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MAILX(1) General Commands Manual MAILX(1) NAME mailx -- send and receive mail SYNOPSIS mailx [-iInv] [-s subject] [-c cc-addr] [-b bcc-addr] to-addr ... [- sendmail-option ...] mailx [-iInNv] -f [name] mailx [-iInNv] [-u user] INTRODUCTION Mailx is an intelligent mail processing system, which has a command syntax reminiscent of ed(1) with lines replaced by messages. -v Verbose mode. The details of delivery are displayed on the user's terminal. -i Ignore tty interrupt signals. This is particularly useful when using mailx on noisy phone lines. -I Forces mail to run in interactive mode even when input isn't a termi- nal. In particular, the `~' special character when sending mail is only active in interactive mode. -n Inhibits reading the system-wide mail.rc files upon startup. -N Inhibits the initial display of message headers when reading mail or editing a mail folder. -s Specify subject on command line (only the first argument after the -s flag is used as a subject; be careful to quote subjects containing spaces.) -c Send carbon copies to list of users. -b Send blind carbon copies to list. List should be a comma-separated list of names. -f Read in the contents of your mbox (or the specified file) for pro- cessing; when you quit, mailx writes undeleted messages back to this file. -u Is equivalent to: mail -f /var/mail/user Sending mail To send a message to one or more people, mailx can be invoked with argu- ments which are the names of people to whom the mail will be sent. You are then expected to type in your message, followed by a `control-D' at the be- ginning of a line. The section below Replying to or originating mail, de- scribes some features of mailx available to help you compose your letter. Reading mail In normal usage mailx is given no arguments and checks your mail out of the post office, then prints out a one line header of each message found. The current message is initially the first message (numbered 1) and can be printed using the print command (which can be abbreviated `p'). You can move among the messages much as you move between lines in ed(1), with the commands `+' and `-' moving backwards and forwards, and simple numbers. Disposing of mail. After examining a message you can delete (d) the message or reply (r) to it. Deletion causes the mailx program to forget about the message. This is not irreversible; the message can be undeleted (u) by giving its number, or the mailx session can be aborted by giving the exit (x) command. Deleted messages will, however, usually disappear never to be seen again. Specifying messages Commands such as print and delete can be given a list of message numbers as arguments to apply to a number of messages at once. Thus "delete 1 2" deletes messages 1 and 2, while "delete 1-5" deletes messages 1 through 5. The special name `*' addresses all messages, and `$' addresses the last message; thus the command top which prints the first few lines of a message could be used in "top *" to print the first few lines of all messages. Replying to or originating mail. You can use the reply command to set up a response to a message, sending it back to the person who it was from. Text you then type in, up to an end- of-file, defines the contents of the message. While you are composing a message, mailx treats lines beginning with the character `~' specially. For instance, typing `~m' (alone on a line) will place a copy of the cur- rent message into the response right shifting it by a tabstop (see indentprefix variable, below). Other escapes will set up subject fields, add and delete recipients to the message and allow you to escape to an edi- tor to revise the message or to a shell to run some commands. (These op- tions are given in the summary below.) Ending a mail processing session. You can end a mailx session with the quit (q) command. Messages which have been examined go to your mbox file unless they have been deleted in which case they are discarded. Unexamined messages go back to the post office. (See the -f option above). Personal and system wide distribution lists. It is also possible to create a personal distribution lists so that, for instance, you can send mail to "cohorts" and have it go to a group of peo- ple. Such lists can be defined by placing a line like alias cohorts bill ozalp jkf mark kridle@ucbcory in the file .mailrc in your home directory. The current list of such aliases can be displayed with the alias command in mailx. System wide dis- tribution lists can be created by editing /etc/aliases, see aliases(5) and sendmail(8); these are kept in a different syntax. In mail you send, per- sonal aliases will be expanded in mail sent to others so that they will be able to reply to the recipients. System wide aliases are not expanded when the mail is sent, but any reply returned to the machine will have the sys- tem wide alias expanded as all mail goes through sendmail. Network mail (ARPA, UUCP, Berknet) See mailaddr(7) for a description of network addresses. Mailx has a number of options which can be set in the .mailrc file to alter its behavior; thus "set askcc" enables the askcc feature. (These options are summarized below.) SUMMARY (Adapted from the `Mail Reference Manual') Each command is typed on a line by itself, and may take arguments following the command word. The command need not be typed in its entirety - the first command which matches the typed prefix is used. For commands which take message lists as arguments, if no message list is given, then the next message forward which satisfies the command's requirements is used. If there are no messages forward of the current message, the search proceeds backwards, and if there are no good messages at all, mailx types "applicable messages" and aborts the command. - Print out the preceding message. If given a numeric argument n, goes to the n'th previous message and prints it. # ignore the remainder of the line as a comment. ? Prints a brief summary of commands. ! Executes the shell (see sh(1) and csh(1)) command which follows. Print (P) Like print but also prints out ignored header fields. See also print, ignore and retain. Reply (R) Reply to originator. Does not reply to other recipients of the original message. Type (T) Identical to the Print command. alias (a) With no arguments, prints out all currently-defined aliases. With one argument, prints out that alias. With more than one argu- ment, creates a new alias or changes an old one. alternates (alt) The alternates command is useful if you have accounts on sev- eral machines. It can be used to inform mailx that the listed ad- dresses are really you. When you reply to messages, mailx will not send a copy of the message to any of the addresses listed on the alternates list. If the alternates command is given with no argu- ment, the current set of alternate names is displayed. chdir (c) Changes the user's working directory to that specified, if given. If no directory is given, then changes to the user's login directory. copy (co) The copy command does the same thing that save does, except that it does not mark the messages it is used on for deletion when you quit. Copy (C) The Copy command does the same thing that Save does, except that it does not mark the messages it is used on for deletion when you quit. delete (d) Takes a list of messages as argument and marks them all as deleted. Deleted messages will not be saved in mbox, nor will they be available for most other commands. dp (also dt) Deletes the current message and prints the next message. If there is no next message, mailx says "at EOF". edit (e) Takes a list of messages and points the text editor at each one in turn. On return from the editor, the message is read back in. exit (ex or x) Effects an immediate return to the Shell without modify- ing the user's system mailbox, his mbox file, or his edit file in -f. file (fi) The same as folder. folders List the names of the folders in your folder directory. folder (fo) The folder command switches to a new mail file or folder. With no arguments, it tells you which file you are currently read- ing. If you give it an argument, it will write out changes (such as deletions) you have made in the current file and read in the new file. Some special conventions are recognized for the name. # means the previous file, % means your system mailbox, %user means user's system mailbox, & means your mbox file, and +folder means a file in your folder directory. from (f) Takes a list of messages and prints their message headers. headers (h) Lists the current range of headers, which is an 18-message group. If a `+' argument is given, then the next 18-message group is printed, and if a `-' argument is given, the previous 18-message group is printed. help A synonym for ? hold (ho, also preserve) Takes a message list and marks each message therein to be saved in the user's system mailbox instead of in mbox. Does not override the delete command. ignore Add the list of header fields named to the ignored list. Header fields in the ignore list are not printed on your terminal when you print a message. This command is very handy for suppression of certain machine-generated header fields. The Type and Print com- mands can be used to print a message in its entirety, including ig- nored fields. If ignore is executed with no arguments, it lists the current set of ignored fields. mail (m) Takes as argument login names and distribution group names and sends mail to those people. more () Takes a list of messages and invokes the pager on that list. mbox Indicate that a list of messages be sent to mbox in your home di- rectory when you quit. This is the default action for messages if you do not have the hold option set. next (n) like ( + or CR) Goes to the next message in sequence and types it. With an argument list, types the next matching message. preserve (pre) A synonym for hold. print (p) Takes a message list and types out each message on the user's terminal. quit (q) Terminates the session, saving all undeleted, unsaved messages in the user's mbox file in his login directory, preserving all mes- sages marked with hold or preserve or never referenced in his sys- tem mailbox, and removing all other messages from his system mail- box. If new mail has arrived during the session, the message "You have new mail" is given. If given while editing a mailbox file with the -f flag, then the edit file is rewritten. A return to the Shell is effected, unless the rewrite of edit file fails, in which case the user can escape with the exit command. reply (r) Takes a message list and sends mail to the sender and all re- cipients of the specified message. The default message must not be deleted. respond A synonym for reply. retain Add the list of header fields named to the retained list Only the header fields in the retain list are shown on your terminal when you print a message. All other header fields are suppressed. The Type and Print commands can be used to print a message in its en- tirety. If retain is executed with no arguments, it lists the cur- rent set of retained fields. save (s) Takes a message list and a filename and appends each message in turn to the end of the file. The filename in quotes, followed by the line count and character count is echoed on the user's termi- nal. Save (S) Takes a message list and appends each message in turn to the end of the file whose name is derived from the author of the first message to be saved. The filename in quotes, followed by the line count and character count is echoed on the user's terminal. set (se) With no arguments, prints all variable values. Otherwise, sets option. Arguments are of the form option=value (no space be- fore or after =) or option. Quotation marks may be placed around any part of the assignment statement to quote blanks or tabs, i.e. "set indentprefix="->"" saveignore Saveignore is to save what ignore is to print and type. Header fields thus marked are filtered out when saving a message by save or when automatically saving to mbox. saveretain Saveretain is to save what retain is to print and type. Header fields thus marked are the only ones saved with a message when sav- ing by save or when automatically saving to mbox. Saveretain over- rides saveignore. shell (sh) Invokes an interactive version of the shell. size Takes a message list and prints out the size in characters of each message. source The source command reads commands from a file. top Takes a message list and prints the top few lines of each. The number of lines printed is controlled by the variable toplines and defaults to five. type (t) A synonym for print. unalias Takes a list of names defined by alias commands and discards the remembered groups of users. The group names no longer have any significance. undelete (u) Takes a message list and marks each message as not being deleted. unread (U) Takes a message list and marks each message as not having been read. unset Takes a list of option names and discards their remembered values; the inverse of set. visual (v) Takes a message list and invokes the display editor on each message. write (w) Similar to save, except that only the message body (without) the header) is saved. Extremely useful for such tasks as sending and receiving source program text over the message system. xit (x) A synonym for exit. z Mailx presents message headers in windowfuls as described under the headers command. You can move mailx's attention forward to the next window with the z command. Also, you can move to the previous window by using z-. Tilde/Escapes Here is a summary of the tilde escapes, which are used when composing mes- sages to perform special functions. Tilde escapes are only recognized at the beginning of lines. The name "tilde escape" is somewhat of a misnomer since the actual escape character can be set by the option escape. ~!command Execute the indicated shell command, then return to the message. ~a Insert the string of the variable ``sign''. ~A Insert the string of the variable ''Sign''. ~bname ... Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients but do not make the names visible in the Cc: line ("blind" carbon copy). ~cname ... Add the given names to the list of carbon copy recipients. ~d Read the file "dead.letter" from your home directory into the mes- sage. ~e Invoke the text editor on the message collected so far. After the editing session is finished, you may continue appending text to the message. ~fmessages Read the named messages into the message being sent. If no mes- sages are specified, read in the current message. Message headers currently being ignored (by the ignore or retain command) are not included. ~Fmessages Identical to ~f, except all message headers are included. ~h Edit the message header fields by typing each one in turn and al- lowing the user to append text to the end or modify the field by using the current terminal erase and kill characters. ~ivariable Insert the string of the variable. ~mmessages Read the named messages into the message being sent, indented by a tab or by the value of indentprefix. If no messages are specified, read the current message. Message headers currently being ignored (by the ignore or retain command) are not included. ~Mmessages Identical to ~m, except all message headers are included. ~p Print out the message collected so far, prefaced by the message header fields. ~q Abort the message being sent, copying the message to "dead.letter" in your home directory if save is set. ~rfilename Read the named file into the message. ~Rstring Use string as the Reply-To field. ~sstring Cause the named string to become the current subject field. ~tname ... Add the given names to the direct recipient list. ~v Invoke an alternate editor (defined by the VISUAL option) on the message collected so far. Usually, the alternate editor will be a screen editor. After you quit the editor, you may resume appending text to the end of your message. ~wfilename Write the message onto the named file. ~x Abort the message being sent without copying the message to "dead.letter." ~|command Pipe the message through the command as a filter. If the command gives no output or terminates abnormally, retain the original text of the message. The command fmt(1) is often used as command to re- justify the message. ~:mail-command Execute the given mail command. Not all commands, however, are al- lowed. ~~string Insert the string of text in the message prefaced by a single ~. If you have changed the escape character, then you should double that character in order to send it. Mail Options Options are controlled via set and unset commands. Options may be either binary, in which case it is only significant to see whether they are set or not; or string, in which case the actual value is of interest. The binary options include the following: append Causes messages saved in mbox to be appended to the end rather than prepended. This should always be set (preferably in one of the system-wide mail.rc files). ask Causes mailx to prompt you for the subject of each message you send. If you respond with simply a newline, no subject field will be sent. askcc Causes you to be prompted for additional carbon copy recipients at the end of each message. Responding with a newline indicates your satisfaction with the current list. autoprint Causes the delete command to behave like dp - thus, after deleting a message, the next one will be typed automatically. debug Setting the binary option debug is the same as specifying -d on the command line and causes mailx to output all sorts of information useful for debugging mailx. dot The binary option dot causes mailx to interpret a period alone on a line as the terminator of a message you are sending. hold This option is used to hold messages in the system mailbox by de- fault. ignore Causes interrupt signals from your terminal to be ignored and echoed as @'s. ignoreeof An option related to dot is ignoreeof which makes mailx refuse to accept a control-d as the end of a message. Ignoreeof also applies to mailx command mode. metoo Usually, when a group is expanded that contains the sender, the sender is removed from the expansion. Setting this option causes the sender to be included in the group. noheader Setting the option noheader is the same as giving the -N flag on the command line. nosave Normally, when you abort a message with two RUBOUT (erase or delete) mailx copies the partial letter to the file "dead.letter" in your home directory. Setting the binary option nosave prevents this. Replyall Reverses the sense of reply and Reply commands. quiet Suppresses the printing of the version when first invoked. searchheaders If this option is set, then a message-list specifier in the form ``/x:y'' will expand to all messages containing the substring ``y'' in the header field ``x''. The string search is case insensitive. verbose Setting the option verbose is the same as using the -v flag on the command line. When mail runs in verbose mode, the actual delivery of messages is displayed on the user's terminal. Option String Values EDITOR Pathname of the text editor to use in the edit command and ~e escape. If not defined, then a default editor is used. LISTER Pathname of the directory lister to use in the folders com- mand. Default is /bin/ls. PAGER Pathname of the program to use in the more command or when crt variable is set. The default paginator more(1) is used if this option is not defined. REPLYTO If set, will be used to initialize the Reply-To field for outgoing messages. SHELL Pathname of the shell to use in the ! command and the ~! es- cape. A default shell is used if this option is not defined. VISUAL Pathname of the text editor to use in the visual command and ~v escape. crt The valued option crt is used as a threshold to determine how long a message must be before PAGER is used to read it. If crt is set without a value, then the height of the terminal screen stored in the system is used to compute the threshold (see stty(1)). escape If defined, the first character of this option gives the character to use in the place of ~ to denote escapes. folder The name of the directory to use for storing folders of mes- sages. If this name begins with a `/', mailx considers it to be an absolute pathname; otherwise, the folder directory is found relative to your home directory. MBOX The name of the mbox file. It can be the name of a folder. The default is "mbox" in the user's home directory. record If defined, gives the pathname of the file used to record all outgoing mail. If not defined, then outgoing mail is not so saved. indentprefix String used by the ``~m'' tilde escape for indenting mes- sages, in place of the normal tab character (^I). Be sure to quote the value if it contains spaces or tabs. toplines If defined, gives the number of lines of a message to be printed out with the top command; normally, the first five lines are printed. sign String used by the ``~a'' tilde escape, the value is in- serted in the message. Sign String used by the ``~A'' tilde escape, the value is in- serted in the message. ENVIRONMENT Mailx utilizes the HOME and USER environment variables. Also, if the MAIL environment variable is set, it is used as the location of the user's mail- box instead of the default in /var/mail. FILES /var/mail/* Post office. ~/mbox User's old mail. ~/.mailrc File giving initial mail commands. /tmp/R* Temporary files. /usr/share/misc/mail.*help Help files. /usr/share/misc/mail.rc /usr/local/etc/mail.rc /etc/mail.rc System-wide initialization files. Each file will be sourced, in order, if it exists. SEE ALSO fmt(1), newaliases(1), vacation(1), aliases(5), mailaddr(7), sendmail(8) and The Mail Reference Manual.. HISTORY A mailx command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX. This man page is derived from The Mail Reference Manual originally written by Kurt Shoens. BUGS There are some flags that are not documented here. Most are not useful to the general user. Usually, mailx is just a link to Mailx, which can be confusing. 4th Berkeley Distribution December 30, 1993 MAILX(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | INTRODUCTION | SUMMARY | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | BUGS
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