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MAKEMIME(1) S. Varshavchik. MAKEMIME(1) NAME makemime - Create MIME-formatted messages SYNOPSIS makemime [options...] makemime [@filename] DESCRIPTION makemime creates MIME-formatted messages of arbitrary complexity. makemime reads one or more individual files, MIME-encodes them, adds basic MIME headers, and adds any additional headers specified by command line options. The result is saved to another file or standard output. Complex MIME-for- matted messages are created by piping together multiple instances of makemime. Advanced options direct makemime to fork() itself, and handle the details of setting up all the pipelines. In most cases, options for makemime come directly from the command line. @filename reads the options from a file. "@&n" reads options from a pipe on file descriptor #n. "@-" is a shortcut for "@&0", which reads options from standard input. When options are read from a file or a pipe, each option must be on a line by itself. If an option requires an argument, the argument must follow on the next line. For readability, leading whitespace is deleted when options are read from a file or a pipe. Empty lines are also ignored, as well as lines that begin with the '#' character. Options and their arguments may contain characters that are special charac- ters to the shell, such as '(' and ')'. These characters must be back- slashed when specified on the command line, to avoid their special meaning to the shell. These characters MUST NOT be backslashed when options are read from a file or a pipe. Similarly, the contents of most headers nearly always include spaces. Therefore they must be quoted when specified on the command line. Header contents MUST NOT be quoted when options come from a file or a pipe. makemime reads the content to be formatted as a MIME message from some other file. The files can also be a pipe. It is possible to supply both the options and a file from the same pipe, by terminating the options list with a line containing the single character "-". The remainder of the pipe will be available to be used as an input file (which must be explicitly speci- fied by one of the options). Of course, only one input file can come from a single pipe. For this to work the file with the option gets opened with a specific file descriptor, and then the options are read from that file descriptor: # Open options.txt on file descriptor 3, # then specify that options # are read from file descriptor 3. # Quote special shell character "&" makemime "@&3" 3<options.txt With options.txt contents: -c auto -C utf-8 -N text8bit # options.txt is opened on file descriptor 3, read this MIME # section starting after the - terminator &3 - [contents of the MIME section] MIME overview A MIME-formatted message contains one or several MIME sections. MIME head- ers specify how multiple MIME sections are to be interpreted as a whole (whether they are attached together; whether they are alternative represen- tations of the same content; or something even more esoteric). This manual page gives a very brief, terse, overview of basic MIME concepts. The de- scription is biased towards describing the functionality of the makemime utility. See RFC 2045[1], RFC 2046[2], RFC 2047[3], RFC 2048[4], and RFC 2049[4] for a formal definition of MIME-formatted messages. Each file in a MIME message is encoded as a single MIME section. A MIME section consists of at least one header line, "Content-Type:". The "Con- tent-Type:" header gives the type of the data ontained in the file. Other header lines may also be present. Their relative order does not matter. MIME headers are followed by a blank line, then the contents of the file, encoded appropriately. All MIME sections generated by makemime will always contain another header, "Content-Transfer-Encoding:". This header gives the encoding method used for the file; it is an optional header, but makemime always creates it. The MIME encoding method defaults to "7bit" if this header is absent. 7bit encoding is only suitable for plain text messages in the US-ASCII character set. The "8bit" encoding method is used by plain text messages in other character sets that use octets with the high bit set. An alternative to 8bit encoding is "quoted-printable". The "base64" encoding method is used for files containing binary data (anything other than plain text). MIME sections that contain text messages have their "Content-Type:" header set to "text/plain"; or "text/html" for HTML messages. There are also sev- eral other, rare, content types that can be used. MIME sections that con- tain other kinds of data will use some other, appropriate "Content-Type:" header, such as "image/gif", or "audio/x-wav". MIME sections that contain textual content may also use the base64 encoding method, they are not required to use 7bit, 8bit, or quoted-printable. "text/pdf" sections, that contain PDF files, typically contain binary data and must use the base64 encoding. Consequently, MIME sections that typi- cally contain binary data, such as image/gif and audio/x-wav, are free to use encodings other than base64, as long as all the data can be represented by printable characters (but, in practice, that never happens). MIME sections may also contain other, optional, headers such as "Con- tent-Disposition:", "Content-ID:", and "Content-Name:". Consult the appro- priate RFCs for the specific usage of these headers. These headers can be added by makemime by using the -a option, as described below. These headers play no part in creating the overall structure of a MIME-encoded message, and makemime does not care much about these headers. It simply includes them, and their content, upon request. Multiple files are formatted as a single MIME message in two steps: first, by creating a MIME section for each file; and then creating a single MIME section that contains other MIME sections. A "multipart/mixed" MIME section contains a collection of MIME sections that represent different objects, attached together. A "multipart/alternative" MIME section contains a col- lection of MIME sections which are alternative representations of the same object, such as an HTML and a plain text version of the same message. Other "multipart" MIME sections also exist, and their usage is defined by their respective RFCs. Creating a single MIME section makemime {-c "type"} [-e "encoding"] [-o outputfile] [-C "charset"] [-N "name"] [-a "header: value"...] {filename} The -c option reads filename, encodes it appropriately, adds the "Con- tent-Type: type" and "Content-Transfer-Encoding:" MIME headers, then writes the result to standard output. type can be any valid MIME type, except for multipart. Setting filename to "-" reads from standard input. Setting file- name to "&n" reads from file descriptor #n. The -C option sets the MIME charset attribute for text/plain content. The -N option sets the name attribute for Content-Type:. encoding argument should be specified. It's more efficient to do so. en- coding must be one of the following: 7bit, 8bit, quoted-printable, or base64. If encoding is not specified, makemime reads the filename twice - once to figure out the best encoding method, and the second time to encode file- name. If filename is a pipe makemime creates a temporary file, which is not very efficient if filename is large. However letting makemime pick the en- coding method is more convenient if filename is relatively small. Another possibility is to omit encoding and set type to auto. This combina- tion sets "Content-Type:" to either text/plain, or applica- tion/octet-stream, based on the selected encoding. By default the encoded MIME section is written to standard output. The -o option writes the MIME section to outputfile. outputfile may be "&n", which writes the MIME section to a pipe on file descriptor #n. makemime does not generate any other headers. Particularly, the "Mime-Ver- sion:" header is required for MIME-formatted E-mail messages. Additional headers are specified by the -a option, which may be used multiple times to insert multiple headers. makemime doesn't do anything with them except to insert the headers into the generated MIME section. Note that "Mime-Version:" is only required for the top level MIME section. This header is not required for individual MIME sections that are later combined into a multipart MIME collection. Note The -c option must occur listed first, the remaining options must fol- low the -c option. Creating a multipart MIME collection makemime {-m "multipart/type"} [-o outputfile] [-a "header: value"...] {filename} The -m option is similar to the -c option, except for three differences. type must be either "multipart/mixed", "multipart/alternative", or some other MIME multipart content type. There is no explicit encoding. Also: filename must be a MIME-formatted section, NOT a regular file. Usually filename is created by a previous invocation of makemime (it can also be a pipe, like the -c option), but it can be created via any other means. The -m option creates an initial multipart MIME collection, that contains only one MIME section, taken from filename. The collection is written to standard output, or the pipe or to outputfile. Creating a multipart MIME section makemime {-j file1} [-o outputfile] {file2} This option adds a MIME section to an existing MIME collection. file1 must be a MIME collection that was previously created by the -m option. file2 must be a MIME section that was previously created by the -c option. The -j options adds the MIME section in file2 to the MIME collection in file1. The result is written to standard output or to outputfile. file1 and/or file2 may be "@&n" which reads from file descriptor #n. The outputfile may also specify a file descriptor. file1 and file2 should ideally be created by makemime as well. It's also possible to use MIME-formatted files created by other software, but with some degree of care. makemime is not intended to be a MIME parser, but a MIME generator. However some amount of MIME parsing is necessary to append a MIME section to an existing MIME collection. makemime's parsing is suf- ficient for appending a new section to a MIME collection, as long as the MIME headers in the MIME collections are straightforward. Very convoluted MIME headers may confuse makemime, and it may not be able to handle them. Recursive MIME collections MIME collection may contain other MIME collections as well as MIME sec- tions. The -m and the -j options may use a multipart MIME collection in place of a MIME section automatically because a multipart MIME collection is just a special type of a MIME section. The following example encodes a text message that can be alternatively represented as HTML or plain text, with some additional attachments: 1. Create a MIME collection that has a text/plain and a text/html MIME sec- tion. 2. Create a MIME collection consisting of the MIME section generated in step one, plus additional MIME sections containing other attachments. For example: # Take two files containing the text and the html version of a message, and # add MIME headers to them. makemime -c "text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1" -o tmp1.txt msg.txt makemime -c "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" -o tmp1.html msg.html # Combine the result into a multipart/alternative collection makemime -m "multipart/alternative" -a "Content-Disposition: inline" \ -o tmp.ma1 tmp1.txt makemime -j tmp.ma1 -o tmp.ma2 tmp1.html # Add MIME headers to an image attachment. makemime -c "image/gif" -a "Content-Disposition: attachment" \ -o tmp2.gif attachment.gif # Create the final multipart/mixed collection makemime -m "multipart/mixed" -a "Mime-Version: 1.0" \ -o tmp.mm1 tmp.ma2 makemime -j tmp.mm1 -o output.msg tmp2.gif output.msg now contains the complete MIME collection. Just add the Sub- ject:, From:, and To: headers (can also be done by additional -a options, of course), and send it on its way. Building complex MIME encodings There are several different ways to build complete MIME encodings from mul- tiple MIME sections. One way is to use temporary files to create MIME sec- tions, then combine them together into a single MIME collection. A slightly more complicated approach involves setting up pipes between multiple makemime processes, in order to avoid using temporary files. This can be done manually, by hand. It is also possible to have makemime do this automatically. makemime will set up these pipes and run multiple in- stances of itself to create a single MIME collection, with multiple attach- ments of complexity limited only by your system's limit on the maximum num- ber of open files and pipes. Any file that's read by the -c, -m, and -j options ( -o specifies a file to create, and doesn't count) may be replaced by a single argument containing a left parenthesis, additional options, then a single argument containing a right parenthesis. A single invocation of makemime can only use one -c, -m, or -j option. However, another -c, -m, or -j option may be specified inside the left and the right parenthesis, and its output is used in place of the file it replaced. In the previous example the third and the fourth invoca- tion of makemime can be replaced with the following command: makemime -j \( \ -m "multipart/alternative" \ -a "Content-Disposition: inline" tmp1.txt \ \) -o tmp.ma2 \ tmp1.html Note that the parenthesis must be backslashed, to avoid their special mean- ing to the shell. An equivalent argument file would have the following con- tents: -j ( -m multipart/alternative -a Content-Disposition: inline tmp1.txt ) -o tmp.ma2 tmp1.html These constructs can be arbitrarily nested, and are limited by the amount of available memory and resources. The entire sequence in the previous sec- tion is equivalent to the following command: makemime -j \ \( \ -m "multipart/mixed" \ -a "Mime-Version: 1.0" \ \( \ -j \ \( \ -m "multipart/alternative" \ -a "Content-Disposition: inline" \ \( \ -c "text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1" \ msg.txt \ \) \ \) \ \( \ -c "text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" \ msg.html \ \) \ \) \ \) \ -o output.msg \ \( \ -c "image/gif" \ -a "Content-Disposition: attachment" \ attachment.gif \ \) An equivalent argument file would be: -j ( -m multipart/mixed -a Mime-Version: 1.0 ( -j ( -m multipart/alternative -a Content-Disposition: inline ( -c text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 msg.txt ) ) ( -c text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 msg.html ) ) ) -o output.msg ( -c image/gif -a Content-Disposition: attachment attachment.gif ) SEE ALSO maildrop(1)[5], maildropfilter(5)[6], reformail(1)[7], reformime(1)[8], egrep(1), grep(1), courier(8)[9], sendmail(8), RFC 2045[1], RFC 2046[2], RFC 2047[3], RFC 2048[4], RFC 2049[4]. AUTHOR Sam Varshavchik Author NOTES 1. RFC 2045 http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt 2. RFC 2046 http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2046.txt 3. RFC 2047 http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2047.txt 4. RFC 2048 http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc2048.txt 5. maildrop(1) http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildrop.html 6. maildropfilter(5) http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/maildropfilter.html 7. reformail(1) http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/reformail.html 8. reformime(1) http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/reformime.html 9. courier(8) http://www.courier-mta.org/maildrop/courier.html Courier Mail Server 01/10/2026 MAKEMIME(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | SEE ALSO | AUTHOR | NOTES
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