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IPRANGE(1) User Commands IPRANGE(1) NAME iprange - manage IP ranges SYNOPSIS iprange [options] file1 file2 file3 ... DESCRIPTION iprange manages IP ranges OPTIONS multiple options are aliases Address family: --ipv4 -4 > Force IPv4 mode. Only IPv4 addresses are accepted. IPv4-mapped IPv6 (::ffff:x.x.x.x) is converted back to IPv4. All other IPv6 input is dropped with a single warning. This is the default for text input. --ipv6 -6 > Force IPv6 mode. Both IPv6 and IPv4 addresses are accepted. IPv4 input is normalized to IPv4-mapped IPv6 (::ffff:x.x.x.x). Hostnames are resolved for both AAAA and A records. CIDR output modes: --optimize --combine --merge --union -J > MERGE mode (the default) Returns all IPs found on all files. The resulting set is sorted. --common --intersect > COMMON mode Intersect all files to find their common IPs. The resulting set is sorted. --except --exclude-next > EXCEPT mode Here is how it works: (1) merge all files before this parameter (ipset A); (2) remove all IPs found in the files after this parame- ter, from ipset A and print what remains. The resulting set is sorted. --diff --diff-next > DIFF mode Here is how it works: (1) merge all files before this parameter (ipset A); (2) merge all files after this parameter (ipset B); (3) print all differences between A and B, i.e IPs found is either A or B, but not both. The resulting set is sorted. When there are dif- ferences between A and B, iprange exits with 1, with 0 otherwise. --ipset-reduce PERCENT --reduce-factor PERCENT > IPSET REDUCE mode Merge all files and print the merged set, but try to reduce the num- ber of prefixes (subnets) found, while allowing some increase in en- tries. The PERCENT is how much percent to allow increase on the number of entries in order to reduce the prefixes (subnets) (the in- ternal default PERCENT is 20). Use -v to see exactly what it does. The resulting set is sorted. --ipset-reduce-entries ENTRIES --reduce-entries ENTRIES > IPSET REDUCE mode Allow increasing the entries above PERCENT, if they are below EN- TRIES (the internal default ENTRIES is 16384). CSV output modes: --compare > COMPARE ALL mode Compare all files with all other files. Add --header to get the CSV header too. --compare-first > COMPARE FIRST mode Compare the first file with all other files. Add --header to get the CSV header too. --compare-next > COMPARE NEXT mode Compare all the files that appear before this parameter, to all files that appear after this parameter. Add --header to get the CSV header too. --count-unique -C > COUNT UNIQUE mode Merge all files and print its counts. Add --header to get the CSV header too. --count-unique-all > COUNT UNIQUE ALL mode Print counts for each file. Add --header to get the CSV header too. Controlling input: --dont-fix-network By default, the network address of all CIDRs is used (i.e., 1.1.1.17/24 is read as 1.1.1.0/24): this option disables this fea- ture (i.e., 1.1.1.17/24 is read as 1.1.1.17-1.1.1.255). --default-prefix PREFIX -p PREFIX Set the default prefix for all IPs without mask (the default is 32). Controlling CIDR output: --min-prefix N Do not generate prefixes larger than N, i.e., if N is 24 then /24 to /32 entries will be generated (a /16 network will be generated using multiple /24 networks). This is useful to optimize netfilter/ipta- bles ipsets where each different prefix increases the lookup time for each packet whereas the number of entries in the ipset do not affect its performance. With this setting more entries will be pro- duced to accomplish the same match. WARNING: misuse of this parame- ter can create a large number of entries in the generated set. --prefixes N,N,N, ... Enable only the given prefixes to express all CIDRs; prefix 32 is always enabled. WARNING: misuse of this parameter can create a large number of entries in the generated set. --print-ranges -j Print IP ranges (A.A.A.A-B.B.B.B) (the default is to print CIDRs (A.A.A.A/B)). It only applies when the output is not CSV. --print-single-ips -1 Print single IPs; this can produce large output (the default is to print CIDRs (A.A.A.A/B)). It only applies when the output is not CSV. --print-binary Print binary data: this is the fastest way to print a large ipset. The result can be read by iprange on the same architecture (no con- version of endianness). --print-prefix STRING Print STRING before each IP, range or CIDR. This sets both --print-prefix-ips and --print-prefix-nets . --print-prefix-ips STRING Print STRING before each single IP: useful for entering single IPs to a different ipset than the networks. --print-prefix-nets STRING Print STRING before each range or CIDR: useful for entering sunbets to a different ipset than single IPs. --print-suffix STRING Print STRING after each IP, range or CIDR. This sets both --print-suffix-ips and --print-suffix-nets . --print-suffix-ips STRING Print STRING after each single IP: useful for giving single IPs dif- ferent ipset options. --print-suffix-nets STRING Print STRING after each range or CIDR: useful for giving subnets different ipset options. --quiet Do not print the actual ipset. Can only be used in DIFF mode. Controlling CSV output: --header When the output is CSV, print the header line (the default is to not print the header line). Controlling DNS resolution: --dns-threads NUMBER The number of parallel DNS queries to execute when the input files contain hostnames (the default is 5). --dns-silent Do not print DNS resolution errors (the default is to print all DNS related errors). --dns-progress Print DNS resolution progress bar. Other options: --has-compare --has-reduce --has-filelist-loading --has-directory-loading --has-ipv6 Exits with 0, other versions of iprange will exit with 1. Use this option in scripts to find if this version of iprange is present in a system. -v Be verbose on stderr. Getting help: --version Print version and exit. --help -h Print this message and exit. FILES Input files: > fileN A filename or - for stdin. Each filename can be followed by [as NAME] to change its name in the CSV output. If no filename is given, stdin is assumed. > @filename A file list containing filenames, one per line. Each file in the list is loaded as an individual ipset. Comments starting with # or ; are ignored. Empty lines are ignored. Multiple @filename parame- ters can be used. @filename works with all modes and respects the positional nature of the parameters. > @directory If @filename refers to a directory, all files in that directory will be loaded, each as an individual ipset. Subdirectories are ignored. Multiple @directory parameters can be used. @directory works with all modes and respects the positional nature of the parameters. Files may contain any or all of the following: (1) comments starting with hashes (#) or semicolons (;); (2) one IP per line (without mask); (3) a CIDR per line (A.A.A.A/B); (4) an IP range per line (A.A.A.A - B.B.B.B); (5) a CIDR range per line (A.A.A.A/B - C.C.C.C/D); the range is calculated as the network address of A.A.A.A/B to the broadcast address of C.C.C.C/D (this is affected by --dont-fix-network); (6) CIDRs can be given in either prefix or net- mask format in all cases (including ranges); (7) one hostname per line, to be resolved with DNS (if the IP resolves to multiple IPs, all of them will be added to the ipset) hostnames cannot be given as ranges; (8) spaces and empty lines are ignored. Any number of files can be given. COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2015-2026 Costa Tsaousis for FireHOL (Refactored and ex- tended) Copyright (C) 2004 Paul Townsend (Adapted) Copyright (C) 2003 Gabriel L. Somlo (Original) License: GPLv2+: GNU GPL version 2 or later <http://gnu.org/li- censes/gpl2.html>. This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain condi- tions; See COPYING distributed in the source for details. iprange 2.0.0 April 2026 IPRANGE(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | FILES | COPYRIGHT
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