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LD(1) GNU Development Tools LD(1) NAME ld - Using LD, the GNU linker SYNOPSIS ld [options] objfile ... DESCRIPTION ld combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in compiling a program is to run ld. ld accepts Linker Command Language files written in a superset of AT&T's Link Editor Command Language syntax, to provide explicit and total control over the linking process. This man page does not describe the command language; see the ld entry in "info", or the manual ld: the GNU linker, for full details on the command language and on other aspects of the GNU linker. This version of ld uses the general purpose BFD libraries to operate on ob- ject files. This allows ld to read, combine, and write object files in many different formats---for example, COFF or "a.out". Different formats may be linked together to produce any available kind of object file. Aside from its flexibility, the GNU linker is more helpful than other link- ers in providing diagnostic information. Many linkers abandon execution immediately upon encountering an error; whenever possible, ld continues ex- ecuting, allowing you to identify other errors (or, in some cases, to get an output file in spite of the error). The GNU linker ld is meant to cover a broad range of situations, and to be as compatible as possible with other linkers. As a result, you have many choices to control its behavior. OPTIONS The linker supports a plethora of command-line options, but in actual prac- tice few of them are used in any particular context. For instance, a fre- quent use of ld is to link standard Unix object files on a standard, sup- ported Unix system. On such a system, to link a file "hello.o": ld -o <output> /lib/crt0.o hello.o -lc This tells ld to produce a file called output as the result of linking the file "/lib/crt0.o" with "hello.o" and the library "libc.a", which will come from the standard search directories. (See the discussion of the -l option below.) Some of the command-line options to ld may be specified at any point in the command line. However, options which refer to files, such as -l or -T, cause the file to be read at the point at which the option appears in the command line, relative to the object files and other file options. Repeat- ing non-file options with a different argument will either have no further effect, or override prior occurrences (those further to the left on the command line) of that option. Options which may be meaningfully specified more than once are noted in the descriptions below. Non-option arguments are object files or archives which are to be linked together. They may follow, precede, or be mixed in with command-line op- tions, except that an object file argument may not be placed between an op- tion and its argument. Usually the linker is invoked with at least one object file, but you can specify other forms of binary input files using -l, -R, and the script com- mand language. If no binary input files at all are specified, the linker does not produce any output, and issues the message No input files. If the linker cannot recognize the format of an object file, it will assume that it is a linker script. A script specified in this way augments the main linker script used for the link (either the default linker script or the one specified by using -T). This feature permits the linker to link against a file which appears to be an object or an archive, but actually merely defines some symbol values, or uses "INPUT" or "GROUP" to load other objects. Note that specifying a script in this way merely augments the main linker script; use the -T option to replace the default linker script entirely. For options whose names are a single letter, option arguments must either follow the option letter without intervening whitespace, or be given as separate arguments immediately following the option that requires them. For options whose names are multiple letters, either one dash or two can precede the option name; for example, -trace-symbol and --trace-symbol are equivalent. Note---there is one exception to this rule. Multiple letter options that start with a lower case 'o' can only be preceeded by two dashes. This is to reduce confusion with the -o option. So for example -omagic sets the output file name to magic whereas --omagic sets the NMAGIC flag on the output. Arguments to multiple-letter options must either be separated from the op- tion name by an equals sign, or be given as separate arguments immediately following the option that requires them. For example, --trace-symbol foo and --trace-symbol=foo are equivalent. Unique abbreviations of the names of multiple-letter options are accepted. Note---if the linker is being invoked indirectly, via a compiler driver (e.g. gcc) then all the linker command line options should be prefixed by -Wl, (or whatever is appropriate for the particular compiler driver) like this: gcc -Wl,--startgroup foo.o bar.o -Wl,--endgroup This is important, because otherwise the compiler driver program may silently drop the linker options, resulting in a bad link. Here is a table of the generic command line switches accepted by the GNU linker: @file Read command-line options from file. The options read are inserted in place of the original @file option. If file does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated literally, and not removed. Options in file are separated by whitespace. A whitespace character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included with a backslash. The file may itself contain additional @file options; any such options will be processed recursively. -akeyword This option is supported for HP/UX compatibility. The keyword argument must be one of the strings archive, shared, or default. -aarchive is functionally equivalent to -Bstatic, and the other two keywords are functionally equivalent to -Bdynamic. This option may be used any num- ber of times. -Aarchitecture --architecture=architecture In the current release of ld, this option is useful only for the Intel 960 family of architectures. In that ld configuration, the architec- ture argument identifies the particular architecture in the 960 family, enabling some safeguards and modifying the archive-library search path. Future releases of ld may support similar functionality for other ar- chitecture families. -b input-format --format=input-format ld may be configured to support more than one kind of object file. If your ld is configured this way, you can use the -b option to specify the binary format for input object files that follow this option on the command line. Even when ld is configured to support alternative object formats, you don't usually need to specify this, as ld should be con- figured to expect as a default input format the most usual format on each machine. input-format is a text string, the name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries. (You can list the available bi- nary formats with objdump -i.) You may want to use this option if you are linking files with an un- usual binary format. You can also use -b to switch formats explicitly (when linking object files of different formats), by including -b in- put-format before each group of object files in a particular format. The default format is taken from the environment variable "GNUTARGET". You can also define the input format from a script, using the command "TARGET"; -c MRI-commandfile --mri-script=MRI-commandfile For compatibility with linkers produced by MRI, ld accepts script files written in an alternate, restricted command language, described in the MRI Compatible Script Files section of GNU ld documentation. Introduce MRI script files with the option -c; use the -T option to run linker scripts written in the general-purpose ld scripting language. If MRI- cmdfile does not exist, ld looks for it in the directories specified by any -L options. -d -dc -dp These three options are equivalent; multiple forms are supported for compatibility with other linkers. They assign space to common symbols even if a relocatable output file is specified (with -r). The script command "FORCE_COMMON_ALLOCATION" has the same effect. -e entry --entry=entry Use entry as the explicit symbol for beginning execution of your pro- gram, rather than the default entry point. If there is no symbol named entry, the linker will try to parse entry as a number, and use that as the entry address (the number will be interpreted in base 10; you may use a leading 0x for base 16, or a leading 0 for base 8). --exclude-libs lib,lib,... Specifies a list of archive libraries from which symbols should not be automatically exported. The library names may be delimited by commas or colons. Specifying "--exclude-libs ALL" excludes symbols in all archive libraries from automatic export. This option is available only for the i386 PE targeted port of the linker and for ELF targeted ports. For i386 PE, symbols explicitly listed in a .def file are still ex- ported, regardless of this option. For ELF targeted ports, symbols af- fected by this option will be treated as hidden. -E --export-dynamic When creating a dynamically linked executable, add all symbols to the dynamic symbol table. The dynamic symbol table is the set of symbols which are visible from dynamic objects at run time. If you do not use this option, the dynamic symbol table will normally contain only those symbols which are referenced by some dynamic object mentioned in the link. If you use "dlopen" to load a dynamic object which needs to refer back to the symbols defined by the program, rather than some other dynamic object, then you will probably need to use this option when linking the program itself. You can also use the version script to control what symbols should be added to the dynamic symbol table if the output format supports it. See the description of --version-script in VERSION. -EB Link big-endian objects. This affects the default output format. -EL Link little-endian objects. This affects the default output format. -f --auxiliary name When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_AUXILIARY field to the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol table of the shared object should be used as an auxiliary filter on the symbol table of the shared object name. If you later link a program against this filter object, then, when you run the program, the dynamic linker will see the DT_AUXILIARY field. If the dynamic linker resolves any symbols from the filter object, it will first check whether there is a definition in the shared object name. If there is one, it will be used instead of the definition in the filter object. The shared object name need not exist. Thus the shared object name may be used to provide an alternative implementation of certain functions, perhaps for debugging or for machine specific performance. This option may be specified more than once. The DT_AUXILIARY entries will be created in the order in which they appear on the command line. -F name --filter name When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_FILTER field to the specified name. This tells the dynamic linker that the symbol ta- ble of the shared object which is being created should be used as a filter on the symbol table of the shared object name. If you later link a program against this filter object, then, when you run the program, the dynamic linker will see the DT_FILTER field. The dynamic linker will resolve symbols according to the symbol table of the filter object as usual, but it will actually link to the defini- tions found in the shared object name. Thus the filter object can be used to select a subset of the symbols provided by the object name. Some older linkers used the -F option throughout a compilation tool- chain for specifying object-file format for both input and output ob- ject files. The GNU linker uses other mechanisms for this purpose: the -b, --format, --oformat options, the "TARGET" command in linker scripts, and the "GNUTARGET" environment variable. The GNU linker will ignore the -F option when not creating an ELF shared object. -fini name When creating an ELF executable or shared object, call NAME when the executable or shared object is unloaded, by setting DT_FINI to the ad- dress of the function. By default, the linker uses "_fini" as the function to call. -g Ignored. Provided for compatibility with other tools. -Gvalue --gpsize=value Set the maximum size of objects to be optimized using the GP register to size. This is only meaningful for object file formats such as MIPS ECOFF which supports putting large and small objects into different sections. This is ignored for other object file formats. -hname -soname=name When creating an ELF shared object, set the internal DT_SONAME field to the specified name. When an executable is linked with a shared object which has a DT_SONAME field, then when the executable is run the dy- namic linker will attempt to load the shared object specified by the DT_SONAME field rather than the using the file name given to the linker. -i Perform an incremental link (same as option -r). -init name When creating an ELF executable or shared object, call NAME when the executable or shared object is loaded, by setting DT_INIT to the ad- dress of the function. By default, the linker uses "_init" as the function to call. -larchive --library=archive Add archive file archive to the list of files to link. This option may be used any number of times. ld will search its path-list for occur- rences of "libarchive.a" for every archive specified. On systems which support shared libraries, ld may also search for li- braries with extensions other than ".a". Specifically, on ELF and SunOS systems, ld will search a directory for a library with an exten- sion of ".so" before searching for one with an extension of ".a". By convention, a ".so" extension indicates a shared library. The linker will search an archive only once, at the location where it is specified on the command line. If the archive defines a symbol which was undefined in some object which appeared before the archive on the command line, the linker will include the appropriate file(s) from the archive. However, an undefined symbol in an object appearing later on the command line will not cause the linker to search the archive again. See the -( option for a way to force the linker to search archives mul- tiple times. You may list the same archive multiple times on the command line. This type of archive searching is standard for Unix linkers. However, if you are using ld on AIX, note that it is different from the behav- iour of the AIX linker. -Lsearchdir --library-path=searchdir Add path searchdir to the list of paths that ld will search for archive libraries and ld control scripts. You may use this option any number of times. The directories are searched in the order in which they are specified on the command line. Directories specified on the command line are searched before the default directories. All -L options apply to all -l options, regardless of the order in which the options appear. If searchdir begins with "=", then the "=" will be replaced by the sys- root prefix, a path specified when the linker is configured. The default set of paths searched (without being specified with -L) de- pends on which emulation mode ld is using, and in some cases also on how it was configured. The paths can also be specified in a link script with the "SEARCH_DIR" command. Directories specified this way are searched at the point in which the linker script appears in the command line. -memulation Emulate the emulation linker. You can list the available emulations with the --verbose or -V options. If the -m option is not used, the emulation is taken from the "LDEMULA- TION" environment variable, if that is defined. Otherwise, the default emulation depends upon how the linker was con- figured. -M --print-map Print a link map to the standard output. A link map provides informa- tion about the link, including the following: * Where object files are mapped into memory. * How common symbols are allocated. * All archive members included in the link, with a mention of the symbol which caused the archive member to be brought in. * The values assigned to symbols. Note - symbols whose values are computed by an expression which in- volves a reference to a previous value of the same symbol may not have correct result displayed in the link map. This is because the linker discards intermediate results and only retains the final value of an expression. Under such circumstances the linker will display the final value enclosed by square brackets. Thus for ex- ample a linker script containing: foo = 1 foo = foo * 4 foo = foo + 8 will produce the following output in the link map if the -M option is used: 0x00000001 foo = 0x1 [0x0000000c] foo = (foo * 0x4) [0x0000000c] foo = (foo + 0x8) See Expressions for more information about expressions in linker scripts. -n --nmagic Turn off page alignment of sections, and mark the output as "NMAGIC" if possible. -N --omagic Set the text and data sections to be readable and writable. Also, do not page-align the data segment, and disable linking against shared li- braries. If the output format supports Unix style magic numbers, mark the output as "OMAGIC". Note: Although a writable text section is al- lowed for PE-COFF targets, it does not conform to the format specifica- tion published by Microsoft. --no-omagic This option negates most of the effects of the -N option. It sets the text section to be read-only, and forces the data segment to be page-aligned. Note - this option does not enable linking against shared libraries. Use -Bdynamic for this. -o output --output=output Use output as the name for the program produced by ld; if this option is not specified, the name a.out is used by default. The script com- mand "OUTPUT" can also specify the output file name. -O level If level is a numeric values greater than zero ld optimizes the output. This might take significantly longer and therefore probably should only be enabled for the final binary. -q --emit-relocs Leave relocation sections and contents in fully linked exececutables. Post link analysis and optimization tools may need this information in order to perform correct modifications of executables. This results in larger executables. This option is currently only supported on ELF platforms. --force-dynamic Force the output file to have dynamic sections. This option is spe- cific to VxWorks targets. -r --relocatable Generate relocatable output---i.e., generate an output file that can in turn serve as input to ld. This is often called partial linking. As a side effect, in environments that support standard Unix magic numbers, this option also sets the output file's magic number to "OMAGIC". If this option is not specified, an absolute file is produced. When link- ing C++ programs, this option will not resolve references to construc- tors; to do that, use -Ur. When an input file does not have the same format as the output file, partial linking is only supported if that input file does not contain any relocations. Different output formats can have further restric- tions; for example some "a.out"-based formats do not support partial linking with input files in other formats at all. This option does the same thing as -i. -R filename --just-symbols=filename Read symbol names and their addresses from filename, but do not relo- cate it or include it in the output. This allows your output file to refer symbolically to absolute locations of memory defined in other programs. You may use this option more than once. For compatibility with other ELF linkers, if the -R option is followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as the -rpath option. -s --strip-all Omit all symbol information from the output file. -S --strip-debug Omit debugger symbol information (but not all symbols) from the output file. -t --trace Print the names of the input files as ld processes them. -T scriptfile --script=scriptfile Use scriptfile as the linker script. This script replaces ld's default linker script (rather than adding to it), so commandfile must specify everything necessary to describe the output file. If scriptfile does not exist in the current directory, "ld" looks for it in the directo- ries specified by any preceding -L options. Multiple -T options accu- mulate. -u symbol --undefined=symbol Force symbol to be entered in the output file as an undefined symbol. Doing this may, for example, trigger linking of additional modules from standard libraries. -u may be repeated with different option arguments to enter additional undefined symbols. This option is equivalent to the "EXTERN" linker script command. -Ur For anything other than C++ programs, this option is equivalent to -r: it generates relocatable output---i.e., an output file that can in turn serve as input to ld. When linking C++ programs, -Ur does resolve ref- erences to constructors, unlike -r. It does not work to use -Ur on files that were themselves linked with -Ur; once the constructor table has been built, it cannot be added to. Use -Ur only for the last par- tial link, and -r for the others. --unique[=SECTION] Creates a separate output section for every input section matching SEC- TION, or if the optional wildcard SECTION argument is missing, for every orphan input section. An orphan section is one not specifically mentioned in a linker script. You may use this option multiple times on the command line; It prevents the normal merging of input sections with the same name, overriding output section assignments in a linker script. -v --version -V Display the version number for ld. The -V option also lists the sup- ported emulations. -x --discard-all Delete all local symbols. -X --discard-locals Delete all temporary local symbols. For most targets, this is all lo- cal symbols whose names begin with L. -y symbol --trace-symbol=symbol Print the name of each linked file in which symbol appears. This op- tion may be given any number of times. On many systems it is necessary to prepend an underscore. This option is useful when you have an undefined symbol in your link but don't know where the reference is coming from. -Y path Add path to the default library search path. This option exists for Solaris compatibility. -z keyword The recognized keywords are: combreloc Combines multiple reloc sections and sorts them to make dynamic symbol lookup caching possible. defsDisallows undefined symbols in object files. Undefined symbols in shared libraries are still allowed. execstack Marks the object as requiring executable stack. initfirst This option is only meaningful when building a shared object. It marks the object so that its runtime initialization will occur be- fore the runtime initialization of any other objects brought into the process at the same time. Similarly the runtime finalization of the object will occur after the runtime finalization of any other objects. interpose Marks the object that its symbol table interposes before all sym- bols but the primary executable. loadfltr Marks the object that its filters be processed immediately at run- time. muldefs Allows multiple definitions. nocombreloc Disables multiple reloc sections combining. nocopyreloc Disables production of copy relocs. nodefaultlib Marks the object that the search for dependencies of this object will ignore any default library search paths. nodelete Marks the object shouldn't be unloaded at runtime. nodlopen Marks the object not available to "dlopen". nodump Marks the object can not be dumped by "dldump". noexecstack Marks the object as not requiring executable stack. norelro Don't create an ELF "PT_GNU_RELRO" segment header in the object. now When generating an executable or shared library, mark it to tell the dynamic linker to resolve all symbols when the program is started, or when the shared library is linked to using dlopen, in- stead of deferring function call resolution to the point when the function is first called. origin Marks the object may contain $ORIGIN. relro Create an ELF "PT_GNU_RELRO" segment header in the object. Other keywords are ignored for Solaris compatibility. -( archives -) --start-group archives --end-group The archives should be a list of archive files. They may be either ex- plicit file names, or -l options. The specified archives are searched repeatedly until no new undefined references are created. Normally, an archive is searched only once in the order that it is specified on the command line. If a symbol in that archive is needed to resolve an undefined symbol referred to by an object in an archive that appears later on the command line, the linker would not be able to resolve that reference. By grouping the archives, they all be searched repeatedly until all possible references are re- solved. Using this option has a significant performance cost. It is best to use it only when there are unavoidable circular references between two or more archives. --accept-unknown-input-arch --no-accept-unknown-input-arch Tells the linker to accept input files whose architecture cannot be recognised. The assumption is that the user knows what they are doing and deliberately wants to link in these unknown input files. This was the default behaviour of the linker, before release 2.14. The default behaviour from release 2.14 onwards is to reject such input files, and so the --accept-unknown-input-arch option has been added to restore the old behaviour. --as-needed --no-as-needed This option affects ELF DT_NEEDED tags for dynamic libraries mentioned on the command line after the --as-needed option. Normally, the linker will add a DT_NEEDED tag for each dynamic library mentioned on the com- mand line, regardless of whether the library is actually needed. --as-needed causes DT_NEEDED tags to only be emitted for libraries that satisfy some symbol reference from regular objects which is undefined at the point that the library was linked. --no-as-needed restores the default behaviour. --add-needed --no-add-needed This option affects the treatment of dynamic libraries from ELF DT_NEEDED tags in dynamic libraries mentioned on the command line after the --no-add-needed option. Normally, the linker will add a DT_NEEDED tag for each dynamic library from DT_NEEDED tags. --no-add-needed causes DT_NEEDED tags will never be emitted for those libraries from DT_NEEDED tags. --add-needed restores the default behaviour. -assert keyword This option is ignored for SunOS compatibility. -Bdynamic -dy -call_shared Link against dynamic libraries. This is only meaningful on platforms for which shared libraries are supported. This option is normally the default on such platforms. The different variants of this option are for compatibility with various systems. You may use this option multi- ple times on the command line: it affects library searching for -l op- tions which follow it. -Bgroup Set the "DF_1_GROUP" flag in the "DT_FLAGS_1" entry in the dynamic sec- tion. This causes the runtime linker to handle lookups in this object and its dependencies to be performed only inside the group. --unre- solved-symbols=report-all is implied. This option is only meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared libraries. -Bstatic -dn -non_shared -static Do not link against shared libraries. This is only meaningful on plat- forms for which shared libraries are supported. The different variants of this option are for compatibility with various systems. You may use this option multiple times on the command line: it affects library searching for -l options which follow it. This option also implies --unresolved-symbols=report-all. This option can be used with -shared. Doing so means that a shared library is being created but that all of the library's external references must be resolved by pulling in en- tries from static libraries. -Bsymbolic When creating a shared library, bind references to global symbols to the definition within the shared library, if any. Normally, it is pos- sible for a program linked against a shared library to override the de- finition within the shared library. This option is only meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared libraries. --check-sections --no-check-sections Asks the linker not to check section addresses after they have been as- signed to see if there are any overlaps. Normally the linker will per- form this check, and if it finds any overlaps it will produce suitable error messages. The linker does know about, and does make allowances for sections in overlays. The default behaviour can be restored by us- ing the command line switch --check-sections. --cref Output a cross reference table. If a linker map file is being gener- ated, the cross reference table is printed to the map file. Otherwise, it is printed on the standard output. The format of the table is intentionally simple, so that it may be eas- ily processed by a script if necessary. The symbols are printed out, sorted by name. For each symbol, a list of file names is given. If the symbol is defined, the first file listed is the location of the de- finition. The remaining files contain references to the symbol. --no-define-common This option inhibits the assignment of addresses to common symbols. The script command "INHIBIT_COMMON_ALLOCATION" has the same effect. The --no-define-common option allows decoupling the decision to assign addresses to Common symbols from the choice of the output file type; otherwise a non-Relocatable output type forces assigning addresses to Common symbols. Using --no-define-common allows Common symbols that are referenced from a shared library to be assigned addresses only in the main program. This eliminates the unused duplicate space in the shared library, and also prevents any possible confusion over resolving to the wrong duplicate when there are many dynamic modules with spe- cialized search paths for runtime symbol resolution. --defsym symbol=expression Create a global symbol in the output file, containing the absolute ad- dress given by expression. You may use this option as many times as necessary to define multiple symbols in the command line. A limited form of arithmetic is supported for the expression in this context: you may give a hexadecimal constant or the name of an existing symbol, or use "+" and "-" to add or subtract hexadecimal constants or symbols. If you need more elaborate expressions, consider using the linker com- mand language from a script. Note: there should be no white space be- tween symbol, the equals sign ("="), and expression. --demangle[=style] --no-demangle These options control whether to demangle symbol names in error mes- sages and other output. When the linker is told to demangle, it tries to present symbol names in a readable fashion: it strips leading under- scores if they are used by the object file format, and converts C++ mangled symbol names into user readable names. Different compilers have different mangling styles. The optional demangling style argument can be used to choose an appropriate demangling style for your com- piler. The linker will demangle by default unless the environment variable COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE is set. These options may be used to override the default. --dynamic-linker file Set the name of the dynamic linker. This is only meaningful when gen- erating dynamically linked ELF executables. The default dynamic linker is normally correct; don't use this unless you know what you are doing. --fatal-warnings Treat all warnings as errors. --force-exe-suffix Make sure that an output file has a .exe suffix. If a successfully built fully linked output file does not have a ".exe" or ".dll" suffix, this option forces the linker to copy the output file to one of the same name with a ".exe" suffix. This option is useful when using unmodified Unix makefiles on a Microsoft Windows host, since some versions of Windows won't run an image unless it ends in a ".exe" suffix. --no-gc-sections --gc-sections Enable garbage collection of unused input sections. It is ignored on targets that do not support this option. This option is not compatible with -r. The default behaviour (of not performing this garbage collec- tion) can be restored by specifying --no-gc-sections on the command line. --help Print a summary of the command-line options on the standard output and exit. --target-help Print a summary of all target specific options on the standard output and exit. -Map mapfile Print a link map to the file mapfile. See the description of the -M option, above. --no-keep-memory ld normally optimizes for speed over memory usage by caching the symbol tables of input files in memory. This option tells ld to instead opti- mize for memory usage, by rereading the symbol tables as necessary. This may be required if ld runs out of memory space while linking a large executable. --no-undefined -z defs Report unresolved symbol references from regular object files. This is done even if the linker is creating a non-symbolic shared library. The switch --[no-]allow-shlib-undefined controls the behaviour for report- ing unresolved references found in shared libraries being linked in. --allow-multiple-definition -z muldefs Normally when a symbol is defined multiple times, the linker will re- port a fatal error. These options allow multiple definitions and the first definition will be used. --allow-shlib-undefined --no-allow-shlib-undefined Allows (the default) or disallows undefined symbols in shared li- braries. This switch is similar to --no-undefined except that it de- termines the behaviour when the undefined symbols are in a shared li- brary rather than a regular object file. It does not affect how unde- fined symbols in regular object files are handled. The reason that --allow-shlib-undefined is the default is that the shared library being specified at link time may not be the same as the one that is available at load time, so the symbols might actually be resolvable at load time. Plus there are some systems, (eg BeOS) where undefined symbols in shared libraries is normal. (The kernel patches them at load time to select which function is most appropriate for the current architecture. This is used for example to dynamically select an appropriate memset function). Apparently it is also normal for HPPA shared libraries to have undefined symbols. --no-undefined-version Normally when a symbol has an undefined version, the linker will ignore it. This option disallows symbols with undefined version and a fatal error will be issued instead. --default-symver Create and use a default symbol version (the soname) for unversioned exported symbols. --default-imported-symver Create and use a default symbol version (the soname) for unversioned imported symbols. --no-warn-mismatch Normally ld will give an error if you try to link together input files that are mismatched for some reason, perhaps because they have been compiled for different processors or for different endiannesses. This option tells ld that it should silently permit such possible errors. This option should only be used with care, in cases when you have taken some special action that ensures that the linker errors are inappropri- ate. --no-whole-archive Turn off the effect of the --whole-archive option for subsequent archive files. --noinhibit-exec Retain the executable output file whenever it is still usable. Nor- mally, the linker will not produce an output file if it encounters er- rors during the link process; it exits without writing an output file when it issues any error whatsoever. -nostdlib Only search library directories explicitly specified on the command line. Library directories specified in linker scripts (including linker scripts specified on the command line) are ignored. --oformat output-format ld may be configured to support more than one kind of object file. If your ld is configured this way, you can use the --oformat option to specify the binary format for the output object file. Even when ld is configured to support alternative object formats, you don't usually need to specify this, as ld should be configured to produce as a de- fault output format the most usual format on each machine. output-for- mat is a text string, the name of a particular format supported by the BFD libraries. (You can list the available binary formats with objdump -i.) The script command "OUTPUT_FORMAT" can also specify the output format, but this option overrides it. -pie --pic-executable Create a position independent executable. This is currently only sup- ported on ELF platforms. Position independent executables are similar to shared libraries in that they are relocated by the dynamic linker to the virtual address the OS chooses for them (which can vary between in- vocations). Like normal dynamically linked executables they can be ex- ecuted and symbols defined in the executable cannot be overridden by shared libraries. -qmagic This option is ignored for Linux compatibility. -Qy This option is ignored for SVR4 compatibility. --relax An option with machine dependent effects. This option is only sup- ported on a few targets. On some platforms, the --relax option performs global optimizations that become possible when the linker resolves addressing in the pro- gram, such as relaxing address modes and synthesizing new instructions in the output object file. On some platforms these link time global optimizations may make sym- bolic debugging of the resulting executable impossible. This is known to be the case for the Matsushita MN10200 and MN10300 family of proces- sors. On platforms where this is not supported, --relax is accepted, but ig- nored. --retain-symbols-file filename Retain only the symbols listed in the file filename, discarding all others. filename is simply a flat file, with one symbol name per line. This option is especially useful in environments (such as VxWorks) where a large global symbol table is accumulated gradually, to conserve run-time memory. --retain-symbols-file does not discard undefined symbols, or symbols needed for relocations. You may only specify --retain-symbols-file once in the command line. It overrides -s and -S. -rpath dir Add a directory to the runtime library search path. This is used when linking an ELF executable with shared objects. All -rpath arguments are concatenated and passed to the runtime linker, which uses them to locate shared objects at runtime. The -rpath option is also used when locating shared objects which are needed by shared objects explicitly included in the link; see the description of the -rpath-link option. If -rpath is not used when linking an ELF executable, the contents of the environment variable "LD_RUN_PATH" will be used if it is defined. The -rpath option may also be used on SunOS. By default, on SunOS, the linker will form a runtime search patch out of all the -L options it is given. If a -rpath option is used, the runtime search path will be formed exclusively using the -rpath options, ignoring the -L options. This can be useful when using gcc, which adds many -L options which may be on NFS mounted filesystems. For compatibility with other ELF linkers, if the -R option is followed by a directory name, rather than a file name, it is treated as the -rpath option. -rpath-link DIR When using ELF or SunOS, one shared library may require another. This happens when an "ld -shared" link includes a shared library as one of the input files. When the linker encounters such a dependency when doing a non-shared, non-relocatable link, it will automatically try to locate the required shared library and include it in the link, if it is not included ex- plicitly. In such a case, the -rpath-link option specifies the first set of directories to search. The -rpath-link option may specify a se- quence of directory names either by specifying a list of names sepa- rated by colons, or by appearing multiple times. This option should be used with caution as it overrides the search path that may have been hard compiled into a shared library. In such a case it is possible to use unintentionally a different search path than the runtime linker would do. The linker uses the following search paths to locate required shared libraries. 1. Any directories specified by -rpath-link options. 2. Any directories specified by -rpath options. The difference be- tween -rpath and -rpath-link is that directories specified by -rpath options are included in the executable and used at runtime, whereas the -rpath-link option is only effective at link time. It is for the native linker only. 3. On an ELF system, if the -rpath and "rpath-link" options were not used, search the contents of the environment variable "LD_RUN_PATH". It is for the native linker only. 4. On SunOS, if the -rpath option was not used, search any directories specified using -L options. 5. For a native linker, the contents of the environment variable "LD_LIBRARY_PATH". 6. For a native ELF linker, the directories in "DT_RUNPATH" or "DT_RPATH" of a shared library are searched for shared libraries needed by it. The "DT_RPATH" entries are ignored if "DT_RUNPATH" entries exist. 7. The default directories, normally /lib and /usr/lib. 8. For a native linker on an ELF system, if the file /etc/ld.so.conf exists, the list of directories found in that file. If the required shared library is not found, the linker will issue a warning and continue with the link. -shared -Bshareable Create a shared library. This is currently only supported on ELF, XCOFF and SunOS platforms. On SunOS, the linker will automatically create a shared library if the -e option is not used and there are un- defined symbols in the link. --sort-common This option tells ld to sort the common symbols by size when it places them in the appropriate output sections. First come all the one byte symbols, then all the two byte, then all the four byte, and then every- thing else. This is to prevent gaps between symbols due to alignment constraints. --sort-section name This option will apply "SORT_BY_NAME" to all wildcard section patterns in the linker script. --sort-section alignment This option will apply "SORT_BY_ALIGNMENT" to all wildcard section pat- terns in the linker script. --split-by-file [size] Similar to --split-by-reloc but creates a new output section for each input file when size is reached. size defaults to a size of 1 if not given. --split-by-reloc [count] Tries to creates extra sections in the output file so that no single output section in the file contains more than count relocations. This is useful when generating huge relocatable files for downloading into certain real time kernels with the COFF object file format; since COFF cannot represent more than 65535 relocations in a single section. Note that this will fail to work with object file formats which do not sup- port arbitrary sections. The linker will not split up individual input sections for redistribution, so if a single input section contains more than count relocations one output section will contain that many relo- cations. count defaults to a value of 32768. --stats Compute and display statistics about the operation of the linker, such as execution time and memory usage. --sysroot=directory Use directory as the location of the sysroot, overriding the configure- time default. This option is only supported by linkers that were con- figured using --with-sysroot. --traditional-format For some targets, the output of ld is different in some ways from the output of some existing linker. This switch requests ld to use the traditional format instead. For example, on SunOS, ld combines duplicate entries in the symbol string table. This can reduce the size of an output file with full de- bugging information by over 30 percent. Unfortunately, the SunOS "dbx" program can not read the resulting program ("gdb" has no trouble). The --traditional-format switch tells ld to not combine duplicate entries. --section-start sectionname=org Locate a section in the output file at the absolute address given by org. You may use this option as many times as necessary to locate mul- tiple sections in the command line. org must be a single hexadecimal integer; for compatibility with other linkers, you may omit the leading 0x usually associated with hexadecimal values. Note: there should be no white space between sectionname, the equals sign ("="), and org. -Tbss org -Tdata org -Ttext org Same as --section-start, with ".bss", ".data" or ".text" as the sec- tionname. --unresolved-symbols=method Determine how to handle unresolved symbols. There are four possible values for method: ignore-all Do not report any unresolved symbols. report-all Report all unresolved symbols. This is the default. ignore-in-object-files Report unresolved symbols that are contained in shared libraries, but ignore them if they come from regular object files. ignore-in-shared-libs Report unresolved symbols that come from regular object files, but ignore them if they come from shared libraries. This can be useful when creating a dynamic binary and it is known that all the shared libraries that it should be referencing are included on the linker's command line. The behaviour for shared libraries on their own can also be controlled by the --[no-]allow-shlib-undefined option. Normally the linker will generate an error message for each reported unresolved symbol but the option --warn-unresolved-symbols can change this to a warning. --dll-verbose --verbose Display the version number for ld and list the linker emulations sup- ported. Display which input files can and cannot be opened. Display the linker script being used by the linker. --version-script=version-scriptfile Specify the name of a version script to the linker. This is typically used when creating shared libraries to specify additional information about the version hierarchy for the library being created. This option is only meaningful on ELF platforms which support shared libraries. --warn-common Warn when a common symbol is combined with another common symbol or with a symbol definition. Unix linkers allow this somewhat sloppy practise, but linkers on some other operating systems do not. This op- tion allows you to find potential problems from combining global sym- bols. Unfortunately, some C libraries use this practise, so you may get some warnings about symbols in the libraries as well as in your programs. There are three kinds of global symbols, illustrated here by C exam- ples: int i = 1; A definition, which goes in the initialized data section of the output file. extern int i; An undefined reference, which does not allocate space. There must be either a definition or a common symbol for the variable some- where. int i; A common symbol. If there are only (one or more) common symbols for a variable, it goes in the uninitialized data area of the out- put file. The linker merges multiple common symbols for the same variable into a single symbol. If they are of different sizes, it picks the largest size. The linker turns a common symbol into a declaration, if there is a definition of the same variable. The --warn-common option can produce five kinds of warnings. Each warning consists of a pair of lines: the first describes the symbol just encountered, and the second describes the previous symbol encoun- tered with the same name. One or both of the two symbols will be a common symbol. 1. Turning a common symbol into a reference, because there is already a definition for the symbol. <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>' overridden by definition <file>(<section>): warning: defined here 2. Turning a common symbol into a reference, because a later defini- tion for the symbol is encountered. This is the same as the previ- ous case, except that the symbols are encountered in a different order. <file>(<section>): warning: definition of `<symbol>' overriding common <file>(<section>): warning: common is here 3. Merging a common symbol with a previous same-sized common symbol. <file>(<section>): warning: multiple common of `<symbol>' <file>(<section>): warning: previous common is here 4. Merging a common symbol with a previous larger common symbol. <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>' overridden by larger common <file>(<section>): warning: larger common is here 5. Merging a common symbol with a previous smaller common symbol. This is the same as the previous case, except that the symbols are encountered in a different order. <file>(<section>): warning: common of `<symbol>' overriding smaller common <file>(<section>): warning: smaller common is here --warn-constructors Warn if any global constructors are used. This is only useful for a few object file formats. For formats like COFF or ELF, the linker can not detect the use of global constructors. --warn-multiple-gp Warn if multiple global pointer values are required in the output file. This is only meaningful for certain processors, such as the Alpha. Specifically, some processors put large-valued constants in a special section. A special register (the global pointer) points into the mid- dle of this section, so that constants can be loaded efficiently via a base-register relative addressing mode. Since the offset in base-reg- ister relative mode is fixed and relatively small (e.g., 16 bits), this limits the maximum size of the constant pool. Thus, in large programs, it is often necessary to use multiple global pointer values in order to be able to address all possible constants. This option causes a warn- ing to be issued whenever this case occurs. --warn-once Only warn once for each undefined symbol, rather than once per module which refers to it. --warn-section-align Warn if the address of an output section is changed because of align- ment. Typically, the alignment will be set by an input section. The address will only be changed if it not explicitly specified; that is, if the "SECTIONS" command does not specify a start address for the sec- tion. --warn-shared-textrel Warn if the linker adds a DT_TEXTREL to a shared object. --warn-unresolved-symbols If the linker is going to report an unresolved symbol (see the option --unresolved-symbols) it will normally generate an error. This option makes it generate a warning instead. --error-unresolved-symbols This restores the linker's default behaviour of generating errors when it is reporting unresolved symbols. --whole-archive For each archive mentioned on the command line after the --whole-archive option, include every object file in the archive in the link, rather than searching the archive for the required object files. This is normally used to turn an archive file into a shared library, forcing every object to be included in the resulting shared library. This option may be used more than once. Two notes when using this option from gcc: First, gcc doesn't know about this option, so you have to use -Wl,-whole-archive. Second, don't forget to use -Wl,-no-whole-archive after your list of archives, because gcc will add its own list of archives to your link and you may not want this flag to affect those as well. --wrap symbol Use a wrapper function for symbol. Any undefined reference to symbol will be resolved to "__wrap_symbol". Any undefined reference to "__real_symbol" will be resolved to symbol. This can be used to provide a wrapper for a system function. The wrap- per function should be called "__wrap_symbol". If it wishes to call the system function, it should call "__real_symbol". Here is a trivial example: void * __wrap_malloc (size_t c) { printf ("malloc called with %zu\n", c); return __real_malloc (c); } If you link other code with this file using --wrap malloc, then all calls to "malloc" will call the function "__wrap_malloc" instead. The call to "__real_malloc" in "__wrap_malloc" will call the real "malloc" function. You may wish to provide a "__real_malloc" function as well, so that links without the --wrap option will succeed. If you do this, you should not put the definition of "__real_malloc" in the same file as "__wrap_malloc"; if you do, the assembler may resolve the call before the linker has a chance to wrap it to "malloc". --eh-frame-hdr Request creation of ".eh_frame_hdr" section and ELF "PT_GNU_EH_FRAME" segment header. --enable-new-dtags --disable-new-dtags This linker can create the new dynamic tags in ELF. But the older ELF systems may not understand them. If you specify --enable-new-dtags, the dynamic tags will be created as needed. If you specify --dis- able-new-dtags, no new dynamic tags will be created. By default, the new dynamic tags are not created. Note that those options are only available for ELF systems. --hash-size=number Set the default size of the linker's hash tables to a prime number close to number. Increasing this value can reduce the length of time it takes the linker to perform its tasks, at the expense of increasing the linker's memory requirements. Similarly reducing this value can reduce the memory requirements at the expense of speed. --reduce-memory-overheads This option reduces memory requirements at ld runtime, at the expense of linking speed. This was introduced to select the old O(n^2) algo- rithm for link map file generation, rather than the new O(n) algorithm which uses about 40% more memory for symbol storage. Another effect of the switch is to set the default hash table size to 1021, which again saves memory at the cost of lengthening the linker's run time. This is not done however if the --hash-size switch has been used. The --reduce-memory-overheads switch may be also be used to enable other tradeoffs in future versions of the linker. The i386 PE linker supports the -shared option, which causes the output to be a dynamically linked library (DLL) instead of a normal executable. You should name the output "*.dll" when you use this option. In addition, the linker fully supports the standard "*.def" files, which may be specified on the linker command line like an object file (in fact, it should precede archives it exports symbols from, to ensure that they get linked in, just like a normal object file). In addition to the options common to all targets, the i386 PE linker sup- port additional command line options that are specific to the i386 PE tar- get. Options that take values may be separated from their values by either a space or an equals sign. --add-stdcall-alias If given, symbols with a stdcall suffix (@nn) will be exported as-is and also with the suffix stripped. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --base-file file Use file as the name of a file in which to save the base addresses of all the relocations needed for generating DLLs with dlltool. [This is an i386 PE specific option] --dll Create a DLL instead of a regular executable. You may also use -shared or specify a "LIBRARY" in a given ".def" file. [This option is spe- cific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --enable-stdcall-fixup --disable-stdcall-fixup If the link finds a symbol that it cannot resolve, it will attempt to do "fuzzy linking" by looking for another defined symbol that differs only in the format of the symbol name (cdecl vs stdcall) and will re- solve that symbol by linking to the match. For example, the undefined symbol "_foo" might be linked to the function "_foo@12", or the unde- fined symbol "_bar@16" might be linked to the function "_bar". When the linker does this, it prints a warning, since it normally should have failed to link, but sometimes import libraries generated from third-party dlls may need this feature to be usable. If you specify --enable-stdcall-fixup, this feature is fully enabled and warnings are not printed. If you specify --disable-stdcall-fixup, this feature is disabled and such mismatches are considered to be errors. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --export-all-symbols If given, all global symbols in the objects used to build a DLL will be exported by the DLL. Note that this is the default if there otherwise wouldn't be any exported symbols. When symbols are explicitly exported via DEF files or implicitly exported via function attributes, the de- fault is to not export anything else unless this option is given. Note that the symbols "DllMain@12", "DllEntryPoint@0", "DllMainCRT- Startup@12", and "impure_ptr" will not be automatically exported. Also, symbols imported from other DLLs will not be re-exported, nor will symbols specifying the DLL's internal layout such as those begin- ning with "_head_" or ending with "_iname". In addition, no symbols from "libgcc", "libstd++", "libmingw32", or "crtX.o" will be exported. Symbols whose names begin with "__rtti_" or "__builtin_" will not be exported, to help with C++ DLLs. Finally, there is an extensive list of cygwin-private symbols that are not exported (obviously, this ap- plies on when building DLLs for cygwin targets). These cygwin-excludes are: "_cygwin_dll_entry@12", "_cygwin_crt0_common@8", "_cygwin_noncyg- win_dll_entry@12", "_fmode", "_impure_ptr", "cygwin_attach_dll", "cyg- win_premain0", "cygwin_premain1", "cygwin_premain2", "cygwin_premain3", and "environ". [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --exclude-symbols symbol,symbol,... Specifies a list of symbols which should not be automatically exported. The symbol names may be delimited by commas or colons. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --file-alignment Specify the file alignment. Sections in the file will always begin at file offsets which are multiples of this number. This defaults to 512. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --heap reserve --heap reserve,commit Specify the amount of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to be used as heap for this program. The default is 1Mb reserved, 4K commit- ted. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --image-base value Use value as the base address of your program or dll. This is the low- est memory location that will be used when your program or dll is loaded. To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance of your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not overlap any other dlls. The default is 0x400000 for executables, and 0x10000000 for dlls. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --kill-at If given, the stdcall suffixes (@nn) will be stripped from symbols be- fore they are exported. [This option is specific to the i386 PE tar- geted port of the linker] --large-address-aware If given, the appropriate bit in the "Charateristics" field of the COFF header is set to indicate that this executable supports virtual ad- dresses greater than 2 gigabytes. This should be used in conjuction with the /3GB or /USERVA=value megabytes switch in the "[operating sys- tems]" section of the BOOT.INI. Otherwise, this bit has no effect. [This option is specific to PE targeted ports of the linker] --major-image-version value Sets the major number of the "image version". Defaults to 1. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --major-os-version value Sets the major number of the "os version". Defaults to 4. [This op- tion is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --major-subsystem-version value Sets the major number of the "subsystem version". Defaults to 4. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --minor-image-version value Sets the minor number of the "image version". Defaults to 0. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --minor-os-version value Sets the minor number of the "os version". Defaults to 0. [This op- tion is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --minor-subsystem-version value Sets the minor number of the "subsystem version". Defaults to 0. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --output-def file The linker will create the file file which will contain a DEF file cor- responding to the DLL the linker is generating. This DEF file (which should be called "*.def") may be used to create an import library with "dlltool" or may be used as a reference to automatically or implicitly exported symbols. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --out-implib file The linker will create the file file which will contain an import lib corresponding to the DLL the linker is generating. This import lib (which should be called "*.dll.a" or "*.a" may be used to link clients against the generated DLL; this behaviour makes it possible to skip a separate "dlltool" import library creation step. [This option is spe- cific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --enable-auto-image-base Automatically choose the image base for DLLs, unless one is specified using the "--image-base" argument. By using a hash generated from the dllname to create unique image bases for each DLL, in-memory collisions and relocations which can delay program execution are avoided. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --disable-auto-image-base Do not automatically generate a unique image base. If there is no user-specified image base ("--image-base") then use the platform de- fault. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --dll-search-prefix string When linking dynamically to a dll without an import library, search for "<string><basename>.dll" in preference to "lib<basename>.dll". This be- haviour allows easy distinction between DLLs built for the various "subplatforms": native, cygwin, uwin, pw, etc. For instance, cygwin DLLs typically use "--dll-search-prefix=cyg". [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --enable-auto-import Do sophisticated linking of "_symbol" to "__imp__symbol" for DATA im- ports from DLLs, and create the necessary thunking symbols when build- ing the import libraries with those DATA exports. Note: Use of the 'auto-import' extension will cause the text section of the image file to be made writable. This does not conform to the PE-COFF format speci- fication published by Microsoft. Using 'auto-import' generally will 'just work' -- but sometimes you may see this message: "variable '<var>' can't be auto-imported. Please read the documentation for ld's "--enable-auto-import" for details." This message occurs when some (sub)expression accesses an address ulti- mately given by the sum of two constants (Win32 import tables only al- low one). Instances where this may occur include accesses to member fields of struct variables imported from a DLL, as well as using a con- stant index into an array variable imported from a DLL. Any multiword variable (arrays, structs, long long, etc) may trigger this error con- dition. However, regardless of the exact data type of the offending exported variable, ld will always detect it, issue the warning, and exit. There are several ways to address this difficulty, regardless of the data type of the exported variable: One way is to use --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc switch. This leaves the task of adjusting references in your client code for runtime environ- ment, so this method works only when runtime environment supports this feature. A second solution is to force one of the 'constants' to be a variable -- that is, unknown and un-optimizable at compile time. For arrays, there are two possibilities: a) make the indexee (the array's address) a variable, or b) make the 'constant' index a variable. Thus: extern type extern_array[]; extern_array[1] --> { volatile type *t=extern_array; t[1] } or extern type extern_array[]; extern_array[1] --> { volatile int t=1; extern_array[t] } For structs (and most other multiword data types) the only option is to make the struct itself (or the long long, or the ...) variable: extern struct s extern_struct; extern_struct.field --> { volatile struct s *t=&extern_struct; t->field } or extern long long extern_ll; extern_ll --> { volatile long long * local_ll=&extern_ll; *local_ll } A third method of dealing with this difficulty is to abandon 'auto-im- port' for the offending symbol and mark it with "__declspec(dl- limport)". However, in practise that requires using compile-time #de- fines to indicate whether you are building a DLL, building client code that will link to the DLL, or merely building/linking to a static li- brary. In making the choice between the various methods of resolving the 'direct address with constant offset' problem, you should consider typical real-world usage: Original: --foo.h extern int arr[]; --foo.c #include "foo.h" void main(int argc, char **argv){ printf("%d\n",arr[1]); } Solution 1: --foo.h extern int arr[]; --foo.c #include "foo.h" void main(int argc, char **argv){ /* This workaround is for win32 and cygwin; do not "optimize" */ volatile int *parr = arr; printf("%d\n",parr[1]); } Solution 2: --foo.h /* Note: auto-export is assumed (no __declspec(dllexport)) */ #if (defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)) && \ !(defined(FOO_BUILD_DLL) || defined(FOO_STATIC)) #define FOO_IMPORT __declspec(dllimport) #else #define FOO_IMPORT #endif extern FOO_IMPORT int arr[]; --foo.c #include "foo.h" void main(int argc, char **argv){ printf("%d\n",arr[1]); } A fourth way to avoid this problem is to re-code your library to use a functional interface rather than a data interface for the offending variables (e.g. set_foo() and get_foo() accessor functions). [This op- tion is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --disable-auto-import Do not attempt to do sophisticated linking of "_symbol" to "__imp__sym- bol" for DATA imports from DLLs. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --enable-runtime-pseudo-reloc If your code contains expressions described in --enable-auto-import section, that is, DATA imports from DLL with non-zero offset, this switch will create a vector of 'runtime pseudo relocations' which can be used by runtime environment to adjust references to such data in your client code. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --disable-runtime-pseudo-reloc Do not create pseudo relocations for non-zero offset DATA imports from DLLs. This is the default. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --enable-extra-pe-debug Show additional debug info related to auto-import symbol thunking. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --section-alignment Sets the section alignment. Sections in memory will always begin at addresses which are a multiple of this number. Defaults to 0x1000. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --stack reserve --stack reserve,commit Specify the amount of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) to be used as stack for this program. The default is 2Mb reserved, 4K com- mitted. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] --subsystem which --subsystem which:major --subsystem which:major.minor Specifies the subsystem under which your program will execute. The le- gal values for which are "native", "windows", "console", "posix", and "xbox". You may optionally set the subsystem version also. Numeric values are also accepted for which. [This option is specific to the i386 PE targeted port of the linker] The 68HC11 and 68HC12 linkers support specific options to control the mem- ory bank switching mapping and trampoline code generation. --no-trampoline This option disables the generation of trampoline. By default a trampo- line is generated for each far function which is called using a "jsr" instruction (this happens when a pointer to a far function is taken). --bank-window name This option indicates to the linker the name of the memory region in the MEMORY specification that describes the memory bank window. The definition of such region is then used by the linker to compute paging and addresses within the memory window. ENVIRONMENT You can change the behaviour of ld with the environment variables "GNUTAR- GET", "LDEMULATION" and "COLLECT_NO_DEMANGLE". "GNUTARGET" determines the input-file object format if you don't use -b (or its synonym --format). Its value should be one of the BFD names for an in- put format. If there is no "GNUTARGET" in the environment, ld uses the natural format of the target. If "GNUTARGET" is set to "default" then BFD attempts to discover the input format by examining binary input files; this method often succeeds, but there are potential ambiguities, since there is no method of ensuring that the magic number used to specify object-file formats is unique. However, the configuration procedure for BFD on each system places the conventional format for that system first in the search-list, so ambiguities are resolved in favor of convention. "LDEMULATION" determines the default emulation if you don't use the -m op- tion. The emulation can affect various aspects of linker behaviour, par- ticularly the default linker script. You can list the available emulations with the --verbose or -V options. If the -m option is not used, and the "LDEMULATION" environment variable is not defined, the default emulation depends upon how the linker was configured. Normally, the linker will default to demangling symbols. However, if "COL- LECT_NO_DEMANGLE" is set in the environment, then it will default to not demangling symbols. This environment variable is used in a similar fashion by the "gcc" linker wrapper program. The default may be overridden by the --demangle and --no-demangle options. SEE ALSO ar(1), nm(1), objcopy(1), objdump(1), readelf(1) and the Info entries for binutils and ld. COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1991, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sec- tions, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation Li- cense". binutils-2.17 2006-06-23 LD(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | ENVIRONMENT | SEE ALSO | COPYRIGHT
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