dropped in the result- ing archive, but the last modification date [aka mtime] (used to detect change in file's data) will be taken from the 'in place' file. This action does not apply when extracting files, it is thus considered equal to "Preserve" (P) in that situa- tion. T means 'mark Saved and overwrite'. When merging two archives, the data of the resulting archive will be marked as already saved (same as 'S' action): all data will be dropped in the resulting archive, however the last modification date [aka mtime] (used to detect changes in a file's data) will be taken from the 'to be added' file. This action does not apply when extracting files, it is thus considered equal to "Overwrite" (O) in that situa- tion. R means 'Remove'. When merging two archives, the re- sulting archive will not contain any entry corre- sponding to the file that were in conflict. This also implies that no EA will be stored for that particular entry as the entry will no more exist in the resulting archive (as if it had never yet existed). When extracting files, this will lead to file's suppression. p means 'Preserve', same as 'P' (but lowercase let- ter) preserve the whole EA set and FSA. When merg- ing two archives, the Attributes set of the re- sulting file will be the ones of the 'in place' file (whatever is the overwriting action taken for its data). While when extracting files to filesys- tem, the Attributes of the file in filesystem will not be changed (whatever is the overwriting action taken for its data, unless the file is removed us- ing the 'R' policy, which would remove the inode and thus also any Attributes it had). o means 'Overwrite', same as 'O' (but lowercase let- ter) overwrite the whole EA set and FSA. When merging two archives, the Attributes set of the resulting file will be taken from the 'to be added' file. While when extracting files, the At- tributes set of the file in the filesystem will have its Attributes erased and replaced by those of the file in the archive (still independent of what overwriting action is taken for file's data). s means 'mark Saved and preserve', same as 'S' (but lowercase letter) for EA and FSA instead of data. When merging two archives, the EA and FSA of the resulting file are marked as already saved in the archive of reference, thus they are dropped but the date of last inode change [aka ctime] (used to detect changes in file's EA and FSA) will be taken from the 'in place' file. This action does not ap- ply when extracting files, it is thus considered equivalent to "Preserve" (p) in that situation. t means 'mark Saved and overwrite', same as 'T' (but lowercase letter) for EA and FSA instead of data. When merging two archives, the EA and FSA of the resulting file are marked as already saved in the archive of reference, thus they are dropped but the date of last inode change [aka ctime] (use to track changes in EA) will be taken from the 'to be added' file. This action does not apply when ex- tracting files, it is thus considered an equiva- lent to "Overwrite" (o) in that situation. m means 'merge Attributes and preserve'. The result- ing file in the merged archive will have Attribute entries from both the 'in place' and the 'to be added' files. If both files share a same Attribute entry (same FSA or for EA the same key for a given association) the one of the 'in place' file is kept (where from the 'preserve' notion). When ex- tracting a file, the file in the filesystem will have its EA and FSA set enriched by the ones of the file in the archive that do not exist on filesystem, but its already existing Attributes will stay untouched. n means 'merge Attributes and overwrite'. The re- sulting file in the merged archive will have At- tribute entries from both the 'in place' and the 'to be added' files. If both files share a same Attribute entry (same FSA or for EA the same key for a given association) the one of the 'to be added' file will be kept (where from the 'over- write' notion). When extracting file, the file in the filesystem will have its Attributes set en- riched by ones of the file in the archive with some of them possibly been overwritten. r means 'remove', same as 'R' but for the Attribute set (thus all EA and FSA entries) of a given file ('r' is lowercase letter here). The file of the resulting archive during merging operation will not own any EA nor any FSA, even if the 'in place' and/or the 'to be added' files did have some. For file extraction, this means that the file in the filesystem will loose all its EA set. The FSA can- not be 'removed' from a filesystem and may not al- ways have a default value, thus this action does not modify FSA at all in case of archive extrac- tion. But in case of merging the FSA are removed as previously described. As for all the previous tests, this Attribute operation is independent of the operation chosen for file's data (uppercase letters). d means 'delete'. When a same EA or FSA entry is found both in the 'in place' and 'to be added' files, such entry will be absent in the resulting archive. In other words, when merging, the EA set and FSA will only contain EA and FSA entries spe- cific to the 'in place' and those specific to the 'to be added' file. Entries in common will not be present. When extracting a file from an archive, the file on filesystem will have its EA set en- riched by entries of the 'to be added' file that are new to the 'in place' file. The other EA en- tries (which are thus present in both archive and filesystem) will be removed from the set, which the other FSA will stay untouched (FSA cannot be "removed" from a filesystem, nor they always have a default value). * is valid for both EA and data. It tells that the action is not yet defined at this step of the evaluation and that further evaluation is required (see the 'chain' operator below). A means 'Ask for user decision'. This uppercase let- ter concerns Data overwriting. An application in- teraction let the user define the action for each file in conflict. Note, that this action if used alone may become very boring or painful. The idea is to use it in conditional statements (which are described below) to have dar ask for only non ob- vious cases. a means 'Ask for user decision'. This lowercase let- ter is the equivalent for EA and FSA of the 'A' action. It is intended to be used in the same con- ditional statements described below. An action is thus a couple of letters, the first being uppercase (for file's data) the second being lowercase (for file's EA and FSA). When -/ option is not given, the action is equivalent to '-/ Pp', making dar proceed to file, EA and FSA preservation. Before release 2.4.0 (June 2011), only -n and -w options were available to define the overwriting policy and the default behavior was to warn and wait for confirmation before overwrit- ing, which behavior can be set by the '-/ Oo' policy. It seems the default behavior changed to '-/ Pp' at that time and nobody complained or noticed the differ- ence until 2023, so this default behavior will not be reverted, as nobody complained for more than 12 years about that. Here follows some examples of actions, all these are done for any entry found in conflict during archive merging or archive extraction, we will see fur- ther how to define conditional actions. -/ Rr will lead dar to remove any file from filesystem that ought to be restored(!). Note the action for EA/FSA is useless, the EA and FSA will always be erased as well as data using 'R'. Thus '-/ Rp' would lead to the same result. -/ Po will keep data of the 'in place' file and EA and FSA set from the 'to be added' file. -/ Ss Using this option when merging an archive with it- self (used both as archive of reference (-A op- tion) and auxiliary archive of reference (-@ op- tion) ) will provide the same action as an archive isolation of the archive of reference, but using twice more memory (so keep using the isolation op- eration as before! Here this is just an illustra- tion of the possibility) As seem previously -u and -U options can be used to filter which EA entry to consider and which to ignore. The question here is to explain how this filtering mechanism interacts with the different policies we just presented above. For files that are not in conflict (found only as 'in place' or as 'to be added'), only the EA entries matching the EA filter are kept. For files in conflict, the overwriting policy is evaluated first, then the filtering mechanism is applied *after* it. Thus for example, using the following [ -/ "Po" -u "*test" ], when merging two archives, only EA ending with "test" will be retained, and when a conflict takes place, this "*test" ending EA will be taken from the 'to be added' file if it has some EA of that type, its other EA entry will be ignored as well as any EA entry of the 'in place' file even those ending by "test". At restoration in using the same options, file without conflict will get restored but only EA entry ending with "test" will be restored, and for file with con- flict (already present in filesystem), EA set of file in filesystem will be removed and replaced the EA en- tries of the file in archive that ends by "test", if some exist. the situation is similar with FSA family scope and overwriting policy. Only FSA of a family present in the scope will be retained, the overwriting policy acts first then the FSA scope is applied. Note however that any FSA present on filesystem and excluded from the FSA scope are not touched. Well, now let's see how to bring some more fun using conditional statements in all these actions. The struc- ture to use is the following: {<condition>}[<action if condition is true>] This syntax let you place an action (as the ones we saw just above) inside the brackets '[' and ']' (for example [Pp]) that will take effect only if the evaluation of the <condition> is true. Stated that a such statement is a new type of action, you may have guessed that you may use it recursively: {<condition1>}[{<condition2>}[<action>]). Well so far it seems useless. But instead of the "if <condition> then <action> else <action>" paradigm com- mon to programming languages, due to the command line context it has been chosen to instead use and implicit "OR" operator between actions. Thus you can "stack" conditional statements this way: {<condition1>}[<ac- tion1>] {<condition2>}[<action2>] <action3>. In this example, if <condition1> is true then <action1> will be used, ELSE if <condition2> is true then <action2> will be used ELSE <action3> will be used. This leads to the same possibilities as what is available with program- ming languages, but with a slightly more simple syntax. Seen this, the recursion of conditional syntax is more interesting. For readability, you are allowed to add any space or tab in the overwriting policy, but the re- sulting overwriting policy must be given as a single argument to dar, thus the use of quotes (either simple 'arg' or double "arg") is necessary. The last operator we will see is the 'chain' operator. Once an expression is evaluated, the resulting couple of action may contain an '*' (undefined action for EA or data). Further evaluation must be done. The chain operator which is represented by a semicolon ';' let one to separate several independent expressions that will be evaluated in turn up to the time the couple of action is fully defined. Once an action (for EA or for Data) is defined, it can be redefined by a subsequent evaluation in the chain, however if the action is de- fined it cannot be set back to undefined, thus '*' will never overwrite a previously defined action. If at the end of the policy the couple of action is not fully de- fined, the 'preserve' action is used ('P' or 'p' de- pending on which of EA or Data is left undefined). Here follow a example of syntax: -/ "{<condition1>}[P*] O* ; {<condition2>[*p] *o} ; Rr" The first expression will evaluate to either P* or O*. At this step, as the action is not completely defined, the second part of the chain is evalu- ated, It will end with either *p or *o. In any case, we have after this second statement of the chain a fully defined action for both data and EA (either Pp, Po, Op or Oo). Thus the evaluation stops here and the "Rr" policy will never be eval- uated. We now have one last thing to see: the available condi- tions (what to place between braces '{' and '}'). Con- ditions are defined each by a letter, eventually fol- lowed by an argument between parenthesis. The usual logical operators are available: negation (!), conjunc- tion (&) disjunction (|). These characters must be es- caped or quoted to not be interpreted by the shell when used on command-line. In particular the '!' under most shell must be quoted and escaped (-/ '{\!R}[..]..', The escape character '\' is not necessary inside DCF files (those given to -B option) as no shell is used to in- terpret these files. To these usual operators has been added a new one: the "inversion" operator, noted '~'. Like the negation, it is an unary operator but unlike the negation, it inverses the roles of 'in place' and 'to be added' for the evaluation, which is slightly different from taking the negation of the result of the evaluation. All these operators follow the usual prece- dence: unary operators ('!' and '~') are evaluated first, then the conjunction '&' then the disjunction '|'. To override this, you can use parenthesis '(' and ')' inside the condition. Over these logical operators, the conditions are based on atomic operator that com- pare the 'in place' file to the 'to be added' file. Here they follow: I true only if the 'in place' entry is an inode. This condition does not have any consideration to- ward the to be added object. Note that ~I can be used to check the nature of the 'to be added' ob- ject. A 'detruit' entry, which record the fact that a file has been removed since the archive of reference, is not an inode for example, and the only type of entry that is not an inode is a 'de- truit'. Thus you can define an action on 'detruit' objects using the "!I" expression for the 'in place' entry and "!~I" for the 'to be added' en- try. D true only if the 'in place' entry is a directory. To know whether the 'to be added' is a directory or not, one would use the "inversion" operator: ~D F true only if the 'in place' entry is a plain file (true also if this plain file is a 'hard link', that's it if its inode is linked several times to the directory tree) H true only if the 'in place' entry is an inode linked several times to the directory tree (= hard link) it may be a plain file, a Unix socket, a pipe, char device, a block device for example. A same as H but the current 'in place' entry is the first link we meet pointing to that hard linked inode. R true if the 'in place' entry is more recent than or of same date as the 'to be added' entry. The last modification date [aka mtime] is used for this comparison. If the 'to be added' entry is not an inode (and thus has no mtime), the 'in place' is considered to be more recent than the 'to be added' entry. Same thing if the 'in place' entry is not an inode (and has no mtime available for comparison), it is here too assumed to be more re- cent. R(<date>) true if the 'in place' entry is more recent than or of the same date as the fixed <date> given in argument. No consideration is done toward the 'to be added' element. The <date> format is the same as the one used with -af option. If an entry has no mtime (it is not an inode for example) it is assumed an virtual mtime of zero. B true only if both 'in place' and 'to be added' are plain file (hard linked or not) and if the 'in place' file's data is larger or equal to the 'to be added' file's data. If one or both entry are not plain files (or hard link to plain file) and thus the file size comparison is not possible, the 'in place' entry is assumed to be 'bigger' than the 'to be added' entry. S true only if the 'in place' data is saved in the archive (not marked as unchanged nor marked as only inode metadata changed, since the archive of reference). Note that while extracting files from an archive, the 'in place' file is the one in the filesystem, which always has its data 'saved' (from libdar point of view). The 'inversion' of this atomic operator ~S may still be interesting in the context of restoration. Y true only if the 'in place' data is saved but dirty (plain file having its data changed at the time it was read for backup). Note, that restoring in sequential read mode, it is not possible to known whether a file is dirty (it is possible to know it once having read its data, but sequential reading does not allows then to skip forward to get the dirty state of the file and skip backward to eventually restore that file, depending on the overwriting policy result). X true only if the 'in place' data is a sparse file T true only if the 'in place' and 'to be added' en- tries are of same type (plain file, Unix socket, named pipe, block device, char device, symlink, directory, 'detruit' (which stands for file deleted since the archive of reference was done), and so on). Note that the number of links to inode (i.e. whether this is a hard links or not) is not taken into account. L true only if the 'in place' entry has delta signa- ture associated with it. P true only if the 'in place' entry is a binary patch. E true only if 'in place' and 'to be added' are of the same type and have the same inode data infor- mation: uid, gid, permission, modification date are taken into account, atime and ctime are ig- nored in this comparison. If both are plain files, the file sizes must be the same for this condition to succeed. For char and block devices, both major and minor numbers must match. Last, for symlink, the target (the file path they point to) must be the same. e true if the 'in place' entry has EA (may they be saved or just recorded as existing). r true if the 'in place' entry has more recent or equal dated EA to the 'to be added' entry. If 'to be added' has no EA or is even not an inode, true is returned. If 'in place' has no EA or is even not an inode, true is returned unless 'to be added' has some EA. The comparison is done on ctime dates. r(<date>) true if the 'in place' entry has more recent or equal dated EA to the fixed <date> given in argu- ment. No consideration is done toward the 'to be added' element. The <date> format is the same as the one used with -af option. If an entry has no date (ctime date) (when it is not an inode for ex- ample) it is assumed an virtual ctime of value zero. m true only if 'in place' has more or equal number of EA entry in its set of EA than 'to be added' has. If an entry has not EA or is not even an in- ode, it is assumed it has zero entry. The compari- son is done on this number. Note that the number of EA entry is not the size used to store these entries. For example, the EA entry "user.test" counts for 1, whatever is the length of the value associated to it. b true if the 'in place' entry has bigger EA set or equal size EA set than the 'to be added' entry. If an entry has no EA or is even not an inode, it is assumed that it has a zero byte length EA set. The comparison is done on this number in that case. Note that the comparison is done on the bytes used to store the whole EA set associated to a given file. s true if the 'in place' entry is an inode (or a hard linked inode) and has its EA saved in the archive of reference, not only marked present but unchanged since last backup. This test does not take the 'to be added' entry into account. Well, you've seen that uppercase letter are kept when comparison is based on the inode or data while lower- case letter is used for atomics based on EA. Now that we have completed our tour of this feature let's see some examples: -/ Pp as seen previously this is what does -n option for files when no overwriting policy is defined, which avoids any overwriting for Data as well as for EA. -/ "{!T}[Pp] {R}[{r}[Pp]Po] {r}[Op] Oo" Space and tabs are allowed to ease readability. Here the policy stands for: If files in conflicts are not of the same type then keep Data and EA of the entry 'in place'. Else if 'in place' has a more recent data then if 'in place' has more re- cent EA then keep both its Data and EA, else keep only its Data and overwrite its EA. Else (if 'in place' has not the more recent data), if it has the more recent EA then overwrite the data but keep its EA, else overwrite both its data and EA. This policy tends to preserve the most recent data or EA, but it does not take into account the fact that EA or Data is effectively saved into the archive of just marked as unchanged since the archive of reference. -/ "{!T}[{~D}[Oo] Pp]" If entries are not of the same type, if the 'to be added' entry is a directory then we keep it and overwrite the 'in place' entry, else we keep the 'in place' entry. If entry are of same type, the policy does not provide any action, thus the de- fault action is used: "Pp". You can change this default action easily using a chain operator: -/ "{!T}[{~D}[Oo] Pp] ; Aa" In this case instead, if entry are of the same type, the user will be asked what to. -/ "{!T|!I}[{R}[Pp] Oo] {I&~I}[{S}[{~S}[{R}[P*] O*] P*] {~S}[O*] {R}[P*] O* ; {s}[{~s}[{r}[*p] *o] *p] {~s}[*o] ] {r}[*p] *o" Well this may seems a bit too complex but just see it as an illustration of what is possible to do: If both 'in place' and 'to be added' are not of the same type we keep data and EA of the most re- cent file (last modification date). Else, both are of the same type. If both are inode we evaluate a two expressions chain (expressions are separated by a semicolon ';') we will see in detail further. Else if they are of same type but are not inode we take the EA and data of the most recent entry (this is the last 10 chars of the string). Well, now let's see the case of inode: The first expres- sion in the chain sets the action for data and keep the action for EA undefined. While the sec- onds, is the exact equivalent but instead it leaves the action for data undefined '*' and set the action for EA. These two expressions follow the same principle: If both entries are saved (by opposition to be marked as unchanged since the archive of reference) in the archives, the most recent EA/Data is kept, else, the one of the inode that is saved is kept, but if none is saved in the archive the most recent entry (mtime/ctime) is kept. -^, --slice-mode perm[:user[:group]] defines the permission and ownership to use for created slices. By default, dar creates slices with read and write available for anyone letting the umask variable disable some privileges according to user's prefer- ences. If you need some more restricted permissions, you can provide the permission as an octal value (thus beginning by a zero), like 0600 to only grant read and write access to the user. Be careful not to avoid dar writing to its own slices, if for example you provide permission such as 0400. Note also that the umask is always applied thus specifying -^ 0777 will not grant word wide read-write access unless your umask is 0000. -_, --retry-on-change count[:max-byte] When a file has changed at the time it was read for backup, you can ask dar to retry saving it again. By default a file can be re-saved up to 3 times (this is the 'count' field), you can set it to zero to disable this feature. In option the overall maximum amount of byte allowed to be wasted due to retry changing file's backup can be given after a colon character (:), this is the 'max-byte' field. By default (no --retry-on- change option specified) a limit of 1 wasted byte is allowed which is the mininum. Specifying zero for max- byte set no limit on the amount of wasted bytes (same as if no 'max-byte' was specified), each changing file is then saved up to 'count' times if necessary. A file is considered as changed when the last modifica- tion time has changed between the time the file has been opened for backup and the time it has been com- pletely read. In some situation it is not possible to replace the already saved data for a file (writing archive to a pipe for example), in that situation only, a second copy of the file is added just after the first previous try which leads that previous try to becomes inaccessible, however it holds some place in the archive, where from the designation of "wasted bytes". You can remove all wasted bytes from an archive using the merging/filtering feature: dar -+ new_arch -A old_arch -ak. Note: since release 2.5.0, in normal condition no byte is wasted when a file changed at the time it was read for backup, except when doing a backup to pipe (using '-c -' option), except if the beginning of the modified file is located in a previous slice and except if slice hashing or strong encryption is used. -ad, --alter=decremental This flag is to be used only when merging two archives. Instead of the usual merging where each files of both archives are added to the resulting archive with even- tually a tie using the overwriting policy (see -/ op- tion), here the merging builds an archive which corre- sponds to the decremental backup done based on two full backups. the -A backup is expected to receive the older archive while the -@ is expected to point to the more recent one. If this option is used, the eventually overwriting policy is ignored and replaced internally by -/ "{E&R&~R&(A|!H)}[S*] P* ; {(e&~e&r&~r)|(!e&!~e)}[*s] *p". Additionally, files found in the newer archive that do not existed in the older are replaced by a 'detruit' entry, which marks them to be remove at restoration time. For more infor- mation about decremental backups read the us- age_notes.html file in the documentation. Note that decremental backup is not compatible with delta binary. -asecu, --alter=secu This option disable the ctime check done by default during an differential backup: If the ctime of an plain file has changed since the archive of reference was done while all other values stay unchanged (inode type, ownership, permission, last modification date), dar is- sues a "SECURITY WARNING", as this may be the sign of the presence of a rootkit. You should use the -asecu option to disable this type of warning globally, if you are doing a differential backup of a just restored data (a differential backup with the archive used for restoration taken as reference). Effectively in that situation, as it is not possible to restore ctime, the restored data's ctime will have changed while other pa- rameters will be unchanged for all restored files, leading dar to issue a warning for all restored files. This security check is disabled (implicitly) if dar is run with -ac option. Last, if a file has only its EA changed since the archive of reference was done (new EA, removed EA, modified EA), the security warning will show (false positive). -., --user-comment "<message>" This option let the user add an arbitrary message into the archive header. Warning! this message is always stored in clear text, even if the archive is encrypted. You can see the message inserted in an archive display- ing the archive summary (dar -l <archive> -q). Some macro can be used inside the <message>: %c is replaced by the command line used. Note that for security, any option related to archive en- cryption is removed (-K, -J, -$, -#, -*, -%). The command included from a DCF file (see -B option) are never added by this macro. As a consequence, if you do not want to see --user-comment stored in user comments you can add the --user-comment defi- nition in an included file like ~/.darrc for exam- ple. %d this is the current date and time %u this is the uid under which dar has been run %g this is the gid under which dar has been run %h the hostname on which the archive has been created %% the % character. -3, --hash <algo> With this option set, when creating, isolating, merging or repairing an archive, beside each generated slices an on-fly hash file of the slice is created using the specified algorithm. Available algorithm are "md5", "sha1", "sha512" and "whirlpool". By default no hash file is generated. The hash file generated is named based on the name of the slice with the .md5, .sha1, .sha512 or .whirlpool extension added to it at the end. These hash files can be processes by md5sum, sha1sum, sha512sum and rhash (for whirlpool algorithm) usual commands (md5sum -c <hash file>) to verify that the slice has not been corrupted. Note that the result is different than generating the hash file using md5sum or sha1sum once the slice is created, in particular if the media is faulty: calling md5sum or sha1sum on the writ- ten slice will make you compute the hash result on a possibly already corrupted file, thus the corruption will not be seen when testing the file against the hash at a later time. Note also that the creation of a hash file is not available when producing the archive on a pipe ("dar -c -"). -7, --sign email[,email[,...email]] When creating, isolating, merging or repairing an archive with public key encryption (read -K option) it is also possible to sign it with one or more of your private key(s). At the difference of the hash feature above, only the randomly generated key used to cipher the archive, key that is dropped at the beginning and at the end of the archive, is signed. If the archive is modified at some place, that part will not be possible to decipher, but signature verification will stay quick and valid, unless the part that has been tempered is the key inside the archive in which case signature check will report a failure and archive will not be readable at all. If the signature is valid and the archive could be extracted without error, the whole archive could be assumed to be signed by the gnupg key owners, but read below the security note. See also GNUPGHOME in the ENVIRONMENT section at the end of this document. A summary information about the signature information is displayed while listing an archive in summary mode "dar -l <archive> -q". For any operation involving a signed archive, a short message only shows if the archive is signed an one or more signature check failed, no message is displayed in case of successful signature check. This warning may be disabled using the --alter=blind-to-signatures command. -<, --backup-hook-include <mask> The mask is applied to path+filename during backup op- eration only. If a given file matches the mask, a user command (see -= option below) will be run just before proceeding to the backup of that file and a second time right after it has completed. See also -> option below. IMPORTANT: if using the short option, you need to en- close it between quotes: '-<' for the shell not to in- terpret the < as a redirection. This option can be used several times on command-line. -> --backup-hook-exclude <mask> The mask is applied to path+filename during backup op- eration only. If a given file matches the mask, even if it matches a mask given after -< option, no user com- mand will be executed before and after its backup. The -< and -> options act like -g and -P options (but for a different purpose), they can receive wildcard expres- sion and thus have their comportment driven by the --alter=globe and --alter=regex expressions seen above, as well as the --alter=mask option. Last the --al- ter=case and --alter=no-case modify also the way case sensitivity is considered for these masks. By default, no -> or -< option, no file get selected for backup hook. IMPORTANT: if using the short option, you need to enclose it between quotes: '->' for the shell not to interpret the > as a redirection. This option can be used several times on command-line. -=, --backup-hook-execute <string> for files covered by the mask provided thanks to the -< and -> options, the given string is executed just be- fore the backup of that file starts and right after it has completed. Pay attention: when the action applies to a directory, it does not apply to any file and sub- directory located inside this directory. Several macros can be used that are substituted at run time: %% will be replaced by a literal % %p will be replaced by the full path under backup %f will be replaced by the filename (without the path) %u will be replaced by the UID of the file %g will be replaced by the GID of the file %t will be replaced by a letter corresponding to the type of inode: 'f' for plain file, 'l' for symlink, 'd' for directory, 'c' for char devices, 'b' for block devices, 's' for sock- ets, 'p' for pipes, 'o' for doors. %c and most interesting, %c (c for context), will be replaced by "start" or by "end" when the command is executed before or after the backup respectively. For example, this feature let one dump a database just before its backup starts, and remove the dumped file(s) once the backup of that part has completed. Note: when a directory is selected for this feature, the user command is run before starting to backup any file located in that directory and subdirectories, with the context "start" (see %c above). It is also run, as expected, after all files in that directory and subdi- rectories have been saved, with this time the context "end". But, between these two executions, even if a file do match the backup-hook masks (thus, this file is located inside this directory), no command will be exe- cuted for it! It is assumed that when a directory has been asked for a backup-hook to be executed, this hook (or user command) is preparing all data located in that directory. For performance reasons due to the creation of a shell process to intepret the user command-line and subse- quently the execution of the user command itself (and this once before and once after a file to backup), it not advise to use this feature for a large number of files under backup (or worth, all of them). The purpose of this feature is to prepare the backup of some par- ticular structures that need coherence between files in order to be saved properly. If all data under backup is concerned by such coherent structure, better act before and after running the dar command itself (for example stopping/suspending and restarting/resuming the con- cerned service/process). If many of such structures are under backup or are nested in each others, saving them independently (eventually using this backup-hook fea- ture for some or all of them) and merging the resulting dar backups afterward or feeding a dar_manager database with them, are also options to consider. The environment variable DAR_DUC_PATH also applies to these user commands (see -E above, or the ENVIRONMENT paragraph below). -ai, --alter=ignore-unknown-inode-type When dar meets an inode type it is not aware about (some times ago, it was the case for Door inode on So- laris for example, Door inodes are handled by dar since release 2.4.0), it issues a warning about its inability to handle such inode. This warning occurs even if that entry is filtered out by mean of -X, -I, -P, -g, -[ or -] options, as soon as some other entry in that same directory has to be considered for backup, leading dar to read that directory contents and failing on that un- known inode type (filtering is done based on the result of directory listing). This option is to avoid dar is- suing such warning in that situation. -8, --delta sig This option can be used for archive backup, isolation and merging. Important: read also the best practice paragraph below Called during a backup operation it leads dar to create delta signature for each file: If the file is new or has changed, a signature is computed and stored beside the file's data, which increases the archive size. If the file is not new and has not changed (differential backup context) if an delta signature is found in the archive of reference (or isolated catalogue), this sig- nature is copied to the resulting archive, but not the file's data. If the reference archive does not hold delta signature, a new delta signature is computed based on the current data found on filesystem for that file and then stored in the resulting archive. But in any case, without --delta sig the resulting archive will hold no delta signature. Note that delta signature transfer is not possible when the archive of reference is read in sequential mode (still here for backup oper- ation), thus delta signature is disabled when the archive of reference is read in sequential mode. For isolation and merging operations, the behavior is slightly different: --delta sig option let dar transfer existing delta signatures from the original archive to the isolated/merged one but does not lead dar to com- pute delta signatures for files that do not have one, unless one of the --include-delta-sig or --exclude- delta-sig option is specified; in that case the delta signatures are transfered/dropped and if not present calculated accordingly to these mask options. However note that it is not possible to calculate delta signa- ture for unsaved files in the archive of reference (be- cause the archive of reference does not hold their data) as well as for fully saved files when merging is performed keeping files compressed (see -ak option). Another restriction while merging concernes sparse files, it is not possible to calculate binary signature for file stored as sparse files, but if sparse file de- tection mechanism is activated at merging time, delta signature can be calculated for sparse files too even if it is missing in the reference archive. In short: if you want recalculation of delta signature while merg- ing, do not keep file compressed (do not use -ak op- tion) and if you want to avoid having sparse files ex- cluded from the delta signature recalcutation, activate sparse file detection (use -ah option). Delta signature transfer is not possible for on-fly isolation, you need to do normal archive isolation to obtain an isolated catalogue with delta signatures. -8, --delta sig:<function>:<multiplier>[:<divisor>[:<min>[:<max>]]] this variant of '--delta sig' option let you specify the block length used to build delta signatures. Larger values reduce CPU load required to build delta signa- ture, but also lead to less accuracy when computing delta binary, which means larger delta patch and more data saved when a file has changed. The block len is calculated following the formula: block_len = func- tion(filesize)*multiplier/divisor If this calculated value is lower than "min", it is set to min. If the calculated value is greater than "max" it is set to max unless max is set to zero in which case the value is kept as is. Of course "divisor" cannot be null. The available functions are: fixed always returns 1, in other terms, the block size is independent from the file size to build delta signature for linear returns the filesize. here, you will most of the time use 1 for multiplier and increase divisor to at least 10 for it makes sense log2 returns the upper rounded power of 2 closest to the file size (base 2 logarithm). root2 returns the approximated value of the square root of the file size. Note that for better performance and as accuracy is not important here, this func- tion is implemented as exp2(log2(filesize)/2) where exp2 and log2 are based on the integer left and right bit shift operations. root3 returns the approximated value of the cube root of filesize, implemented as exp2(log2(filesize)/3) All numerical fields can receive multiplier suffix (k, M, ...) for more details about these suffixes, see -s option description. If not specified, "max" defaults to zero (no maximum value defined). If not specified "min" defaults to RS_DEFAULT_BLOCK_LEN (see below for de- tails on this symbol). If not specified "divisor" defaults to 1. Us- ing "--delta sig" without additional fields is equivalent to using --delta sig:fixed:RS_DEFAULT_BLOCK_LEN up to dar/libdar version 2.7.10. Starting release 2.7.11, the default is equivalent to use --delta sig:root2:1:1:RS_DEFAULT_BLOCK_LEN:64*DEFAULT_BLOCK_LEN , which is _almost_ what is used by rsync command line tool (rsync use rather 700 bytes as minimum block size), where "RS_DE- FAULT_BLOCK_LEN" is taken from librsync and is today equal to 2048 bytes (which may well change in the future by the way if librsync maintainers decide to do so). -{, --include-delta-sig <mask> By default when --delta sig is provided, delta signa- tures are computed for all files enrolled in the backup operation (see also --delta-sig-min-size option). This option and --exclude-delta-sig allow restricting the files for which delta signature have to be calculated in that situation. The mask applies to the whole path, the same way as -P/-g options do. For merging or isolation operations, when --delta sig is used no delta signature is computed only existing ones are transferred as is without restriction. To change that behavior and thus either drop or add delta signature to files that did not have one in the archive of reference, specify an combination of --include- delta-sig or --exclude-delta-sig with --delta sig. This option as well as --exclude-delta-sig can be used several times on command-line but are useless/ignored without --delta sig. See also -am, -ag and -ar options. -}, --exclude-delta-sig <mask> Files matching the given mask will never have their delta signatures calculated, may --delta sig option be specified or not. See also --include-delta-sig option above and --delta-sig-min-size below. -6, --delta-sig-min-size <number> For archive merging, isolation and creation, when dar has to (re-)calculate delta signatures, this option modifies the minimum file size (in bytes) below which dar never calculates delta signatures. This option acts independently from --include-delta-sig and --exclude- delta-sig , however it cannot re-activate delta signa- ture recalculation by itself while merging/isolating an archive, it requires either --exclude-delta-sig or --include-delta-sig option to be active in that situa- tion. For archive backup instead, it does not require --exclude-delta-sig nor --include-delta-sig to act, but only need --delta sig option to be set. By default, this minimum size is 10 kio. The same option suffixes (k for kilo, M for mega, G for giga, T, ...) as the ones available with --slice option can be used here too. Using zero as argument gives the same result as not specifying this option at all (default size). -8, --delta no-patch In the context of differential backup, this option leads dar to never consider files for delta binary even if delta signatures are present. By default delta bi- nary (rsync-like) operation is performed when a file has changed since the archive of reference was made *and* if a delta signature could be found in the archive of reference for that file (or in the isolated catalogue used as reference for the incremental/differ- ential backup). If no delta signature could be found or if --delta no-patch is used, the normal behavior is done, which consist of saving that whole file in the archive. Note that if the archive of reference is read in sequential mode, the --delta no patch is required, dar will refuse to execute the operation: sequential read and binary delta are not compatible, because read- ing in sequential mode an archive does not let skipping backward to fetch the delta signature necessary to setup a delta patch. Binary delta options usage and best practices: First it must be understood that binary delta has advantages (less storage requirement) and drawbacks: data corruption has a wider im- pact on the ability to restore a given file, restoration of incre- mentally backed up file may ask much more than one archive to be used. To limit the impact of the first drawback, dar binary delta is done per file, not globally on the total amount of saved data. You are also strongly encouraged to protect your backups with parity data using par2 (see dar_par.dcf file in the examples section of the documentation). Adding par2 data will increase storage requirement by a little, but usually much less than the amount gained using bi- nary delta. Last drawback, binary delta relies on checksum (con- tained in the delta signature) and not on the real data to build the binary delta. There is chances that two different files provide the same checksum, even if the chances are very low, probability is not null. The consequence is that using binary delta the risk exists that the restored data do not match the original data and this will not be noticed by the librsync library on which libdar relies for that feature. Dar adds a second level of checksum, to detect data corruption inside the archive and to check that the file the delta patch is about to be applied is the expected base file, this reduces the risk of "collision" but does not remove it completely. After these warnings, let's now see the best practices about binary delta: Once a full backup has been done using --delta sig, any differential backup made based on this archive will use binary diff for file hav- ing a delta signature present in the full backup. If you always make differential (not incremental) backups based on such full backup you have nothing more specific to do in regard to binary delta, dar will handle it transparently. In particular you do not need to invoke --delta sig at subsequent backup, this saves space in differential archives as well as CPU cycles. However, When doing incremental (not differential) backups this time, if you want to have dar using binary delta at each subsequent incremental backup, delta signatures must be present in the succes- sive incremental backups. This is done by using --delta sig option for each new incremental backup created. If you were used to use isolated catalogues before release 2.6.0 you can add --delta sig option while isolating a catalogue from an archive containing delta signatures. Such isolated catalogue will be much larger than what it can be without this option but it can be used as reference for a new differential/incremental backup letting dar relying on binary delta. Isolated catalogue generated without --delta sig do not contain delta signature and cannot lead to binary delta operation when used as reference for an incremental or decre- mental backup. Another way of doing differential backup is to make a normal full backup without --delta sig option, and only add delta signatures at archive isolation time using --delta sig --include-delta-sig "*" op- tions. Binary delta signature will then be calculated based on the saved files. Then, using the resulting isolated catalogue as refer- ence dar will be able to proceed to binary delta for the differen- tial backup. If this works pretty well for differential backup (or the first incremental backup) which is based on a full backup, for incremental backup this is less adapted as a file that has not changed since the archive of reference was made does not hold any data and calculating the delta signature is not possible. The first method explained two paragraphs above is better as the incremental backup fetches the already calculated delta signature from the ref- erence to keep it in the resulting incremental backup, so even with- out data, binary delta is still possible. Isolated catalogue using the --delta sig option, can still be used as backup of the internal catalogue they have been isolated from. However, as they hold their own delta signatures, such isolated cat- alogue can only have access to its own ones, not to those of the archive of reference. In particular when testing an archive (-t op- tion), using -A option to rescue the archive internal catalogue us- ing an isolated catalogue containing delta signatures, dar will not be able to check that there is no corruption in the delta signatures fields of the archive under test. For that type of testing either use the internal catalogue of the archive or rescue it using an iso- lated catalogue built without --delta sig option. -az, --alter=zeroing-negative-dates dar/libdar saves dates as a number of seconds since the beginning of year 1970, the well known "Unix time" (plus a positive fraction for sub-second time-stamp- ing). Some systems may return a negative number as the Unix time of a given file (files having dates before 1970), in that situation by default and since release 2.5.12 dar pauses and asks the user whether to assume the date as being zero. But with -az option, dar/libdar automatically assumes such negative dates to be zero and just issue a warning about the problem met. -\, --ignored-as-symlink <absolute path>[:<absolute path>[:...]] When dar reaches an inode which is part of this pro- vided colon-separated list, if this inode is not a sym- link this option has no effect, but if it is a symlinks dar saves the file the symlink points to and not the symlink itself as dar does by default. In particular, if the pointed to inode is a directory dar recurses in that directory. You can also pass this list as argument to the DAR_IGNORED_AS_SYMLINK environment instead of using --ignored-as-symlink (which takes precedence over the environment variable). -'\'', --modified-data-detection=any-inode-change, --modified-data-detec- tion=mtime-and-size Before release 2.6.0, during a differential/incremental backup if any part of a file's inode metadata changed (ownership, permission, ...) even if the mtime (last modification time) and file size stood the same, dar had no choice than resaving the whole file for backup to record the metadata changes. This lead to a waste of backup time and space if in fact and for example only the ownership had been modified. You can still keep this historical behavior by invoking the --modified- data-detection=any-inode-change option. Since release 2.6.0 a new entry status ("inode-only") has been added. Dar can now re-save only metadata when the inode change does not concern the data. To know whether the data has changed or not, by default (no --modified-data-detec- tion option given) dar looks at mtime and at file's size only. Specifying --modified-data-detection=mtime- and-size (which is the default behavior) can be used to revert the action of --modified-data-detection=any-in- ode-change for example when playing with included files (DCF files): the latest met takes precedence. -T, --kdf-param <integer>[:<hash algo>] At the difference of the listing context (see below), in the context of archive creation, merging, isolation and repair, -T option let you define the iteration count used to derive the archive key from the passphrase you provided (archive encryption context) and the hash algorithm used for that derivation. -T has another older meaning when doing archive listing, but due to the lack of free character to create a new CLI option, there was no other choice than recycling an ex- isting option not used in the context of archive cre- ation/merging/isolation. The consequence is that the -T option must appear after the -+/-c/-C/-y options for the operational context to be known at the time the -T option is met and its --kdf-param meaning to be taken into account. As --kdf-param is an alias to -T, this long form of this option must also be found after the use of either -c, -C or -+ option. Without --kdf-param the KDF fonction uses 200,000 iterations for md5, sha1 and sha512 (PBKDF2 from PKCS#5 v2) but only 10,000 for ar- gon2. If libargon2 is present, this is the default hash algorithm, else sha1 is used with PBKDF2. Valid parameters are "sha1", "sha512", "md5" and "argon2" for the hash algorithms and a value greater than 1 for the iteration count. However it is advise to use a value equal or greater to the default values mentionned previ- ously. The suffixes described for -s option are also available here (k, M, G, T, P, ...) however pay attention to the -aSI/-abinary mode which default to binary, in which case "-T 1k" is equivalent to "-T 1024". Example of use: --kdf-param 20k:argon2 -anru, --alter=never-resave-uncompressed At creation time or when re-compressing data at merging time (thus when option -ak is not used), by default dar tries to re-save file uncompressed if the compression result takes more space than the uncompressed original data. This has the drawback to lead dar to skip back the archive about to be created, the advantage is to not waste storage space. This option let you disable this feature: dar will then not skip back and will keep files compressed even if their compressed data takes more space as what they would take uncompressed. -arep, --alter=repair For isolation operation only, this option make dar able to isolate a catalog from a truncated backup. This op- tion transparently implies --sequential-read and --al- ter=force-first-slice to be able to read the content of the truncated archive. The isolated catalog can then be used to read the archive in direct mode for better ef- ficienty (see -A option used with -x/-l/-t commands) which avoids repairing which saves time (and non- rewritable media) if the volume of data is huge. RESTORATION SPECIFIC OPTIONS (to use with -x) -k[{ignored|only}], --deleted[={ignore|only}] Without argument or with the "ignore" argument, this option leads dar at restoration time to not delete files that have been deleted since the backup of refer- ence (file overwriting can still occur). By default, files that have been destroyed since the backup of ref- erence are deleted during restoration, but a warning is issued before proceeding, except if -w is used. If -n is used, no file will be deleted (nor overwritten), thus -k is useless when using -n. If -/ option is used, this option without argument is ignored! With the "only" argument, this option only consider files marked as to be removed in the archive to restore, no file are restored but some file are removed. When -konly (or --deleted=only) is used, the -/ option is ignored (at the opposition of the "--deleted=ignore" option which is ignored when the -/ is used). Of course "--deleted=ignore" and "--deleted=only" are mutually exclusive, because if both of them were available at the same time dar would do nothing at all. -r, --recent only restore files that are absent or more recent than those present in filesystem. If -/ option is used, this option is ignored! -f, --flat do not restore directory structure. All files will be restored in the directory given to -R, if two files of the same name have to be restored, the usual scheme for warning (-w option) and overwriting (-n option) is used. No rename scheme is planned actually. When this option is set, dar does not remove files that have been stored as deleted since last backup. (-f implicitly im- plies -k). -ae, --alter=erase_ea [DEPRECATED use -/ instead] Drop all existing EA of files present in filesystem that will have to be re- stored. This way, the restored files will have the ex- act set of EA they had at the time of the backup. If this option is not given, a file to restore will have its EA overwritten by those present in the backup and if some extra EAs are present they will remain un- touched. See the Note concerning Extended Attributes (EA) above for a detailed explanation about this behav- ior. If -/ option is used, this option is ignored! -D, --empty-dir At restoration time, if -D is not specified (default) any file and directory is restored in regard to the filtering mechanism specified (see -I, -X, -P, -g, -[ and -] options). But if -D option is provided the restoration skips directory trees that do not contain saved files. This avoid having a huge empty tree with a few restored files especially when restoring a differ- ential archive in an empty place. Note: This feature cannot work when --sequential-read is used, as it is not possible to know whether a directory contains or not some saved files at the time the directory inode is read from the archive in sequential reading mode. -2, --dirty-behavior { ignore | no-warn } At restoration time, if a file in the archive is flagged as "dirty" (meaning that it had changed at the time it was saved), user is asked for confirmation be- fore restoring it. Specifying "ignore" will skip those dirty files, while "no-warn" will restore them without user confirmation. This feature is incompatible with sequential reading mode, in this mode dar cannot know whether a file is dirty before having restored it. In consequences, in --sequential-read, once a file has been restored, if it is found to be dirty it will be removed unless dirty-behavior is set to "no-warn". -/, --overwriting-policy <policy> Overwriting policy can be used for archive restoration to define when and how file overwriting can occur. See above the description of this option. -A, --ref [[<URL>]<path>]/<basename> The --ref option can be used with an isolated catalogue to rescue an archive that has a corruption in the cata- logue part, see GENERAL OPTIONS above for more details. -au, --alter=unix-sockets Do not restore unix-sockets. By default saved unix sockets are recreated at restoration time. -ap, --alter=place Since version 2.7.1 libdar stores the filesystem root path (given -R option) used when creating a backup, this is the known as the 'in-place' path. At restora- tion time by default, dar uses the provided -R option or if not specified uses the current directory as root directory for the restoration operation. Using -ap op- tion lead dar to read the in-place path from the backup and restore the data using this path instead. This op- tion is thus exclusive with -R option and may lead dar to report an error if the archive has not stored any in-place path (older archive format or backup resulting of the merging of two backups having different in-place path). -affs, --alter=force-first-slice This option first purpose was at restoration time when using an isolated catalogue. In that context dar still needs to read the archive format from the backup to re- store. In sequential read mode, this information is al- ways fetched from the beginning of the archive, but in direct access mode it may be fetched reading the end of the last slice (default behavior) or reading at the be- ginning of the first slice (when -affs is set). The ob- jective is to avoid fetching the last slice when using very large backups. One can define a first slice (see -S option) of for example 1 kB while other slices (-s option) can be specified arbitrarily large. With the help of an isolated catalogue based on this archive and the first (small) slice, reading some data from this large backup then only needs the few (big) slices where the data is located, not more. -aefd, --alter=extract-from-database In this mode of data restoration, the argument given to -x option should point to a dar_manager database. This is almost equivalent to use dar_manager's -r option at the difference that there is only one process and all dar options given on command line are available to each backup/archive referred in the database that will be used for this restoration. Dar_manager was designed to restore few files then has been extended to a directory tree, but passing the fileset scope to restore between process is not that efficient. With -aefd option better performance is provided to restore the whole dataset referred from a set of full, incremental and/or differ- ential backups referred in a dar_manager database. See also "-af -A <date>" option to limit the restoration to the status data had before a given date. with -aefd restoration mode, it is possible to restore in the state at a given date by mean of -af and -A op- tions. By default, the most recent state available is restored for all entries. File filtering mechanism can also be used to restore only certain files and directo- ries, instead of all that were present at the latest or given date state. TESTING AND DIFFERENCE SPECIFIC OPTIONS (to use with -t or -d) -ado-not-compare-symlink-mtime, --alter=do-not-compare-symlink-mtime With this option set, when comparing a symlink, no mes- sage shows when symlink in archive and symlink on filesystem do only differ by their mtime. See also -O option. -ap, --alter=place is also available as described just above for restora- tion options. -az, --alter=zeroing-negative-dates dar/libdar saves dates as a number of seconds since the beginning of year 1970, the well known "Unix time" (plus a positive fraction for sub-second time-stamp- ing). Some systems may return a negative number as the Unix time of a given file (files having dates before 1970), in that situation by default and since release 2.5.12 dar pauses and asks the user whether to assume the date as being zero. But with -az option, dar/libdar automatically assumes such negative dates to be zero and just issue a warning about the problem met. No other specific option, but all general options are available except for example -w which is useless, as testing and comparing only read data. -A option is available as described in GENERAL OPTIONS to backup of internal catalogue of the archive (assuming you have a previously isolated catalogue available). Doing a difference in sequential read mode is possible but hard linked in- odes can only be compared to the filesystem the first time they are met, next hard links to this same inode cannot obtain the corresponding data be- cause skipping backward in sequential read mode is forbidden. In that situ- ation, the hard links are reported as skipped, meaning that data comparison could not be performed. -affs, --alter=force-first-slice this option also applies to testing and difference op- erations (see details above). LISTING OPTIONS (to use with -l) -T, --list-format=<normal | tree | xml | slicing> By default, listing provides a tar-like output (the 'normal' output). You can however get a tree-like out- put, an XML structured output or an output focusing on slice(s) where each file's data, EA and FSA is located in. The option --tree-format is an alias to --list-for- mat=tree (backward compatibility). Note that the files doc/dar-catalog-*.dtd define the format of the XML out- put listing (This file is also installed under $PRE- FIX/share/doc) the -Tslicing option can also be used with isolated catalogue generated with dar 2.5.0 or above, as iso- lated catalogues now contain a copy of the slicing lay- out of the archive of reference. However, if the archive of reference has been re-sliced (using dar_xform) after the isolated catalogue has been built, the slicing information would not be correct. For that corner case, you can use the -s and -S options with -Tslicing to specify what are the new slice sizes of the archive of reference. Last, -Tslicing and --sequen- tial-read options are not compatible except for iso- lated catalogues. -as, --alter=saved list only saved files -alist-ea, --alter=list-ea list Extended Attributes name for each file that has some. -ay, --alter=byte, --alter=bytes by default files size is displayed to occupy the short- est number of characters by using the largest unit pos- sible (KiB, MiB, GiB, and so on). With this option in- stead, the size is displayed with maximum precision us- ing the exact number of bytes used for each file. -I, -X, -P, -g, -[, -] can be used to filter file to list base on their name or path. -aheader displays the header (when --sequential-read is used) or the trailer of the archive and then stops. This archive header/trailer is always in clear text even when the archive is ciphered. This option is here to let you ac- cess to these fields without providing the encryption key. -afdd, --alter=fully-detailed-dates show the sub-second fraction value of dates, according to the time precision that was available in the system where the backup was created. From the general options it seems only -vm and -b stay useful here. Note that -vm displays an archive summary first, where a detailed of information about the archive can be obtained. If you want to display only this summary use -q with -l option. displayed fields [Data] possible values are [ ] or [Saved] or [InRef] or [DIRTY] or [Inode] or [Delta]. [ ] means that the data has not been saved because there is no change since backup of reference. [Saved] means that the data has been saved completely, and thus this archive is able to restore the file without other help. [InRef] was used in archive generated by dar version 2.3.x and before when isolating a catalogue from an archive, and means that the file was saved in the reference archive. [DIRTY] means that data is saved (like [Saved]) but has changed at the time dar was reading it for backup, leading dar to possibly store the file in a state it never had. [Inode] means only permission ownership and ctime data changed since the archive of reference was done is recorded in the archive, the data did not changed according to the --comparison-field set or not set. Last [Delta] means the file's data is saved as a binary delta (or delta patch), which is much shorter than the full data as what is done with [Saved]. It also means that you can only restore the file if it ex- ists on filesystem in the state it had when the archive of reference was done, for the patch to be possible to apply on it. This is the case for example if you just restored this file from the archive of reference. [D] possible values are [-], [ ] or [D]. [D] means that delta signature associate with this file is present in the archive. [ ] means that the file has no associated delta signature and thus binary diff will not be possi- ble for it. [-] is used for non plain files inodes for which delta signature is not applicable. [EA] possible values are " " (empty string) or [ ] or [InRef], [Saved] or [Suppr]. It Shows whether Extended Attributes are present and saved ([Saved]), are present but not saved ([ ]) which means there is no change since backup of reference, if there is no EA saved for this file (empty string) or if some EA were present in the archive of reference but none is currently avail- able ([Suppr]). [InRef] was used when isolating a cata- logue (release 2.3.x and before) from an archive and means that the file was saved in the reference archive. [FSA] Each character represent a FSA Family: "L" is the first character (L/l/-) representing ext2/3/4 FSA family "H" is the second character (H/h/-) representing HFS+ FSA family "-" the third character is reserved for future FSA family and is always a dash for now. Uppercase means the FSA set is saved, lowercase means the FSA is present in the archive of reference and has not changed since that time. Last a dash (-) means no FSA of that family has been saved for that file. [compr] possible values are [....%] or [-----] or [ ] or [worse]. Shows if the file has been compressed ([...%]) and the compression ratio reached "(uncompressed-com- pressed)/uncompressed", for example [ 33%] means that the compressed data uses only 66% of the space required to store uncompressed data (33% of space saved thanks to compression), or if the file is stored without com- pression ([ ] see -m, -Y and -Z options) or if the file is not subject to compression because it is not a saved regular file ([----]), or if the file takes more space compressed than its original size ([worse]), due to compression overhead. Note that 1% compression ratio brings quite no data reduction, while obviously 98% is a very performant compression (compressed file takes only 2% of the size required by the uncompressed date). [S] possible values are [ ] or [X]. [X] only applies to saved plain files, and tells that the file is stored using sparse file data structure: not all data is stored, long sequence of zeros are skipped. This also means that at restoration time, if the filesystem sup- ports it, holes will be restored. To store hole infor- mation libdar uses escape sequence (special sequence of byte), but to avoid real data to be considered as such escape sequence, a special escape sequence is used when data looks like an escape sequence. So if a data con- tains a such escape sequence, it must be read as if it contains holes to be able to restore back the data in its original form. For that reason, in some rare cir- cumstances (saving an dar archive inside a dar archive without compression or encryption, for example) a file without hole may be marked [X] as if it had holes and will be longer by on byte for each data sequence look- ing like an escape sequence. permission see ls man page. Note that a star (*) is prepended to the permission string if the corresponding inode is linked several times to the directory structure (hard link). user owner of the file group group owner of the file size size in byte of the file (if compression is enabled, the real size in the archive is "compression rate" time smaller). date the last modification date of the file. The last access time is also saved and restored, but not displayed. filename The name of the file. Extended Attributes When using -alist-ea option, for hard linked inode, the filename is followed by an integer between braces: En- tries with the same number do point the the same inode. Slice(s) In -Tslice mode, each file is given the range of slices it is located in. If slice size is chosen particularly small, some slices may contain no file, EA, FSA data but only tape marks or the internal catalogue, leading the aggregation of reported slices not to cover all available slices of the archive. EXPLICIT OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS When dar has not been compiled with GNU getopt, which is not present by de- fault on some systems like FreeBSD, you may lack the optional arguments syntax. For example "-z" will create a parse error on command-line, or in -B configuration files. The solution is to explicitly give the argument. Here follows a list of explicit argument to use in place of optional ones: -z must be replaced by -z 9 -w must be replaced by -w d or -w default -H must be replaced by -H 1 -0 must be replaced by -0 ref -5 must be replaced by -5 "" -p must be replaced by -p 1 -v must be replaced by -v all -k must be replaced by -k ignore -5 must be replaced by -5 user.libdar_no_backup -M must be replaced by -M I:/ important ! When using GNU getopt(), optional arguments are available by sticking the argument to the short option: "-z" for example is available as well as "-z9". But "-z 9" is wrong, it will be read as "-z" option and "9", a command line argument (not an argument to the -z option). In the other side, when using a non GNU getopt this time, "-z" becomes an option that always requires an argument, and thus "-z 9" is read as "-z" option with "9" as argument, while "-z9" will be rejected as a unknown option, and "-z" alone will generate an error as no argument is provided. In consequences, you need a space between the option (like "-z") and its argument (like "9"), when dar does not rely on a GNU getopt() call, which also imply you to explicitly use arguments to options listed just above. USAGE MADE OF STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR BY DAR Dar as any Unix command-line tool is created by a shell with a standard in- put (stdin), a standard output (stdout) and a standard error (stderr) to interact with the user. On the other side, Dar has a non-interactive output and a interactive out- put. The objective is to have in-band messages that show the current process steps (normal messages that goes to the non-interactive output) and out-of-band messages that can influence the global process or give diagnos- tic on the dar current operation fate (the interactive output and its asso- ciated input). At startup in the very early phase, before dar has interpreted the argc/argv arguments it has received from the shell (those options and com- mands you pass to dar), both outputs are bounded to stderr, be- cause dar may be set to read an archive on stdin (--sequential- read option or dar used with dar_slave) or to output an archive on stdout ("-c -" option for example). A very basic lookup in performed on the argv arguments list toward the presence of a -Q option. Right after that, if no controlling terminal is found (and unless -Q option has been found earlier) a warning message is send to the non-interactive output (stderr at that time) and all questions will assume negative answer. Else, a new file-de- scriptor is open on this controlling terminal and will be used to fetch the future answers from the user when interaction will be needed, preserving stdin this way. During command-line parsing Once the command line option parsing has completed, if no archive or backup is expected to be output on stdout (no -i and -o op- tions, as well as no "-c -" "-C -" or "-+ -" configuration re- quested, for example), the non-interactive-output is changed from stderr to stdout, else it stays on stderr. Running phase Thus, during the archive or backup processing, any information message goes to the non-interactive output (either stderr or std- out as described above) while questions to the user to the inter- active output, that's to say on stderr. If a controlling terminal has been found the user answer is fetch from this terminal through the additional file-descriptor opened at startup phase (stdin is kept either for dar_slave or sequential-read mode or is not used at all). Exception phase In case an exception (= an error) that could not be handled by dar succeeds, both outputs are set back to stderr and the error message embedded in the exception is displayed before dar termi- nates. EXIT CODES dar exits with the following code: 0 Operation successful. 1 Syntax error on command-line or DCF included file 2 Error due to a hardware problem or a lack of memory. 3 Detection of a condition that should never happen, and which is considered as a bug of the application. 4 Code issued when the user has aborted the program answering a question from dar. This also happens when dar is not run from a terminal (for example launched from crontab) and dar has a ques- tion to the user. In that case, dar aborts the same way as if the user pressed the escape key at the question prompt. 5 is returned when an error concerning the treated data has been detected. While saving, this is the case when a file could not be opened or read. While restoring, it is the case when a file could not be created or replaced. While comparing, it is the case when a file in the archive does not match the one in the filesystem. While testing, it is the case when a file is corrupted in the archive. 6 an error occurred while executing user command (given with -E or -F option). Mainly because the creation of a new process is not possible (process table is full) or the user command returned an error code (exit status different from zero). 7 an error has occurred when calling a libdar routine. This means the caller (dar program), did not respect the specification of the API (and this can be considered as a particular case of bug). 8 the version of dar used is based on finite length integers (it has been compiled with the option --enable-mode=...). This code is returned when an integer overflow occurred. use the full ver- sion (based in the so called "infinint" class) to avoid this er- ror. 9 this code indicates an unknown error. The exception caching code to take care of new exceptions has probably been forgotten to be update ... this is a minor bug you are welcome to report. 10 you have tried to use a feature that has been disabled at compi- lation time. 11 some saved files have changed while dar was reading them, this may lead the data saved for this file not correspond to a valid state for this file. For example, if the beginning and the end of the file have been modified at the same time (while dar is read- ing it), only the change at the end will be saved (the beginning has already been read), the resulting state of the file as recorded by dar has never existed and may cause problem to the application using it. This is known as a "dirty" file in the archive. SIGNALS If dar receives a signal (see kill(2) man page) it will take the default behavior which most of the time will abruptly abort the program, except for the following signals: SIGINT This signal is generated by the terminal when hitting CTRL-C (with the terminal's default settings), it can also be generated with the kill command SIGTERM This signal is generated by the system when changing of run-level in particular when doing a shutdown, it can also be generated with the kill command SIGHUP Depending on the system, this signal may be sent before the SIGTERM signal at shutdown time, it can also be generated with the kill command SIGQUIT This signal is generated by the terminal when hitting CTRL-\ (with the terminal's default settings), it can also be generated with the kill command SIGUSR1 This signal can be generated by the kill command SIGUSR2 This signal can be generated by the kill command For those previous signals, two behavior exit. For SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGQUIT, SIGTERM and SIGUSR1, a delayed termination is done: the backup or isolation operation is stopped, the catalogue is appended to the archive and the archive is properly completed with the correct terminator string, this way the generated archive is usable, and can be used as reference for a differ- ential backup at a later time. Note that if an on-fly isolation had been asked, it will *not* be performed, and no user command will be launched even if dar has been configured for (-E option). For SIGUSR2 instead a fast termination is done: in case of backup or isolation, the archive is not completed at all, only memory and mutex are released properly. For both type of termination and other operations than backup or isolation, dar's behavior is the same: For restoration, all opened directories are closed and permissions are set back to their original values (if they had to be changed for restoration). For listing, comparison, testing, the pro- gram aborts immediately. Another point, when using one of the previous signals, dar will return with the exist status 4 meaning that the user has aborted the operation. Note that answering "no" to a question from dar may also lead dar to exit this way. last, If before the end of the program the same signal is received a second time, dar will abort immediately. FILES $HOME/.darrc and /etc/darrc if present are read for configuration option. They share the same syntax as file given to -B option. If $HOME/.darrc is not present and only in that case, /etc/darrc is consulted. You can still launch /etc/darrc from .darrc using a statement like -B /etc/darrc. None of these file need to be present, but if they are they are parsed AFTER any option on the command line and AFTER included files from the command line (files given to the -B option). NOTE: if $HOME is not defined $HOME/.darrc default to /.darrc (at the root of the filesystem). Else you can see conditional syntax below, and -N option above that leads dar to ignore the /etc/darrc and $HOME/.darrc files. CONDITIONAL SYNTAX configuration files (-B option, $HOME/.darrc and /etc/darrc) usually con- tain a simple list of command-line arguments, split or not over several lines, and eventually mixed with comments (see -B option for more). But, you can also use make-like targets to ask for a particular set of commands to be used in certain conditions. A condition takes the form of reserved word immediately followed by a colon ':'. This word + colon must stand alone on its line, eventually with spaces or tabs beside it. The available conditions are: extract: all options listed after this condition get used if previously on command line or file the -x command has been used create: all options listed after this condition get used if previously on command line or file (-B option) the -c command has been used list: (or listing:) if -l command has been used test: if -t command has been used diff: if -d command has been used isolate: if -C command has been used merge: if -+ command has been used repair: if -y command has been used reference: if -A option has been used (except when -A is used for the snapshot feature or in conjunction with -af) auxiliary: if -@ option has been used all: in any case default: if no -c, -d, -x, -t, -C, -l or -+ option has been used at this point of the parsing. The condition stops when the next condition starts, or at End of File. The commands inserted before any condition are equivalent to those inserted af- ter the "all:" condition. Remark : -c -d -x -t -C and -l are mutual exclu- sive, only one of them can be used while calling dar. Here is an example of conditional syntax create: # upon creation exclude the # following files from compression -Z "*.mp3" -Z "*.mpg" all: -b -p default: # this will get read if not # command has been set yet -V # thus by default dar shows its version all: -v # for any command we also ask to be verbose # this is added to the previous all: condition Last point, you may have several time the same condition (several all: ) for example. They will be concatenated together. USER TARGETS User targets are arbitrary words found on command line, that do not start by a dash ('-'). On most system they should be placed after command and op- tions. They are collected from command-line first, then comes the parsing of command and optional arguments. Their use is to extend conditional syn- tax described just above by having a set of options activated by the user just adding a single word on command-line. Of course user targets must not be equal to one of the reserved words of the conditional syntax (extract, create, ... all, default). A valid target is a word (thus without space) composed of lowercase or uppercase letters (case is sensitive) with eventu- ally digits, dashes '-' or underscores '_' characters. Let's see an example of use: first a DCF file named 'example.dcf' that will be given on command line: # normal set of files considered for backup create: -R / -P proc -P sys -P mnt -D # if the "home" user target is applied on command line the following command get added home: -g home # if the "verbose" user target is used, we will have some more ver- bosity ... verbose: -v -vs Then we could run dar in the following ways: dar -c test -B example.dcf in that case only the command in the "create:" section of example.dcf would be used. dar -c test -B example.dcf verbose here over the "create:" target the commands under the "verbose:" target (-v and -vs) would be also used dar -c test -B example.dcf verbose home last we use two user targets "verbose:" and "home:" in addition the the "create:" target of the usual condi- tional syntax. Note that if the last option *may* receive an argument, the first user tar- get that follows it will be assumed an argument to that option. To avoid this, either change the order of options on command line for the last op- tion been an option that never or always uses an argument (for example -b never has an argument while -s always has one). Or separate the options from the user targets by the -- word. And of course you can also use the explicit argument of the last option (see EXPLICIT OPTIONAL ARGUMENT sec- tion, above). Second point: It is allowed to have user targets inside a DCF file. Note however that targets are collected in a first phase, which leads some part of the file to be hidden (because the corresponding conditional syntax or user target is not present). Then, the remaining part of the file is then parsed and actions for each option found is taken. At that time, new user targets found are just recorded, but they do not modify the current DCF file layout, in particular, hidden part of the file stay hidden even if the corresponding user target is read in this same file. Next DCF parsing (which may be triggered by a second -B option on the command line, or by a -B option inside the current parsed DCF file) will thus be done with the additional targets found in that first DCF file, so in a way you may have user targets that activate other user targets, but they will be activated in starting the next -B file. Here follows an examples of two DCF files, first.dcf and second.dcf: # cat first.dcf target3: -K toto target1: target2 -B second.dcf target3 target2: #never reached -s 10k # cat second.dcf target2: -v target3: -b In that example, target1 activates both target2 and target3, but at the time of the parsing of first.dcf, neither target2 nor target3 were yet ac- tivated thus '-K toto' and '-s 10k' will never be given to dar (unless ac- tivated beside target1 before first.dcf get parsed), however when comes the time to parse second.dcf, target2 *and* target3 are activated, thus both '-v' and '-b' will be passed to dar, even if 'target3' is located after '-B second.dcf' in the file first.dcf ENVIRONMENT DAR_DCF_PATH if set, dar looks for Dar Configuration File (DCF files, see -B option) that do not have an fully qualified path in the directo- ries listed in DAR_DCF_PATH environment variable. This variable receives a colon (:) separated list of paths and look in each of them in turn, up to the first file found under the requested name. DAR_DUC_PATH if set, dar looks for Dar User Command (DUC files, see -E, -F, -~, -= options) that do not have a fully qualified path in the directories listed in DAR_DUC_PATH. This variable receives a colon (:) separated list of paths and looks in each of them in turn, up to the first file found under the requested name. DAR_SFTP_KNOWNHOSTS_FILE if set, dar will not use the $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts file to check sftp remote server authenticity but the file given as value for this environment variable. Note that setting this variable to an empty string completely disable host validation, which is not recommended!!! DAR_SFTP_PUBLIC_KEYFILE by default dar will fetch the public key file in $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa.pub file. If you use the former id_dsa.pub or more recent key types you need to set this environment variable to point to the appropriated filename DAR_SFTP_PRIVATE_KEYFILE by default dar will fetch the public key file in $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa file. If you use the former id_dsa.pub or more recent key types you need to set this environment variable to point to the appropriated filename DAR_IGNORED_AS_SYMLINK receive a colon separated list of absolute paths, which if they are symlinks are not saved as symlink but as the inode they point to. For more details see the --ignored-as-symlink option above. GNUPGHOME for asymmetric encryption and signature, the keyring used is $HOME/.gnupg by default. You can change this default by setting GNUPGHOME to the directory containing the keyring. For example, if you are running dar as root and want to use your unprivileged account keyring use the following: export GNUPGHOME=~myaccount/.gnupg dar -K gnupg:...@...,...@... --sign:...@... etc. DAR_SECURED_MEMORY_SIZE_BYTES let the user specify the amount of secured dar/libdar should al- locate. The provided value must be integer number defining the secured memory size in byte. By default 262144 bytes are allo- cated. CAPABILITIES dar fully supports the cap_chown capability, but by design, dar only uses this capability to restore files at their original ownership. Dar will thus not use this capability to access files and directories the caller would normally not have access to. In other words, it should be ok to set the cap_chown capability to the dar executable (setcap cap_chown+p dar). Call- ing dar from a process having the cap_chown in the inheritable set would lead the system to grant this capability to the dar process while other users would not be granted this capability and would not be able to modify ownership of files at restoration time. This can be used for the system ac- count that has the role of restoring data upon user requests, without giv- ing root privilege to this restoration process. EXAMPLES You can find some more examples of use in the tutorial, mini-howto, sample scripts, and other related documentation. All these are available in dar's source package, and are also installed beside dar in the <--pre- fix>/share/dar directory. This documentation is also available on-line at http://dar.linux.free.fr/doc/index.html SEE ALSO dar_xform(1), dar_slave(1), dar_manager(1), dar_cp(1), dar_split(1), TUTOR- IAL and NOTES included in the source package and also available at http://dar.linux.free.fr/doc/index.html KNOWN LIMITATIONS dar saves and restores atime, mtime, birthtime but cannot restore ctime (last inode change), there does not seems to be a standard call to do that under UNIX. An up to date list of known limitation is at http://dar.linux.free.fr/doc/Limitations.html KNOWN BUGS https://github.com/Edrusb/DAR/issues AUTHOR http://dar.linux.free.fr/ Denis Corbin France Europe 3rd Berkeley Distribution May 1st, 2026 DAR(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | WARNING | DOCUMENT STRUCTURE | COMMANDS AND OPTIONS | EXPLICIT OPTIONAL ARGUMENTS | USAGE MADE OF STDIN/STDOUT/STDERR BY DAR | EXIT CODES | SIGNALS | FILES | CONDITIONAL SYNTAX | USER TARGETS | ENVIRONMENT | CAPABILITIES | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO | KNOWN LIMITATIONS | KNOWN BUGS | AUTHOR
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