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FLOCK(1) User Commands FLOCK(1) NAME flock - manage locks from shell scripts SYNOPSIS flock [options] file|directory command [arguments] flock [options] file|directory -c command flock [options] number DESCRIPTION This utility manages flock(2) locks from within shell scripts or from the command line. The first and second of the above forms wrap the lock around the execution of a command, in a manner similar to su(1) or newgrp(1). They lock a speci- fied file or directory, which is created (assuming appropriate permissions) if it does not already exist. By default, if the lock cannot be immediately acquired, flock waits until the lock is available. The third form uses an open file by its file descriptor number. See the ex- amples below for how that can be used. OPTIONS -c, --command command Pass a single command, without arguments, to the shell with -c. -E, --conflict-exit-code number The exit status used when the -n option is in use, and the conflicting lock exists, or the -w option is in use, and the timeout is reached. The default value is 1. The number has to be in the range of 0 to 255. -F, --no-fork Do not fork before executing command. Upon execution the flock process is replaced by command which continues to hold the lock. This option is incompatible with --close as there would otherwise be nothing left to hold the lock. -e, -x, --exclusive Obtain an exclusive lock, sometimes called a write lock. This is the default. -n, --nb, --nonblock Fail rather than wait if the lock cannot be immediately acquired. See the -E option for the exit status used. -o, --close Close the file descriptor on which the lock is held before executing command. This is useful if command spawns a child process which should not be holding the lock. -s, --shared Obtain a shared lock, sometimes called a read lock. -u, --unlock Drop a lock. This is usually not required, since a lock is automati- cally dropped when the file is closed. However, it may be required in special cases, for example if the enclosed command group may have forked a background process which should not be holding the lock. -w, --wait, --timeout seconds Fail if the lock cannot be acquired within seconds. Decimal fractional values are allowed. See the -E option for the exit status used. The zero number of seconds is interpreted as --nonblock. --fcntl Instead of flock(2), apply an fcntl(2) open file description lock (that is, using the F_OFD_SETLK (non-blocking) or F_OFD_SETLKW (blocking) commands). These locks are independent of those applied via flock(2), but, unlike traditional POSIX fcntl() locks (F_SETLK, F_SETLKW), have semantics matching those of flock(2). This is only available on kernel versions >= 3.15. --verbose Report how long it took to acquire the lock, or why the lock could not be obtained. -h, --help Display help text and exit. -V, --version Display version and exit. EXIT STATUS The command uses <sysexits.h> exit status values for everything, except when using either of the options -n or -w which report a failure to acquire the lock with an exit status given by the -E option, or 1 by default. The exit status given by -E has to be in the range of 0 to 255. When using the command variant, and executing the child worked, then the exit status is that of the child command. NOTES flock does not detect deadlock. See flock(2) for details. Some file systems (e. g. NFS and CIFS) have a limited implementation of flock(2) and flock may always fail. For details see flock(2), nfs(5) and mount.cifs(8). Depending on mount options, flock can always fail there. EXAMPLES Note that "shell> " in examples is a command line prompt. shell1> flock /tmp -c cat; shell2> flock -w .007 /tmp -c echo; /bin/echo $? Set exclusive lock to directory /tmp and the second command will fail. shell1> flock -s /tmp -c cat; shell2> flock -s -w .007 /tmp -c echo; /bin/echo $? Set shared lock to directory /tmp and the second command will not fail. Notice that attempting to get exclusive lock with second command would fail. shell> flock -x local-lock-file echo 'a b c' Grab the exclusive lock "local-lock-file" before running echo with 'a b c'. (; flock -n 9 || exit 1; # ... commands executed under lock ...; ) 9>/var/lock/mylockfile The form is convenient inside shell scripts. The mode used to open the file doesn't matter to flock; using > or >> allows the lockfile to be created if it does not already exist, however, write permission is re- quired. Using < requires that the file already exists but only read permission is required. [ "${FLOCKER}" != "$0" ] && exec env FLOCKER="$0" flock -en "$0" "$0" "$@" || : This is useful boilerplate code for shell scripts. Put it at the top of the shell script you want to lock and it'll automatically lock itself on the first run. If the environment variable $FLOCKER is not set to the shell script that is being run, then execute flock and grab an ex- clusive non-blocking lock (using the script itself as the lock file) before re-execing itself with the right arguments. It also sets the FLOCKER environment variable to the right value so it doesn't run again. shell> exec 4<>/var/lock/mylockfile; shell> flock -n 4 This form is convenient for locking a file without spawning a sub- process. The shell opens the lock file for reading and writing as file descriptor 4, then flock is used to lock the descriptor. AUTHORS H. Peter Anvin <hpa@zytor.com> COPYRIGHT Copyright A(C) 2003-2006 H. Peter Anvin. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MER- CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. SEE ALSO flock(2), fcntl(2) REPORTING BUGS For bug reports, use the issue tracker <https://github.com/util-linux/util-linux/issues>. AVAILABILITY The flock command is part of the util-linux package which can be downloaded from Linux Kernel Archive <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>. util-linux 2.41.5 2026-06-16 FLOCK(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | EXIT STATUS | NOTES | EXAMPLES | AUTHORS | COPYRIGHT | SEE ALSO | REPORTING BUGS | AVAILABILITY
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