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IPSEC_RSASIGKEY(8) Executable programs IPSEC_RSASIGKEY(8) NAME ipsec_rsasigkey - generate RSA signature key SYNOPSIS ipsec rsasigkey [--verbose] [--seeddev device] [--seed numbits] [--nss- dir nssdir] [--password nsspassword] [--hostname hostname] [nbits] DESCRIPTION rsasigkey generates an RSA public/private key pair, suitable for digital signatures, of (exactly) nbits bits (that is, two primes each of exactly nbits/2 bits, and related numbers) and emits it on standard output as ASCII (mostly hex) data. nbits must be a multiple of 16. The public exponent is forced to the value 3, which has important speed ad- vantages for signature checking. Beware that the resulting keys have known weaknesses as encryption keys and should not be used for that purpose. The --verbose option makes rsasigkey give a running commentary on standard error. By default, it works in silence until it is ready to generate out- put. The --seeddev option specifies a source for random bits used to seed the crypto library's RNG. The default is /dev/random (see random(4)). FreeS/WAN and Openswan without NSS support used this option to specify the random source used to directly create keys. Libreswan only uses it to seed the NSS crypto libraries RNG. Under Linux with hardware random support, special de- vices might show up as /dev/*rng* devices. However, these should never be accessed directly using this option, as hardware failures could lead to ex- tremely non-random values (streams of zeroes have been observed in the wild) The --seedbits option specifies how many seed bits are pulled from the ran- dom device to seed the NSS PRNG. The default of 480bit comes from FIPS re- quirements. Seed bits are rounded up to a multiple of 8. The use of a different random device or a reduction of seedbits from the default value is prevented when the system is running in FIPS mode. The --nssdir option specifies the directory to use for the nss database. This is the directory where the NSS certificate, key and security modules databases reside. The default value is /usr/local/etc/ipsec.d. The --password option specifies the nss cryptographic module authentication password if the NSS module has been configured to require it. A password is required by hardware tokens and also by the internal software token module when configured to run in FIPS mode. If the argument is /usr/lo- cal/etc/ipsec.d/nsspassword, the password comes from that file; otherwise argument is the password. The US patent on the RSA algorithm expired 20 Sept 2000. EXAMPLES ipsec rsasigkey --verbose 4096 generates a 4096-bit signature key and stores this key in the NSS data- base. The public key can then be extracted and edited into the ipsec.conf (see ipsec_showhostkey(8)). FILES /dev/random, /dev/urandom SEE ALSO random(4), rngd(8), ipsec_showhostkey(8), Applied Cryptography, 2nd. ed., by Bruce Schneier, Wiley 1996, RFCs 2537, 2313, GNU MP, the GNU multiple precision arithmetic library, edition 2.0.2, by Torbj Granlund HISTORY Originally written for the Linux FreeS/WAN project <https://www.freeswan.org> by Henry Spencer. Updated for the Libreswan Project by Paul Wouters. The --round and --noopt options were obsoleted as these were only used with the old non-library crypto code The --random device is only used for seeding the crypto library, not for direct random to generate keys BUGS There is an internal limit on nbits, currently 20000. rsasigkey's run time is difficult to predict, since /dev/random output can be arbitrarily delayed if the system's entropy pool is low on randomness, and the time taken by the search for primes is also somewhat unpredictable. Specifically, embedded systems and most virtual machines are low on en- tropy. In such a situation, consider generating the RSA key on another ma- chine, and copying ipsec.secrets and the /usr/local/etc/ipsec.d directory tree to the embedded platform. Note that NSS embeds the full path in the DB files, so the path on proxy machine must be identical to the path on the destination machine. AUTHOR Paul Wouters placeholder to suppress warning libreswan 08/01/2026 IPSEC_RSASIGKEY(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLES | FILES | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | BUGS | AUTHOR
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