EQN(1) General Commands Manual EQN(1) NAME eqn - format equations for troff SYNOPSIS eqn [ -rvCNR ] [ -dxy ] [ -Tname ] [ -Mdir ] [ -fF ] [ -sn ] [ -pn ] [ -mn ] [ files... ] It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its pa- rameter. DESCRIPTION This manual page describes the GNU version of eqn, which is part of the groff document formatting system. eqn compiles descriptions of equations embedded within troff input files into commands that are understood by troff. Normally, it should be invoked using the -e option of groff. The syntax is quite compatible with Unix eqn. The output of GNU eqn cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must be processed with GNU troff. If no files are given on the command line, the standard input will be read. A filename of - will cause the standard input to be read. eqn searches for the file eqnrc in the directories given with the -M option first, then in /usr/local/lib/groff/site-tmac, /usr/local/share/groff/site- tmac, and finally in the standard macro directory /usr/lo- cal/share/groff/1.18.1/tmac. If it exists, eqn will process it before the other input files. The -R option prevents this. GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does not support low-resolution, typewriter-like devices (although it may work adequately for very simple input). OPTIONS -dxy Specify delimiters x and y for the left and right end, respectively, of in-line equations. Any delim statements in the source file over- rides this. -C Recognize .EQ and .EN even when followed by a character other than space or newline. -N Don't allow newlines within delimiters. This option allows eqn to recover better from missing closing delimiters. -v Print the version number. -r Only one size reduction. -mn The minimum point-size is n. eqn will not reduce the size of sub- scripts or superscripts to a smaller size than n. -Tname The output is for device name. The only effect of this is to define a macro name with a value of 1. Typically eqnrc will use this to provide definitions appropriate for the output device. The default output device is ps. -Mdir Search dir for eqnrc before the default directories. -R Don't load eqnrc. -fF This is equivalent to a gfont F command. -sn This is equivalent to a gsize n command. This option is deprecated. eqn will normally set equations at whatever the current point size is when the equation is encountered. -pn This says that subscripts and superscripts should be n points smaller than the surrounding text. This option is deprecated. Nor- mally eqn makes sets subscripts and superscripts at 70% of the size of the surrounding text. USAGE Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are described here. Most of the new features of GNU eqn are based on TeX. There are some ref- erences to the differences between TeX and GNU eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you do not know TeX. Automatic spacing eqn gives each component of an equation a type, and adjusts the spacing be- tween components using that type. Possible types are: ordinary an ordinary character such as 1 or x; operator a large operator such as <Sigma>; binary a binary operator such as +; relation a relation such as =; opening a opening bracket such as (; closing a closing bracket such as ); punctuation a punctuation character such as ,; inner a subformula contained within brackets; suppress spacing that suppresses automatic spacing adjustment. Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways. type t e This yields an equation component that contains e but that has type t, where t is one of the types mentioned above. For example, times is defined as type "binary" \(mu The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but quoting protects from macro expansion. chartype t text Unquoted groups of characters are split up into individual charac- ters, and the type of each character is looked up; this changes the type that is stored for each character; it says that the characters in text from now on have type t. For example, chartype "punctuation" .,;: would make the characters .,;: have type punctuation whenever they subsequently appeared in an equation. The type t can also be letter or digit; in these cases chartype changes the font type of the char- acters. See the Fonts subsection. New primitives e1 smallover e2 This is similar to over; smallover reduces the size of e1 and e2; it also puts less vertical space between e1 or e2 and the fraction bar. The over primitive corresponds to the TeX \over primitive in display styles; smallover corresponds to \over in non-display styles. vcenter e This vertically centers e about the math axis. The math axis is the vertical position about which characters such as + and - are cen- tered; also it is the vertical position used for the bar of frac- tions. For example, sum is defined as { type "operator" vcenter size +5 \(*S } e1 accent e2 This sets e2 as an accent over e1. e2 is assumed to be at the cor- rect height for a lowercase letter; e2 will be moved down according if e1 is taller or shorter than a lowercase letter. For example, hat is defined as accent { "^" } dotdot, dot, tilde, vec and dyad are also defined using the accent primitive. e1 uaccent e2 This sets e2 as an accent under e1. e2 is assumed to be at the cor- rect height for a character without a descender; e2 will be moved down if e1 has a descender. utilde is pre-defined using uaccent as a tilde accent below the baseline. split "text" This has the same effect as simply text but text is not subject to macro expansion because it is quoted; text will be split up and the spacing between individual characters will be adjusted. nosplit text This has the same effect as "text" but because text is not quoted it will be subject to macro expan- sion; text will not be split up and the spacing between individual characters will not be adjusted. e opprime This is a variant of prime that acts as an operator on e. It pro- duces a different result from prime in a case such as A op- prime sub 1: with opprime the 1 will be tucked under the prime as a subscript to the A (as is conventional in mathematical typesetting), whereas with prime the 1 will be a subscript to the prime character. The precedence of opprime is the same as that of bar and under, which is higher than that of everything except accent and uaccent. In unquoted text a ' that is not the first character will be treated like opprime. special text e This constructs a new object from e using a troff(1) macro named text. When the macro is called, the string 0s will contain the out- put for e, and the number registers 0w, 0h, 0d, 0skern and 0skew will contain the width, height, depth, subscript kern, and skew of e. (The subscript kern of an object says how much a subscript on that object should be tucked in; the skew of an object says how far to the right of the center of the object an accent over the object should be placed.) The macro must modify 0s so that it will output the desired result with its origin at the current point, and in- crease the current horizontal position by the width of the object. The number registers must also be modified so that they correspond to the result. For example, suppose you wanted a construct that `cancels' an ex- pression by drawing a diagonal line through it. .EQ define cancel 'special Ca' .EN .de Ca .ds 0s \Z'\\*(0s'\v'\\n(0du'\D'l \\n(0wu -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du'\v'\\n(0hu' .. Then you could cancel an expression e with cancel { e } Here's a more complicated construct that draws a box round an ex- pression: .EQ define box 'special Bx' .EN .de Bx .ds 0s \Z'\h'1n'\\*(0s'\ \Z'\v'\\n(0du+1n'\D'l \\n(0wu+2n 0'\D'l 0 -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du-2n'\ \D'l -\\n(0wu-2n 0'\D'l 0 \\n(0hu+\\n(0du+2n''\h'\\n(0wu+2n' .nr 0w +2n .nr 0d +1n .nr 0h +1n .. Customization The appearance of equations is controlled by a large number of parameters. These can be set using the set command. set p n This sets parameter p to value n ; n is an integer. For example, set x_height 45 says that eqn should assume an x height of 0.45 ems. Possible parameters are as follows. Values are in units of hun- dredths of an em unless otherwise stated. These descriptions are intended to be expository rather than definitive. minimum_size eqn will not set anything at a smaller point-size than this. The value is in points. fat_offset The fat primitive emboldens an equation by overprinting two copies of the equation hor- izontally offset by this amount. over_hang A fraction bar will be longer by twice this amount than the maximum of the widths of the numerator and denominator; in other words, it will overhang the numerator and denomina- tor by at least this amount. accent_width When bar or under is applied to a single character, the line will be this long. Nor- mally, bar or under produces a line whose length is the width of the object to which it applies; in the case of a single charac- ter, this tends to produce a line that looks too long. delimiter_factor Extensible delimiters produced with the left and right primitives will have a combined height and depth of at least this many thou- sandths of twice the maximum amount by which the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis. delimiter_shortfall Extensible delimiters produced with the left and right primitives will have a combined height and depth not less than the differ- ence of twice the maximum amount by which the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis and this amount. null_delimiter_space This much horizontal space is inserted on each side of a fraction. script_space The width of subscripts and superscripts is increased by this amount. thin_space This amount of space is automatically in- serted after punctuation characters. medium_space This amount of space is automatically in- serted on either side of binary operators. thick_space This amount of space is automatically in- serted on either side of relations. x_height The height of lowercase letters without as- cenders such as x. axis_height The height above the baseline of the center of characters such as + and -. It is impor- tant that this value is correct for the font you are using. default_rule_thickness This should set to the thickness of the \(ru character, or the thickness of horizontal lines produced with the \D escape sequence. num1 The over command will shift up the numerator by at least this amount. num2 The smallover command will shift up the nu- merator by at least this amount. denom1 The over command will shift down the denomi- nator by at least this amount. denom2 The smallover command will shift down the denominator by at least this amount. sup1 Normally superscripts will be shifted up by at least this amount. sup2 Superscripts within superscripts or upper limits or numerators of smallover fractions will be shifted up by at least this amount. This is usually less than sup1. sup3 Superscripts within denominators or square roots or subscripts or lower limits will be shifted up by at least this amount. This is usually less than sup2. sub1 Subscripts will normally be shifted down by at least this amount. sub2 When there is both a subscript and a super- script, the subscript will be shifted down by at least this amount. sup_drop The baseline of a superscript will be no more than this much amount below the top of the object on which the superscript is set. sub_drop The baseline of a subscript will be at least this much below the bottom of the object on which the subscript is set. big_op_spacing1 The baseline of an upper limit will be at least this much above the top of the object on which the limit is set. big_op_spacing2 The baseline of a lower limit will be at least this much below the bottom of the ob- ject on which the limit is set. big_op_spacing3 The bottom of an upper limit will be at least this much above the top of the object on which the limit is set. big_op_spacing4 The top of a lower limit will be at least this much below the bottom of the object on which the limit is set. big_op_spacing5 This much vertical space will be added above and below limits. baseline_sep The baselines of the rows in a pile or ma- trix will normally be this far apart. In most cases this should be equal to the sum of num1 and denom1. shift_down The midpoint between the top baseline and the bottom baseline in a matrix or pile will be shifted down by this much from the axis. In most cases this should be equal to axis_height. column_sep This much space will be added between columns in a matrix. matrix_side_sep This much space will be added at each side of a matrix. draw_lines If this is non-zero, lines will be drawn us- ing the \D escape sequence, rather than with the \l escape sequence and the \(ru charac- ter. body_height The amount by which the height of the equa- tion exceeds this will be added as extra space before the line containing the equa- tion (using \x.) The default value is 85. body_depth The amount by which the depth of the equa- tion exceeds this will be added as extra space after the line containing the equation (using \x.) The default value is 35. nroff If this is non-zero, then ndefine will be- have like define and tdefine will be ig- nored, otherwise tdefine will behave like define and ndefine will be ignored. The de- fault value is 0 (This is typically changed to 1 by the eqnrc file for the ascii, latin1, utf8, and cp1047 devices.) A more precise description of the role of many of these parameters can be found in Appendix H of The TeXbook. Macros Macros can take arguments. In a macro body, $n where n is between 1 and 9, will be replaced by the n-th argument if the macro is called with argu- ments; if there are fewer than n arguments, it will be replaced by nothing. A word containing a left parenthesis where the part of the word before the left parenthesis has been defined using the define command will be recog- nized as a macro call with arguments; characters following the left paren- thesis up to a matching right parenthesis will be treated as comma-sepa- rated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do not terminate an argu- ment. sdefine name X anything X This is like the define command, but name will not be recognized if called with arguments. include "file" Include the contents of file. Lines of file beginning with .EQ or .EN will be ignored. ifdef name X anything X If name has been defined by define (or has been automatically de- fined because name is the output device) process anything; otherwise ignore anything. X can be any character not appearing in anything. Fonts eqn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: an italic font for letters, and a roman font for everything else. The existing gfont command changes the font that is used as the italic font. By default this is I. The font that is used as the roman font can be changed using the new grfont command. grfont f Set the roman font to f. The italic primitive uses the current italic font set by gfont; the roman primitive uses the current roman font set by grfont. There is also a new gbfont command, which changes the font used by the bold primitive. If you only use the roman, italic and bold primitives to changes fonts within an equation, you can change all the fonts used by your equations just by using gfont, grfont and gbfont commands. You can control which characters are treated as letters (and therefore set in italics) by using the chartype command described above. A type of let- ter will cause a character to be set in italic type. A type of digit will cause a character to be set in roman type. FILES /usr/local/share/groff/1.18.1/tmac/eqnrc Initialization file. BUGS Inline equations will be set at the point size that is current at the be- ginning of the input line. SEE ALSO groff(1), troff(1), groff_font(5), The TeXbook Groff Version 1.18.1 05 October 2001 EQN(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | USAGE | FILES | BUGS | SEE ALSO
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