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DBUS-DAEMON(1) User Commands DBUS-DAEMON(1)

NAME
dbus-daemon - Message bus daemon

SYNOPSIS
dbus-daemon

dbus-daemon [--version] [--session] [--system] [--config-file=FILE]
[--print-address [=DESCRIPTOR]] [--print-pid [=DESCRIPTOR]]
[--fork] [--nosyslog] [--syslog] [--syslog-only]
[--ready-event-handle=value]

DESCRIPTION
dbus-daemon is the D-Bus message bus daemon. See https://www.freedesk-
top.org/wiki/Software/dbus/ for more information about the big picture.
D-Bus is first a library that provides one-to-one communication between any
two applications; dbus-daemon is an application that uses this library to
implement a message bus daemon. Multiple programs connect to the message
bus daemon and can exchange messages with one another.

There are two standard message bus instances: the systemwide message bus
(installed on many systems as the "messagebus" init service) and the
per-user-login-session message bus (started each time a user logs in).
dbus-daemon is used for both of these instances, but with a different con-
figuration file.

The --session option is equivalent to "--config-file=/usr/lo-
cal/share/dbus-1/session.conf" and the --system option is equivalent to
"--config-file=/usr/local/share/dbus-1/system.conf". By creating additional
configuration files and using the --config-file option, additional spe-
cial-purpose message bus daemons could be created.

The systemwide daemon is normally launched by an init script, standardly
called simply "messagebus".

The systemwide daemon is largely used for broadcasting system events, such
as changes to the printer queue, or adding/removing devices.

The per-session daemon is used for various interprocess communication among
desktop applications (however, it is not tied to X or the GUI in any way).

SIGHUP will cause the D-Bus daemon to PARTIALLY reload its configuration
file and to flush its user/group information caches. Some configuration
changes would require kicking all apps off the bus; so they will only take
effect if you restart the daemon. Policy changes should take effect with
SIGHUP.

OPTIONS
The following options are supported:

--config-file=FILE
Use the given configuration file.

--fork
Force the message bus to fork and become a daemon, even if the configu-
ration file does not specify that it should. In most contexts the con-
figuration file already gets this right, though. This option is not
supported on Windows.

--nofork
Force the message bus not to fork and become a daemon, even if the con-
figuration file specifies that it should. On Windows, the dbus-daemon
never forks, so this option is allowed but does nothing.

--print-address[=DESCRIPTOR]
Print the address of the message bus to standard output, or to the
given file descriptor. This is used by programs that launch the message
bus.

--print-pid[=DESCRIPTOR]
Print the process ID of the message bus to standard output, or to the
given file descriptor. This is used by programs that launch the message
bus.

--session
Use the standard configuration file for the per-login-session message
bus.

--system
Use the standard configuration file for the systemwide message bus.

--version
Print the version of the daemon.

--introspect
Print the introspection information for all D-Bus internal interfaces.

--address[=ADDRESS]
Set the address to listen on. This option overrides the address config-
ured in the configuration file via the <listen> directive. See the doc-
umentation of that directive for more details.

--systemd-activation
Enable systemd-style service activation. Only useful in conjunction
with the systemd system and session manager on Linux.

--nopidfile
Don't write a PID file even if one is configured in the configuration
files.

--syslog
Force the message bus to use the system log for messages, in addition
to writing to standard error, even if the configuration file does not
specify that it should. On Unix, this uses the syslog; on Windows, this
uses OutputDebugString().

--syslog-only
Force the message bus to use the system log for messages, and not du-
plicate them to standard error. On Unix, this uses the syslog; on Win-
dows, this uses OutputDebugString().

--nosyslog
Force the message bus to use only standard error for messages, even if
the configuration file specifies that it should use the system log.

--ready-event-handle=value
With this option, the dbus daemon raises an event when it is ready to
process connections. The handle must be the Windows handle for an event
object, in the format printed by the printf format string %p. The par-
ent process must create this event object (for example with the Cre-
ateEvent function) in a nonsignaled state, then configure it to be in-
herited by the dbus-daemon process. The dbus-daemon will signal the
event as if via SetEvent when it is ready to receive connections from
clients. The parent process can wait for this to occur by using func-
tions such as WaitForSingleObject. This option is only supported under
Windows. On Unix platforms, a similar result can be achieved by waiting
for the address and/or process ID to be printed to the inherited file
descriptors used for --print-address and/or --print-pid.

CONFIGURATION FILE
A message bus daemon has a configuration file that specializes it for a
particular application. For example, one configuration file might set up
the message bus to be a systemwide message bus, while another might set it
up to be a per-user-login-session bus.

The configuration file also establishes resource limits, security parame-
ters, and so forth.

The configuration file is not part of any interoperability specification
and its backward compatibility is not guaranteed; this document is documen-
tation, not specification.

The standard systemwide and per-session message bus setups are configured
in the files "/usr/local/share/dbus-1/system.conf" and "/usr/lo-
cal/share/dbus-1/session.conf". These files normally <include> a system-lo-
cal.conf or session-local.conf in /usr/local/etc/dbus-1; you can put local
overrides in those files to avoid modifying the primary configuration
files.

The standard system bus normally reads additional XML files from /usr/lo-
cal/share/dbus-1/system.d. Third-party packages should install the default
policies necessary for correct operation into that directory, which has
been supported since dbus 1.10 (released in 2015).

The standard system bus normally also reads XML files from /usr/lo-
cal/etc/dbus-1/system.d, which should be used by system administrators if
they wish to override default policies.

Third-party packages would historically install XML files into /usr/lo-
cal/etc/dbus-1/system.d, but this practice is now considered to be depre-
cated: that directory should be treated as reserved for the system adminis-
trator.

The configuration file is an XML document. It must have the following doc-
type declaration:

<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-Bus Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
"http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">

The following elements may be present in the configuration file.

* <busconfig>

Root element.

* <type>

The well-known type of the message bus. Currently known values are "system"
and "session"; if other values are set, they should be either added to the
D-Bus specification, or namespaced. The last <type> element "wins" (previ-
ous values are ignored). This element only controls which message bus spe-
cific environment variables are set in activated clients. Most of the pol-
icy that distinguishes a session bus from the system bus is controlled from
the other elements in the configuration file.

If the well-known type of the message bus is "session", then the
DBUS_STARTER_BUS_TYPE environment variable will be set to "session" and the
DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable will be set to the address of
the session bus. Likewise, if the type of the message bus is "system", then
the DBUS_STARTER_BUS_TYPE environment variable will be set to "system" and
the DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable will be set to the address
of the system bus (which is normally well known anyway).

Example: <type>session</type>

* <include>

Include a file <include>filename.conf</include> at this point. If the file-
name is relative, it is located relative to the configuration file doing
the including.

<include> has an optional attribute "ignore_missing=(yes|no)" which de-
faults to "no" if not provided. This attribute controls whether it's a fa-
tal error for the included file to be absent.

* <includedir>

Include all files in <includedir>foo.d</includedir> at this point. Files in
the directory are included in undefined order. Only files ending in ".conf"
are included.

This is intended to allow extension of the system bus by particular pack-
ages. For example, if CUPS wants to be able to send out notification of
printer queue changes, it could install a file to /usr/lo-
cal/share/dbus-1/system.d that allowed all apps to receive this message and
allowed the printer daemon user to send it.

* <user>

The user account the daemon should run as, as either a username or a UID.
If the daemon cannot change to this UID on startup, it will exit. If this
element is not present, the daemon will not change or care about its UID.

The last <user> entry in the file "wins", the others are ignored.

The user is changed after the bus has completed initialization. So sockets
etc. will be created before changing user, but no data will be read from
clients before changing user. This means that sockets and PID files can be
created in a location that requires root privileges for writing.

* <fork>

If present, the bus daemon becomes a real daemon (forks into the back-
ground, etc.). This is generally used rather than the --fork command line
option.

* <keep_umask>

If present, the bus daemon keeps its original umask when forking. This may
be useful to avoid affecting the behavior of child processes.

* <syslog>

If present, the bus daemon will log to syslog. The --syslog, --syslog-only
and --nosyslog command-line options take precedence over this setting.

* <pidfile>

If present, the bus daemon will write its pid to the specified file. The
--nopidfile command-line option takes precedence over this setting.

* <allow_anonymous>

If present, connections that authenticated using the ANONYMOUS mechanism
will be authorized to connect. This option has no practical effect unless
the ANONYMOUS mechanism has also been enabled using the <auth> element, de-
scribed below.

Using this directive in the configuration of the well-known system bus or
the well-known session bus will make that bus insecure and should never be
done. Similarly, on custom bus types, using this directive will usually
make the custom bus insecure, unless its configuration has been specifi-
cally designed to prevent anonymous users from causing damage or escalating
privileges.

* <listen>

Add an address that the bus should listen on. The address is in the stan-
dard D-Bus format that contains a transport name plus possible parame-
ters/options.

On platforms other than Windows, unix-based transports (unix, systemd,
launchd) are the default for both the well-known system bus and the
well-known session bus, and are strongly recommended.

On Windows, unix-based transports are not available, so TCP-based trans-
ports must be used. Similar to remote X11, the tcp and nonce-tcp transports
have no integrity or confidentiality protection, so they should normally
only be used across the local loopback interface, for example using an ad-
dress like tcp:host=127.0.0.1 or nonce-tcp:host=localhost. In particular,
configuring the well-known system bus or the well-known session bus to lis-
ten on a non-loopback TCP address is insecure.

Developers are sometimes tempted to use remote TCP as a debugging tool.
However, if this functionality is left enabled in finished products, the
result will be dangerously insecure. Instead of using remote TCP, develop-
ers should relay connections via Secure Shell or a similar protocol[1].

Remote TCP connections were historically sometimes used to share a single
session bus between login sessions of the same user on different machines
within a trusted local area network, in conjunction with unencrypted remote
X11, a NFS-shared home directory and NIS (YP) authentication. This is inse-
cure against an attacker on the same LAN and should be considered strongly
deprecated; more specifically, it is insecure in the same ways and for the
same reasons as unencrypted remote X11 and NFSv2/NFSv3. The D-Bus maintain-
ers recommend using a separate session bus per (user, machine) pair, only
accessible from within that machine.

Example: <listen>unix:path=/tmp/foo</listen>

Example: <listen>tcp:host=localhost,port=1234</listen>

If there are multiple <listen> elements, then the bus listens on multiple
addresses. The bus will pass its address to started services or other in-
terested parties with the last address given in <listen> first. That is,
apps will try to connect to the last <listen> address first.

tcp sockets can accept IPv4 addresses, IPv6 addresses or hostnames. If a
hostname resolves to multiple addresses, the server will bind to all of
them. The family=ipv4 or family=ipv6 options can be used to force it to
bind to a subset of addresses

Example: <listen>tcp:host=localhost,port=0,family=ipv4</listen>

A special case is using a port number of zero (or omitting the port), which
means to choose an available port selected by the operating system. The
port number chosen can be obtained with the --print-address command line
parameter and will be present in other cases where the server reports its
own address, such as when DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is set.

Example: <listen>tcp:host=localhost,port=0</listen>

tcp/nonce-tcp addresses also allow a bind=hostname option, used in a lis-
tenable address to configure the interface on which the server will listen:
either the hostname is the IP address of one of the local machine's inter-
faces (most commonly 127.0.0.1), a DNS name that resolves to one of those
IP addresses, '0.0.0.0' to listen on all IPv4 interfaces simultaneously, or
'::' to listen on all IPv4 and IPv6 interfaces simultaneously (if supported
by the OS). If not specified, the default is the same value as "host".

Example: <listen>tcp:host=localhost,bind=0.0.0.0,port=0</listen>

* <auth>

Lists permitted authorization mechanisms. If this element doesn't exist,
then all known mechanisms are allowed. If there are multiple <auth> ele-
ments, all the listed mechanisms are allowed. The order in which mechanisms
are listed is not meaningful.

On non-Windows operating systems, allowing only the EXTERNAL authentication
mechanism is strongly recommended. This is the default for the well-known
system bus and for the well-known session bus.

Example: <auth>EXTERNAL</auth>

Example: <auth>DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1</auth>

* <servicedir>

Adds a directory to search for .service files, which tell the dbus-daemon
how to start a program to provide a particular well-known bus name. See the
D-Bus Specification for more details about the contents of .service files.

If a particular service is found in more than one <servicedir>, the first
directory listed in the configuration file takes precedence. If two service
files providing the same well-known bus name are found in the same direc-
tory, it is arbitrary which one will be chosen (this can only happen if at
least one of the service files does not have the recommended name, which is
its well-known bus name followed by ".service").

* <standard_session_servicedirs/>

<standard_session_servicedirs/> requests a standard set of session service
directories. Its effect is similar to specifying a series of <servicedir/>
elements for each of the data directories, in the order given here. It is
not exactly equivalent, because there is currently no way to disable direc-
tory monitoring or enforce strict service file naming for a <servicedir/>.

As with <servicedir/> elements, if a particular service is found in more
than one service directory, the first directory takes precedence. If two
service files providing the same well-known bus name are found in the same
directory, it is arbitrary which one will be chosen (this can only happen
if at least one of the service files does not have the recommended name,
which is its well-known bus name followed by ".service").

On Unix, the standard session service directories are:

* $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/dbus-1/services, if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is set (see the
XDG Base Directory Specification for details of XDG_RUNTIME_DIR): this
location is suitable for transient services created at runtime by sys-
temd generators (see systemd.generator(7)), session managers or other
session infrastructure. It is an extension provided by the reference
implementation of dbus-daemon, and is not standardized in the D-Bus
Specification.

Unlike the other standard session service directories, this directory
enforces strict naming for the service files: the filename must be ex-
actly the well-known bus name of the service, followed by ".service".

Also unlike the other standard session service directories, this direc-
tory is never monitored with inotify(7) or similar APIs. Programs that
create service files in this directory while a dbus-daemon is running
are expected to call the dbus-daemon's ReloadConfig() method after they
have made changes.

* $XDG_DATA_HOME/dbus-1/services, where XDG_DATA_HOME defaults to ~/.lo-
cal/share (see the XDG Base Directory Specification): this location is
specified by the D-Bus Specification, and is suitable for per-user, lo-
cally-installed software.

* directory/dbus-1/services for each directory in XDG_DATA_DIRS, where
XDG_DATA_DIRS defaults to /usr/local/share:/usr/share (see the XDG Base
Directory Specification): these locations are specified by the D-Bus
Specification. The defaults are suitable for software installed locally
by a system administrator (/usr/local/share) or for software installed
from operating system packages (/usr/share). Per-user or system-wide
configuration that sets the XDG_DATA_DIRS environment variable can ex-
tend this search path to cover installations in other locations, for
example ~/.local/share/flatpak/exports/share/ and /var/lib/flatpak/ex-
ports/share/ when flatpak(1) is used.

* ${datadir}/dbus-1/services for the ${datadir} that was specified when
dbus was compiled, typically /usr/share: this location is an extension
provided by the reference dbus-daemon implementation, and is suitable
for software stacks installed alongside dbus-daemon.

The "XDG Base Directory Specification" can be found at http://freedesk-
top.org/wiki/Standards/basedir-spec if it hasn't moved, otherwise try your
favorite search engine.

On Windows, the standard session service directories are:

* %CommonProgramFiles%/dbus-1/services if %CommonProgramFiles% is set:
this location is suitable for system-wide installed software packages

* A share/dbus-1/services directory found in the same directory hierarchy
(prefix) as the dbus-daemon: this location is suitable for software
stacks installed alongside dbus-daemon

The <standard_session_servicedirs/> option is only relevant to the
per-user-session bus daemon defined in /usr/local/etc/dbus-1/session.conf.
Putting it in any other configuration file would probably be nonsense.

* <standard_system_servicedirs/>

<standard_system_servicedirs/> specifies the standard system-wide activa-
tion directories that should be searched for service files. As with session
services, the first directory listed has highest precedence.

On Unix, the standard system service directories are:

* /etc/dbus-1/system-services: this location is specified by the D-Bus
Specification, and is suitable for software installed locally by the
system administrator, or by an asset manager deploying services that
are not part of the OS (perhaps while /usr/ is read-only)

* /run/dbus-1/system-services: this location is specified by the D-Bus
Specification, and is suitable for ephemeral services that will disap-
pear after a reboot

* /usr/local/share/dbus-1/system-services: this location is specified by
the D-Bus Specification, and is suitable for software installed locally
by the system administrator

* /usr/share/dbus-1/system-services: this location is specified by the
D-Bus Specification, and is suitable for software installed by operat-
ing system packages

* ${datadir}/dbus-1/system-services for the ${datadir} that was specified
when dbus was compiled, typically /usr/share: this location is an ex-
tension provided by the reference dbus-daemon implementation, and is
suitable for software stacks installed alongside dbus-daemon

* /lib/dbus-1/system-services: this location is specified by the D-Bus
Specification, and was intended for software installed by operating
system packages and used during early boot (but it should be considered
deprecated, because the reference dbus-daemon is not designed to be
available during early boot)

On Windows, there is no standard system bus, so there are no standard sys-
tem bus directories either.

The <standard_system_servicedirs/> option is only relevant to the per-sys-
tem bus daemon defined in /usr/local/share/dbus-1/system.conf. Putting it
in any other configuration file would probably be nonsense.

* <servicehelper/>

<servicehelper/> specifies the setuid helper that is used to launch system
daemons with an alternate user. Typically this should be the dbus-dae-
mon-launch-helper executable in located in libexec.

The <servicehelper/> option is only relevant to the per-system bus daemon
defined in /usr/local/share/dbus-1/system.conf. Putting it in any other
configuration file would probably be nonsense.

* <limit>

<limit> establishes a resource limit. For example:

The name attribute is mandatory. Available limit names are:

"max_incoming_bytes" : total size in bytes of messages
incoming from a single connection
"max_incoming_unix_fds" : total number of unix fds of messages
incoming from a single connection
"max_outgoing_bytes" : total size in bytes of messages
queued up for a single connection
"max_outgoing_unix_fds" : total number of unix fds of messages
queued up for a single connection
"max_message_size" : max size of a single message in
bytes
"max_message_unix_fds" : max unix fds of a single message
"service_start_timeout" : milliseconds (thousandths) until
a started service has to connect
"auth_timeout" : milliseconds (thousandths) a
connection is given to
authenticate
"pending_fd_timeout" : milliseconds (thousandths) a
fd is given to be transmitted to
dbus-daemon before disconnecting the
connection
"max_completed_connections" : max number of authenticated connections
"max_incomplete_connections" : max number of unauthenticated
connections
"max_connections_per_user" : max number of completed connections from
the same user (only enforced on Unix OSs)
"max_pending_service_starts" : max number of service launches in
progress at the same time
"max_names_per_connection" : max number of names a single
connection can own
"max_match_rules_per_connection": max number of match rules for a single
connection
"max_replies_per_connection" : max number of pending method
replies per connection
(number of calls-in-progress)
"reply_timeout" : milliseconds (thousandths)
until a method call times out

The max incoming/outgoing queue sizes allow a new message to be queued if
one byte remains below the max. So you can in fact exceed the max by
max_message_size.

max_completed_connections divided by max_connections_per_user is the number
of users that can work together to denial-of-service all other users by us-
ing up all connections on the systemwide bus.

Limits are normally only of interest on the systemwide bus, not the user
session buses.

* <policy>

The <policy> element defines a security policy to be applied to a particu-
lar set of connections to the bus. A policy is made up of <allow> and
<deny> elements. Policies are normally used with the systemwide bus; they
are analogous to a firewall in that they allow expected traffic and prevent
unexpected traffic.

Currently, the system bus has a default-deny policy for sending method
calls and owning bus names, and a default-allow policy for receiving mes-
sages, sending signals, and sending a single success or error reply for
each method call that does not have the NO_REPLY flag. Sending more than
the expected number of replies is not allowed.

In general, it is best to keep system services as small, targeted programs
which run in their own process and provide a single bus name. Then, all
that is needed is an <allow> rule for the "own" permission to let the
process claim the bus name, and a "send_destination" rule to allow traffic
from some or all uids to your service.

The <policy> element has one of four attributes:

context="(default|mandatory)"
at_console="(true|false)"
user="username or userid"
group="group name or gid"

Policies are applied to a connection as follows:

- all context="default" policies are applied
- all group="connection's user's group" policies are applied
in undefined order
- all user="connection's auth user" policies are applied
in undefined order
- all at_console="true" policies are applied
- all at_console="false" policies are applied
- all context="mandatory" policies are applied

Policies applied later will override those applied earlier, when the poli-
cies overlap. Multiple policies with the same user/group/context are ap-
plied in the order they appear in the config file.

A <deny> element appears below a <policy> element and prohibits some ac-
tion. The <allow> element makes an exception to previous <deny> statements,
and works just like <deny> but with the inverse meaning.

The possible attributes of these elements are:

send_requested_reply="true" | "false"
receive_requested_reply="true" | "false"

eavesdrop="true" | "false"

own="name" | "*"
own_prefix="name"
user="username" | "*"
group="groupname" | "*"

Examples:

The <deny> element's attributes determine whether the deny "matches" a par-
ticular action. If it matches, the action is denied (unless later rules in
the config file allow it).

Rules with one or more of the send_* family of attributes are checked in
order when a connection attempts to send a message. The last rule that
matches the message determines whether it may be sent. The well-known ses-
sion bus normally allows sending any message. The well-known system bus
normally allows sending any signal, selected method calls to the dbus-dae-
mon, and exactly one reply to each previously-sent method call (either suc-
cess or an error). Either of these can be overridden by configuration; on
the system bus, services that will receive method calls must install con-
figuration that allows them to do so, usually via rules of the form <policy
context="default"><allow send_destination="..."/><policy>.

Rules with one or more of the receive_* family of attributes, or with the
eavesdrop attribute and no others, are checked for each recipient of a mes-
sage (there might be more than one recipient if the message is a broadcast
or a connection is eavesdropping). The last rule that matches the message
determines whether it may be received. The well-known session bus normally
allows receiving any message, including eavesdropping. The well-known sys-
tem bus normally allows receiving any message that was not eavesdropped
(any unicast message addressed to the recipient, and any broadcast mes-
sage).

The eavesdrop, min_fds and max_fds attributes are modifiers that can be ap-
plied to either send_* or receive_* rules, and are documented below.

send_destination and receive_sender rules mean that messages may not be
sent to or received from the *owner* of the given name, not that they may
not be sent *to that name*. That is, if a connection owns services A, B, C,
and sending to A is denied, sending to B or C will not work either. As a
special case, send_destination="*" matches any message (whether it has a
destination specified or not), and receive_sender="*" similarly matches any
message.

A send_destination_prefix rule opens or closes the whole namespace for
sending. It means that messages may or may not be sent to the owner of any
name matching the prefix, regardless of whether it is the primary or the
queued owner. In other words, for <allow send_destination_prefix="a.b"/>
rule and names "a.b", "a.b.c", and "a.b.c.d" present on the bus, it works
the same as if three separate rules: <allow send_destination="a.b"/>, <al-
low send_destination="a.b.c"/>, and <allow send_destination="a.b.c.d"/> had
been defined. The rules for matching names are the same as in own_prefix
(see below): a prefix of "a.b" matches names "a.b" or "a.b.c" or "a.b.c.d",
but not "a.bc" or "a.c". The send_destination_prefix attribute cannot be
combined with the send_destination attribute in the same rule.

Rules with send_broadcast="true" match signal messages with no destination
(broadcasts). Rules with send_broadcast="false" are the inverse: they match
any unicast destination (unicast signals, together with all method calls,
replies and errors) but do not match messages with no destination (broad-
casts). This is not the same as send_destination="*", which matches any
sent message, regardless of whether it has a destination or not.

The other send_* and receive_* attributes are purely textual/by-value
matches against the given field in the message header, except that for the
attributes where it is allowed, * matches any message (whether it has the
relevant header field or not). For example, send_interface="*" matches any
sent message, even if it does not contain an interface header field. More
complex glob matching such as foo.bar.* is not allowed.

"Eavesdropping" occurs when an application receives a message that was ex-
plicitly addressed to a name the application does not own, or is a reply to
such a message. Eavesdropping thus only applies to messages that are ad-
dressed to services and replies to such messages (i.e. it does not apply to
signals).

For <allow>, eavesdrop="true" indicates that the rule matches even when
eavesdropping. eavesdrop="false" is the default and means that the rule
only allows messages to go to their specified recipient. For <deny>, eaves-
drop="true" indicates that the rule matches only when eavesdropping. eaves-
drop="false" is the default for <deny> also, but here it means that the
rule applies always, even when not eavesdropping. The eavesdrop attribute
can only be combined with send and receive rules (with send_* and receive_*
attributes).

The [send|receive]_requested_reply attribute works similarly to the eaves-
drop attribute. It controls whether the <deny> or <allow> matches a reply
that is expected (corresponds to a previous method call message). This at-
tribute only makes sense for reply messages (errors and method returns),
and is ignored for other message types.

For <allow>, [send|receive]_requested_reply="true" is the default and indi-
cates that only requested replies are allowed by the rule. [send|re-
ceive]_requested_reply="false" means that the rule allows any reply even if
unexpected.

For <deny>, [send|receive]_requested_reply="false" is the default but indi-
cates that the rule matches only when the reply was not requested.
[send|receive]_requested_reply="true" indicates that the rule applies al-
ways, regardless of pending reply state.

The min_fds and max_fds attributes modify either send_* or receive_* rules.
A rule with the min_fds attribute only matches messages if they have at
least that many Unix file descriptors attached. Conversely, a rule with the
max_fds attribute only matches messages if they have no more than that many
file descriptors attached. In practice, rules with these attributes will
most commonly take the form <allow send_destination="..." max_fds="0"/>,
<deny send_destination="..." min_fds="1"/> or <deny receive_sender="*"
min_fds="1"/>.

Rules with the user or group attribute are checked when a new connection to
the message bus is established, and control whether the connection can con-
tinue. Each of these attributes cannot be combined with any other at-
tribute. As a special case, both user="*" and group="*" match any connec-
tion. If there are no rules of this form, the default is to allow connec-
tions from the same user ID that owns the dbus-daemon process. The
well-known session bus normally uses that default behaviour, while the
well-known system bus normally allows any connection.

Rules with the own or own_prefix attribute are checked when a connection
attempts to own a well-known bus names. As a special case, own="*" matches
any well-known bus name. The well-known session bus normally allows any
connection to own any name, while the well-known system bus normally does
not allow any connection to own any name, except where allowed by further
configuration. System services that will own a name must install configura-
tion that allows them to do so, usually via rules of the form <policy
user="some-system-user"><allow own="..."/></policy>.

<allow own_prefix="a.b"/> allows you to own the name "a.b" or any name
whose first dot-separated elements are "a.b": in particular, you can own
"a.b.c" or "a.b.c.d", but not "a.bc" or "a.c". This is useful when services
like Telepathy and ReserveDevice define a meaning for subtrees of
well-known names, such as org.freedesktop.Telepathy.ConnectionManager.(any-
thing) and org.freedesktop.ReserveDevice1.(anything).

It does not make sense to deny a user or group inside a <policy> for a user
or group; user/group denials can only be inside context="default" or con-
text="mandatory" policies.

A single <deny> rule may specify combinations of attributes such as
send_destination and send_interface and send_type. In this case, the denial
applies only if both attributes match the message being denied. e.g. <deny
send_interface="foo.bar" send_destination="foo.blah"/> would deny messages
with the given interface AND the given bus name. To get an OR effect you
specify multiple <deny> rules.

You can't include both send_ and receive_ attributes on the same rule,
since "whether the message can be sent" and "whether it can be received"
are evaluated separately.

Be careful with send_interface/receive_interface, because the interface
field in messages is optional. In particular, do NOT specify <deny send_in-
terface="org.foo.Bar"/>! This will cause no-interface messages to be
blocked for all services, which is almost certainly not what you intended.
Always use rules of the form: <deny send_interface="org.foo.Bar" send_des-
tination="org.foo.Service"/>

* <selinux>

The <selinux> element contains settings related to Security Enhanced Linux.
More details below.

* <associate>

An <associate> element appears below an <selinux> element and creates a
mapping. Right now only one kind of association is possible:

This means that if a connection asks to own the name "org.freedesktop.Foo-
bar" then the source context will be the context of the connection and the
target context will be "foo_t" - see the short discussion of SELinux below.

Note, the context here is the target context when requesting a name, NOT
the context of the connection owning the name.

There's currently no way to set a default for owning any name, if we add
this syntax it will look like:

If you find a reason this is useful, let the developers know. Right now the
default will be the security context of the bus itself.

If two <associate> elements specify the same name, the element appearing
later in the configuration file will be used.

* <apparmor>

The <apparmor> element is used to configure AppArmor mediation on the bus.
It can contain one attribute that specifies the mediation mode:

The default mode is "enabled". In "enabled" mode, AppArmor mediation will
be performed if AppArmor support is available in the kernel. If it is not
available, dbus-daemon will start but AppArmor mediation will not occur. In
"disabled" mode, AppArmor mediation is disabled. In "required" mode, AppAr-
mor mediation will be enabled if AppArmor support is available, otherwise
dbus-daemon will refuse to start.

The AppArmor mediation mode of the bus cannot be changed after the bus
starts. Modifying the mode in the configuration file and sending a SIGHUP
signal to the daemon has no effect on the mediation mode.

INTEGRATING SESSION SERVICES
Integration files are not mandatory for session services: any program with
access to the session bus can request a well-known name and provide D-Bus
interfaces.

Many D-Bus session services support service activation, a mechanism in
which the dbus-daemon can launch the service on-demand, either by running
the session service itself or by communicating with systemd --user. This is
set up by creating a service file in the directory ${datadir}/dbus-1/ser-
vices, for example:

[D-BUS Service]
Name=com.example.SessionService1
Exec=/usr/bin/example-session-service
# Optional
SystemdService=example-session-service

See the D-Bus Specification[2] for details of the contents and interpreta-
tion of service files.

If there is a service file for com.example.SessionService1, it should be
named com.example.SessionService1.service, although for compatibility with
legacy services this is not mandatory.

Session services that declare the optional SystemdService must also provide
a systemd user service unit file whose name or Alias matches the Systemd-
Service (see systemd.unit(5), systemd.service(5) for further details on
systemd service units), for example:

[Unit]
Description=Example session service

[Service]
Type=dbus
BusName=com.example.SessionService1
ExecStart=/usr/bin/example-session-service

INTEGRATING SYSTEM SERVICES
The standard system bus does not allow method calls or owning well-known
bus names by default, so a useful D-Bus system service will normally need
to configure a default security policy that allows it to work. D-Bus system
services should install a default policy file in ${datadir}/dbus-1/ser-
vice.d, containing the policy rules necessary to make that system service
functional. A best-practice policy file will often look like this:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC
"-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
"http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
<busconfig>
<policy user="_example">
<allow own="com.example.Example1"/>
</policy>

where _example is the username of the system uid that will run the system
service daemon process, and com.example.Example1 is its well-known bus
name.

The policy file for com.example.Example1 should normally be named com.exam-
ple.Example1.conf.

Some existing system services rely on more complex <policy> rules to con-
trol the messages that the service can receive. However, the dbus-daemon's
policy language is not well-suited to finer-grained policies: any policy
has to be expressed in terms of D-Bus interfaces and method names, not in
terms of higher-level domain-specific concepts like removable or built-in
devices. It is recommended that new services should normally accept method
call messages from all callers, then apply a sysadmin-controllable policy
to decide whether to obey the requests contained in those method call mes-
sages, for example by consulting polkit[3].

Like session services, many D-Bus system services support service activa-
tion, a mechanism in which the dbus-daemon can launch the service on-de-
mand, either by running the system service itself or by communicating with
systemd. This is set up by creating a service file in the directory
${datadir}/dbus-1/system-services, for example:

[D-BUS Service]
Name=com.example.Example1
Exec=/usr/sbin/example-service
User=_example
# Optional
SystemdService=dbus-com.example.Example1.service

See the D-Bus Specification[2] for details of the contents and interpreta-
tion of service files.

If there is a service file for com.example.Example1, it must be named
com.example.Example1.service.

System services that declare the optional SystemdService must also provide
a systemd service unit file whose name or Alias matches the SystemdService
(see systemd.unit(5), systemd.service(5) for further details on systemd
service units), for example:

[Unit]
Description=Example service

[Service]
Type=dbus
BusName=com.example.Example1
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/example-service

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
Alias=dbus-com.example.Example1.service

SELINUX
See http://www.nsa.gov/selinux/ for full details on SELinux. Some useful
excerpts:

Every subject (process) and object (e.g. file, socket, IPC object, etc) in
the system is assigned a collection of security attributes, known as a se-
curity context. A security context contains all of the security attributes
associated with a particular subject or object that are relevant to the se-
curity policy.

In order to better encapsulate security contexts and to provide greater ef-
ficiency, the policy enforcement code of SELinux typically handles security
identifiers (SIDs) rather than security contexts. A SID is an integer that
is mapped by the security server to a security context at runtime.

When a security decision is required, the policy enforcement code passes a
pair of SIDs (typically the SID of a subject and the SID of an object, but
sometimes a pair of subject SIDs or a pair of object SIDs), and an object
security class to the security server. The object security class indicates
the kind of object, e.g. a process, a regular file, a directory, a TCP
socket, etc.

Access decisions specify whether or not a permission is granted for a given
pair of SIDs and class. Each object class has a set of associated permis-
sions defined to control operations on objects with that class.

D-Bus performs SELinux security checks in two places.

First, any time a message is routed from one connection to another connec-
tion, the bus daemon will check permissions with the security context of
the first connection as source, security context of the second connection
as target, object class "dbus" and requested permission "send_msg".

If a security context is not available for a connection (impossible when
using UNIX domain sockets), then the target context used is the context of
the bus daemon itself. There is currently no way to change this default,
because we're assuming that only UNIX domain sockets will be used to con-
nect to the systemwide bus. If this changes, we'll probably add a way to
set the default connection context.

Second, any time a connection asks to own a name, the bus daemon will check
permissions with the security context of the connection as source, the se-
curity context specified for the name in the config file as target, object
class "dbus" and requested permission "acquire_svc".

The security context for a bus name is specified with the <associate> ele-
ment described earlier in this document. If a name has no security context
associated in the configuration file, the security context of the bus dae-
mon itself will be used.

APPARMOR
The AppArmor confinement context is stored when applications connect to the
bus. The confinement context consists of a label and a confinement mode.
When a security decision is required, the daemon uses the confinement con-
text to query the AppArmor policy to determine if the action should be al-
lowed or denied and if the action should be audited.

The daemon performs AppArmor security checks in three places.

First, any time a message is routed from one connection to another connec-
tion, the bus daemon will check permissions with the label of the first
connection as source, label and/or connection name of the second connection
as target, along with the bus name, the path name, the interface name, and
the member name. Reply messages, such as method_return and error messages,
are implicitly allowed if they are in response to a message that has al-
ready been allowed.

Second, any time a connection asks to own a name, the bus daemon will check
permissions with the label of the connection as source, the requested name
as target, along with the bus name.

Third, any time a connection attempts to eavesdrop, the bus daemon will
check permissions with the label of the connection as the source, along
with the bus name.

AppArmor rules for bus mediation are not stored in the bus configuration
files. They are stored in the application's AppArmor profile. Please see
apparmor.d(5) for more details.

DEBUGGING
If you're trying to figure out where your messages are going or why you
aren't getting messages, there are several things you can try.

Remember that the system bus is heavily locked down and if you haven't in-
stalled a security policy file to allow your message through, it won't
work. For the session bus, this is not a concern.

The simplest way to figure out what's happening on the bus is to run the
dbus-monitor program, which comes with the D-Bus package. You can also send
test messages with dbus-send. These programs have their own man pages.

If you want to know what the daemon itself is doing, you might consider
running a separate copy of the daemon to test against. This will allow you
to put the daemon under a debugger, or run it with verbose output, without
messing up your real session and system daemons.

To run a separate test copy of the daemon, for example you might open a
terminal and type:

DBUS_VERBOSE=1 dbus-daemon --session --print-address

The test daemon address will be printed when the daemon starts. You will
need to copy-and-paste this address and use it as the value of the
DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS environment variable when you launch the applica-
tions you want to test. This will cause those applications to connect to
your test bus instead of the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS of your real session
bus.

DBUS_VERBOSE=1 will have NO EFFECT unless your copy of D-Bus was compiled
with verbose mode enabled. This is not recommended in production builds due
to performance impact. You may need to rebuild D-Bus if your copy was not
built with debugging in mind. (DBUS_VERBOSE also affects the D-Bus library
and thus applications using D-Bus; it may be useful to see verbose output
on both the client side and from the daemon.)

If you want to get fancy, you can create a custom bus configuration for
your test bus (see the session.conf and system.conf files that define the
two default configurations for example). This would allow you to specify a
different directory for .service files, for example.

AUTHOR
See https://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/AUTHORS

BUGS
Please send bug reports to the D-Bus mailing list or bug tracker, see
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus/

NOTES
1. relay connections via Secure Shell or a similar protocol
https://lists.freedesktop.org/archives/dbus/2018-April/017447.html

2. D-Bus Specification
https://dbus.freedesktop.org/doc/dbus-specification.html

3. polkit
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/polkit/

D-Bus 1.16.2 06/11/2026 DBUS-DAEMON(1)

Want to link to this manual page? Use this URL:
<https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=dbus-daemon&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+Ports+15.1.quarterly>

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