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keyd(1) General Commands Manual keyd(1) NAME keyd - A key remapping daemon. SYNOPSIS keyd [command] [options] COMMANDS monitor [-t] Print key events. If -t is supplied, also prints time since the last event in ms. Useful for discovering key names/device ids and debugging. listen Print layer state changes of the running keyd daemon to stdout. Useful for scripting. bind reset|<binding> [<binding>...] Apply the supplied bindings. See Bindings for details. reload Reload config files. list-keys List valid key names. input [-t <timeout>] <text> [<text>...] Input the supplied text. If no arguments are given, read the input from STDIN. A timeout in microseconds may optionally be supplied corresponding to the time between emitted events. do [-t <timeout>] [<exp>] Execute the supplied expression. See MACROS for the format of <exp>. If no arguments are given, the expression is read from STDIN. If supplied, <timeout> corresponds to the macro_se- quence_timeout. OPTIONS -v, --version Print the current version and exit. -h, --help Print help and exit. DESCRIPTION keyd is a system wide key remapping daemon which supports features like layering, oneshot modifiers, and macros. In its most basic form it can be used to define a custom key layout that persists across display server boundaries (e.g wayland/X/tty). The program runs in the foreground, printing diagnostic information to the standard output streams, and is intended to be run as a single in- stance managed by the init system. NOTE: Because keyd modifies your primary input device, it is possible to ren- der your machine unusable with a bad config file. If you find yourself in this situation the panic sequence <backspace>+<escape>+<enter> will force keyd to terminate. CONFIGURATION Configuration files loosely follow an INI style format consisting of headers of the form [section_name] followed by a set of bindings. Lines beginning with a hash are ignored. Config files are stored in /usr/local/etc/keyd/ and loaded upon ini- tialization. The reload command can be used to update the working set of config files (e.g sudo keyd reload). A valid config file has the extension .conf and must begin with an [ids] section that has one of the following forms: [ids] <id 1 (obtained via keyd monitor)> <id 2> ... or [ids] * -<id 1> -<id 2> ... The first form specifies a list of ids to be explicitly matched, while the second matches any id which has not been explicitly excluded. For example: [ids] * -0123:4567 Will match all keyboards which do not(2) have the id 0123:4567, while: [ids] 0123:4567 will exclusively match any devices which do. Device ids can be obtained from the monitor command (see COMMANDS). Note that a device id may only be listed in a single config file. Each subsequent section of the file corresponds to a layer (with the exception of [global] (see GLOBALS). Config errors will appear in the log output and can be accessed in the usual way using your system's service manager (e.g sudo journalctl -eu keyd). If an id matches more than one device type, the prefix k: may be used to exclusively match keyboards and the prefix m: may be used to exclu- sively match mice. (E.g m:046d:b01d) Note: All keyboards defined within a given config file will share the same state. This is useful for linking separate input devices together (e.g foot pedals). Note 2: The wildcard will only match devices which keyd identifies as keyboards. keyd is also capable of managing mice (e.g to facilitate clearing of oneshot modifiers on click), but their ids must be explic- itly listed. Note 3: Mouse support is currently experimental, and is mostly confined to traditional mice (e.g touchpads). Adding some mice to your ids sec- tion may break your pointer. It may also be necessary to explicitly blacklist mice which are misidentified as keyboards (e.g if you find your moused misbehaving). Layers A layer is a collection of bindings, each of which specifies the behav- iour of a particular key. Multiple layers may be active at any given time, forming a stack of occluding keymaps consulted in activation or- der. The default layer is called main and is where common bindings should be defined. For example, the following config snippet defines a layer called nav and creates a toggle for it in the main layer: [main] capslock = layer(nav) [nav] h = left k = up j = down l = right When capslock is held, the nav layer occludes the main layer causing hjkl to function as the corresponding arrow keys. Unlike most other remapping tools, keyd provides first class support for modifiers. A layer name may optionally end with a ':' followed by a set of modifiers to emulate in the absence of an explicit mapping. Layer names may consist of a maximum of 64 characters (including all modifiers). These layers play nicely with other modifiers and preserve existing stacking semantics. For example: [main] capslock = layer(capslock) [capslock:C] j = down will cause capslock to behave as control, except in the case of cap- slock+j, which will emit down. This makes it trivial to define custom modifiers which don't interfere with one another. Note that bindings are not affected by the modifiers of the layer in which they are defined. Thus capslock+j will produce an unmodified down keypress, while shift+capslock+j will produce shift+down as expected. Formally, each layer heading has the following form: "[" <layer name>[:<modifier set>] "]" Where <modifier_set> has the form: <modifier1>[-<modifier2>]... and each modifier is one of: C - Control M - Meta/Super A - Alt S - Shift G - AltGr Finally, each layer heading is followed by a set of bindings which take the form: <key> | <alias> = <key>|<macro>|<action> for a description of <action> and <macro> see ACTIONS and MACROS. By default, each key is bound to itself within the main layer. The ex- ception to this are the modifier keys, which are instead bound to eponymously named layers with the corresponding modifiers. For example, meta is actually bound to layer(meta), where meta is in- ternally defined as meta:M. The full set of modifier bindings are as follows: control = layer(control) meta = layer(meta) shift = layer(shift) leftalt = layer(alt) rightalt = layer(altgr) A consequence of this is that overriding modifier keys is a simple mat- ter of adding the desired bindings to an appropriate pre-defined layer. Thus [ids] * [control] j = down is a completely valid config, which does what the benighted user might expect. Internally, the full config actually looks something like this: [ids] * [main] leftcontrol = layer(control) rightcontrol = layer(control) [control:C] j = down If multiple bindings for the same key are present, the most recent one takes precedence. A layer heading may also appear multiple times, in which case the layer will contain the sum of all bindings. Note that the layer type may not be reassigned. That is: [mylayer:A] a = b c = d [mylayer:C] a = x b = c is equivalent to: [mylayer:A] a = x b = c c = d Composite Layers A special kind of layer called a composite layer can be defined by cre- ating a layer with a name consisting of existing layers delimited by +. The resultant layer will be activated and given precedence when all of its constituents are activated. Composite layers are not allowed to have modifiers attached and cannot be explicitly assigned. E.g. [control+alt] h = left will cause the sequence control+alt+h to produce left (ignoring the control and alt modifiers attached to the active control and alt lay- ers), while pressing control+alt+f1 preserves those modifiers, emitting exactly what was pressed, as there is no explicit binding for f1 on the composite layer. [main] capslock = layer(capslock) [capslock:C] [capslock+shift] h = left Will cause the sequence capslock+shift+h to produce left, while pre- serving the expected functionality of capslock and shift in isolation. Note: composite layers must always be defined after the layers of which they are comprised. That is: [layer1] [layer2] [layer1+layer2] and not [layer1+layer2] [layer1] [layer2] Layouts A layout is a special kind of layer intended for modifying alpha keys. Unlike layers, layouts cannot have any associated modifiers, and only one layout may be active at a given time. The default layout is called 'main', and can be changed using the setlayout() action. For convenience, keyd ships with a number of common letter layouts in /usr/local/share/keyd/layouts. Before including these, it is instruc- tive to inspect them. Non-english layouts include a dedicated shift layer (making order of inclusion important) and require the use of keyd's compose definitions (see Unicode Support) E.g. # Include the shipped colemak layout. include layouts/colemak [global] default_layout = mylayout [mylayout:layout] a = b b = c #etc... [control] 1 = setlayout(customlayout) 2 = setlayout(colemak) Chording Chords are groups of keys which are treated as a unit when simultane- ously depressed. A chord can be defined by using a group of + delimited key names as a left hand value. The corresponding action will be acti- vated if all keys are struck within the chording interval (chord_time- out). E.g j+k = esc will cause esc to be produced if both j and k are simultaneously de- pressed. Note: It may be desirable to change the default chording interval (50ms) to account for the physical characteristics of your keyboard. Unicode Support If keyd encounters a valid UTF8 sequence as a right hand value, it will try and translate that sequence into a macro which emits a keyd-spe- cific XKB sequence. In order for this to work, the sequences defined in the compose file shipped with keyd (/usr/local/share/keyd/keyd.compose) must be accessi- ble. This can be achieved globally by copying the file to the appropri- ate location in /usr/local/share/X11/locale, or on a per-user basis by symlinking it to ~/.XCompose. E.g. ln -s /usr/local/share/keyd/keyd.compose ~/.XCompose Additionally you will need to be using the default US layout on your display server. Users of non-english layouts are advised to set their layout within keyd (see Layouts) to avoid conflicts between the display server layout and keyd's unicode functionality. Note: You may have to restart your applications for this to take ef- fect. Note 2: The generated compose sequences are affected by modifiers in the normal way. If you want shift to produce a different symbol, you will need to define a custom shift layer (see the included layout files for an example). Note 3: GTK4 currently has a bug which causes it to crash in the pres- ence of large XCompose files (like /usr/local/share/keyd/keyd.compose). Aliases Each key may optionally be assigned an alias. This alias may be used in place of the key as a valid left hand value. Multiple keys may be bound to the same alias, but only one alias may be assigned to a key at a given time. For example, the keys 'leftmeta' and 'rightmeta' are bound to the alias meta by default. Thus the binding 'meta = a' is equivalent to the bind- ings 'leftmeta = a' and 'rightmeta = a'. Aliases are defined in a special section called 'aliases' where each line takes the form: <key> = <name> where <key> must be a valid key name. Note that <name> may itself be a valid key name, in which case all ref- erences to the key within the config file will be replaced with the new key. Additionally, if the assigned alias is a valid key name, the cor- responding keycode will be assigned to the key by default. This makes it possible to redefine keys before any bindings are applied and is particularly useful in conjunction with the include mechanism to ac- count for variations in hardware. For example: /usr/local/etc/keyd/common: meta = oneshot(meta) alt = oneshot(alt) a = a s = o # etc.. /usr/local/etc/keyd/default.conf: [ids] * [main] include common /usr/local/etc/keyd/magic_keyboard.conf: [ids] 004c:0267 [aliases] leftalt = meta rightalt = meta rightmeta = alt leftmeta = alt [main] include common Allows the user to define a set of universal bindings in /usr/lo- cal/etc/keyd/common without having to explicitly account for the trans- posed meta and alt keys within the included config snippet. File Inclusion Config files may include other files located within the config direc- tory using the include keyword. A line of the form include <file> may appear at any point after the [ids] section. The resultant config will behave as though the contents of the included file appear in place of the include statement. Making strategic use of these statements makes it possible to share common functionality between configs. Include paths are relative and must be placed in one of the following directories: • /usr/local/etc/keyd/ • /usr/local/share/keyd/ E.g. /usr/local/etc/keyd/default.conf: [ids] * # Add our shared custom bindings. include common # Appends bindings to the main layer # defined in /usr/local/etc/keyd/common (order matters) [main] capslock = layer(capslock) [capslock] 1 = setlayout(colemak) 2 = setlayout(dvorak) /usr/local/etc/keyd/common: [main] rightmeta = layer(nav) [nav] h = left j = down k = up l = right /usr/local/share/keyd/layouts/dvorak: a = a s = o ... Limitations: • All include statements should appear after the [ids] section in the including file. • Included files should not contain an ids section. • Included files should not include other files (inclusion is non-recursive). • Included files should not end in .conf. GLOBALS A special section called [global] may be defined in the file and can contain any of the following options: macro_timeout: The time (in milliseconds) separating the initial execution of a macro sequence and the first repetition. (default: 600) macro_repeat_timeout: The time separating successive executions of a macro. (default: 50) layer_indicator: If set, this will turn the capslock light on when- ever a layer is active. Note: Some wayland compositors will aggres- sively toggle LED state rendering this option unusable. (default: 0) macro_sequence_timeout: If set, this will add a timeout (in mi- croseconds) between each emitted key in a macro sequence. This is useful to avoid overflowing the input buffer on some systems. chord_timeout: The maximum time between successive keys interpreted as part of a chord. (default: 50) chord_hold_timeout: The length of time a chord must be held before being activated. (default: 0) oneshot_timeout: If non-zero, timeout a oneshot layer activation after the supplied number of milliseconds. (default: 0) disable_modifier_guard: By default, keyd will inject additional control keypresses where necessary in order to prevent programs from seeing additional modifier taps (E.g alt in firefox). If set, this option disables that behaviour. (default: 0) overload_tap_timeout: If non-zero, ignore the tap behaviour of an overloaded key if it is held for the given number of miliseconds. (default: 0). Note: Unicode characters and key sequences are treated as macros, and are consequently affected by the corresponding timeout options. MACROS Various keyd actions accept macro expressions. A macro expression has one of the following forms: 1. macro(<exp>) 2. [<modifier 1>[-<modifier 2>...]-<key> 3. <char> Where <char> is a valid unicode character and <exp> has the form <to- ken1> [<token2>...] and each token is one of: • A valid key code. • A type 2 macro. • A contiguous group of unicode characters. • A group of key codes delimited by + to be depressed as a unit. • A timeout of the form <time>ms (where <time> < 1024). The following are all valid macro expressions: • C-a • macro(C-a) • macro(leftcontrol+leftmeta) # simultaneously taps the left meta and left control keys • A-M-x • macro(Hello space World) • macro(h e l l o space w o r ld) (identical to the above) • macro(C-t 100ms google.com enter) Splitting into smaller tokens serves as an escaping mechanism: macro(space) inserts a space but macro(s pace) writes "space". Like- wise, macro(3+5) depresses the 3 and 5 keys as a unit while macro(3 + 5) writes "3+5". Some prerequisites are needed for non-ASCII characters to work, see Unicode Support. ACTIONS A key may optionally be bound to an action which accepts zero or more arguments. layer(<layer>) Activate the given layer for the duration of the keypress. oneshot(<layer>) If tapped, activate the supplied layer for the duration of the next keypress. swap(<layer>) Swap the currently active layer with the supplied one. If the cur- rent layer is toggled, it is deactivated and the supplied layer is toggled instead. Otherwise, the active layer is deactivated and the supplied layer remains active for the duration of the depression of the activating key. [control] x = swap(xlayer) [xlayer] s = C-s b = S-insert NOTE: You probably don't need to use this unless you are trying to do something quite involved. Think hard about whether or not what you are trying to achieve can be done by other means, as it is easy to end up in states which are impossible to exit. setlayout(<layout>) Set the current layout. clear() Clear any toggled or oneshot layers. toggle(<layer>) Permanently toggle the state of the given layer. layerm(<layer>, <macro>) Identical to layer, but executes the supplied macro before the layer change. oneshotm(<layer>, <macro>) Identical to oneshot, but executes the supplied macro before the layer change. swapm(<layer>, <macro>) Identical to swap, but accepts a macro to be executed immediately after the layer change. togglem(<layer>, <macro>) Equivalent to toggle, but additionally executes the supplied macro before toggling the layer. clearm(<macro>) Identical to clear, but executes the supplied macro before clearing layers. Key overloading overload(<layer>, <action>) Activates the given layer while held and executes <action> on tap. overloadt(<layer>, <action>, <timeout>) Identical to overload, but only activates the layer if the bound key is held for <timeout> milliseconds. This is mainly useful for overloading keys which are commonly struck in sequence (e.g letter keys). Note that this will add a visual delay when typing, since overlap- ping keys will be queued until the timeout expires or the bound key is released. overloadt2(<layer>, <action>, <timeout>) Identical to overloadt, but additionally resolves as a hold in the event of an intervening key tap. overloadi(<action 1>, <action 2>, <idle timeout>) Activate <action 1> if the last non-action (i.e symbol) key was struck less than <timeout> milliseconds ago, otherwise activate <action 2>. This can be used in combination with other overload timeouts and is particularly useful for overloading letter keys (often called 'homerow mods'). For example: a = overloadi(a, overloadt2(control, a, 200), 150) will produce a if and only if: • a is struck within 150ms of another non-action key. • a is struck more than 150ms after the last non-action key but held for less than 200ms and there are no intervening key taps. This reduces the visual latency by immediately resolving the key as a letter when typed midword, but also facilitates its use as a layer trigger if it is held for a long enough period with no inter- vening symbols. Since this is a common usecase, a macro called lettermod (defined below) has been defined to facilitate such definitions. lettermod(<layer>, <key>, <idle timeout>, <hold timeout>) An alias for: overloadi(<key>, overloadt2(<layer>, <key>, <hold timeout>), <idle timeout>) timeout(<action 1>, <timeout>, <action 2>) If the key is held in isolation for more than <timeout> ms, acti- vate the second action, if the key is held for less than <timeout> ms or another key is struck before <timeout> ms expires, execute the first action. E.g. timeout(a, 500, layer(control)) Will cause the assigned key to behave as control if it is held for more than 500 ms. macro2(<timeout>, <repeat timeout>, <macro>) Creates a macro with the given timeout and repeat timeout. If a timeout value of 0 is used, macro repeat is disabled. Note that <macro> must be a valid macro expression. E.g. macro2(400, 50, macro(Hello space World)) macro2(120, 80, left) command(<shell command>) Execute the given shell command. E.g. command(brightness down) NOTE: Commands are executed by the user running the keyd process (prob- ably root), use this feature judiciously. noop Do nothing. IPC To facilitate extensibility, keyd employs a client-server model acces- sible through the use of -e. The keymap can thus be conceived of as a living entity that can be modified at run time. In addition to allowing the user to try new bindings on the fly, this enables the user to fully leverage keyd's expressive power from other programs without incurring a performance penalty. For instance, the user may use this functionality to write a script which alters the keymap when they switch between different tmux ses- sions. The application remapping tool (keyd-application-mapper(1)) which ships with keyd is a good example of this. It is a small python script which performs event detection for the various display servers (e.g X/sway/gnome, etc) and feeds the desired mappings to the core using -e. NOTE: Users with access to the keyd socket should be considered privi- leged (i.e assumed to have access to the entire system.). Bindings The bind command accepts one or more bindings, each of which must have the following form: [<layer>.]<key> = <key>|<macro>|<action> Where <layer> is the name of an (existing) layer in which the key is to be bound. As a special case, the string "reset" may be used in place of a bind- ing, in which case the current keymap will revert to its original state (all dynamically applied bindings will be dropped). Examples: $ keyd bind '- = C-c' $ keyd bind reset '+ = C-c' # Reset the keyboard before applying the '+' binding (drops the previous '-' binding) By default expressions apply to the most recently active keyboard. EXAMPLES Example 1 Make esc+q toggle the dvorak letter layout. [ids] * [main] esc = layer(esc) [dvorak] a = a s = o ... [esc] q = toggle(dvorak) Example 2 Invert the behaviour of the shift key without breaking modifier behav- iour. [ids] * [main] 1 = ! 2 = @ 3 = # 4 = $ 5 = % 6 = ^ 7 = & 8 = * 9 = ( 0 = ) [shift] 0 = 0 1 = 1 2 = 2 3 = 3 4 = 4 5 = 5 6 = 6 7 = 7 8 = 8 9 = 9 Example 3 Tapping control once causes it to apply to the next key, tapping it twice activates it until it is pressed again, and holding it produces expected behaviour. [main] control = oneshot(control) [control] control = toggle(control) Example 4 Meta behaves as normal except when ` is pressed, after which the alt_tab layer is activated for the duration of the leftmeta keypress. Subsequent actuations will thus produce A-tab instead of M-\. [meta] ` = swap(alt_tab, A-tab) [alt_tab:A] tab = A-S-tab ` = A-tab Example 5 # Uses the compose key functionality of the display server to generate # international glyphs. # For this to work 'setxkbmap -option # compose:menu' must # be run after keyd has started. # A list of sequences can be found in /usr/local/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose # on most systems. [main] rightalt = layer(dia) [dia] # Map o to o = macro(compose o ") # Map e to e = macro(compose c =) Example 6 # Tapping both shift keys will activate capslock. [shift] leftshift = capslock rightshift = capslock Example 7 Capslock will behave as control in all instances except when used in conjunction with 'h/j/k/l' in which case it will produce arrow keys. If tapped, it will function as escape. [main] capslock = overload(capslock, esc) esc = capslock [capslock:C] h = left k = up j = down l = right Example 8 Disables the esc and end keys. [main] esc = noop end = noop ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES KEYD_DEBUG Debug log level. 0,1,2 can be specified (default: 0). AUTHOR Written by Raheman Vaiya (2017-). BUGS Please file any bugs or feature requests at the following url: <https://github.com/rvaiya/keyd/issues> 2025-04-14 keyd(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | COMMANDS | OPTIONS | DESCRIPTION | CONFIGURATION | GLOBALS | MACROS | ACTIONS | IPC | EXAMPLES | ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES | AUTHOR | BUGS
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