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par2(1) Parity archive utils par2(1) NAME par2 - PAR 2.0 compatible file verification and repair tool. SYNOPSIS par2 c|v|r [options] <PAR2 file> [files] par2 c(reate) [options] <PAR2 file> [files] par2 v(erify) [options] <PAR2 file> [files] par2 r(epair) [options] <PAR2 file> [files] Also: par2create [options] <PAR2 file> [files] par2verify [options] <PAR2 file> [files] par2repair [options] <PAR2 file> [files] DESCRIPTION par2cmdline is a program for creating and using PAR2 files to detect damage in data files and repair them if necessary. It can be used with any kind of file. OPTIONS -h Show this help -V Show version -VV Show version and copyright -a <file> Set the main PAR2 archive name; required on create, optional for verify and repair -b<n> Set the Block-Count (default 2000 when neither -b nor -s is speci- fied) -s<n> Set the Block-Size (don't use both -b and -s) -r<n> Level of redundancy (percentage, default 5%) -r<c><n> Redundancy target size, <c>=g(iga),m(ega),k(ilo) bytes -c<n> Recovery block count (don't use both -r and -c) -f<n> First Recovery-Block-Number (default 0) -u Uniform recovery file sizes (default is variable sizes) -l Limit size of recovery files (don't use both -u and -l) -n<n> Number of recovery files (max 31) (don't use both -n and -l) -m<n> Memory (in MB) to use (default is half of total physical memory) -t<n> Number of threads used for main processing (default auto-detected) -T<n> Number of files hashed in parallel (default 2) -v [-v] Be more verbose -q [-q] Be more quiet (-qq gives silence) -p Purge backup files and par files on successful recovery or when no recovery is needed -R Recurse into subdirectories (only useful on create) -O Rename-only mode (skip files that are not perfect matches, useful for quickly fixing renamed files) -N data skipping (find badly mispositioned data blocks) -S<n> Skip leaway (distance +/- from expected block position, default 64) -B<path> Set the basepath to use as reference for the datafiles -- Treat all following arguments as filenames EXITCODES 0 The process completed successfully 1 Repair is possible, there are sufficient recovery blocks 2 Repair is *NOT* possible, there are insufficient recovery blocks 3 The given combination of commandline flags is invalid 4 Insufficient critical data, probably your par files are corrupted 5 Repair was completed, but datafiles are still corrupted 6 Some file IO error while accessing it 7 An internal logic error occurred 8 Out of memory or other memory error EXAMPLES With PAR 2.0 you can create PAR2 recovery files for as few as 1 or as many as 32768 files. If you wanted to create PAR1 recovery files for a single file you are forced to split the file into multiple parts and RAR is fre- quently used for this purpose. You do NOT need to split files with PAR 2.0. To create PAR 2 recovery files for a single data file (e.g. one called test.mpg), you can use the following command: par2 create test.mpg If test.mpg is an 800 MB file, then this will create a total of 8 PAR2 files with the following filenames (taking roughly 6 minutes on a PC with a 1500MHz CPU): test.mpg.par2 - This is an index file for verification only test.mpg.vol00+01.par2 - Recovery file with 1 recovery block test.mpg.vol01+02.par2 - Recovery file with 2 recovery blocks test.mpg.vol03+04.par2 - Recovery file with 4 recovery blocks test.mpg.vol07+08.par2 - Recovery file with 8 recovery blocks test.mpg.vol15+16.par2 - Recovery file with 16 recovery blocks test.mpg.vol31+32.par2 - Recovery file with 32 recovery blocks test.mpg.vol63+37.par2 - Recovery file with 37 recovery blocks The test.mpg.par2 file is 39 KB in size and the other files vary in size from 443 KB to 15 MB. These par2 files will enable the recovery of up to 100 errors totalling 40 MB of lost or damaged data from the original test.mpg file when it and the par2 files are posted on UseNet. When posting on UseNet it is recommended that you use the "-s" option to set a blocksize that is equal to the Article size that you will use to post the data file. If you wanted to post the test.mpg file using an article size of 300 KB then the command you would type is: par2 create -s307200 test.mpg This will create 9 PAR2 files instead of 8, and they will be capable of correcting up to 134 errors totalling 40 MB. It will take roughly 8 minutes to create the recovery files this time. In both of these two examples, the total quantity of recovery data created was 40 MB (which is 5% of 800 MB). If you wish to create a greater or lesser quantity of recovery data, you can use the "-r" option. To create 10% recovery data instead of the default of 5% and also to use a block size of 300 KB, you would use the following command: par2 create -s307200 -r10 test.mpg This would also create 9 PAR2 files, but they would be able to correct up to 269 errors totalling 80 MB. Since twice as much recovery data is cre- ated, it will take about 16 minutes to do so with a 1500MHz CPU. The "-u" and "-n" options can be used to control exactly how many recovery files are created and how the recovery blocks are distributed amongst them. They do not affect the total quantity of recovery data created. The "-f" option is used when you create additional recovery data. e.g. If you have already created 10% and want another 5% then you might use the following command: par2 create -s307200 -r5 -f300 test.mpg This specifies the same block size (which is a requirement for additional recovery files), 5% recovery data, and a first block number of 300. The "-m" option controls how much memory par2 uses. It defaults to half of total physical memory unless you override it. CREATING PAR2 FILES FOR MULTIPLE DATA FILES When creating PAR2 recovery files form multiple data files, you must spec- ify the base filename to use for the par2 files and the names of all of the data files. If test.mpg had been split into multiple RAR files, then you could use: par2 create test.mpg.rar.par2 test.mpg.part*.rar The files filename "test.mpg.rar.par2" says what you want the par2 files to be called and "test.mpg.part*.rar" should select all of the RAR files. With "-R" you can also create recovery files for a multi layered tree structure. . aaa aaaa-test.data aaa subdir1 aA A aaa test-0.data aaa subdir2 aA A aaa test-1.data aA A aaa test-2.data aA A aaa test-3.data aA A aaa test-4.data aA A aaa test-5.data aA A aaa test-6.data aA A aaa test-7.data aA A aaa test-8.data aA A aaa test-9.data aaa test-a.data par2 create -R recovery.par2 * Will result in: . aaa aaaa-test.data aaa recovery.par2 aaa recovery.vol000+01.par2 aaa recovery.vol001+02.par2 aaa recovery.vol003+04.par2 aaa recovery.vol007+08.par2 aaa recovery.vol015+16.par2 aaa recovery.vol031+32.par2 aaa recovery.vol063+37.par2 aaa subdir1 aA A aaa test-0.data aaa subdir2 aA A aaa test-1.data aA A aaa test-2.data aA A aaa test-3.data aA A aaa test-4.data aA A aaa test-5.data aA A aaa test-6.data aA A aaa test-7.data aA A aaa test-8.data aA A aaa test-9.data aaa test-a.data WARNING: Be wary of wildcard shell expansion. Once you pass in more than one unnamed argument the first one will be used as the par2 files name and not be covered by those. VERIFYING AND REPAIRING When using par2 recovery files to verify or repair the data files from which they were created, you only need to specify the filename of one of the par2 files to par2. For example: par2 verify test.mpg.par2 This tells par2 to use the information in test.mpg.par2 to verify the data files. Par2 will automatically search for the other par2 files that were created and use the information they contain to determine the filenames of the original data files and then to verify them. If all of the data files are ok, then par2 will report that repair will not be required. If any of the data files are missing or damaged, par2 will report the details of what it has found. If the recovery files contain enough recovery blocks to re- pair the damage, you will be told that repair is possible. Otherwise you will be told exactly how many recovery blocks will be required in order to repair. To carry out a repair use the following command: par2 repair test.mpg.par2 This tells par2 to verify and if possible repair any damaged or missing files. If a repair is carried out, then each file which is repaired will be re-verified to confirm that the repair was successful. MISSNAMED AND INCOMPLETE DATA FILES If any of the recovery files or data files have the wrong filename, then par2 will not automatically find and scan them. To have par2 scan such files, you must include them on the command line when attempting to verify or repair; e.g.: par2 r test.mpg.par2 other.mpg This tells par2 to scan the file called other.mpg to see if it contains any data belonging to the original data files. If one of the extra files speci- fied in this way is an exact match for a data file, then the repair process will rename the file so that it has the correct filename. Because par2 is designed to be able to find good data within a damaged file, it can do the same with incomplete files downloaded from UseNet. If some of the articles for a file are missing, you should still download the file and save it to disk for par2 to scan. If you do this then you may find that you can carry out a repair in a situation where you would not otherwise have sufficient recovery data. You can have par2 scan all files that are in the current di- rectory using a command such as: par2 r test.mpg.par2 * RENAME-ONLY MODE If you have accidentally renamed many files that are protected by PAR2 files, you can use the rename-only mode to quickly identify and fix them. In rename-only mode, par2 will skip files that are not perfect matches (i.e., files that are damaged or have mismatched blocks), which provides a massive speedup when dealing with many renamed files. For example, if you have files that were accidentally renamed: mv file1.dat renamed_a.dat mv file2.dat renamed_b.dat mv file3.dat renamed_c.dat You can quickly fix them with: par2 r -O recovery.par2 renamed_*.dat Par2 will scan only the first block of each file to determine if it's a perfect match. If it is, the file will be renamed back to its original name. If it's not a perfect match (e.g., the file is damaged), it will be skipped immediately without scanning the entire file. This is particularly useful when you have hundreds of gigabytes of renamed files protected by multiple PAR2 sets, as it avoids the slow block-by-block scanning that would otherwise be required. WHAT TO DO WHEN YOU ARE TOLD YOU NEED MORE RECOVERY BLOCKS If par2 determines that any of the data files are damaged or missing and finds that there is insufficient recovery data to effect a repair, you will be told that you need a certain number of recovery blocks. You can obtain these by downloading additional recovery files. In order to make things easy, par2 files have filenames that tell you exactly how many recovery blocks each one contains. Assuming that the following command was used to create recovery data: par2 c -b1000 -r5 test.mpg Then the recovery files that are created would be called: test.mpg.par2 test.mpg.vol00+01.par2 test.mpg.vol01+02.par2 test.mpg.vol03+04.par2 test.mpg.vol07+08.par2 test.mpg.vol15+16.par2 test.mpg.vol31+19.par2 The first file in this list does not contain any recovery data, it only contains information sufficient to verify the data files. Each of the other files contains a different number of recovery blocks. The number after the '+' sign is the number of recovery blocks and the number preceding the '+' sign is the block number of the first recovery block in that file. If par2 told you that you needed 10 recovery blocks, then you would need "test.mpg.vol01+02.par2" and "test.mpg.vol07+08.par". You might of course choose to fetch "test.mpg.vol15+16.par2" instead (in which case you would have an extra 6 recovery blocks which would not be used for the repair). HASHING Hashing portion (file verification and creation stages) of the code can't be parallelized without processing multiple files simultaneously. The 2 file/thread default is a good choice for HDDs, using more threads can re- sult in worse performance. Four or more threads can be used for better per- formance with SSDs. AUTHORS Peter Brian Clements <peterbclements@users.sourceforge.net> Marcel Partap <mpartap@gmx.net> Ike Devolder <ike.devolder@gmail.com> Jussi Kansanen <jussi.kansanen@gmail.com> 1.1.1 february 2026 par2(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | EXITCODES | EXAMPLES | AUTHORS
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