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sslsplit(1) SSLsplit sslsplit(1) NAME sslsplit -- transparent SSL/TLS interception SYNOPSIS sslsplit [-kCKqwWOPZdDgGsrRxeumjplLSFXYyTIMiab] -c pem proxyspecs [...] sslsplit [-kCKqwWOPZdDgGsrRxeumjplLSFXYyTIMiab] -c pem -t dir proxyspecs [...] sslsplit [-OPZwWdDgGsrRxeumjplLSFXYyTIMiab] -t dir proxyspecs [...] sslsplit [-kCKwWOPZdDgGsrRxeumjplLSFXYyTIMi] -f conffile sslsplit -E sslsplit -V sslsplit -h DESCRIPTION SSLsplit is a tool for man-in-the-middle attacks against SSL/TLS encrypted network connections. It is intended to be useful for network forensics, application security analysis and penetration testing. SSLsplit is designed to transparently terminate connections that are redi- rected to it using a network address translation engine. SSLsplit then terminates SSL/TLS and initiates a new SSL/TLS connection to the original destination address, while logging all data transmitted. Besides NAT based operation, SSLsplit also supports static destinations and using the server name indicated by SNI as upstream destination. SSLsplit is purely a trans- parent proxy and cannot act as a HTTP or SOCKS proxy configured in a browser. See NAT ENGINES and PROXY SPECIFICATIONS below for specifics on the different modes of operation. SSLsplit supports plain TCP, plain SSL, HTTP and HTTPS connections over both IPv4 and IPv6. It also has the ability to dynamically upgrade plain TCP to SSL in order to generically support SMTP STARTTLS and similar up- grade mechanisms. SSLsplit fully supports Server Name Indication (SNI) and is able to work with RSA, DSA and ECDSA keys and DHE and ECDHE cipher suites. Depending on the version of OpenSSL, SSLsplit supports SSL 3.0, TLS 1.0, TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2, and optionally SSL 2.0 as well. For SSL and HTTPS connections, SSLsplit generates and signs forged X509v3 certificates on-the-fly, mimicking the original server certificate's sub- ject DN, subjectAltName extension and other characteristics. SSLsplit has the ability to use existing certificates of which the private key is avail- able, instead of generating forged ones. SSLsplit supports NULL-prefix CN certificates but otherwise does not implement exploits against specific certificate verification vulnerabilities in SSL/TLS stacks. SSLsplit implements a number of defences against mechanisms which would normally prevent MitM attacks or make them more difficult. SSLsplit can deny OCSP requests in a generic way. For HTTP and HTTPS connections, SSLsplit mangles headers to prevent server-instructed public key pinning (HPKP), avoid strict transport security restrictions (HSTS), avoid Certifi- cate Transparency enforcement (Expect-CT) and prevent switching to QUIC/SPDY, HTTP/2 or WebSockets (Upgrade, Alternate Protocols). HTTP com- pression, encodings and keep-alive are disabled to make the logs more read- able. Logging options include traditional SSLsplit connect and content log files as well as PCAP files and mirroring decrypted traffic to a network inter- face. Additionally, certificates, master secrets and local process infor- mation can be logged. In order to maximize the chances that a connection can be successfully split, SSLsplit does not verify upstream server certificates by default. Instead, all certificates including self-signed are accepted and if the ex- pected hostname signalled in SNI is missing from the server certificate, it will be added to dynamically forged certificates. SSLsplit does not automagically redirect any network traffic. To actually implement an attack, you also need to redirect the traffic to the system running sslsplit. Your options include running sslsplit on a legitimate router, ARP spoofing, ND spoofing, DNS poisoning, deploying a rogue access point (e.g. using hostap mode), physical recabling, malicious VLAN recon- figuration or route injection, /etc/hosts modification and so on. OPTIONS -a pemfile Use client certificate from pemfile when destination server requests a client certificate. -A pemfile Use private key, certificate and certificate chain from PEM file pemfile as leaf certificate instead of generating a leaf certificate on the fly. The PEM file must con- tain a single private key, a single certificate and optionally in- termediate and root CA certificates to use as certificate chain. When using -t, SSLsplit will first attempt to use a matching cer- tificate loaded from certdir. If -t is also used and a connection matches any certificate in the directory specified with the -t op- tion, that matching certificate is used instead, taking precedence over the certificate specified with -A. -b pemfile Use client private key from pemfile when destination server requests a client certificate. -c pemfile Use CA certificate from pemfile to sign certificates forged on-the- fly. If pemfile also contains the matching CA private key, it is also loaded, otherwise it must be provided with -k. If pemfile also contains Diffie-Hellman group parameters, they are also loaded, oth- erwise they can be provided with -g. If -t is also given, SSLsplit will only forge a certificate if there is no matching certificate in the provided certificate directory. -C pemfile Use CA certificates from pemfile as extra certificates in the cer- tificate chain. This is needed if the CA given with -k and -c is a sub-CA, in which case any intermediate CA certificates and the root CA certificate must be included in the certificate chain. -d Detach from TTY and run as a daemon, logging error messages to sys- log instead of standard error. -D Run in debug mode, log lots of debugging information to standard er- ror. This also forces foreground mode and cannot be used with -d. -e engine Use engine as the default NAT engine for proxyspecs without explicit NAT engine, static destination address or SNI mode. engine can be any of the NAT engines supported by the system, as returned by -E. -E List all supported NAT engines available on the system and exit. See NAT ENGINES for a list of NAT engines currently supported by SSLsplit. -f conffile Read configuration from conffile. -F logspec Log connection content to separate log files with the given path specification (see LOG SPECIFICATIONS below). For each connection, a log file will be written, which will contain both directions of data as transmitted. Information about the connection will be con- tained in the filename only. Only one of -F, -L and -S may be used (last one wins). -g pemfile Use Diffie-Hellman group parameters from pemfile for Ephemereal Diffie-Hellman (EDH/DHE) cipher suites. If -g is not given, SSLsplit first tries to load DH parameters from the PEM files given by -K, -k or -c. If no DH parameters are found in the key files, built-in group parameters are automatically used. The -g option is only available if SSLsplit was built against a version of OpenSSL which supports Diffie-Hellman cipher suites. -G curve Use the named curve for Ephemereal Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDHE) cipher suites. If -G is not given, a default curve (prime256v1) is used automatically. The -G option is only available if SSLsplit was built against a version of OpenSSL which supports Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman cipher suites. -h Display help on usage and exit. -i For each connection, find the local process owning the connection. This makes process information such as pid, owner:group and exe- cutable path for connections originating on the same system as SSLsplit available to the connect log and enables the respective -F path specification directives. -i is available on Mac OS X and FreeBSD; support for other platforms has not been implemented yet. -I if Mirror connection content as emulated packets to interface if with destination address given by -T. This option is not available if SSLsplit was built without mirroring support. -j jaildir Change the root directory to jaildir using chroot(2) after opening files. Note that this has implications for sni proxyspecs. Depend- ing on your operating system, you will need to copy files such as /etc/resolv.conf to jaildir in order for name resolution to work. Using sni proxyspecs depends on name resolution. Some operating systems require special device nodes such as /dev/null to be present within the jail. Check your system's documentation for details. -k pemfile Use CA private key from pemfile to sign certificates forged on-the- fly. If pemfile also contains the matching CA certificate, it is also loaded, otherwise it must be provided with -c. If pemfile also contains Diffie-Hellman group parameters, they are also loaded, oth- erwise they can be provided with -g. If -t is also given, SSLsplit will only forge a certificate if there is no matching certificate in the provided certificate directory. -K pemfile Use private key from pemfile for the leaf certificates forged on- the-fly. If -K is not given, SSLsplit will generate a random 2048 bit RSA key. -l logfile Log connections to logfile in a single line per connection format, including addresses and ports and some HTTP and SSL information, if available. SIGUSR1 will cause logfile to be re-opened. -L logfile Log connection content to logfile. The content log will contain a parsable log format with transmitted data, prepended with headers identifying the connection and the data length of each logged seg- ment. SIGUSR1 will cause logfile to be re-opened. Only one of -F, -L and -S may be used (last one wins). -m When dropping privileges using -u, override the target primary group to be set to group. -M logfile Log master keys to logfile in SSLKEYLOGFILE format as defined by Mozilla. Logging master keys in this format allows for decryption of SSL/TLS traffic using Wireshark. Note that unlike browsers im- plementing this feature, setting the SSLKEYLOGFILE environment vari- able has no effect on SSLsplit. SIGUSR1 will cause logfile to be re-opened. -O Deny all Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) requests on all proxyspecs and for all OCSP servers with an OCSP response of try- Later, causing OCSP clients to temporarily accept even revoked cer- tificates. HTTP requests are being treated as OCSP requests if the method is GET and the URI contains a syntactically valid OCSPRequest ASN.1 structure parsable by OpenSSL, or if the method is POST and the Content-Type is application/ocsp-request. For this to be effec- tive, SSLsplit must be handling traffic destined to the port used by the OCSP server. In particular, SSLsplit must be configured to re- ceive traffic to all ports used by OCSP servers of targeted certifi- cates within the certdir specified by -t. -p pidfile Write the process ID to pidfile and refuse to run if the pidfile is already in use by another process. -P Passthrough SSL/TLS connections which cannot be split instead of dropping them. Connections cannot be split if -c and -k are not given and the site does not match any certificate loaded using -t, or if the connection to the original server gives SSL/TLS errors. Specifically, this happens if the site requests a client certifi- cate. In these situations, passthrough with -P results in uninter- rupted service for the clients, while dropping is the more secure alternative if unmonitored connections must be prevented. Passthrough mode currently does not apply to SSL/TLS errors in the connection from the client, since the connection from the client cannot easily be retried. Specifically, -P does not currently work for clients that do not accept forged certificates. -q crlurl Set CRL distribution point (CDP) crlurl on forged leaf certificates. Some clients, such as some .NET applications, reject certificates that do not carry a CDP. When using -q, you will need to generate an empty CRL signed by the CA certificate and key provided with -c and -k, and make it available at crlurl. -r proto Force SSL/TLS protocol version on both client and server side to proto by selecting the respective OpenSSL method constructor instead of the default SSLv23_method() which supports all protocol versions. This is useful when analyzing traffic to a server that only supports a specific version of SSL/TLS and does not implement proper protocol negotiation. Depending on build options and the version of OpenSSL that is used, the following values for proto are accepted: ssl2, ssl3, tls10, tls11 and tls12. Note that SSL 2.0 support is not built in by default because some servers don't handle SSL 2.0 Client Hello messages gracefully. -R proto Disable the SSL/TLS protocol version proto on both client and server side by disabling the respective protocols in OpenSSL. To disable multiple protocol versions, -R can be given multiple times. If -r is also given, there will be no effect in disabling other protocol versions. Disabling protocol versions is useful when analyzing traffic to a server that does not handle some protocol versions well, or to test behaviour with different protocol versions. De- pending on build options and the version of OpenSSL that is used, the following values for proto are accepted: ssl2, ssl3, tls10, tls11 and tls12. Note that SSL 2.0 support is not built in by de- fault because some servers don't handle SSL 2.0 Client Hello mes- sages gracefully. -s ciphers Use OpenSSL ciphers specification for both server and client SSL/TLS connections. If -s is not given, a cipher list of ALL:-aNULL is used. Normally, SSL/TLS implementations choose the most secure ci- pher suites, not the fastest ones. By specifying an appropriate OpenSSL cipher list, the set of cipher suites can be limited to fast algorithms, or eNULL cipher suites can be added. Note that for con- nections to be successful, the SSLsplit cipher suites must include at least one cipher suite supported by both the client and the server of each connection. See ciphers(1) for details on how to construct OpenSSL cipher lists. -S logdir Log connection content to separate log files under logdir. For each connection, a log file will be written, which will contain both di- rections of data as transmitted. Information about the connection will be contained in the filename only. Only one of -F, -L and -S may be used (last one wins). -t certdir Use private key, certificate and certificate chain from PEM files in certdir for connections to hostnames matching the respective cer- tificates, instead of using certificates forged on-the-fly. A sin- gle PEM file must contain a single private key, a single certificate and optionally intermediate and root CA certificates to use as cer- tificate chain. When using -t, SSLsplit will first attempt to use a matching certificate loaded from certdir. If -A is also given, when there is no match in certdir, the default key, certificate and cer- tificate chain from the PEM file specified with the -A option is used instead. Otherwise, if -c and -k are also given, certificates will be forged on-the-fly for sites matching none of the common names in the certificates loaded from certdir. Otherwise, connec- tions matching no certificate will be dropped, or if -P is given, passed through without splitting SSL/TLS. -T addr Mirror connection content as emulated packets to destination address addr on the interface given by -I. Only IPv4 target addresses are currently supported. This option is not available if SSLsplit was built without mirroring support. -u user Drop privileges after opening sockets and files by setting the real, effective and stored user IDs to user and loading the appropriate primary and ancillary groups. If -u is not given, SSLsplit will drop privileges to the stored UID if EUID != UID (setuid bit sce- nario), or to nobody if running with full root privileges (EUID == UID == 0). User user needs to be allowed to make outbound TCP con- nections, and in some configurations, to also perform DNS resolu- tion. Dropping privileges enables privilege separation, which in- curs latency for certain options, such as separate per-connection log files. By using -u root, SSLsplit can be run as root without dropping privileges. Due to an Apple bug, -u cannot be used with pf proxyspecs on Mac OS X. -x engine Use the OpenSSL engine with identifier engine as a default engine. The engine must be available within the OpenSSL ecosystem under the specified identifier, that is, they must be loaded from the global OpenSSL configuration. If engine is an absolute path, it will be interpreted as path to an engine dynamically linked library and loaded by path, regardless of global OpenSSL configuration. This option is only available if built against a version of OpenSSL with engine support. -X pcapfile Log connection content to pcapfile in PCAP format, with emulated TCP, IP and Ethernet headers. SIGUSR1 will cause pcapfile to be re- opened. Only one of -X, -Y and -y may be used (last one wins). -Y pcapdir Log connection content to separate PCAP files under pcapdir. For each connection, a separate PCAP file will be written. Only one of -X, -Y and -y may be used (last one wins). -y pcapspec Log connection content to separate PCAP files with the given path specification (see LOG SPECIFICATIONS below). For each connection, a separate PCAP file will be written. Only one of -X, -Y and -y may be used (last one wins). -V Display version and compiled features information and exit. -w gendir Write generated keys and certificates to individual files in gendir. For keys, the key identifier is used as filename, which consists of the SHA-1 hash of the ASN.1 bit string of the public key, as refer- enced by the subjectKeyIdentifier extension in certificates. For certificates, the SHA-1 fingerprints of the original and the used (forged) certificate are combined to form the filename. Note that only newly generated certificates are written to disk. -W gendir Same as -w, but also write original certificates and certificates not newly generated, such as those loaded from -t. -Z Disable SSL/TLS compression on all connections. This is useful if your limiting factor is CPU, not network bandwidth. The -Z option is only available if SSLsplit was built against a version of OpenSSL which supports disabling compression. PROXY SPECIFICATIONS Proxy specifications (proxyspecs) consist of the connection type, listen address and static forward address or address resolution mechanism (NAT en- gine, SNI DNS lookup): https listenaddr port [nat-engine|fwdaddr port|sni port] ssl listenaddr port [nat-engine|fwdaddr port|sni port] http listenaddr port [nat-engine|fwdaddr port] tcp listenaddr port [nat-engine|fwdaddr port] autossl listenaddr port [nat-engine|fwdaddr port] https SSL/TLS interception with HTTP protocol decoding, including the re- moval of HPKP, HSTS, Upgrade and Alternate Protocol response head- ers. This mode currently suppresses WebSockets and HTTP/2. ssl SSL/TLS interception without any lower level protocol decoding; de- crypted connection content is treated as opaque stream of bytes and not modified. http Plain TCP connection without SSL/TLS, with HTTP protocol decoding, including the removal of HPKP, HSTS, Upgrade and Alternate Protocol response headers. This mode currently suppresses WebSockets and HTTP/2. tcp Plain TCP connection without SSL/TLS and without any lower level protocol decoding; decrypted connection content is treated as opaque stream of bytes and not modified. autossl Plain TCP connection until a Client Hello SSL/TLS message appears in the byte stream, then automatic upgrade to SSL/TLS interception. This is generic, protocol-independent STARTTLS support, that may er- roneously trigger on byte sequences that look like Client Hello mes- sages even though there was no actual STARTTLS command issued. listenaddr port IPv4 or IPv6 address and port or service name to listen on. This is the address and port where the NAT engine should redirect connec- tions to. nat-engine NAT engine to query for determining the original destination address and port of transparently redirected connections. If no engine is given, the default engine is used, unless overridden with -e. When using a NAT engine, sslsplit needs to run on the same system as the NAT rules redirecting the traffic to sslsplit. See NAT ENGINES for a list of supported NAT engines. fwdaddr port Static destination address, IPv4 or IPv6, with port or service name. When this is used, connections are forwarded to the given server ad- dress and port. If fwdaddr is a hostname, it will be resolved to an IP address. sni port Use the Server Name Indication (SNI) hostname sent by the client in the Client Hello SSL/TLS message to determine the IP address of the server to connect to. This only works for ssl and https proxyspecs and needs a port or service name as an argument. Because this re- quires DNS lookups, it is preferable to use NAT engine lookups (see above), except when that is not possible, such as when there is no supported NAT engine or when running sslsplit on a different system than the NAT rules redirecting the actual connections. Note that when using -j with sni, you may need to prepare jaildir to make name resolution work from within the chroot directory. LOG SPECIFICATIONS Log specifications are composed of zero or more printf-style directives; ordinary characters are included directly in the output path. SSLsplit current supports the following directives: %T The initial connection time as an ISO 8601 UTC timestamp. %d The destination host and port, separated by a comma, IPv6 addresses using underscore instead of colon. %D The destination host, IPv6 addresses using underscore instead of colon. %p The destination port. %s The source host and port, separated by a comma, IPv6 addresses using underscore instead of colon. %S The source host, IPv6 addresses using underscore instead of colon. %q The source port. %x The name of the local process. Requires -i to be used. If process information is unavailable, this directive will be omitted from the output path. %X The full path of the local process. Requires -i to be used. If process information is unavailable, this directive will be omitted from the output path. %u The username or numeric uid of the local process. Requires -i to be used. If process information is unavailable, this directive will be omitted from the output path. %g The group name or numeric gid of the local process. Requires -i to be used. If process information is unavailable, this directive will be omitted from the output path. %% A literal '%' character. NAT ENGINES SSLsplit currently supports the following NAT engines: pf OpenBSD packet filter (pf) rdr/rdr-to NAT redirects, also available on FreeBSD, NetBSD and Mac OS X. Fully supported, including IPv6. Note that SSLsplit needs permission to open /dev/pf for reading, which by default means that it needs to run under root privileges. Assuming inbound interface em0, first in old (FreeBSD, Mac OS X), then in new (OpenBSD 4.7+) syntax: rdr pass on em0 proto tcp from 2001:db8::/64 to any port 80 \ -> ::1 port 10080 rdr pass on em0 proto tcp from 2001:db8::/64 to any port 443 \ -> ::1 port 10443 rdr pass on em0 proto tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any port 80 \ -> 127.0.0.1 port 10080 rdr pass on em0 proto tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any port 443 \ -> 127.0.0.1 port 10443 pass in quick on em0 proto tcp from 2001:db8::/64 to any \ port 80 rdr-to ::1 port 10080 pass in quick on em0 proto tcp from 2001:db8::/64 to any \ port 443 rdr-to ::1 port 10443 pass in quick on em0 proto tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any \ port 80 rdr-to 127.0.0.1 port 10080 pass in quick on em0 proto tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any \ port 443 rdr-to 127.0.0.1 port 10443 ipfw FreeBSD IP firewall (IPFW) divert sockets, also available on Mac OS X. Available on FreeBSD and OpenBSD using pf divert-to. Fully sup- ported on FreeBSD and OpenBSD, including IPv6. Only supports IPv4 on Mac OS X due to the ancient version of IPFW included. First in IPFW, then in pf divert-to syntax: ipfw add fwd ::1,10080 tcp from 2001:db8::/64 to any 80 ipfw add fwd ::1,10443 tcp from 2001:db8::/64 to any 443 ipfw add fwd 127.0.0.1,10080 tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any 80 ipfw add fwd 127.0.0.1,10443 tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any 443 pass in quick on em0 proto tcp from 2001:db8::/64 to any \ port 80 divert-to ::1 port 10080 pass in quick on em0 proto tcp from 2001:db8::/64 to any \ port 443 divert-to ::1 port 10443 pass in quick on em0 proto tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any \ port 80 divert-to 127.0.0.1 port 10080 pass in quick on em0 proto tcp from 192.0.2.0/24 to any \ port 443 divert-to 127.0.0.1 port 10443 ipfilter IPFilter (ipfilter, ipf), available on many systems, including FreeBSD, NetBSD, Linux and Solaris. Note that SSLsplit needs per- mission to open /dev/ipnat for reading, which by default means that it needs to run under root privileges. Only supports IPv4 due to limitations in the SIOCGNATL ioctl(2) interface. Assuming inbound interface bge0: rdr bge0 0.0.0.0/0 port 80 -> 127.0.0.1 port 10080 rdr bge0 0.0.0.0/0 port 443 -> 127.0.0.1 port 10443 netfilter Linux netfilter using the iptables REDIRECT target. Fully supported including IPv6 since Linux v3.8-rc1; on older kernels only supports IPv4 due to limitations in the SO_ORIGINAL_DST getsockopt(2) inter- face. iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s 192.0.2.0/24 \ -p tcp --dport 80 \ -j REDIRECT --to-ports 10080 iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -s 192.0.2.0/24 \ -p tcp --dport 443 \ -j REDIRECT --to-ports 10443 # please contribute a tested ip6tables config Note that SSLsplit is only able to accept incoming connections if it binds to the correct IP address (e.g. 192.0.2.1) or on all inter- faces (0.0.0.0). REDIRECT uses the local interface address of the incoming interface as target IP address, or 127.0.0.1 for locally generated packets. tproxy Linux netfilter using the iptables TPROXY target together with rout- ing table magic to allow non-local traffic to originate on local sockets. Fully supported, including IPv6. ip -f inet6 rule add fwmark 1 lookup 100 ip -f inet6 route add local default dev lo table 100 ip6tables -t mangle -N DIVERT ip6tables -t mangle -A DIVERT -j MARK --set-mark 1 ip6tables -t mangle -A DIVERT -j ACCEPT ip6tables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp -m socket -j DIVERT ip6tables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 2001:db8::/64 \ -p tcp --dport 80 \ -j TPROXY --tproxy-mark 0x1/0x1 --on-port 10080 ip6tables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 2001:db8::/64 \ -p tcp --dport 443 \ -j TPROXY --tproxy-mark 0x1/0x1 --on-port 10443 ip -f inet rule add fwmark 1 lookup 100 ip -f inet route add local default dev lo table 100 iptables -t mangle -N DIVERT iptables -t mangle -A DIVERT -j MARK --set-mark 1 iptables -t mangle -A DIVERT -j ACCEPT iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -p tcp -m socket -j DIVERT iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.0.2.0/24 \ -p tcp --dport 80 \ -j TPROXY --tproxy-mark 0x1/0x1 --on-port 10080 iptables -t mangle -A PREROUTING -s 192.0.2.0/24 \ -p tcp --dport 443 \ -j TPROXY --tproxy-mark 0x1/0x1 --on-port 10443 Note that return path filtering (rp_filter) also needs to be dis- abled on interfaces which handle TPROXY redirected traffic. SIGNALS A running sslsplit accepts SIGINT and SIGTERM for a clean shutdown and SI- GUSR1 to re-open the single-file log files (such as -l, -L and -X). The canonical way to rotate or post-process logs is to rename the active log file, send SIGUSR1 to the PID in the PID file given by -p, give SSLsplit some time to flush buffers after closing the old file, and then post- process the renamed log file. Per-connection log files (such as -S and -F) are not re-opened because their filename is specific to the connection. EXIT STATUS The sslsplit process will exit with 0 on regular shutdown (SIGINT, SIGTERM), and 128 + signal number on controlled shutdown based on receiving a different signal such as SIGHUP. Exit status in the range 1..127 indi- cates error conditions. EXAMPLES Matching the above NAT engine configuration samples, intercept HTTP and HTTPS over IPv4 and IPv6 using forged certificates with CA private key ca.key and certificate ca.crt, logging connections to connect.log and con- nection data into separate files under /tmp (add -e nat-engine to select the appropriate engine if multiple engines are available on your system): sslsplit -k ca.key -c ca.crt -l connect.log -S /tmp \ https ::1 10443 https 127.0.0.1 10443 \ http ::1 10080 http 127.0.0.1 10080 If the Linux netfilter engine is used with the iptables REDIRECT target, it is important to listen to the correct IP address (e.g. 192.0.2.1) or on all interfaces (0.0.0.0), otherwise SSLsplit is not able to accept incoming connections. Intercepting IMAP/IMAPS using the same settings: sslsplit -k ca.key -c ca.crt -l connect.log -S /tmp \ ssl ::1 10993 ssl 127.0.0.1 10993 \ tcp ::1 10143 tcp 127.0.0.1 10143 A more targeted setup, HTTPS only, using certificate/chain/key files from /path/to/cert.d and statically redirecting to www.example.org instead of querying a NAT engine: sslsplit -t /path/to/cert.d -l connect.log -S /tmp \ https ::1 10443 www.example.org 443 \ https 127.0.0.1 10443 www.example.org 443 The original example, but using plain ssl and tcp proxyspecs to avoid header modifications, and logging to a single PCAP file for post-processing with an external tool. To facilitate log rotation via SIGUSR1, -p is also given, so external log rotation tools or scripts can read the PID from the PID file. sslsplit -k ca.key -c ca.crt -X log.pcap -p /var/run/sslsplit.pid \ ssl ::1 10443 ssl 127.0.0.1 10443 \ tcp ::1 10080 tcp 127.0.0.1 10080 The original example, but using SSL options optimized for speed by dis- abling compression and selecting only fast cipher cipher suites and using a precomputed private key leaf.key for the forged certificates. Most signif- icant speed increase is gained by choosing fast algorithms and small key- sizes for the CA and leaf private keys. Check openssl speed for algorithm performance on your system. Note that clients may not support all algo- rithms and key sizes. Also, some clients warn their users about cipher suites they consider weak. sslsplit -Z -s NULL:RC4:AES128:-DHE -K leaf.key \ -k ca.key -c ca.crt -l connect.log -S /tmp \ https ::1 10443 https 127.0.0.1 10443 \ http ::1 10080 http 127.0.0.1 10080 The original example, but running as a daemon under user sslsplit and writ- ing a PID file: sslsplit -d -p /var/run/sslsplit.pid -u sslsplit \ -k ca.key -c ca.crt -l connect.log -S /tmp \ https ::1 10443 https 127.0.0.1 10443 \ http ::1 10080 http 127.0.0.1 10080 To generate a CA private key ca.key and certificate ca.crt using OpenSSL: cat >x509v3ca.cnf <<'EOF' [ req ] distinguished_name = reqdn [ reqdn ] [ v3_ca ] basicConstraints = CA:TRUE subjectKeyIdentifier = hash authorityKeyIdentifier = keyid:always,issuer:always EOF openssl genrsa -out ca.key 2048 openssl req -new -nodes -x509 -sha256 -out ca.crt -key ca.key \ -config x509v3ca.cnf -extensions v3_ca \ -subj '/O=SSLsplit Root CA/CN=SSLsplit Root CA/' \ -set_serial 0 -days 3650 NOTES SSLsplit is able to handle a relatively high number of listeners and con- nections due to a multithreaded, event based architecture based on libevent, taking advantage of platform specific select() replacements such as kqueue. The main thread handles the listeners and signaling, while a number of worker threads equal to twice the number of CPU cores is used for handling the actual connections in separate event bases, including the CPU- intensive SSL/TLS handling. Care has been taken to choose well-performing data structures for caching certificates and SSL sessions. Logging is implemented in separate disk writer threads to ensure that socket event handling threads don't have to block on disk I/O. DNS lookups are performed asynchronously. SSLsplit uses SSL session caching on both ends to minimize the amount of full SSL handshakes, but even then, the limiting factor in handling SSL connections are the actual bignum computations. For high performance and low latency and when running SSLsplit as root or otherwise in a privilege separation mode, avoid using options which require a privileged operation to be invoked through privilege separation for each connection. These are currently all per-connection log types: content log to per-stream file in dir or filespec (-F, -S), content log to per-stream PCAP in dir or filespec (-Y, -y), and generated or all certificates to files in directory (-w, -W). Instead, use the respective single-file vari- ants where available. It is possible, albeit not recommended, to bypass the default privilege separation when run as root by using -u root, thereby bypassing privilege separation entirely. SEE ALSO sslsplit.conf(5), openssl(1), ciphers(1), speed(1), pf(4), ipfw(8), ipta- bles(8), ip6tables(8), ip(8), hostapd(8), arpspoof(8), parasite6(8), yersinia(8), https://www.roe.ch/SSLsplit AUTHORS SSLsplit was written by Daniel Roethlisberger <daniel@roe.ch>. SSLsplit is currently maintained by Daniel Roethlisberger and Soner Tari. The following individuals have contributed code or documentation, in chronological order of their first contribution: Steve Wills, Landon Fuller, Wayne Jensen, Rory McNamara, Alexander Neumann, Adam Jacob Muller, Richard Poole, Maciej Kotowicz, Eun Soo Park, Christian Groschupp, Alexan- der Savchenkov, Soner Tari, Petr Vanek, Hilko Bengen, Philip Duldig, Lev- ente Polyak, Nick French, Cihan Komecoglu and Sergey Pinaev. SSLsplit contains work sponsored by HackerOne. BUGS Use Github for submission of bug reports or patches: https://github.com/droe/sslsplit sslsplit 0.5.5 2026-08-01 sslsplit(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | PROXY SPECIFICATIONS | LOG SPECIFICATIONS | NAT ENGINES | SIGNALS | EXIT STATUS | EXAMPLES | NOTES | SEE ALSO | AUTHORS | BUGS
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