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IDNCONV(1) General Commands Manual IDNCONV(1) NAME idnconv - codeset converter for named.conf and zone master files SYNOPSIS idnconv [options..] [file...] DESCRIPTION idnconv is a codeset converter for named configuration files and zone mas- ter files. idnconv performs codeset conversion specified either by the command-line arguments or by the configuration file, and writes the con- verted text to stdout. If file name is specified, idnconv converts the contents of the file. Oth- erwise, idnconv converts stdin. Since idnconv is specifically designed for converting internatinalized do- main names, it may not be suitable as a general codeset converter. OPERATION MODES idnconv has two operation modes. One is a mode to convert local-encoded domain names to IDN-encoded one. Usually this mode is used for preparing domain names to be listed in named configuration files or zone master files. In this mode, the following processes are performed in addition to the codeset (encoding) conversion. - local mapping - standard domain name preperation (NAMEPREP) The other mode is a reverse conversion, from IDN-encoded domain name to lo- cal-encoded domain names. In this mode, local mapping and NAMEPREP are not performed since IDN-encoded names should already be normalized. Instead, a check is done in order to make sure the IDN-encoded domain name is properly NAMEPREP'ed. If it is not, the name will be output in IDN encoding, not in the local encoding. OPTIONS Normally idnconv reads system's default configuration file (idn.conf) and performs conversion or name preparation according to the parameters speci- fied in the file. You can override the setting in the configuration file by various command line options below. -in in-code, -i in-code Specify the codeset name of the input text. Any of the following code- set names can be specified. * Any codeset names which iconv_open() library function accepts * Punycode * UTF-8 * Any alias names for the above, defined by the codeset alias file. If this option is not specified, the default codeset is determined from the locale in normal conversion mode. In reverse conversion mode, the default codeset is the IDN encoding specified by the configuration file (``idn-encoding'' entry). -out out-code, -o out-code Specify the codeset name of the output text. out-code can be any code- set name that can be specified for -in option. If this option is not specified, the default is the IDN encoding speci- fied by the configuration file (``idn-encoding'' entry) in normal con- version mode. In reverse conversion mode, the default codeset is de- termined from the locale. -conf path, -c path Specify the pathname of idnkit configuration file (``idn.conf''). If not specified, system's default file is used, unless -noconf option is specified. -noconf, -C Specify that no configuration file is to be used. -reverse, -r Specify reverse conversion mode. If this option is not specified, the normal conversion mode is used. -nameprep version, -n version Specify the version of NAMEPREP. The following is a list of currently available versions. RFC3491 Perform NAMEPREP according to the RFC3491 ``rfc-3491.txt''. -nonameprep, -N Specify to skip NAMEPREP process (or NAMEPREP verification process in the reverse conversion mode). This option implies -nounassigncheck and -nobidicheck. -localmap map Specify the name of local mapping rule. Currently, following maps are available. RFC3491 Use the list of mappings specified by RFC3491. filemap:path Use list of mappings specified by mapfile path. See idn.conf(5) for the format of a mapfile. This option can be specified more than once. In that case, each map- ping will be performed in the order of the specification. -nounassigncheck, -U Skip unassigned codepoint check. -nobidicheck, -B Skip bidi character check. -nolengthcheck Do not check label length of normal conversion result. This option is only meaningful in the normal conversion mode. -noasciicheck, -A Do not check ASCII range characters. This option is only meaningful in the normal conversion mode. -noroundtripcheck Do not perform round trip check. This option is only meaningful in the reverse conversion mode. -delimiter codepoint Specify the character to be mapped to domain name delimiter (period). This option can be specified more than once in order to specify multi- ple characters. This option is only meaningful in the normal conversion mode. -whole, -w Perform local mapping, nameprep and conversion to output codeset for the entire input text. If this option is not specified, only non-ASCII characters and their surrounding texts will be processed. See ``NORAML CONVERSION MECHANISM'' and ``REVERSE CONVERSION MECHANISM'' for de- tails. -alias path, -a path Specify a codeset alias file. It is a simple text file, where each line has a pair of alias name and real name separated by one or more white spaces like below: alias-codeset-name real-codeset-name Lines starting with ``#'' are treated as comments. -flush Force line-buffering mode. -version, -v Print version information and quit. LOCAL CODESET idnconv guesses local codeset from locale and environment variables. See the ``LOCAL CODESET'' section in idn.conf(5) for more details. NORMAL CONVERSION MECHANISM idnconv performs conversion line by line. Here describes how idnconv does its job for each line. 1. read a line from input text 2. convert the line to UTF-8 idnconv converts the line from local encoding to UTF-8. 3. find internationalized domain names If the -whole (or -w) option is specified, the entire line is assumed as an internationalized domain name. Otherwise, idnconv recognizes any character sequences having the following properties in the line as in- ternationalized domain names. * containing at least one non-ASCII character, and * consisting of legal domain name characters (alphabets, digits, hy- pens), non-ASCII characters and period. 4. convert internationalized domain names to ACE For each internationalized domain name found in the line, idnconv con- verts the name to ACE. The details about the conversion procedure is: 4.1. delimiter mapping Substibute certain characters specified as domain name delimiter with period. 4.2. local mapping Perform local mapping. If the local mapping is specified by com- mand line option -localmap, the specified mapping rule is applied. Otherwise, find the mapping rule from the configuration file which matches to the TLD of the name, and perform mapping according to the matched rule. This step is skipped if the -nolocalmap (or -L) option is speci- fied. 4.3. NAMEPREP Perform name preparation (NAMEPREP). Mapping, normalization, pro- hibited character checking, unassigned codepoint checking, bidirec- tional character checking are done in that order. If the prohib- ited character check, unassigned codepoint check, or bidi character check fails, the normal conversion procedure aborts. This step is skipped if the -nonameprep (or -N) option is speci- fied. 4.4. ASCII character checking Checks ASCII range character in the domain name. the normal con- version procedure aborts, if the domain name has a label beginning or end with hyphen (U+002D) or it contains ASCII range character except for alphanumeric and hyphen, This step is skipped if the -noasciicheck (or -A) option is speci- fied. 4.5. ACE conversion Convert the string to ACE. 4.6. label length checking The normal conversion procedure aborts, if the domain name has an empty label or too long label (64 characters or more). This step is skipped if the -nolengthcheck option is specified. 5. output the result REVERSE CONVERSION MECHANISM This is like the normal conversion mechanism, but they are not symmetric. idnconv does its job for each line. 1. read a line from input text 2. convert the line to UTF-8 idnconv converts the line from local encoding to UTF-8. 3. find internationalized domain names If the -whole (or -w) option is specified, the entire line is assumed as an internationalized domain name. Otherwise, idnconv decodes any valid ASCII domain names including ACE names in the line. 4. convert domain names to local encoding Then, idnconv decodes the domain names. The decode procedure consists of the following steps. 4.1. Delimiter mapping Substibute certain characters specified as domain name delimiter with period. 4.2. NAMEPREP Perform name preparation (NAMEPREP) for each label in the domain name. Mapping, normalization, prohibited character checking, unas- signed codepoint checking, bidirectional character checking are done in that order. If the prohibited character check, unassigned codepoint check, or bidi character check fails, disqualified labels are restored to original input strings and further conversion on those labels are not performed. This step is skipped if the -nonameprep (or -N) option is speci- fied. 4.3. ACE conversion Convert the string from ACE to UTF-8. 4.4. Round trip checkning For each label, perform the normal conversion and compare it with the result of the step 4.2. This check succeeds, if they are equivalent strings. In case of failure, disqualified labels are restored to original input strings and further conversion on those labels are not performed. This step is skipped if the -noroundtripcheck option is specified. 4.5. local encoding conversion Convert the result of the step 4.3. from UTF-8 to local encoding. If a label in the domain name contains a character which cannot be represented in the local encoding, the label is restored to the original input string. 5. output the result FILE MANAGEMENT Maybe the best way to manage named.conf or zone master files that contains internationalized domain name is to keep them in your local codeset so that they can be edited with your favorite editor, and generate a version in the IDN encoding using idnconv. `make' is a convenient tool for this purpose. Suppose the local codeset version has suffix `.lc', and its ACE version has suffix `.ace'. The fol- lowing Makefile enables you to generate ACE version from local codeset ver- sion by just typing `make'. .SUFFIXES: .lc .ace .lc.ace: idnconv -in $(LOCALCODE) -out $(IDNCODE) \ $(IDNCONVOPT) $< > $@ LOCALCODE = EUC-JP IDNCODE = Punycode IDNCONVOPT = DESTFILES = db.zone1.ace db.zone2.ace all: $(DESTFILES) SEE ALSO idn.conf(5), iconv(3) BUGS The automatic input-code selection depends on your system, and sometimes it cannot guess or guess wrong. It is better to explicitly specify it using -in option. Mar 3, 2001 IDNCONV(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPERATION MODES | OPTIONS | LOCAL CODESET | NORMAL CONVERSION MECHANISM | REVERSE CONVERSION MECHANISM | FILE MANAGEMENT | SEE ALSO | BUGS
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