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GROFF_TMAC(5)		      File Formats Manual		 GROFF_TMAC(5)

NAME
       groff_tmac - macro files	in the roff typesetting	system

DESCRIPTION
       The  roff(7) type-setting system	provides a set of macro	packages suit-
       able for	special	kinds of documents.  Each  macro  package  stores  its
       macros  and  definitions	in a file called the package's tmac file.  The
       name is deduced from `TroffMACros'.

       The tmac	files are normal roff source documents,	except that they  usu-
       ally  contain  only  definitions	 and setup commands, but no text.  All
       tmac files are kept in a	single or a small number of  directories,  the
       tmac directories.

GROFF MACRO PACKAGES
       groff  provides	all classical macro packages, some more	full packages,
       and some	secondary packages for special purposes.

   Man Pages
       man    This is the  classical  macro  package  for  UNIX	 manual	 pages
	      (man   pages);   it   is	quite  handy  and  easy	 to  use;  see
	      groff_man(7).

       doc
       mdoc   An alternative macro package for man pages mainly	 used  in  BSD
	      systems;	it provides many new features, but it is not the stan-
	      dard for man pages; see groff_mdoc(7).

   Full	Packages
       The packages in this section provide a complete set of macros for writ-
       ing documents of	any kind, up to	whole  books.	They  are  similar  in
       functionality; it is a matter of	taste which one	to use.

       me     The classical me macro package; see groff_me(7).

       mm     The semi-classical mm macro package; see groff_mm(7).

       mom    The  new mom macro package, only available in groff.  As this is
	      not based	on other packages, it can be freely designed.	So  it
	      is  expected  to become quite a nice, modern macro package.  See
	      groff_mom(7).

       ms     The classical ms macro package; see groff_ms(7).

   Special Packages
       The macro packages in this section are not intended for stand-alone us-
       age, but	can be used to add special functionality to  any  other	 macro
       package or to plain groff.

       tty-char
	      Overrides	 the  definition of standard troff characters and some
	      groff characters for tty devices.	 The optical appearance	is in-
	      tentionally inferior compared to that of normal  tty  formatting
	      to allow processing with critical	equipment.

       www    Additions	 of elements known from	the html format, as being used
	      in the internet (World Wide Web) pages; this includes URL	 links
	      and mail addresses; see groff_www(7).

NAMING
       In  classical  roff  systems, there was a funny naming scheme for macro
       packages, due to	a simplistic design in option parsing.	Macro packages
       were always included by option -m; when this option was	directly  fol-
       lowed  by its argument without an intervening space, this looked	like a
       long option preceded by a single	minus -- a sensation in	 the  computer
       stone age.  To make this	optically working for macro package names, all
       classical  macro	 packages  choose  a name that started with the	letter
       `m', which was omitted in the naming of the macro file.

       For example, the	macro package for the man pages	was called man,	 while
       its macro file tmac.an.	So it could be activated by the	argument an to
       option -m, or -man for short.

       For  similar reasons, macro packages that did not start with an `m' had
       a leading `m' added in the documentation	and in talking;	 for  example,
       the package corresponding to tmac.doc was called	mdoc in	the documenta-
       tion,  although	a more suitable	name would be doc.  For, when omitting
       the space between the option and	its argument, the command line	option
       for activating this package reads -mdoc.

       To  cope	 with  all  situations,	 actual	versions of groff(1) are smart
       about both naming schemes by providing two  macro  files	 for  the  in-
       flicted	macro  packages; one with a leading `m', the other one without
       it.  So in groff, the man macro package may be specified	as on  of  the
       following four methods:

	      sh# groff	-m man
	      sh# groff	-man
	      sh# groff	-mman
	      sh# groff	-m an

       Recent packages that do not start with `m' do not use an	additional `m'
       in the documentation.  For example, the www macro package may be	speci-
       fied only as one	of the two methods:

	      sh# groff	-m www
	      sh# groff	-mwww

       Obviously, variants like	-mmwww would not make much sense.

       A second	strange	feature	of classical troff was to name macro files ac-
       cording	to tmac.name.  In modern operating systems, the	type of	a file
       is specified as postfix,	the file name extension.  Again,  groff	 copes
       with  this  situation by	searching both anything.tmac and tmac.anything
       if only anything	is specified.

       The easiest way to find out which macro packages	 are  available	 on  a
       system  is  to check the	man page groff(1), or the contents of the tmac
       directories.

       In groff, most  macro  packages	are  described	in  man	 pages	called
       groff_name(7), with a leading `m' for the classical packages.

INCLUSION
       There are several ways to use a macro package in	a document.  The clas-
       sical  way  is  to  specify the troff/groff option -m name at run-time;
       this makes the contents of the macro package name available.  In	groff,
       the file	name.tmac is searched within the  tmac	path;  if  not	found,
       tmac.name will be searched for instead.

       Alternatively,  it  is  also possible to	include	a macro	file by	adding
       the request .so filename	into the document; the argument	 must  be  the
       full  file  name	of an existing file, possibly with the directory where
       it is kept.  In groff, this was improved	by the	similar	 request  .mso
       package,	 which	added  searching in the	tmac path, just	like option -m
       does.

       Note that in order to resolve the .so and .mso requests,	the roff  pre-
       processor  soelim(1)  must  be  called if the files to be included need
       preprocessing.  This can	be done	either directly	by a pipeline  on  the
       command	line  or by using the troff/groff option -s.  man calls	soelim
       automatically.

       For  example,  suppose	a   macro   file   is	stored	 as   /usr/lo-
       cal/share/groff/1.18.1/tmac/macros.tmac	and  is	 used in some document
       called docu.roff.

       At run-time, the	formatter call for this	is

	      sh# groff	-m macrofile document.roff

       To include the macro file directly in the document either

	      .mso macrofile.tmac

       is used or

	      .so /usr/local/share/groff/1.18.1/tmac/macros.tmac

       In both cases, the formatter is called with

	      sh# troff	-s docu.roff

       If you want to write your own groff macro file, call  it	 whatever.tmac
       and put it in some directory of the tmac	path, see section FILES.  Then
       documents can include it	with the .mso request or the option -m.

WRITING	MACROS
       A  roff(7)  document is a text file that	is enriched by predefined for-
       matting constructs, such	as requests, escape sequences, strings,	numer-
       ic registers, and macros	from a macro package.  These elements are  de-
       scribed in roff(7).

       To  give	 a  document a personal	style, it is most useful to extend the
       existing	elements by defining some macros for repeating tasks; the best
       place for this is near the beginning of the document or in  a  separate
       file.

       Macros  without arguments are just like strings.	 But the full power of
       macros reveals when arguments are passed	with a macro call.  Within the
       macro definition, the arguments are available as	the  escape  sequences
       $1,  ...,  $9,  $[...],	$*, and	$@, the	name under which the macro was
       called is in $0,	and the	number of arguments  is	 in  register  0;  see
       groff(7).

   Copy-in Mode
       The phase when groff reads a macro is called copy-in mode in roff-talk.
       This  is	comparable to the C preprocessing phase	during the development
       of a program written in the C language.

       In this phase, groff interprets all backslashes;	that  means  that  all
       escape  sequences  in  the  macro  body are interpreted and replaced by
       their value.  For constant expression, this is wanted, but strings  and
       registers that might change between calls of the	macro must be protect-
       ed  from	 being	evaluated.   This  is most easily done by doubling the
       backslash that introduces the escape sequence.  This doubling  is  most
       important  for the positional parameters.  For example, to print	infor-
       mation on the arguments that were passed	to the macro to	the  terminal,
       define a	macro named `.print_args', say.

	      .ds midpart was called with
	      .de print_args
	      .	 tm \f[I]\\$0\f[] \\*[midpart] \\n[.$] arguments:
	      .	 tm \\$*
	      ..

       When calling this macro by

	      .print_args arg1 arg2

       the following text is printed to	the terminal:
	      print_args was called with the following 2 arguments:
	      arg1 arg2

       Let's analyze each backslash in the macro definition.  As the position-
       al parameters and the number of arguments will change with each call of
       the  macro  their  leading  backslash must be doubled, which results in
       \\$* and	\\[.$].	 The same applies to the macro name because  it	 could
       be called with an alias name, so	\\$0.

       On the other hand, midpart is a constant	string,	it will	not change, so
       no  doubling  for  \*[midpart].	The \f escape sequences	are predefined
       groff elements for setting the font within the text.  Of	 course,  this
       behavior	will not change, so no doubling	with \f[I] and \f[].

   Draft Mode
       Writing groff macros is easy when the escaping mechanism	is temporarily
       disabled.   In groff, this is done by enclosing the macro definition(s)
       into a pair of .eo and .ec requests.  Then the body in the macro	defin-
       ition is	just like a normal part	of the document	--  text  enhanced  by
       calls  of  requests, macros, strings, registers,	etc.  For example, the
       code above can be written in a simpler way by

	      .eo
	      .ds midpart was called with
	      .de print_args
	      .	 tm \f[I]\$0\f[] \*[midpart] \n[.$] arguments:
	      .	 tm \$*
	      ..
	      .ec

       Unfortunately, draft mode cannot	be used	universally.  Although	it  is
       good  enough  for defining normal macros, draft mode will fail with ad-
       vanced applications, such as  indirectly	 defined  strings,  registers,
       etc.  An	optimal	way is to define and test all macros in	draft mode and
       then do the backslash doubling as a final step; do not forget to	remove
       the .eo request.

   Tips	for Macro Definitions
        Start	every line with	a dot, for example, by using the groff request
	 .nop for text lines, or write your own	macro that handles  also  text
	 lines with a leading dot.

	 .de Text
	 .  if (\\n[.$]	== 0) \
	 .    return
	 . nop \)\\$*[rs]
	 ..

        Write a comment macro that works both for copy-in and draft mode; for
	 as  escaping  is  off	in draft mode, trouble might occur when	normal
	 comments are used.  For example, the following	macro just ignores its
	 arguments, so it acts like a comment line:

	 .de c
	 ..
	 .c This is like a comment line.

        In long macro definitions, make ample use of comment lines  or	 empty
	 lines for a better structuring.

        To  increase  readability,  use  groff's indentation facility for re-
	 quests	and macro calls	(arbitrary whitespace after the	leading	dot).

   Diversions
       Diversions can be used  to  realize  quite  advanced  programming  con-
       structs.	  They	are comparable to pointers to large data structures in
       the C programming language, but their usage is quite different.

       In their	simplest form, diversions are multi-line strings, but they get
       their power when	diversions are used dynamically	 within	 macros.   The
       information  stored  in a diversion can be retrieved by calling the di-
       version just like a macro.

       Most of the problems arising with diversions can	be avoided if you  are
       conscious  about	 the  fact  that  diversions always deal with complete
       lines.  If diversions are used  when  the  line	buffer	has  not  been
       flashed,	 strange  results  are produced; not knowing this, many	people
       get desperate about diversions.	To ensure that a diversion works, line
       breaks should be	added at the right places.  To be on the secure	 side,
       enclose	everything  that has to	do with	diversions into	a pair of line
       breaks; for example, by amply using .br requests.  This rule should  be
       applied	to  diversion  definition, both	inside and outside, and	to all
       calls of	diversions.  This is a bit of overkill,	but it works nicely.

       [If you really need diversions which should ignore the current  partial
       line,  use environments to save the current partial line	and/or use the
       .box request.]

       The most	powerful feature using diversions  is  to  start  a  diversion
       within a	macro definition and end it within another macro.  Then	every-
       thing  between each call	of this	macro pair is stored within the	diver-
       sion and	can be manipulated from	within the macros.

FILES
       All macro names must be named name.tmac to fully	use  the  tmac	mecha-
       nism.   tmac.name as with   classical packages is possible as well, but
       deprecated.

       The macro files are kept	in the tmac  directories;  a  colon  separated
       list of these constitutes the tmac path.

       The search sequence for macro files is (in that order):

        the directories specified with	troff/groff's -M command line option

        the directories given in the $GROFF_TMAC_PATH environment variable

        the  current  directory  (only	if in unsafe mode, which is enabled by
	 the -U	command	line switch)

        the home directory

        a platform-specific directory,	 being	/usr/local/lib/groff/site-tmac
	 in this installation

        a  site-specific  (platform-independent)  directory,  being  /usr/lo-
	 cal/share/groff/site-tmac in this installation

        the main tmac directory, being	/usr/local/share/groff/1.18.1/tmac  in
	 this installation

ENVIRONMENT
       $GROFF_TMAC_PATH
	      A	 colon	separated list of additional tmac directories in which
	      to search	for macro files.  See the previous section for	a  de-
	      tailed description.

AUTHOR
       Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation,	Inc.

       This document is	distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free Docu-
       mentation  License)  version  1.1 or later.  You	should have received a
       copy of the FDL on your system, it is also available on-line at the GNU
       copyleft	site <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html>.

       This document is	part of	groff, the  GNU	 roff  distribution.   It  was
       written	by  Bernd Warken <bwarken@mayn.de>; it is maintained by	Werner
       Lemberg <wl@gnu.org>.

SEE ALSO
       A complete reference for	all parts of the groff system is found in  the
       groff info(1) file.

       groff(1)
	      an overview of the groff system.

       groff_man(7),
       groff_mdoc(7),
       groff_me(7),
       groff_mm(7),
       groff_mom(7),
       groff_ms(7),
       groff_www(7).
	      the groff	tmac macro packages.

       groff(7)
	      the groff	language.

       The Filesystem Hierarchy	Standard is available at the FHS web site
       <http://www.pathname.com/fhs/>.

Groff Version 1.18.1		 12 April 2025			 GROFF_TMAC(5)

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