VACUUM(7) PostgreSQL 18.6 Documentation VACUUM(7) NAME VACUUM - garbage-collect and optionally analyze a database SYNOPSIS VACUUM [ ( option [, ...] ) ] [ table_and_columns [, ...] ] where option can be one of: FULL [ boolean ] FREEZE [ boolean ] VERBOSE [ boolean ] ANALYZE [ boolean ] DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING [ boolean ] SKIP_LOCKED [ boolean ] INDEX_CLEANUP { AUTO | ON | OFF } PROCESS_MAIN [ boolean ] PROCESS_TOAST [ boolean ] TRUNCATE [ boolean ] PARALLEL integer SKIP_DATABASE_STATS [ boolean ] ONLY_DATABASE_STATS [ boolean ] BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT size and table_and_columns is: [ ONLY ] table_name [ * ] [ ( column_name [, ...] ) ] DESCRIPTION VACUUM reclaims storage occupied by dead tuples. In normal PostgreSQL oper- ation, tuples that are deleted or obsoleted by an update are not physically removed from their table; they remain present until a VACUUM is done. Therefore it's necessary to do VACUUM periodically, especially on fre- quently-updated tables. Without a table_and_columns list, VACUUM processes every table and materi- alized view in the current database that the current user has permission to vacuum. With a list, VACUUM processes only those table(s). VACUUM ANALYZE performs a VACUUM and then an ANALYZE for each selected ta- ble. This is a handy combination form for routine maintenance scripts. See ANALYZE(7) for more details about its processing. Plain VACUUM (without FULL) simply reclaims space and makes it available for re-use. This form of the command can operate in parallel with normal reading and writing of the table, as an exclusive lock is not obtained. However, extra space is not returned to the operating system (in most cases); it's just kept available for re-use within the same table. It also allows us to leverage multiple CPUs in order to process indexes. This fea- ture is known as parallel vacuum. To disable this feature, one can use PAR- ALLEL option and specify parallel workers as zero. VACUUM FULL rewrites the entire contents of the table into a new disk file with no extra space, allowing unused space to be returned to the operating system. This form is much slower and requires an ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock on each table while it is being processed. PARAMETERS FULL Selects "full" vacuum, which can reclaim more space, but takes much longer and exclusively locks the table. This method also requires extra disk space, since it writes a new copy of the table and doesn't release the old copy until the operation is complete. Usually this should only be used when a significant amount of space needs to be reclaimed from within the table. FREEZE Selects aggressive "freezing" of tuples. Specifying FREEZE is equiva- lent to performing VACUUM with the vacuum_freeze_min_age and vac- uum_freeze_table_age parameters set to zero. Aggressive freezing is al- ways performed when the table is rewritten, so this option is redundant when FULL is specified. VERBOSE Prints a detailed vacuum activity report for each table at INFO level. ANALYZE Updates statistics used by the planner to determine the most efficient way to execute a query. DISABLE_PAGE_SKIPPING Normally, VACUUM will skip pages based on the visibility map. Pages where all tuples are known to be frozen can always be skipped, and those where all tuples are known to be visible to all transactions may be skipped except when performing an aggressive vacuum. Furthermore, except when performing an aggressive vacuum, some pages may be skipped in order to avoid waiting for other sessions to finish using them. This option disables all page-skipping behavior, and is intended to be used only when the contents of the visibility map are suspect, which should happen only if there is a hardware or software issue causing database corruption. SKIP_LOCKED Specifies that VACUUM should not wait for any conflicting locks to be released when beginning work on a relation: if a relation cannot be locked immediately without waiting, the relation is skipped. Note that even with this option, VACUUM may still block when opening the rela- tion's indexes. Additionally, VACUUM ANALYZE may still block when ac- quiring sample rows from partitions, table inheritance children, and some types of foreign tables. Also, while VACUUM ordinarily processes all partitions of specified partitioned tables, this option will cause VACUUM to skip all partitions if there is a conflicting lock on the partitioned table. INDEX_CLEANUP Normally, VACUUM will skip index vacuuming when there are very few dead tuples in the table. The cost of processing all of the table's indexes is expected to greatly exceed the benefit of removing dead index tuples when this happens. This option can be used to force VACUUM to process indexes when there are more than zero dead tuples. The default is AUTO, which allows VACUUM to skip index vacuuming when appropriate. If IN- DEX_CLEANUP is set to ON, VACUUM will conservatively remove all dead tuples from indexes. This may be useful for backwards compatibility with earlier releases of PostgreSQL where this was the standard behav- ior. INDEX_CLEANUP can also be set to OFF to force VACUUM to always skip in- dex vacuuming, even when there are many dead tuples in the table. This may be useful when it is necessary to make VACUUM run as quickly as possible to avoid imminent transaction ID wraparound (see Sec- tion 24.1.5). However, the wraparound failsafe mechanism controlled by vacuum_failsafe_age will generally trigger automatically to avoid transaction ID wraparound failure, and should be preferred. If index cleanup is not performed regularly, performance may suffer, because as the table is modified indexes will accumulate dead tuples and the table itself will accumulate dead line pointers that cannot be removed until index cleanup is completed. This option has no effect for tables that have no index and is ignored if the FULL option is used. It also has no effect on the transaction ID wraparound failsafe mechanism. When triggered it will skip index vacu- uming, even when INDEX_CLEANUP is set to ON. PROCESS_MAIN Specifies that VACUUM should attempt to process the main relation. This is usually the desired behavior and is the default. Setting this option to false may be useful when it is only necessary to vacuum a relation's corresponding TOAST table. PROCESS_TOAST Specifies that VACUUM should attempt to process the corresponding TOAST table for each relation, if one exists. This is usually the desired be- havior and is the default. Setting this option to false may be useful when it is only necessary to vacuum the main relation. This option is required when the FULL option is used. TRUNCATE Specifies that VACUUM should attempt to truncate off any empty pages at the end of the table and allow the disk space for the truncated pages to be returned to the operating system. This is normally the desired behavior and is the default unless vacuum_truncate is set to false or the vacuum_truncate option has been set to false for the table to be vacuumed. Setting this option to false may be useful to avoid ACCESS EXCLUSIVE lock on the table that the truncation requires. This option is ignored if the FULL option is used. PARALLEL Perform index vacuum and index cleanup phases of VACUUM in parallel us- ing integer background workers (for the details of each vacuum phase, please refer to Table 27.46). The number of workers used to perform the operation is equal to the number of indexes on the relation that sup- port parallel vacuum which is limited by the number of workers speci- fied with PARALLEL option if any which is further limited by max_paral- lel_maintenance_workers. An index can participate in parallel vacuum if and only if the size of the index is more than min_parallel_in- dex_scan_size. Please note that it is not guaranteed that the number of parallel workers specified in integer will be used during execution. It is possible for a vacuum to run with fewer workers than specified, or even with no workers at all. Only one worker can be used per index. So parallel workers are launched only when there are at least 2 indexes in the table. Workers for vacuum are launched before the start of each phase and exit at the end of the phase. These behaviors might change in a future release. This option can't be used with the FULL option. SKIP_DATABASE_STATS Specifies that VACUUM should skip updating the database-wide statistics about oldest unfrozen XIDs. Normally VACUUM will update these statis- tics once at the end of the command. However, this can take awhile in a database with a very large number of tables, and it will accomplish nothing unless the table that had contained the oldest unfrozen XID was among those vacuumed. Moreover, if multiple VACUUM commands are issued in parallel, only one of them can update the database-wide statistics at a time. Therefore, if an application intends to issue a series of many VACUUM commands, it can be helpful to set this option in all but the last such command; or set it in all the commands and separately is- sue VACUUM (ONLY_DATABASE_STATS) afterwards. ONLY_DATABASE_STATS Specifies that VACUUM should do nothing except update the database-wide statistics about oldest unfrozen XIDs. When this option is specified, the table_and_columns list must be empty, and no other option may be enabled except VERBOSE. BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT Specifies the Buffer Access Strategy ring buffer size for VACUUM. This size is used to calculate the number of shared buffers which will be reused as part of this strategy. 0 disables use of a Buffer Access Strategy. If ANALYZE is also specified, the BUFFER_USAGE_LIMIT value is used for both the vacuum and analyze stages. This option can't be used with the FULL option except if ANALYZE is also specified. When this op- tion is not specified, VACUUM uses the value from vacuum_buffer_us- age_limit. Higher settings can allow VACUUM to run more quickly, but having too large a setting may cause too many other useful pages to be evicted from shared buffers. The minimum value is 128 kB and the maxi- mum value is 16 GB. boolean Specifies whether the selected option should be turned on or off. You can write TRUE, ON, or 1 to enable the option, and FALSE, OFF, or 0 to disable it. The boolean value can also be omitted, in which case TRUE is assumed. integer Specifies a non-negative integer value passed to the selected option. size Specifies an amount of memory in kilobytes. Sizes may also be specified as a string containing the numerical size followed by any one of the following memory units: B (bytes), kB (kilobytes), MB (megabytes), GB (gigabytes), or TB (terabytes). table_name The name (optionally schema-qualified) of a specific table or material- ized view to vacuum. If ONLY is specified before the table name, only that table is vacuumed. If ONLY is not specified, the table and all its inheritance child tables or partitions (if any) are also vacuumed. Op- tionally, * can be specified after the table name to explicitly indi- cate that inheritance child tables (or partitions) are to be vacuumed. column_name The name of a specific column to analyze. Defaults to all columns. If a column list is specified, ANALYZE must also be specified. OUTPUTS When VERBOSE is specified, VACUUM emits progress messages to indicate which table is currently being processed. Various statistics about the tables are printed as well. NOTES To vacuum a table, one must ordinarily have the MAINTAIN privilege on the table. However, database owners are allowed to vacuum all tables in their databases, except shared catalogs. VACUUM will skip over any tables that the calling user does not have permission to vacuum. While VACUUM is running, the search_path is temporarily changed to pg_cata- log, pg_temp. VACUUM cannot be executed inside a transaction block. For tables with GIN indexes, VACUUM (in any form) also completes any pend- ing index insertions, by moving pending index entries to the appropriate places in the main GIN index structure. See Section 65.4.4.1 for details. We recommend that all databases be vacuumed regularly in order to remove dead rows. PostgreSQL includes an "autovacuum" facility which can automate routine vacuum maintenance. For more information about automatic and manual vacuuming, see Section 24.1. The FULL option is not recommended for routine use, but might be useful in special cases. An example is when you have deleted or updated most of the rows in a table and would like the table to physically shrink to occupy less disk space and allow faster table scans. VACUUM FULL will usually shrink the table more than a plain VACUUM would. The PARALLEL option is used only for vacuum purposes. If this option is specified with the ANALYZE option, it does not affect ANALYZE. VACUUM causes a substantial increase in I/O traffic, which might cause poor performance for other active sessions. Therefore, it is sometimes advisable to use the cost-based vacuum delay feature. For parallel vacuum, each worker sleeps in proportion to the work done by that worker. See Sec- tion 19.10.2 for details. Each backend running VACUUM without the FULL option will report its progress in the pg_stat_progress_vacuum view. Backends running VACUUM FULL will instead report their progress in the pg_stat_progress_cluster view. See Section 27.4.5 and Section 27.4.2 for details. EXAMPLES To clean a single table onek, analyze it for the optimizer and print a de- tailed vacuum activity report: VACUUM (VERBOSE, ANALYZE) onek; COMPATIBILITY There is no VACUUM statement in the SQL standard. The following syntax was used before PostgreSQL version 9.0 and is still supported: VACUUM [ FULL ] [ FREEZE ] [ VERBOSE ] [ ANALYZE ] [ table_and_columns [, ...] ] Note that in this syntax, the options must be specified in exactly the or- der shown. SEE ALSO vacuumdb(1), Section 19.10.2, Section 24.1.6, Section 27.4.5, Sec- tion 27.4.2 PostgreSQL 18.6 2026 VACUUM(7)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | PARAMETERS | OUTPUTS | NOTES | EXAMPLES | COMPATIBILITY | SEE ALSO
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