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In addition to the following license, as a special exception, the copy-
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GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
Version 3, 29 June 2007
Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. <http://fsf.org/>
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this
license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The GNU General Public License is a free, copyleft license for software
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The licenses for most software and other practical works are designed
to take away your freedom to share and change the works. By contrast,
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free software for all its users. We, the Free Software Foundation, use
the GNU General Public License for most of our software; it applies
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Developers that use the GNU GPL protect your rights with two steps: (1)
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Some devices are designed to deny users access to install or run modi-
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS
0. Definitions.
"This License" refers to version 3 of the GNU General Public License.
"Copyright" also means copyright-like laws that apply to other kinds of
works, such as semiconductor masks.
"The Program" refers to any copyrightable work licensed under this Li-
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To "propagate" a work means to do anything with it that, without per-
mission, would make you directly or secondarily liable for infringement
under applicable copyright law, except executing it on a computer or
modifying a private copy. Propagation includes copying, distribution
(with or without modification), making available to the public, and in
some countries other activities as well.
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parties to make or receive copies. Mere interaction with a user
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ing.
An interactive user interface displays "Appropriate Legal Notices" to
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that warranties are provided), that licensees may convey the work under
this License, and how to view a copy of this License. If the interface
presents a list of user commands or options, such as a menu, a promi-
nent item in the list meets this criterion.
1. Source Code.
The "source code" for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it. "Object code" means any non-source form of
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The Corresponding Source need not include anything that users can re-
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The Corresponding Source for a work in source code form is that same
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2. Basic Permissions.
All rights granted under this License are granted for the term of copy-
right on the Program, and are irrevocable provided the stated condi-
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or modification of the work as a means of enforcing, against the work's
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technological measures.
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You may convey verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you re-
ceive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropri-
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tices of the absence of any warranty; and give all recipients a copy of
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you may offer support or warranty protection for a fee.
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You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to
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need not make them do so.
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gregate" if the compilation and its resulting copyright are not used to
limit the access or legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what
the individual works permit. Inclusion of a covered work in an aggre-
gate does not cause this License to apply to the other parts of the ag-
gregate.
6. Conveying Non-Source Forms.
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of
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cluding a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written
offer, valid for at least three years and valid for as long as you
offer spare parts or customer support for that product model, to
give anyone who possesses the object code either (1) a copy of the
Corresponding Source for all the software in the product that is
covered by this License, on a durable physical medium customarily
used for software interchange, for a price no more than your rea-
sonable cost of physically performing this conveying of source, or
(2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from a network server
at no charge.
c) Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the
written offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This alterna-
tive is allowed only occasionally and noncommercially, and only if
you received the object code with such an offer, in accord with
subsection 6b.
d) Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place
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sponding Source in the same way through the same place at no fur-
ther charge. You need not require recipients to copy the Corre-
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the object code is a network server, the Corresponding Source may
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e) Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided
you inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding
Source of the work are being offered to the general public at no
charge under subsection 6d.
A separable portion of the object code, whose source code is excluded
from the Corresponding Source as a System Library, need not be included
in conveying the object code work.
A "User Product" is either (1) a "consumer product", which means any
tangible personal property which is normally used for personal, family,
or household purposes, or (2) anything designed or sold for incorpora-
tion into a dwelling. In determining whether a product is a consumer
product, doubtful cases shall be resolved in favor of coverage. For a
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refers to a typical or common use of that class of product, regardless
of the status of the particular user or of the way in which the partic-
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uses represent the only significant mode of use of the product.
"Installation Information" for a User Product means any methods, proce-
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execute modified versions of a covered work in that User Product from a
modified version of its Corresponding Source. The information must
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code is in no case prevented or interfered with solely because modifi-
cation has been made.
If you convey an object code work under this section in, or with, or
specifically for use in, a User Product, and the conveying occurs as
part of a transaction in which the right of possession and use of the
User Product is transferred to the recipient in perpetuity or for a
fixed term (regardless of how the transaction is characterized), the
Corresponding Source conveyed under this section must be accompanied by
the Installation Information. But this requirement does not apply if
neither you nor any third party retains the ability to install modified
object code on the User Product (for example, the work has been in-
stalled in ROM).
The requirement to provide Installation Information does not include a
requirement to continue to provide support service, warranty, or up-
dates for a work that has been modified or installed by the recipient,
or for the User Product in which it has been modified or installed.
Access to a network may be denied when the modification itself materi-
ally and adversely affects the operation of the network or violates the
rules and protocols for communication across the network.
Corresponding Source conveyed, and Installation Information provided,
in accord with this section must be in a format that is publicly docu-
mented (and with an implementation available to the public in source
code form), and must require no special password or key for unpacking,
reading or copying.
7. Additional Terms.
"Additional permissions" are terms that supplement the terms of this
License by making exceptions from one or more of its conditions. Addi-
tional permissions that are applicable to the entire Program shall be
treated as though they were included in this License, to the extent
that they are valid under applicable law. If additional permissions
apply only to part of the Program, that part may be used separately un-
der those permissions, but the entire Program remains governed by this
License without regard to the additional permissions.
When you convey a copy of a covered work, you may at your option remove
any additional permissions from that copy, or from any part of it.
(Additional permissions may be written to require their own removal in
certain cases when you modify the work.) You may place additional per-
missions on material, added by you to a covered work, for which you
have or can give appropriate copyright permission.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you
add to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders
of that material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
a) Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the
terms of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
b) Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or au-
thor attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal No-
tices displayed by works containing it; or
c) Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in rea-
sonable ways as different from the original version; or
d) Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
authors of the material; or
e) Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade
names, trademarks, or service marks; or
f) Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material
by anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it)
with contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any
liability that these contractual assumptions directly impose on
those licensors and authors.
All other non-permissive additional terms are considered "further re-
strictions" within the meaning of section 10. If the Program as you
received it, or any part of it, contains a notice stating that it is
governed by this License along with a term that is a further restric-
tion, you may remove that term. If a license document contains a fur-
ther restriction but permits relicensing or conveying under this Li-
cense, you may add to a covered work material governed by the terms of
that license document, provided that the further restriction does not
survive such relicensing or conveying.
If you add terms to a covered work in accord with this section, you
must place, in the relevant source files, a statement of the additional
terms that apply to those files, or a notice indicating where to find
the applicable terms.
Additional terms, permissive or non-permissive, may be stated in the
form of a separately written license, or stated as exceptions; the
above requirements apply either way.
8. Termination.
You may not propagate or modify a covered work except as expressly pro-
vided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to propagate or modify
it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this Li-
cense (including any patent licenses granted under the third paragraph
of section 11).
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, un-
less and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates
your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to no-
tify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days af-
ter the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated
permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by
some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice
of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder,
and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the
notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, you do not qualify to receive new licenses for the same ma-
terial under section 10.
9. Acceptance Not Required for Having Copies.
You are not required to accept this License in order to receive or run
a copy of the Program. Ancillary propagation of a covered work occur-
ring solely as a consequence of using peer-to-peer transmission to re-
ceive a copy likewise does not require acceptance. However, nothing
other than this License grants you permission to propagate or modify
any covered work. These actions infringe copyright if you do not ac-
cept this License. Therefore, by modifying or propagating a covered
work, you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so.
10. Automatic Licensing of Downstream Recipients.
Each time you convey a covered work, the recipient automatically re-
ceives a license from the original licensors, to run, modify and propa-
gate that work, subject to this License. You are not responsible for
enforcing compliance by third parties with this License.
An "entity transaction" is a transaction transferring control of an or-
ganization, or substantially all assets of one, or subdividing an orga-
nization, or merging organizations. If propagation of a covered work
results from an entity transaction, each party to that transaction who
receives a copy of the work also receives whatever licenses to the work
the party's predecessor in interest had or could give under the previ-
ous paragraph, plus a right to possession of the Corresponding Source
of the work from the predecessor in interest, if the predecessor has it
or can get it with reasonable efforts.
You may not impose any further restrictions on the exercise of the
rights granted or affirmed under this License. For example, you may
not impose a license fee, royalty, or other charge for exercise of
rights granted under this License, and you may not initiate litigation
(including a cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that
any patent claim is infringed by making, using, selling, offering for
sale, or importing the Program or any portion of it.
11. Patents.
A "contributor" is a copyright holder who authorizes use under this Li-
cense of the Program or a work on which the Program is based. The work
thus licensed is called the contributor's "contributor version".
A contributor's "essential patent claims" are all patent claims owned
or controlled by the contributor, whether already acquired or hereafter
acquired, that would be infringed by some manner, permitted by this Li-
cense, of making, using, or selling its contributor version, but do not
include claims that would be infringed only as a consequence of further
modification of the contributor version. For purposes of this defini-
tion, "control" includes the right to grant patent sublicenses in a
manner consistent with the requirements of this License.
Each contributor grants you a non-exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free
patent license under the contributor's essential patent claims, to
make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise run, modify and
propagate the contents of its contributor version.
In the following three paragraphs, a "patent license" is any express
agreement or commitment, however denominated, not to enforce a patent
(such as an express permission to practice a patent or covenant not to
sue for patent infringement). To "grant" such a patent license to a
party means to make such an agreement or commitment not to enforce a
patent against the party.
If you convey a covered work, knowingly relying on a patent license,
and the Corresponding Source of the work is not available for anyone to
copy, free of charge and under the terms of this License, through a
publicly available network server or other readily accessible means,
then you must either (1) cause the Corresponding Source to be so avail-
able, or (2) arrange to deprive yourself of the benefit of the patent
license for this particular work, or (3) arrange, in a manner consis-
tent with the requirements of this License, to extend the patent li-
cense to downstream recipients. "Knowingly relying" means you have ac-
tual knowledge that, but for the patent license, your conveying the
covered work in a country, or your recipient's use of the covered work
in a country, would infringe one or more identifiable patents in that
country that you have reason to believe are valid.
If, pursuant to or in connection with a single transaction or arrange-
ment, you convey, or propagate by procuring conveyance of, a covered
work, and grant a patent license to some of the parties receiving the
covered work authorizing them to use, propagate, modify or convey a
specific copy of the covered work, then the patent license you grant is
automatically extended to all recipients of the covered work and works
based on it.
A patent license is "discriminatory" if it does not include within the
scope of its coverage, prohibits the exercise of, or is conditioned on
the non-exercise of one or more of the rights that are specifically
granted under this License. You may not convey a covered work if you
are a party to an arrangement with a third party that is in the busi-
ness of distributing software, under which you make payment to the
third party based on the extent of your activity of conveying the work,
and under which the third party grants, to any of the parties who would
receive the covered work from you, a discriminatory patent license (a)
in connection with copies of the covered work conveyed by you (or
copies made from those copies), or (b) primarily for and in connection
with specific products or compilations that contain the covered work,
unless you entered into that arrangement, or that patent license was
granted, prior to 28 March 2007.
Nothing in this License shall be construed as excluding or limiting any
implied license or other defenses to infringement that may otherwise be
available to you under applicable patent law.
12. No Surrender of Others' Freedom.
If conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot convey a
covered work so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under
this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence
you may not convey it at all. For example, if you agree to terms that
obligate you to collect a royalty for further conveying from those to
whom you convey the Program, the only way you could satisfy both those
terms and this License would be to refrain entirely from conveying the
Program.
13. Use with the GNU Affero General Public License.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, you have permis-
sion to link or combine any covered work with a work licensed under
version 3 of the GNU Affero General Public License into a single com-
bined work, and to convey the resulting work. The terms of this Li-
cense will continue to apply to the part which is the covered work, but
the special requirements of the GNU Affero General Public License, sec-
tion 13, concerning interaction through a network will apply to the
combination as such.
14. Revised Versions of this License.
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of
the GNU General Public License from time to time. Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in de-
tail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program
specifies that a certain numbered version of the GNU General Public Li-
cense "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of fol-
lowing the terms and conditions either of that numbered version or of
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Program does not specify a version number of the GNU General Public Li-
cense, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
If the Program specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions
of the GNU General Public License can be used, that proxy's public
statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to
choose that version for the Program.
Later license versions may give you additional or different permis-
sions. However, no additional obligations are imposed on any author or
copyright holder as a result of your choosing to follow a later ver-
sion.
15. Disclaimer of Warranty.
THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY AP-
PLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT
HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WAR-
RANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIM-
ITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE
OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU
ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
16. Limitation of Liability.
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MODIFIES AND/OR CON-
VEYS THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, IN-
CLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARIS-
ING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT
LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES
SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPER-
ATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS
BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
17. Interpretation of Sections 15 and 16.
If the disclaimer of warranty and limitation of liability provided
above cannot be given local legal effect according to their terms, re-
viewing courts shall apply local law that most closely approximates an
absolute waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program,
unless a warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the
Program in return for a fee.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these
terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to
attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively state
the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least the
"copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.
< one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it
does. >
Copyright (C) < year > < name of author >
This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or mod-
ify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as pub-
lished by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the Li-
cense, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MER-
CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU Gen-
eral Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/li-
censes/>.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.
If the program does terminal interaction, make it output a short notice
like this when it starts in an interactive mode:
<program> Copyright (C) <year> <name of author>
This program comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type
"show w". This is free software, and you are welcome to redistrib-
ute it under certain conditions; type "show c" for details.
The hypothetical commands "show w" and "show c" should show the appro-
priate parts of the General Public License. Of course, your program's
commands might be different; for a GUI interface, you would use an
"about box".
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or
school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer" for the program, if
necessary. For more information on this, and how to apply and follow
the GNU GPL, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
The GNU General Public License does not permit incorporating your pro-
gram into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine li-
brary, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do, use the
GNU Lesser General Public License instead of this License. But first,
please read <http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html>. # vim:
set ts=8 sw=4 et :
GNU GPL GPL(GNU)
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