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LLnextgen(1) LLnextgen parser generator LLnextgen(1) NAME LLnextgen - an Extended-LL(1) parser generator SYNOPSIS LLnextgen [OPTIONS] [FILES] DESCRIPTION LLnextgen is a (partial) reimplementation of the LLgen ELL(1) parser generator created by D. Grune and C.J.H. Jacobs (note: this is not the same as the LLgen parser generator by Fischer and LeBlanc). It takes an EBNF-like description of the grammar as input(s), and produces a parser in C. Input files are expected to end in .g. The output files will have .g removed and .c and .h added. If the input file does not end in .g, the extensions .c and .h will simply be added to the name of the input file. Output files can also be given a different base name using the option --base-name (see below). OPTIONS LLnextgen accepts the following options: -c, --max-compatibility Set options required for maximum source-level compatibility. This is different from running as LLgen, as all extensions are still allowed. LLreissue and the prototypes in the header file are still generated. This option turns on the --llgen-arg-style, --llgen-escapes-only and --llgen-output-style options. -e, --warnings-as-errors Treat warnings as errors. -Enum, --error-limit=num Set the maximum number of errors, before LLnextgen aborts. If num is set 0, the error limit is set to infinity. This is to override the error limit option specified in the grammar file. -h[which], --help[=which] Print out a help message, describing the options. The optional which argument allows selection of which options to print. which can be set to all, depend, error, and extra. -V, --version Print the program version and copyright information, and exit. -v[level], --verbose[=level] Increase (without explicit level) or set (with explicit level) the verbosity level. LLnextgen uses this option differently than LLgen. At level 1, LLnextgen will output traces of the conflicts to standard error. At level 2, LLnextgen will also write a file named LL.output with the rules containing conflicts. At level 3, LLnextgen will include the entire grammar in LL.output. LLgen will write the LL.output file from level 1, but cannot generate conflict traces. It also has an intermediate setting between LLnextgen levels 2 and 3. -w[warnings], --suppress-warnings[=warnings] Suppress all or selected warnings. Available warnings are: arg- separator, option-override, unbalanced-c, multiple-parser, eofile, unused[:<identifier>], datatype and unused-retval. The unused warning can suppress all warnings about unused tokens and non-terminals, or can be used to suppress warnings about spe- cific tokens or non-terminals by adding a colon and a name. For example, to suppress warning messages about FOO not being used, use -wunused:FOO. Several comma separated warnings can be speci- fied with one option on the command line. --abort Generate the LLabort function. --base-name=name Set the base name for the output files. Normally LLnextgen uses the name of the first input file without any trailing .g as the base name. This option can be used to override the default. The files created will be name.c and name.h. This option cannot be used in combination with --llgen-output-style. --depend[=modifiers] Generate dependency information to be used by the make(1) pro- gram. The modifiers can be used to change the make targets (tar- gets:<targets>, and extra-targets:<targets>) and the output (file:<file>). The default are to use the output names as they would be created by running with the same arguments as targets, and to output to standard output. Using the targets modifier, the list of targets can be specified manually. The extra-targets modifier allows targets to be added to the default list of tar- gets. Finally, the phony modifier will add phony targets for all dependencies to avoid make(1) problems when removing or renaming dependencies. This is like the gcc(1) -MP option. --depend-cpp Dump all top-level C-code to standard out. This can be used to generate dependency information for the generated files by pip- ing the output from LLnextgen through the C preprocessor with the appropriate options. --dump-lexer-wrapper Write the lexer wrapper function to standard output, and exit. --dump-llmessage Write the default LLmessage function to standard output, and exit. --dump-tokens[=modifier] Dump %token directives for unknown identifiers that match the --token-pattern pattern. The default is to generate a single %token directive with all the unknown identifiers separated by comma's. This default can be overridden by modifier. The modi- fier separate produces a separate %token directive for each identifier, while label produces a %label directive. The text of the label will be the name of the identifier. If the label mod- ifier and the --lowercase-symbols option are both specified the label will contain only lowercase characters. Note: this option is not always available. It requires the POSIX regex API. If the POSIX regex API is not available on your plat- form, or the LLnextgen binary was compiled without support for the API, you will not be able to use this option. --extensions=list Specify the extensions to be used for the generated files. The list must be comma separated, and should not contain the . be- fore the extension. The first item in the list is the C source file and the second item is the header file. You can omit the extension for the C source file and only specify the extension for the header file. --generate-lexer-wrapper[=yes|no] Indicate whether to generate a wrapper for the lexical analyser. As LLnextgen requires a lexical analyser to return the last to- ken returned after detecting an error which requires inserting a token to repair, most lexical analysers require a wrapper to ac- commodate LLnextgen. As it is identical for almost each grammar, LLnextgen can provide one. Use --dump-lexer-wrapper to see the code. If you do specifiy this option LLnextgen will generate a warning, to help remind you that a wrapper is required. If you do not want the automatically generate wrapper you should specifiy this option followed by =no. --generate-llmessage Generate an LLmessage function. LLnextgen requires programs to provide a function for informing the user about errors in the input. When developing a parser, it is often desirable to have a default LLmessage. The provided LLmessage is very simple and should be replaced by a more elaborate one, once the parser is beyond the first testing phase. Use --dump-llmessage to see the code. This option automatically turns on --generate-symbol-ta- ble. --generate-symbol-table Generate a symbol table. The symbol table will contain strings for all tokens and character literals. By default, the symbol table contains the token name as specified in the grammar. To change the string, for both tokens and character literals, use the %label directive. --gettext[=macro,guard] Add gettext support. A macro call is added around symbol table entries generated from %label directives. The macro will expand to the string itself. This is meant to allow xgettext(1) to ex- tract the strings. The default is N_, because that is what most people use. A guard will be included such that compilation with- out gettext is possible by not defining the guard. The guard is set to USE_NLS by default. Translations will be done automati- cally in LLgetSymbol in the generated parser through a call to gettext. --keep-dir Do not remove directory component of the input file-name when creating the output file-name. By default, outputs are created in the current directory. This option will generate the output in the directory of the input. --llgen-arg-style Use semicolons as argument separators in rule headers. LLnextgen uses comma's by default, as this is what ANSI C does. --llgen-escapes-only Only allow the escape sequences defined by LLgen in character literals. By default LLnextgen also allows \a, \v, \?, \", and hexadecimal constants with \x. --llgen-output-style Generate one .c output per input, and the files Lpars.c and Lpars.h, instead of one .c and one .h file based on the name of the first input. --lowercase-symbols Convert the token names used for generating the symbol table to lower case. This only applies to tokens for which no %label di- rective has been specified. --no-allow-label-create Do not allow the %label directive to create new tokens. Note that this requires that the token being labelled is either a character literal or a %token directive creating the named token has preceded the %label directive. --no-arg-count Do not check argument counts for rules. LLnextgen checks whether a rule is used with the same number of arguments as it is de- fined. LLnextgen also checks that any rules for which a %start directive is specified, the number of arguments is 0. --no-eof-zero Do not use 0 as end-of-file token. (f)lex(1) uses 0 as the end- of-file token. Other lexical-analyser generators may use -1, and may use 0 for something else (e.g. the nul character). --no-init-llretval Do not initialise LLretval with 0 bytes. Note that you have to take care of initialisation of LLretval yourself when using this option. --no-line-directives Do not generate #line directives in the output. This means all errors will be reported relative to the output file. By default LLnextgen generates #line directives to make the C compiler gen- erate errors relative to the LLnextgen input file. --no-llreissue Do not generate the LLreissue variable, which is used to indi- cate when a token should be reissued by the lexical analyser. --no-prototypes-header Do not generate prototypes for the parser and other functions in the header file. --not-only-reachable Do not only analyse reachable rules. LLnextgen by default does not take unreachable rules into account when doing conflict analysis, as these can cause spurious conflicts. However, if the unreachable rules will be used in the future, one might already want to be notified of problems with these rules. LLgen by de- fault does analyse unreachable rules. Note: in the case where a rule is unreachable because the only alternative of another reachable rule that mentions it is never chosen (because of a %avoid directive), the rule is still deemed reachable for the analysis. The only way to avoid this behaviour is by doing the complete analysis twice, which is an excessive amount of work to do for a very rare case. --reentrant Generate a reentrant parser. By default, LLnextgen generates non-reentrant parsers. A reentrant parser can be called from it- self, but not from another thread. Use --thread-safe to generate a thread-safe parser. Note that when multiple parsers are specified in one grammar (using multiple %start directives), and one of these parsers calls another, either the --reentrant option or the --thread- safe option is also required. If these parsers are only called when none of the others is running, the option is not necessary. Use only in combination with a reentrant lexical analyser. --show-dir Show directory names of source files in error and warning mes- sages. These are usually omitted for readability, but may some- times be necessary for tracing errors. --thread-safe Generate a thread-safe parser. Thread-safe parsers can be run in parallel in different threads of the same program. The interface of a thread-safe parser is different from the regular (and then reentrant) version. See the detailed manual for more details. --token-pattern=pattern Specify a regular expression to match with unknown identifiers used in the grammar. If an unknown identifier matches, LLnextgen will generate a token declaration for the identifier. This op- tion is primarily implemented to aid in the first stages of de- velopment, to allow for quick testing for conflicts without hav- ing to specify all the tokens yet. A list of tokens can be gen- erated with the --dump-tokens option. Note: this option is not always available. It requires the POSIX regex API. If the POSIX regex API is not available on your plat- form, or the LLnextgen binary was compiled without support for the API, you will not be able to use this option. By running LLnextgen using the name LLgen, LLnextgen goes into LLgen- mode. This is implemented by turning off all default extra functional- ity like LLreissue, and disallowing all extensions to the LLgen lan- guage. When running as LLgen, LLnextgen accepts the following options from LLgen: -a Ignored. LLnextgen only generates ANSI C. -hnum Ignored. LLnextgen leaves optimisation of jump tables entirely up to the C-compiler. -j[num] Ignored. LLnextgen leaves optimisation of jump tables entirely up to the C-compiler. -l[num] Ignored. LLnextgen leaves optimisation of jump tables entirely up to the C-compiler. -v Increase the verbosity level. See the description of the -v op- tion above for details. -w Suppress all warnings. -x Ignored. LLnextgen will only generate token sets in LL.output. The extensive error-reporting mechanisms in LLnextgen make this feature obsolete. LLnextgen cannot create parsers with non-correcting error-recovery. Therefore, using the -n or -s options will cause LLnextgen to print an error message and exit. COMPATIBILITY WITH LLGEN At this time the basic LLgen functionality is implemented. This in- cludes everything apart from the extended user error-handling with the %onerror directive and the non-correcting error-recovery. Although I've tried to copy the behaviour of LLgen accurately, I have implemented some aspects slightly differently. The following is a list of the differences in behaviour between LLgen and LLnextgen: • LLgen generated both K&R style C code and ANSI C code. LLnextgen only supports generation of ANSI C code. • There is a minor difference in the determination of the default choices. LLnextgen simply chooses the first production with the shortest possible terminal production, while LLgen also takes the complexity in terms of non-terminals and terms into account. There is also a minor difference when there is more than one shortest alternative and some of them are marked with %avoid. Both differences are not very important as the user can specify which alternative should be the default, thereby circumventing the differences in the algorithms. • The default behaviour of generating one output C file per input and Lpars.c and Lpars.h has been changed in favour of generating one .c file and one .h file. The rationale given for creating multiple output files in the first place was that it would re- duce the compilation time for the generated parser. As computa- tion power has become much more abundant this feature is no longer necessary, and the difficult interaction with the make program makes it undesirable. The LLgen behaviour is still sup- ported through a command-line switch. • in LLgen one could have a parser and a %first macro with the same name. LLnextgen forbids this, as it leads to name colli- sions in the new file naming scheme. For the old LLgen file nam- ing scheme it could also easily lead to name collisions, al- though they could be circumvented by not mentioning the parser in any of the C code in the .g files. • LLgen names the labels it generates L_X, where X is a number. LLnextgen names these LL_X. • LLgen parsers are always reentrant. As this feature is not used very often, LLnextgen parsers are non-reentrant unless the op- tion --reentrant is used. Furthermore, LLnextgen has many extended features, for easier develop- ment. BUGS If you think you have found a bug, please check that you are using the latest version of LLnextgen [http://os.ghalkes.nl/LLnextgen]. When re- porting bugs, please include a minimal grammar that demonstrates the problem. AUTHOR G.P. Halkes <llnextgen@ghalkes.nl> COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2005-2008 G.P. Halkes LLnextgen is licensed under the GNU General Public License version 3. For more details on the license, see the file COPYING in the documenta- tion directory. On Un*x systems this is usually /usr/share/doc/LLnextgen-0.5.5. SEE ALSO LLgen(1), bison(1), yacc(1), lex(1), flex(1). A detailed manual for LLnextgen is available as part of the distribu- tion. It includes the syntax for the grammar files, details on how to use the generated parser in your programs, and details on the workings of the generated parsers. This manual can be found in the documentation directory. On Un*x systems this is usually /usr/share/doc/LLnextgen-0.5.5. Version 0.5.5 31-12-2011 LLnextgen(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | COMPATIBILITY WITH LLGEN | BUGS | AUTHOR | COPYRIGHT | SEE ALSO
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