FreeBSD Manual Pages
MAKEUSERDB(8) S. Varshavchik. MAKEUSERDB(8) NAME makeuserdb - create /usr/local/etc/userdb SYNOPSIS makeuserdb [-f filename] pw2userdb vchkpw2userdb [--vpopmailhome=dir] [--todir=dir] DESCRIPTION makeuserdb creates /usr/local/etc/userdb.dat from the contents of /usr/lo- cal/etc/userdb. /usr/local/etc/userdb's contents are described later in this document. Maildrop, Courier, and other applications use /usr/lo- cal/etc/userdb.dat as a substitute/complement for your system password file. The usual purpose for /usr/local/etc/userdb.dat is to specify "vir- tual" accounts - accounts that do not have an associated system login. Usu- ally (but not necessarily) all virtual accounts share the same system userid. /usr/local/etc/userdb.dat may also replace your system password file. Because the system password file is a text file, when there's a large number of accounts it will be significantly faster to search @userdb.dat@, which is a binary database, instead of a flat text file that the system password file usually is. The makeuserdb command can be safely executed during normal system activ- ity. The -f option creates filename.dat from filename, instead of the default /usr/local/etc/userdb.dat from /usr/local/etc/userdb. Format of /usr/local/etc/userdb /usr/local/etc/userdb is a plain text file that can be created using any text editor. Blank lines are ignored. Lines that start with the # character are comments, and are also ignored. Other lines define properties of a sin- gle "account", one line per account. /usr/local/etc/userdb may be a direc- tory instead of a plain file. In that case all files in /usr/lo- cal/etc/userdb are essentially concatenated, and are treated as a single file. Each line takes the following format: name<TAB>field=value|field=value... name is the account name. name MUST contain only lowercase characters If Courier is configured to treat lowercase and uppercase account names as identical, name is followed by exactly one tab character, then a list of field/value pairs separated by vertical slashes. field is the name of the field, value is the field value. Fields and values themself cannot contain slashes or control characters. Fields may be specified in any order. Here are all the currently defined fields. Note that not every field is used by every application that reads /usr/local/etc/userdb.dat. uid - value is a (possibly) unique numerical user ID for this account. gid - value is a (possibly) unique numerical group ID for this account. home - value is the account's home directory. shell - value is the account's default login shell. systempw - value is the account's password. See userdbpw(8)[1] for details on how to set up this field. pop3pw, esmtppw, imappw... - value specifies a separate password used only for authenticating access using a specific service, such as POP3, IMAP, or anything else. If not defined, systempw is always used. This allows access to an account to be restricted only to certain services, such as POP3, even if other services are also enabled on the server. mail - value specifies the location of the account's Maildir mailbox. This is an optional field that is normally used when userdb is used to provide aliases for other mail accounts. For example, one particular multi-domain E-mail service configuration that's used by both Qmail and Courier servers is to deliver mail for a mailbox in a virtual domain, such as "user@exam- ple.com", to a local mailbox called "example-user". Instead of requiring the E-mail account holder to log in as "example-user" to download mail from this account, a userdb entry for "user@example.com" is set up with mail set to the location of example-user's Maildir mailbox, thus hiding the internal mail configuration from the E-mail account holder's view. quota - value specifies the maildir quota for the account's Maildir. This has nothing to do with actual filesystem quotas. Courier has a soft- ware-based Maildir quota enforcement mechanism which requires additional setup and configuration. See maildirquota(7)[2] for additional information. /usr/local/etc/userdbshadow.dat All fields whose name ends with 'pw' will NOT copied to /usr/lo- cal/etc/userdb.dat. These fields will be copied to /usr/local/etc/userdb- shadow.dat. makeuserdb creates /usr/local/etc/userdbshadow.dat without any group and world permissions. Note that makeuserdb reports an error if /usr/local/etc/userdb has any group or world permissions. CONVERTING /etc/passwd and vpopmail to /usr/local/etc/userdb format pw2userdb reads the /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files and converts all en- tries to the /usr/local/etc/userdb format, printing the result on standard output. The output of pw2userdb can be saved as /usr/local/etc/userdb (or as some file in this subdirectory). Linear searches of /etc/passwd can be very slow when you have tens of thousands of accounts. Programs like mail- drop always look in /usr/local/etc/userdb first. By saving the system pass- word file in /usr/local/etc/userdb it is possible to significantly reduce the amount of time it takes to look up this information. After saving the output of pw2userdb, you must still run makeuserdb to cre- ate /usr/local/etc/userdb.dat. vchkpw2userdb converts a vpopmail-style directory hierarchy to the /usr/lo- cal/etc/userdb format. This is an external virtual domain management pack- age that's often used with Qmail servers. Generally, an account named 'vpopmail' is reserved for this purpose. In that account the file users/vpasswd has the same layout as /etc/passwd, and performs a similar function, except that all userid in users/vpasswd have the same userid. Additionally, the domains subdirectory stores virtual ac- counts for multiple domains. For example, domains/example.com/vpasswd has the passwd file for the domain example.com. Some systems also have a soft link, domains/default, that points to a domain that's considered a "de- fault" domain. The vchkpw2userdb reads all this information, and tries to convert it into the /usr/local/etc/userdb format. The --vpopmailhost option specifies the top level directory, if it is not the home directory of the vpopmail ac- count. The vchkpw2userdb script prints the results on standard output. If speci- fied, the --todir option tries to convert all vpasswd files one at a time, saving each one individually in dir. For example: mkdir /usr/local/etc/userdb vchkpw2userdb --todir=/usr/local/etc/userdb/vpopmail makeuserdb It is still necessary to run makeuserdb, of course, to create the binary database file /usr/local/etc/userdb.dat NOTE: You are still required to create the /usr/local/etc/userdb entry which maps system userids back to accounts, "uid=<TAB>name", if that's ap- plicable. vchkpw2userdb will not do it for you. NOTE: makeuserdb may complain about duplicate entries, if your "default" entries in users/vpasswd or domains/default/vpasswd are the same as any- thing in any other /usr/local/etc/userdb file. It is also likely that you'll end up with duplicate, but distinct, entries for every account in the default domain. For example, if your default domain is example.com, you'll end up with duplicate entries - you'll have entries for both user and user@example.com. If you intend to maintain the master set of accounts using vchkpw/vpopmail, in order to avoid cleaning this up every time, you might want to consider doing the following: run vchkpw2userdb once, using the --todir option. Then, go into the resulting directory, and replace one of the redundant files with a soft link to /dev/null. This allows you to run vchkpw2userdb without having to go in and cleaning up again, afterwards. /USR/LOCAL/ETC/USERDB SUBDIRECTORY /usr/local/etc/userdb can be a subdirectory instead of a text file. This has the effect of concatenating all files in that directory (subject to the following checks) and then using the result as the /usr/local/etc/userdb. The following checks are made: * Files whose names contain a tilde, "~" are skipped over. * Files whose names end with the following suffixes result in an error message: ".rpmsave", ".rpmnew", and ".dpkg-suffix". These files are backup files created by package manager when updating to a newer ver- sion of the package and contain the old or the new version of a config- uration file whose settings may be new or obsolete. The contents of the file whose name does not have the suffix should be checked against the backup. The backup file should be deleted after making any needed manual changes to the configuration file. * Files whose names end with the ".dist" suffix is also treated as a con- figuration file backup or template, but with the following exception: the ".dist" file gets ignored and automatically skipped over, without any error message, if the suffix-less file exists and its modification time is more recent than the ".dist" file's modification time. Otherwise an error message gets reported. Resolving the error message is done by either copying the ".dist" file or editing and saving the file without the suffix (resulting in a newer timestamp). FILES /usr/local/etc/userdb /usr/local/etc/userdb.dat /usr/local/etc/userdbshadow.dat /usr/local/etc/userdb.tmp - temporary file /usr/local/etc/userdbshadow.tmp - temporary file BUGS makeuserdb is a Perl script, and uses Perl's portable locking. Perl's docu- mentation notes that certain combinations of locking options may not work with some networks. SEE ALSO userdb(8)[3], maildrop(8)[4], courier(8)[5], maildirquota(7)[2]. NOTES 1. userdbpw(8) [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/userdbpw.html 2. maildirquota(7) [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/maildirquota.html 3. userdb(8) [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/userdb.html 4. maildrop(8) [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/maildrop.html 5. courier(8) [set $man.base.url.for.relative.links]/courier.html S. Varshavchik. 01/11/2026 MAKEUSERDB(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | /USR/LOCAL/ETC/USERDB SUBDIRECTORY | FILES | BUGS | SEE ALSO | NOTES
Want to link to this manual page? Use this URL:
<https://man.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=pw2userdb&sektion=8&manpath=FreeBSD+Ports+15.1.quarterly>