FreeBSD Manual Pages
podman(1) General Commands Manual podman(1) NAME podman - Simple management tool for pods, containers and images SYNOPSIS podman [options] command DESCRIPTION Podman (Pod Manager) is a fully featured container engine that is a simple daemonless tool. Podman provides a Docker-CLI comparable command line that eases the transition from other container engines and allows the management of pods, containers and images. Simply put: alias docker=podman. Most Podman commands can be run as a regular user, without requiring additional privileges. Podman uses Buildah(1) internally to create container images. Both tools share image (not container) storage, hence each can use or manipulate im- ages (but not containers) created by the other. Default settings for flags are defined in containers.conf. Most settings for Remote connections use the server's containers.conf, except when docu- mented in man pages. To manage containers, pods, volumes, networks, and images declaratively via systemd, use quadlet files. See podman-quadlet(1) and podman-sys- temd.unit(5). podman [GLOBAL OPTIONS] GLOBAL OPTIONS --cdi-spec-dir=path The CDI spec directory path (may be set multiple times). Default path is /etc/cdi. --cgroup-manager=manager The CGroup manager to use for container cgroups. Supported values are cgroupfs or systemd. Default is systemd unless overridden in the contain- ers.conf file. Note: Setting this flag can cause certain commands to break when called on containers previously created by the other CGroup manager type. Note: CGroup manager is not supported in rootless mode when using CGroups Version V1. --config Location of config file. Mainly for docker compatibility, only the authen- tication parts of the config are supported. --conmon Path of the conmon binary (Default path is configured in containers.conf) --connection, -c Connection to use for remote podman, including Mac and Windows (excluding WSL2) machines, (Default connection is configured in containers.conf) Set- ting this option switches the --remote option to true. Remote connections use local containers.conf for default. --events-backend=type Backend to use for storing events. Allowed values are file, journald, and none. When file is specified, the events are stored under <tm- pdir>/events/events.log (see --tmpdir below). --help, -h Print usage statement --hooks-dir=path Each *.json file in the path configures a hook for Podman containers. For more details on the syntax of the JSON files and the semantics of hook in- jection, see oci-hooks(5). Podman and libpod currently support both the 1.0.0 and 0.1.0 hook schemas, although the 0.1.0 schema is deprecated. This option may be set multiple times; paths from later options have higher precedence (oci-hooks(5) discusses directory precedence). For the annotation conditions, libpod uses any annotations set in the gen- erated OCI configuration. For the bind-mount conditions, only mounts explicitly requested by the caller via --volume are considered. Bind mounts that libpod inserts by de- fault (e.g. /dev/shm) are not considered. If --hooks-dir is unset for root callers, Podman and libpod currently de- fault to /usr/share/containers/oci/hooks.d and /etc/containers/oci/hooks.d in order of increasing precedence. Using these defaults is deprecated. Mi- grate to explicitly setting --hooks-dir. Podman and libpod currently support an additional precreate state which is called before the runtime's create operation. Unlike the other stages, which receive the container state on their standard input, precreate hooks receive the proposed runtime configuration on their standard input. They may alter that configuration as they see fit, and write the altered form to their standard output. WARNING: the precreate hook allows powerful changes to occur, such as adding additional mounts to the runtime configuration. That power also makes it easy to break things. Before reporting libpod errors, try running a container with precreate hooks disabled to see if the problem is due to one of the hooks. --identity=path Path to ssh identity file. If the identity file has been encrypted, podman prompts the user for the passphrase. If no identity file is provided and no user is given, podman defaults to the user running the podman command. Podman prompts for the login password on the remote server. Identity value resolution precedence: - command line value - environment variable CONTAINER_SSHKEY, if CONTAINER_HOST is found - containers.conf Remote connections use local containers.conf for de- fault. --imagestore=path Path of the imagestore where images are stored. By default, the storage library stores all the images in the graphroot but if an imagestore is pro- vided, then the storage library will store newly pulled images in the pro- vided imagestore and keep using the graphroot for everything else. If the user is using the overlay driver, then the images which were already part of the graphroot will still be accessible. This will override imagestore option in containers-storage.conf(5), refer to containers-storage.conf(5) for more details. --log-level=level Log messages at and above specified level: debug, info, warn, error, fatal or panic (default: warn) --module=path Load the specified containers.conf(5) module. Can be an absolute or rela- tive path. Please refer to containers.conf(5) for details. This flag is not supported on the remote client, including Mac and Windows (excluding WSL2) machines. Further note that the flag is a root-level flag and must be specified before any Podman sub-command. --network-cmd-path=path Path to the slirp4netns(1) command binary to use for setting up a slirp4netns network. If "" is used, then the binary will first be searched using the helper_binaries_dir option in containers.conf, and second using the $PATH environment variable. Note: This option is deprecated and will be removed with Podman 6.0. Use the helper_binaries_dir option in contain- ers.conf instead. --network-config-dir=directory Path to the directory where network configuration files are located. For the netavark backend "/etc/containers/networks" is used as root and "$graphroot/networks" as rootless. For the CNI backend the default is "/etc/cni/net.d" as root and "$HOME/.config/cni/net.d" as rootless. CNI is deprecated and will be removed in the next major Podman version 5.0 in preference of Netavark. --out=path Redirect the output of podman to the specified path without affecting the container output or its logs. This parameter can be used to capture the output from any of podman's commands directly into a file and enable sup- pression of podman's output by specifying /dev/null as the path. To explic- itly disable the container logging, the --log-driver option should be used. --remote, -r When true, access to the Podman service is remote. Defaults to false. Set- tings can be modified in the containers.conf file. If the CONTAINER_HOST environment variable is set, the --remote option defaults to true. --root=value Storage root dir in which data, including images, is stored (default: "/var/lib/containers/storage" for UID 0, "$HOME/.local/share/contain- ers/storage" for other users). Default root dir configured in containers- storage.conf(5). Overriding this option causes the storage-opt settings in containers-stor- age.conf(5) to be ignored. The user must specify additional options via the --storage-opt flag. --runroot=value Storage state directory where all state information is stored (default: "/run/containers/storage" for UID 0, "/run/user/$UID/run" for other users). Default state dir configured in containers-storage.conf(5). --runtime=value Name of the OCI runtime as specified in containers.conf or absolute path to the OCI compatible binary used to run containers. --runtime-flag=flag Adds global flags for the container runtime. To list the supported flags, please consult the manpages of the selected container runtime (runc is the default runtime, the manpage to consult is runc(8). When the machine is configured for cgroup V2, the default runtime is crun, the manpage to con- sult is crun(8).). Default runtime flags can be added in containers.conf. Note: Do not pass the leading -- to the flag. To pass the runc flag --log- format json to podman build, the option given can be --runtime-flag log- format=json. --ssh=value This option allows the user to change the ssh mode, meaning that rather than using the default golang mode, one can instead use --ssh=native to use the installed ssh binary and config file declared in containers.conf. --storage-driver=value Storage driver. The default storage driver is configured in containers- storage.conf(5). The STORAGE_DRIVER environment variable overrides the de- fault. The --storage-driver specified driver overrides all. Overriding this option causes the storage-opt settings in containers-stor- age.conf(5) to be ignored. The user must specify additional options via the --storage-opt flag. --storage-opt=value Specify a storage driver option. Default storage driver options are config- ured in containers-storage.conf(5). The STORAGE_OPTS environment variable overrides the default. The --storage-opt specified options override all. Specify --storage-opt="" so no storage options is used. --syslog Output logging information to syslog as well as the console (default false). On remote clients, including Mac and Windows (excluding WSL2) machines, logging is directed to the file $HOME/.config/containers/podman.log. --tls-ca=path Path to a PEM file containing the certificate authority bundle to verify the server's certificate against. --tls-cert=path Path to a PEM file containing the TLS client certificate to present to the server. --tls-key must also be provided. --tls-key=path Path to a PEM file containing the private key matching --tls-cert. --tls- cert must also be provided. --tmpdir=path Path to the tmp directory, for libpod runtime content. Defaults to $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/libpod/tmp as rootless and /run/libpod/tmp as rootful. NOTE --tmpdir is not used for the temporary storage of downloaded images. Use the environment variable TMPDIR to change the temporary storage loca- tion of downloaded container images. Podman defaults to use /var/tmp. --transient-store Enables a global transient storage mode where all container metadata is stored on non-persistent media (i.e. in the location specified by --run- root). This mode allows starting containers faster, as well as guarantee- ing a fresh state on boot in case of unclean shutdowns or other problems. However it is not compatible with a traditional model where containers per- sist across reboots. Default value for this is configured in containers-storage.conf(5). --url=value URL to access Podman service (default from containers.conf, rootless unix:///run/user/$UID/podman/podman.sock or as root unix:///run/podman/pod- man.sock). Setting this option switches the --remote option to true. * CONTAINER_HOST is of the format <schema>://[<user[:<pass- word>]@]<host>[:<port>][<path>] Details: - schema is one of: * ssh (default): a local unix(7) socket on the named host and port, reachable via SSH * tcp: an unencrypted, unauthenticated TCP connection to the named host and port * unix: a local unix(7) socket at the specified path, or the default for the user - user defaults to either root or the current running user (ssh only) - password has no default (ssh only) - host must be provided and is either the IP or name of the machine host- ing the Podman service (ssh and tcp) - port defaults to 22 (ssh and tcp) - path defaults to either /run/podman/podman.sock, or /run/user/$UID/pod- man/podman.sock if running rootless (unix), or must be explicitly specified (ssh) URL value resolution precedence: - command line value - environment variable CONTAINER_HOST - engine.service_destinations table in containers.conf, excluding the /usr/share/containers directory - unix:///run/podman/podman.sock Remote connections use local containers.conf for default. Some example URL values in valid formats: - unix:///run/podman/podman.sock - unix:///run/user/$UID/podman/podman.sock - ssh://notroot@localhost:22/run/user/$UID/podman/podman.sock - ssh://root@localhost:22/run/podman/podman.sock - tcp://localhost:34451 - tcp://127.0.0.1:34451 --version, -v Print the version --volumepath=value Volume directory where builtin volume information is stored (default: "/var/lib/containers/storage/volumes" for UID 0, "$HOME/.local/share/con- tainers/storage/volumes" for other users). Default volume path can be over- ridden in containers.conf. Environment Variables Podman can set up environment variables from env of [engine] table in con- tainers.conf. These variables can be overridden by passing environment variables before the podman commands. CONTAINERS_CONF Set default locations of containers.conf file CONTAINERS_REGISTRIES_CONF Set default location of the registries.conf file. CONTAINERS_STORAGE_CONF Set default location of the storage.conf file. CONTAINER_CONNECTION Override default --connection value to access Podman service. Automatically enables the --remote option. CONTAINER_HOST Set default --url value to access Podman service. Automatically enables --remote option. CONTAINER_SSHKEY Set default --identity path to ssh key file value used to access Podman service. PODMAN_CONNECTIONS_CONF The path to the file where the system connections and farms created with podman system connection add and podman farm add are stored, by default it uses ~/.config/containers/podman-connections.json. STORAGE_DRIVER Set default --storage-driver value. STORAGE_OPTS Set default --storage-opt value. TMPDIR Set the temporary storage location of downloaded container images. Podman defaults to use /var/tmp. XDG_CONFIG_HOME In Rootless mode configuration files are read from XDG_CONFIG_HOME when specified, otherwise in the home directory of the user under $HOME/.con- fig/containers. XDG_DATA_HOME In Rootless mode images are pulled under XDG_DATA_HOME when specified, oth- erwise in the home directory of the user under $HOME/.local/share/contain- ers/storage. XDG_RUNTIME_DIR In Rootless mode temporary configuration data is stored in ${XDG_RUN- TIME_DIR}/containers. Remote Access The Podman command can be used with remote services using the --remote flag. Connections can be made using local unix domain sockets, ssh or di- rectly to tcp sockets. When specifying the podman --remote flag, only the global options --url, --identity, --log-level, --connection are used. Connection information can also be managed using the containers.conf file. Exit Codes The exit code from podman gives information about why the container failed to run or why it exited. When podman commands exit with a non-zero code, the exit codes follow the chroot standard, see below: 125 The error is with podman itself $ podman run --foo busybox; echo $? Error: unknown flag: --foo 125 126 Executing a container command and the command cannot be invoked $ podman run busybox /etc; echo $? Error: container_linux.go:346: starting container process caused "exec: \"/etc\": permission denied": OCI runtime error 126 127 Executing a container command and the command cannot be found $ podman run busybox foo; echo $? Error: container_linux.go:346: starting container process caused "exec: \"foo\": executable file not found in $PATH": OCI runtime error 127 Exit code otherwise, podman returns the exit code of the container command $ podman run busybox /bin/sh -c 'exit 3'; echo $? 3 COMMANDS +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | Command | Description | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-artifact(1) | Manage OCI artifacts. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-attach(1) | Attach to a running container. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-auto-update(1) | Auto update containers accord- | | | ing to their auto-update pol- | | | icy | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-build(1) | Build a container image using | | | a Containerfile. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-farm(1) | Farm out builds to machines | | | running podman for different | | | architectures | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-commit(1) | Create new image based on the | | | changed container. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-completion(1) | Generate shell completion | | | scripts | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-compose(1) | Run Compose workloads via an | | | external compose provider. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-container(1) | Manage containers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-cp(1) | Copy files/folders between a | | | container and the local | | | filesystem. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-create(1) | Create a new container. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-diff(1) | Inspect changes on a container | | | or image's filesystem. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-events(1) | Monitor Podman events | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-exec(1) | Execute a command in a running | | | container. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-export(1) | Export a container's filesys- | | | tem contents as a tar archive. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-generate(1) | Generate structured data based | | | on containers, pods or vol- | | | umes. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-healthcheck(1) | Manage healthchecks for con- | | | tainers | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-history(1) | Show the history of an image. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-image(1) | Manage images. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-images(1) | List images in local storage. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-import(1) | Import a tarball and save it | | | as a filesystem image. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-info(1) | Display Podman related system | | | information. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-init(1) | Initialize one or more con- | | | tainers | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-inspect(1) | Display artifact, container, | | | image, volume, network, or | | | pod's configuration. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-kill(1) | Kill the main process in one | | | or more containers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-load(1) | Load image(s) from a tar | | | archive into container stor- | | | age. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-login(1) | Log in to a container reg- | | | istry. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-logout(1) | Log out of a container reg- | | | istry. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-logs(1) | Display the logs of one or | | | more containers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-machine(1) | Manage Podman's virtual ma- | | | chine | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-manifest(1) | Create and manipulate manifest | | | lists and image indexes. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-mount(1) | Mount a working container's | | | root filesystem. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-network(1) | Manage Podman networks. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-pause(1) | Pause one or more containers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-kube(1) | Play containers, pods or vol- | | | umes based on a structured in- | | | put file. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-pod(1) | Management tool for groups of | | | containers, called pods. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-port(1) | List port mappings for a con- | | | tainer. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-ps(1) | Print out information about | | | containers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-pull(1) | Pull an image from a registry. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-push(1) | Push an image, manifest list | | | or image index from local | | | storage to elsewhere. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-quadlet(1) | Allows users to manage | | | Quadlets. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-rename(1) | Rename an existing container. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-restart(1) | Restart one or more contain- | | | ers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-rm(1) | Remove one or more containers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-rmi(1) | Remove one or more locally | | | stored images. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-run(1) | Run a command in a new con- | | | tainer. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-save(1) | Save image(s) to an archive. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-search(1) | Search a registry for an im- | | | age. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-secret(1) | Manage podman secrets. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-start(1) | Start one or more containers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-stats(1) | Display a live stream of one | | | or more container's resource | | | usage statistics. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-stop(1) | Stop one or more running con- | | | tainers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-system(1) | Manage podman. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-tag(1) | Add an additional name to a | | | local image. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-top(1) | Display the running processes | | | of a container. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-unmount(1) | Unmount a working container's | | | root filesystem. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-unpause(1) | Unpause one or more contain- | | | ers. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-unshare(1) | Run a command inside of a mod- | | | ified user namespace. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-untag(1) | Remove one or more names from | | | a locally-stored image. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-update(1) | Update the configuration of a | | | given container. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-version(1) | Display the Podman version in- | | | formation. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-volume(1) | Simple management tool for | | | volumes. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ | podman-wait(1) | Wait on one or more containers | | | to stop and print their exit | | | codes. | +-----------------------+--------------------------------+ CONFIGURATION FILES containers.conf (/usr/share/containers/containers.conf, /etc/contain- ers/containers.conf, $HOME/.config/containers/containers.conf) Podman has builtin defaults for command line options. These defaults can be overridden using the containers.conf configuration files. Distributions ship the /usr/share/containers/containers.conf file with their default settings. Administrators can override fields in this file by creating the /etc/containers/containers.conf file. Users can further mod- ify defaults by creating the $HOME/.config/containers/containers.conf file. Podman merges its builtin defaults with the specified fields from these files, if they exist. Fields specified in the users file override the ad- ministrator's file, which overrides the distribution's file, which override the built-in defaults. Podman uses builtin defaults if no containers.conf file is found. If the CONTAINERS_CONF environment variable is set, then its value is used for the containers.conf file rather than the default. mounts.conf (/usr/share/containers/mounts.conf) The mounts.conf file specifies volume mount directories that are automati- cally mounted inside containers when executing the podman run or podman start commands. Administrators can override the defaults file by creating /etc/containers/mounts.conf. When Podman runs in rootless mode, the file $HOME/.config/contain- ers/mounts.conf overrides the default if it exists. For details, see con- tainers-mounts.conf(5). policy.json (/etc/containers/policy.json, $HOME/.config/containers/pol- icy.json) Signature verification policy files are used to specify policy, e.g. trusted keys, applicable when deciding whether to accept an image, or indi- vidual signatures of that image, as valid. For details, see containers-pol- icy.json(5). registries.conf (/etc/containers/registries.conf, $HOME/.config/contain- ers/registries.conf) registries.conf is the configuration file which specifies which container registries is consulted when completing image names which do not include a registry or domain portion. Non root users of Podman can create the $HOME/.config/containers/reg- istries.conf file to be used instead of the system defaults. If the CONTAINERS_REGISTRIES_CONF environment variable is set, then its value is used for the registries.conf file rather than the default. storage.conf (/etc/containers/storage.conf, $HOME/.config/containers/stor- age.conf) storage.conf is the storage configuration file for all tools using contain- ers/storage The storage configuration file specifies all of the available container storage options for tools using shared container storage. When Podman runs in rootless mode, the file $HOME/.config/containers/stor- age.conf is used instead of the system defaults. If the CONTAINERS_STORAGE_CONF environment variable is set, then its value is used for the storage.conf file rather than the default. Rootless mode Podman can also be used as non-root user. When podman runs in rootless mode, a user namespace is automatically created for the user, defined in /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid. Containers created by a non-root user are not visible to other users and are not seen or managed by Podman running as root. It is required to have multiple UIDS/GIDS set for a user. Be sure the user is present in the files /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid. Execute the following commands to add the ranges to the files $ sudo usermod --add-subuids 10000-75535 USERNAME $ sudo usermod --add-subgids 10000-75535 USERNAME Or just add the content manually. $ echo USERNAME:10000:65536 >> /etc/subuid $ echo USERNAME:10000:65536 >> /etc/subgid See the subuid(5) and subgid(5) man pages for more information. Note: whitespace in any row of /etc/subuid or /etc/subgid, including trail- ing blanks, may result in no entry failures. Images are pulled under XDG_DATA_HOME when specified, otherwise in the home directory of the user under .local/share/containers/storage. Currently slirp4netns or pasta is required to be installed to create a net- work device, otherwise rootless containers need to run in the network name- space of the host. In certain environments like HPC (High Performance Computing), users cannot take advantage of the additional UIDs and GIDs from the /etc/subuid and /etc/subgid systems. However, in this environment, rootless Podman can op- erate with a single UID. To make this work, set the ignore_chown_errors option in the containers-storage.conf(5) file. This option tells Podman when pulling an image to ignore chown errors when attempting to change a file in a container image to match the non-root UID in the image. This means all files get saved as the user's UID. Note this can cause issues when running the container. NOTE: Unsupported file systems in rootless mode The Overlay file system (OverlayFS) is not supported with kernels prior to 5.12.9 in rootless mode. The fuse-overlayfs package is a tool that pro- vides the functionality of OverlayFS in user namespace that allows mounting file systems in rootless environments. It is recommended to install the fuse-overlayfs package. In rootless mode, Podman automatically uses the fuse-overlayfs program as the mount_program if installed, as long as the $HOME/.config/containers/storage.conf file was not previously created. If storage.conf exists in the homedir, add mount_program = "/usr/bin/fuse- overlayfs" under [storage.options.overlay] to enable this feature. The Network File System (NFS) and other distributed file systems (for exam- ple: Lustre, Spectrum Scale, the General Parallel File System (GPFS)) are not supported when running in rootless mode as these file systems do not understand user namespace. However, rootless Podman can make use of an NFS Homedir by modifying the $HOME/.config/containers/storage.conf to have the graphroot option point to a directory stored on local (Non NFS) storage. SEE ALSO containers-mounts.conf(5), containers.conf(5), containers-reg- istries.conf(5), containers-storage.conf(5), buildah(1), oci-hooks(5), con- tainers-policy.json(5), crun(1), runc(8), subuid(5), subgid(5), slirp4netns(1), pasta(1), conmon(8), podman-quadlet(1), podman-sys- temd.unit(5) Troubleshooting See podman-troubleshooting(7) for solutions to common issues. See podman-rootless(7) for rootless issues. HISTORY Dec 2016, Originally compiled by Dan Walsh dwalsh@redhat.com <mailto:dwalsh@redhat.com> podman(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | GLOBAL OPTIONS | Environment Variables | Remote Access | Exit Codes | COMMANDS | CONFIGURATION FILES | Rootless mode | SEE ALSO | HISTORY
Want to link to this manual page? Use this URL:
<https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=podman-help&sektion=1&manpath=FreeBSD+Ports+15.1.quarterly>