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FWLOGWATCH(8) System Manager's Manual FWLOGWATCH(8) NAME fwlogwatch - a firewall log analyzer and realtime response agent SYNOPSIS fwlogwatch [options] [input_files] DESCRIPTION fwlogwatch produces Linux ipchains, Linux netfilter/iptables, So- laris/BSD/IRIX/HP-UX ipfilter, ipfw, Cisco IOS, Cisco PIX/ASA, NetScreen, Elsa Lancom router and Snort IDS log summary reports in plain text and HTML form and has a lot of options to analyze and dis- play relevant patterns. It also can run as daemon (with web interface) doing realtime log monitoring and reporting anomalies or starting at- tack countermeasures. GENERAL OPTIONS These options are independent from the main modes of operation. -h Show the available options. -L Show time of the first and the last log entry. The input file(s) can be compressed or plain log file(s). Summary mode will show the time of the first and last packet log entry, this log times mode will show the time of the first and last entry overall. -V Show version and copyright information and the options used to compile fwlogwatch. GLOBAL OPTIONS The global options for all modes are: -b Show the amount of data in bytes this entry represents, this is the sum of total packet lengths of packets matching this rule (obviously only available for log formats that contain this in- formation). -c config Use the alternate configuration file config instead of the de- fault configuration file /usr/local/etc/fwlogwatch.config (which does not need to exist). Only options not specified in the files can be overridden by command line options. -D Do not differentiate destination IP addresses. Useful for find- ing scans in whole subnets. -d Differentiate destination ports. -E format Specific hosts, ports, chains and branches (targets) can be se- lected or excluded, selections an exclusions can be added and combined. The format is composed of one of the functions i in- clude or e exclude, then one of the parameters h host, p port, c chain or b branch. In case of a host or port a third parameter for s source or d destination is needed. Finally, the object is directly appended, in case of a host this is an IP address (net- works can be specified in CIDR format), port is a number and chain and branch are strings. To show entries with destination port 25 you would use -Eipd25 and to exclude entries which have the class C network 192.168.1.0 as source or belong to the chain INPUT: -Eehs192.168.1.0/24 -EecINPUT -g Enable GeoIP lookups. The country an IP address probably is in will be looked up in MaxMind's GeoIP database. The default loca- tion of the IPv4 and IPv6 database files can be overridden in the configuration file. -i file If your logs contain private IP addresses that are not resolv- able through DNS but you want reports with meaningful host names or you have any other reason to influence the host names in re- ports you can initialize the DNS cache with your own list of IP/name pairs. The file should be in the same format as /usr/lo- cal/etc/hosts and will not be modified. -M number If you only want to see a fixed maximum amount of entries (e.g. the "top 20") this option will trim the output for you. -m count When analyzing large amounts of data you usually aren't inter- ested in entries that have a small count. You can hide entries below a certain threshold with this option. -N Enable service lookups. The service name for a specific port number and protocol will be looked up in /usr/local/etc/ser- vices. -n Enable DNS lookups. Host names will be resolved (reverse and forward lookup with a warning if they don't match). If this makes summary generation very slow (this happens when a lot of different hosts appear in the log file) you should use a version of fwlogwatch compiled with GNU adns support. Resolved host names are cached in memory for as long as fwlogwatch is running, the DNS cache can be initialized with the -i option. -O order This is the sort order of the summary and packet cache. Since entries often are equal in certain fields you can sort by sev- eral fields one after another (the sort algorithm is stable, so equal entries will remain sorted in the order they were sorted before). The sort string can be composed of up to 11 fields of the form ab where a is the sort criteria: c count, t start time, e end time, z duration, n target name, p protocol, b byte count (sum of total packet lengths), S source host, s source port, D destination host and d destination port. b is the direction: a ascending and d descending. Sorting is done in the order speci- fied, so the last option is the primary criteria. The default in summary mode is tacd (start with the highest count, if two counts match list the one earlier in time first) of which ta is built in, so if you specify an empty sort string or everything else is equal entries will be sorted ascending by time. The re- altime response mode default is cd ( ta is not built in). -P format Only use certain parsers, where the log format can be one or a combination of: i ipchains, n netfilter, f ipfilter, b ipfw, c Cisco IOS, p Cisco PIX/ASA, e NetScreen, l Elsa Lancom and s Snort. The default is to use all parsers except the ones for NetScreen, Elsa Lancom and Snort logs. -p Differentiate protocols. This is activated automatically if you differentiate source and/or destination ports. -s Differentiate source ports. -U title Set title as title of the report and status page. -v Be verbose. You can specify it twice for more information. In very verbose mode while parsing the log file you will see "." for relevant packet filter log entries, "r" for 'last message repeated' entries concerning packet filter logs, "o" for packet filter log entries that are too old and "_" for entries that are not packet filter logs. -y Differentiate TCP options. All packets with a SYN are listed separately, other TCP flags are shown in full format if they are available (ipchains does not log them, netfilter and ipfilter do, Cisco IOS doesn't even log SYNs). LOG SUMMARY MODE This are additional options that are only available in log summary mode: -C email A carbon copy of the summary will be sent by email to this ad- dress. -e Show timestamp of the last packet logged for this entry. End times are only available if there is more than one packet log entry with unique characteristics. -F email Set the sender address of the email. -l time Process recent events only. See TIME FORMAT below for the time options. -o file Specify an output file. -S Do not differentiate source IP addresses. -T email The summary will be sent by email to this address. If HTML out- put is selected the report will be embedded as attachment so HTML-aware mail clients can show it directly. -t Show timestamp of the first packet logged for this entry. -W Look up information about the source addresses in the whois database. This is slow, please don't stress the registry with too many queries. -w Produce output in HTML format (XHTML 1.1 with CSS). -z Show time interval between start and end time of packet log en- tries. This is only available if there is more than one packet log entry with unique characteristics. REALTIME RESPONSE MODE -R Enter realtime response mode. This means: detach and run as dae- mon until the TERM signal (kill) is received. The HUP signal forces a reload of the configuration file, the USR1 signal forces fwlogwatch to reopen and read the input file from the be- ginning (useful e.g. for log rotation). All output can be fol- lowed in the system log. -a count Alert threshold. Notify or start countermeasures if this limit is reached. Defaults to 5. -l time Forget events that happened this long ago (defaults to 1 day). See TIME FORMAT below for the time options. -k IP/net This option defines a host or network in CIDR notation that will never be blocked or other actions taken against. To specify more than one, use the -k parameter again for each IP address or net- work you want to add. -A The notification script is invoked when the threshold is reached. A few examples of possible notifications are included in fwlw_notify, you can add your own ones as you see fit. -B The response script is invoked when the threshold is reached. Using the example script fwlw_respond this will block the at- tacking host with a new firewall rule. A new chain for fwlog- watch actions is inserted in the input chain and block rules added as needed. The chain and its content is removed if fwlog- watch is terminated normally. The example scripts contain ac- tions for ipchains and netfilter, you can modify them or add others as you like. -X port Activate the internal web server to monitor and control the cur- rent status of the daemon. It listens on the specified port and by default only allows connections from localhost. The default user name is admin and the default password is fwlogwat (since DES can only encrypt 8 characters). All options related to the status web server can be changed in the configuration file. INPUT FILES You can specify one or more input files (if none is given it defaults to /var/log/messages ). Relevant entries are automatically detected so combined log files (e.g. from a log host) are no problem. Compressed files are supported (except in realtime response mode where they don't make sense anyway). The '-' sign may be used for reading from standard input (stdin). In realtime response mode the file needs to be specified with an absolute path since the daemon uses the file system root (/) as working directory. TIME FORMAT Time is specified as nx where n is a natural number and x is one of the following: s for seconds (this is the default), m for minutes, h for hours, d for days, w for weeks, M for months and y for years. FILES /usr/local/etc/fwlogwatch.config Default configuration file. /var/log/messages Default input log file. /var/run/fwlogwatch.pid Default PID file generated by the daemon in realtime response mode if configured to do so. FEATURES ONLY IN CONFIGURATION FILE The following features are only available in the configuration file and not on the command line, they are presented and explained in more de- tail in the sample configuration file. HTML colors and stylesheet The colors of the HTML output and status page can be customized, an external cascading stylesheet can be referenced. Realtime response options Verification of ipchains rules, PID file handling, the user fwlogwatch should run as, the location of the notification and response scripts, which address the status web server listens on, which host can connect, the refresh interval of the status page and the admin name and password can be configured. SECURITY Since fwlogwatch is a security tool special care was taken to make it secure. You can and should run it with user permissions for most func- tions, you can make it setgid for a group /var/log/messages is in if all you need is to be able to read this file. Only the realtime re- sponse mode with activated ipchains rule analysis needs superuser per- missions but you might also need them to write the PID file, for ac- tions in the response script and for binding the default status port. However, you can configure fwlogwatch to drop root privileges as soon as possible after allocating these resources (the notification and re- sponse scripts will still be executed with user privileges and log ro- tation might not work). AUTHOR Boris Wesslowski <bw@inside-security.de> Boris Wesslowski November 11, 2011 FWLOGWATCH(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | GENERAL OPTIONS | GLOBAL OPTIONS | LOG SUMMARY MODE | REALTIME RESPONSE MODE | INPUT FILES | TIME FORMAT | FILES | FEATURES ONLY IN CONFIGURATION FILE | SECURITY | AUTHOR
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