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pure-ftpd(8) Pure-FTPd pure-ftpd(8) NAME pure-ftpd - simple File Transfer Protocol server SYNOPSIS pure-ftpd [-0] [-1] [-2 cert_file[,key_file]] [-3 certd_socket] [-4] [-6] [-a gid] [-A] [-b] [-B] [-c clients] [-C cnx/ip] [-d [-d]] [-D] [-e] [-E] [-f facility] [-F fortunes file] [-g pidfile] [-G] [-H] [-i] [-I] [-j] [-J ciphers] [-k percentage] [-K] [-l authentication[:config file]] [-L max files:max depth] [-m maxload] [-M] [-n maxfiles:maxsize] [-N] [-o] [-O format:log file] [-p first:last] [-P ip address or host name] [-q upload:download ratio] [-Q upload:download ratio] [-r] [-R] [-s] [-S [address,][port]] [-t upload bandwidth:download bandwidth] [-T upload bandwidth:download bandwidth] [-u uid] [-U umask files:umask dirs] [-v bonjour name] [-V ip address] [-w] [-W] [-x] [-X] [-y max user sessions:max anon sessions] [-Y tls behavior] [-z] [-Z] Alternative style: -0 --notruncate -1 --logpid -2 --certfile -3 --extcert -4 --ipv4only -6 --ipv6only -a --trustedgid -A --chrooteveryone -b --brokenclientscompatibility -B --daemonize -c --maxclientsnumber -C --maxclientsperip -d --verboselog -D --displaydotfiles -e --anonymousonly -E --noanonymous -f --syslogfacility -F --fortunesfile -g --pidfile -G --norename -h --help -H --dontresolve -i --anonymouscantupload -I --maxidletime -j --createhomedir -J --tlsciphersuite -k --maxdiskusagepct -K --keepallfiles -l --login -L --limitrecursion -m --maxload -M --anonymouscancreatedirs -n --quota -N --natmode -o --uploadscript -O --altlog -p --passiveportrange -P --forcepassiveip -q --anonymousratio -Q --userratio -r --autorename -R --nochmod -s --antiwarez -S --bind -t --anonymousbandwidth -T --userbandwidth -u --minuid -U --umask -v --bonjour -V --trustedip -w --allowuserfxp -W --allowanonymousfxp -x --prohibitdotfileswrite -X --prohibitdotfilesread -y --peruserlimits -Y --tls -z --allowdotfiles -Z --customerproof DESCRIPTION Pure-FTPd is a small, simple server for the old and hairy File Transfer Protocol, designed to use less resources than older servers, be smaller and very secure, and to never execute any external program. It support most-used features and commands of FTP (including many mod- ern extensions), and leaves out everything which is deprecated, mean- ingless, insecure, or correlates with trouble. IPv6 is fully supported. OPTIONS -0 When a file is uploaded and there is already a previous version of the file with the same name, the old file will neither get removed nor truncated. Upload will take place in a temporary file and once the upload is complete, the switch to the new ver- sion will be atomic. This option should not be used together with virtual quotas. -1 Add the PID to the syslog output. Ignored if -f none is set. -2 cert_file[,key_file] When using TLS, set the path to the certificate file. The cer- tificate and its key can be be bundled into a single file, or the key can be in a distinct file. -3 path Path to the pure-certd UNIX socket. -4 Listen only to IPv4 connections. -6 Listen only to IPv6 connections. -a gid Regular users will be chrooted to their home directories, unless they belong to the specified gid. Note that root is always trusted, and that chroot() occurs only for anonymous ftp without this option. -A Chroot() everyone, but root. -b Be broken. Turns on some compatibility hacks for shoddy clients, and for broken Netfilter gateways. -B Start the standalone server in background (daemonize). -c clients Allow a maximum of clients to be connected. clients must be at least 1, and if you combine it with -p it will be forced down to half the number of ports specified by -p. If more than clients are connected, new clients are rejected at once, even clients wishing to upload, or to log in as normal users. Therefore, it is advisable to use -m as primary overload protection. The de- fault value is 50. -C max connection per ip Limit the number of simultaneous connections coming from the same IP address. This is yet another very effective way to pre- vent stupid denial of services and bandwidth starvation by a single user. It works only when the server is launched in standalone mode (if you use a super-server, it is supposed to do that). If the server is launched with -C 2 , it doesn't mean that the total number of connection is limited to 2. But the same client, coming from the same machine (or at least the same IP), can't have more than two simultaneous connections. This features needs some memory to track IP addresses, but it's rec- ommended to use it. -d turns on debug logging. Every command is logged, except that the argument to PASS is changed to "<password>". If you repeat -d , responses too are logged. -e Only allow anonymous users to log in. -E Only allow authenticated login. Anonymous users are prohibited. -f facility makes ftpd use facility for all syslog(3) messages. facility defaults to ftp. The facility names are normally listed in /usr/include/sys/syslog.h. Note that if -f is not the first op- tion on the command line, a couple of messages may be logged to local2 before the -f option is parsed. Use -f none to disable logging. -F fortunes file Display a funny random message in the initial login banner. The random cookies are extracted from a text file, in the standard fortune format. If you installed the fortune package, you should have a directory (usually /usr/share/fortune ) with binary files ( xxxx.dat ) and text files (without the .dat extension). -g pidfile In standalone mode, write the pid to that file in instead of /var/run/pure-ftpd.pid . -G When this option is enabled, people can no more change the name of already uploaded files, even if they own those files or their directory. -H Don't resolve host names ("192.0.34.166" will be logged instead of "www.example.com"). It can significantly speed up connections and reduce bandwidth usage on busy servers. Use it especially on public FTP sites. -i Disallow upload for anonymous users, whatever directory permis- sions are. This option is especially useful for virtual hosting, to avoid your users create warez sites in their account. -I timeout Change the maximum idle time. The timeout is in minutes, and de- faults to 15. -j If the home directory of a user doesn't exist, automatically create it. The newly created home directory belongs to the user, and permissions are set according to the current directory mask. To avoid local attacks, the parent directory should never belong to an untrusted user. -J ciphers Set the list of ciphers that will be accepted for TLS connec- tions. -k percentage Disallow upload if the partition is more than percentage full. Example: -k 95 will ensure that your disk will never get filled more than 95% by FTP users. -K Allow users to resume and upload files, but NOT to delete them. Directories can be removed, but only if they are empty. -l authentication:file Enable a new authentication method. It can be one of: -l unix For standard (/etc/passwd) authentication. -l pam For PAM au- thentication. -l ldap:LDAP config file For LDAP directories. -l mysql:MySQL config file For MySQL databases. -l pgsql:Post- gres config file For Postgres databases. -l puredb:PureDB data- base file For PureDB databases. -l extauth:path to pure-authd socket For external authentication handlers. Different authentication methods can be mixed together. For in- stance if you run the server with -lpuredb:/usr/lo- cal/etc/pwd.pdb -lmysql:/usr/local/etc/my.cf -lunix Accounts will first be authenticated from a PureDB database. If it fails, a MySQL server will be asked. If the account is still not found is the database, standard unix accounts will be scanned. Authen- tication methods are tried in the order you give the -l options, if you do not give -l, then the decision comes from configure, if PAM is built in, it is used, if not, then UNIX (/etc/passwd) is used by default. See the README.LDAP and README.MySQL files for info about the built-in LDAP and SQL directory support. -L max files:max depth Avoid denial-of-service attacks by limiting the number of dis- played files in a 'ls' and the maximum depth of a recursive 'ls'. Defaults are 2000:5 (2000 files displayed for a single 'ls' and walk through 5 subdirectories max). -m load Do not allow anonymous users to download files if the load is above load when the user connects. Uploads and file listings are still allowed, as are downloads by real users. The user is not told about this until he/she tries to download a file. -M Allow anonymous users to create directories. -n maxfiles:maxsize Enable virtual quotas When virtual quotas are enabled, .ftpquota files are created, and the number of files for a user is re- stricted to 'maxfiles'. The max total size of his directory is also restricted to 'maxsize' Megabytes. Members of the trusted group aren't subject to quotas. -N NAT mode. Force active mode. If your FTP server is behind a NAT box that doesn't support applicative FTP proxying, or if you use port redirection without a transparent FTP proxy, use this. Well... the previous sentence isn't very clear. Okay: if your network looks like this: FTP--NAT.gateway/router--Internet and if you want people coming from the internet to have access to your FTP server, please try without this option first. If Netscape clients can connect without any problem, your NAT gate- way rulez. If Netscape doesn't display directory listings, your NAT gateway sucks. Use -N as a workaround. -o Enable pure-uploadscript. -O format:log file Record all file transfers into a specific log file, in an alter- native format. Currently, three formats are supported: CLF, Stats, W3C and xferlog. If you add -O clf:/var/log/pureftpd.log to your starting options, Pure-FTPd will log transfers in /var/log/pureftpd.log in a format similar to the Apache web server in default configuration. If you add -O stats:/var/log/pureftpd.log to your starting options, Pure-FTPd will create accurate log files designed for traffic analys software like ftpStats. If you add -O w3c:/var/log/pureftpd.log to your starting options, Pure-FTPd will create W3C-conformant log files. For security purposes, the path must be absolute (eg. /var/log/pureftpd.log, not ../log/pureftpd.log). -p first:last Use only ports in the range first to last inclusive for pas- sive-mode downloads. This means that clients will not try to open connections to TCP ports outside the range first - last, which makes pure-ftpd more compatible with packet filters. Note that the maximum number of clients (specified with -c) is forced down to (last + 1 - first)/2 if it is greater, as the default is. (The syntax for the port range is, conveniently, the same as that of iptables). -P ip address or host name Force the specified IP address in reply to a PASV/EPSV command. If the server is behind a masquerading (NAT) box that doesn't properly handle stateful FTP masquerading, put the ip address of that box here. If you have a dynamic IP address, you can use a symbolic host name (probably the one of your gateway), that will be resolved every time a new client will connect. -q upload:download Enable an upload/download ratio for anonymous users (ex: -q 1:5 means that 1 Mb of goodies have to be uploaded to leech 5 Mb). -Q upload:download Enable ratios for anonymous and non-anonymous users. If the -a option is also used, users from the trusted group have no ratio. -r Never overwrite existing files. Uploading a file whose name al- ready exists cause an automatic rename. Files are called xyz.1, xyz.2, xyz.3, etc. -R Disallow users (even non-anonymous ones) usage of the CHMOD com- mand. On hosting services, it may prevent newbies from doing mistakes, like setting bad permissions on their home directory. Only root can use CHMOD when this switch is enabled. -s Don't allow anonymous users to retrieve files owned by "ftp" (generally, files uploaded by other anonymous users). -S [{ip address|hostname}] [,{port|service name}] This option is only effective when the server is launched as a standalone server. Connections are accepted on the specified IP and port. IPv4 and IPv6 are supported. Numeric and fully-quali- fied host names are accepted. A service name (see /etc/services) can be used instead of a numeric port number. -t bandwidth or -t upload bandwidth:download bandwidth Enable process prior- ity lowering and bandwidth throttling for anonymous users. Delay should be in kilobytes/seconds. -T bandwidth or -T upload bandwidth:download bandwidth Enable process prior- ity lowering and bandwidth throttling for *ALL* users. Pure-FTPd should have been explicitly compiled with throttling support to have these flags work. It is possible to have dif- ferent bandwidth limits for uploads and for downloads. '-t' and '-T' can indeed be followed by two numbers delimited by a column (':'). The first number is the upload bandwidth and the next one applies only to downloads. One of them can be left blank which means infinity. A single number without any column means that the same limit applies to upload and download. -u uid Do not allow uids below uid to log in (typically, low-numbered uids are used for administrative accounts). -u 100 is suffi- cient to deny access to all administrative accounts on many linux boxes, where 99 is the last administrative account. Anony- mous FTP is allowed even if the uid of the ftp user is smaller than uid. -u 1 denies access only to root accounts. The default is to allow FTP access to all accounts. -U umask files:umask dirs Change the mask for creation of new files and directories. The default are 133 (files are readable -but not writable- by other users) and 022 (same thing for directory, with the execute bit on). If new files should only be readable by the user, use 177:077. If you want uploaded files to be executable, use 022:022 (files will be readable by other people) or 077:077 (files will only be readable by their owner). -v bonjour name Set the Bonjour name of the service (only available on MacOS X when Bonjour support is compiled in). -V ip address Allow non-anonymous FTP access only on this specific local IP address. All other IP addresses are only anonymous. With that option, you can have routed IPs for public access, and a local IP (like 10.x.x.x) for administration. You can also have a routable trusted IP protected by firewall rules, and only that IP can be used to login as a non-anonymous user. -w Enable support for the FXP protocol, for non-anonymous users only. -W Enable the FXP protocol for everyone. FXP IS AN UNSECURE PROTO- COL. NEVER ENABLE IT ON UNTRUSTED NETWORKS. -x In normal operation mode, authenticated users can read/write files beginning with a dot ('.'). Anonymous users can't, for se- curity reasons (like changing banners or a forgotten .rhosts). When '-x' is used, authenticated users can download dot-files, but not overwrite/create them, even if they own them. That way, you can prevent hosted users from messing .qmail files. -X This flag is identical to the previous one (writing dot-files is prohibited), but in addition, users can't even *read* files and directories beginning with a dot (like "cd .ssh"). -y per user max sessions:max anonymous sessions This switch enables per-user concurrency limits. Two values are separated by a column. The first one is the max number of con- current sessions for a single login. The second one is the maxi- mum number of anonoymous sessions. -Y tls behavior -Y 0 (default) disables TLS security mechanisms. -Y 1 Accept both normal sessions and TLS ones. -Y 2 refuses connections that aren't using TLS security mecha- nisms, including anonymous ones. -Y 3 refuses connections that aren't using TLS security mecha- nisms, and refuse cleartext data channels as well. The server must have been compiled with TLS support and a valid certificate must be in place to accept encrypted sessions. -z Allow anonymous users to read files and directories starting with a dot ('.'). -Z Add safe guards against common customer mistakes (like chmod 0 on their own files) . AUTHENTICATION Some of the complexities of older servers are left out. This version of pure-ftpd can use PAM for authentication. If you want it to consult any files like /etc/shells or /etc/ftpd/ftpusers consult pam docs. LDAP directories and SQL databases are also supported. Anonymous users are authenticated in any of three ways: 1. The user logs in as "ftp" or "anonymous" and there is an account called "ftp" with an existing home directory. This server does not ask anonymous users for an email address or other password. 2. The user connects to an IP address which resolves to the name of a directory in /usr/local/etc/pure-ftpd (or a symlink in that directory to a real directory), and there is an account called "ftp" (which does not need to have a valid home directory). See Virtual Servers below. Ftpd does a chroot(2) to the relevant base directory when an anonymous user logs in. Note that ftpd allows remote users to log in as root if the password is known and -u not used. UNUSUAL FEATURES If a user's home directory is /path/to/home/./, FTP sessions under that UID will be chroot()ed. In addition, if a users's home directory is /path/to/home/./directory the session will be chroot()ed to /path/to/home and the FTP session will start in 'directory'. As noted above, this pure-ftpd omits several features that are required by the RFC or might be considered useful at first. Here is a list of the most important omissions. On-the-fly tar is not supported, for several reasons. I feel that users who want to get many files should use a special FTP client such as "mirror," which also supports incremental fetch. I don't want to either add several hundred lines of code to create tar files or execute an ex- ternal tar. Finally, on-the-fly tar distorts log files. On-the-fly compression is left out too. Most files on an FTP site are compressed already, and if a file isn't, there presumably is a reason why. (As for decompression: Don't FTP users waste bandwidth enough without help from on-the-fly decompression?) DIRECTORY ALIASES Shortcuts for the "cd" command can be set up if the server has been compiled with the --with-diraliases feature. To enable directory aliases, create a file called /usr/lo- cal/etc/pureftpd-dir-aliases and alternate lines of alias names and as- sociated directories. ANONYMOUS FTP This server leaves out some of the commands and features that have been used to subvert anonymous FTP servers in the past, but still you have to be a little bit careful in order to support anonymous FTP without risk to the rest of your files. Make ~ftp and all files and directories below this directory owned by some user other than "ftp," and only the .../incoming directory/direc- tories writable by "ftp." It is probably best if all directories are writable only by a special group such as "ftpadmin" and "ftp" is not a member of this group. If you do not trust the local users, put ~ftp on a separate partition, so local users can't hard-link unapproved files into the anonymous FTP area. Use of the -s option is strongly suggested. (Simply add "-s" to the end of the ftpd line in /etc/inetd.conf to enable it.) Most other FTP servers require that a number of files such as ~ftp/bin/ls exist. This server does not require that any files or di- rectories within ~/ftp whatsoever exist, and I recommend that all such unnecessary files are removed (for no real reason). It may be worth considering to run the anonymous FTP service as a vir- tual server, to get automatic logins and to firewall off the FTP ad- dress/port to which real users can log in. If your server is a public FTP site, you may want to allow only 'ftp' and 'anonymous' users to log in. Use the -e option for this. Real ac- counts will be ignored and you will get a secure, anonymous-only FTP server. MAGIC FILES The files <ftproot>/.banner and .message are magical. If there is a file called .banner in the root directory of the anony- mous FTP area, or in the root directory of a virtual host, and it is shorter than 1024 bytes, it is printed upon login. (If the client does not log in explicitly, and an implicit login is triggered by a CWD or CDUP command, the banner is not printed. This is regrettable but hard to avoid.) If there is a file called .message in any directory and it is shorter than 1024 bytes, that file is printed whenever a user enters that di- rectory using CWD or CDUP. VIRTUAL SERVERS You can run several different anonymous FTP servers on one host, by giving the host several IP addresses with different DNS names. Here are the steps needed to create an extra server using an IP alias on linux 2.4.x, called "ftp.example.com" on address 10.11.12.13. on the IP alias eth0. 1. Create an "ftp" account if you do not have one. It it best if the account does not have a valid home directory and shell. I prefer to make /dev/null the ftp account's home directory and shell. Ftpd uses this account to set the anonymous users' uid. 2. Create a directory as described in Anonymous FTP and make a symlink called /usr/local/etc/pure-ftpd/10.11.12.13 which points to this direc- tory. 3. Make sure your kernel has support for IP aliases. 4. Make sure that the following commands are run at boot: /sbin/ifconfig eth0:1 10.11.12.13 That should be all. If you have problems, here are some things to try. First, symlink /usr/local/etc/pure-ftpd/127.0.0.1 to some directory and say "ftp localhost". If that doesn't log you in, the problem is with ftpd. If not, "ping -v 10.11.12.13" and/or "ping -v ftp.example.com" from the same host. If this does not work, the problem is with the IP alias. Next, try "ping -v 10.11.12.13" from a host on the local ethernet, and afterwards "/sbin/arp -a". If 10.11.12.13 is listed among the ARP en- tries with the correct hardware address, the problem is probably with the IP alias. If 10.11.12.13 is listed, but has hardware address 0:0:0:0:0:0, then proxy-ARP isn't working. If none of that helps, I'm stumped. Good luck. Warning: If you setup a virtual hosts, normal users will not be able to login via this name, so don't create link/directory in /usr/lo- cal/etc/pure-ftpd for your regular hostname. FILES /etc/passwd is used via libc (and PAM is this case), to get the uid and home directory of normal users, the uid and home directory of "ftp" for normal anonymous ftp, and just the uid of "ftp" for virtual ftp hosts. /etc/shadow is used like /etc/passwd if shadow support is enabled. /etc/group is used via libc, to get the group membership of normal users. /proc/net/tcp is used to count existing FTP connections, if the -c or -p options are used /usr/local/etc/pure-ftpd/<ip address> is the base directory for the <ip address> virtual ftp server, or a symbolic link to its base directory. Ftpd does a chroot(2) into this directory when a user logs in to <ip address>, thus symlinks outside this directory will not work. ~ftp is the base directory for "normal" anonymous FTP. Ftpd does a ch- root(2) into this directory when an anonymous user logs in, thus sym- links outside this directory will not work. LS The behaviour of LIST and NLST is a tricky issue. Few servers send RFC-compliant responses to LIST, and some clients depend on non-compli- ant responses. This server uses glob(3) to do filename globbing. The response to NLST is by default similar to that of ls(1), and that to LIST is by default similar to that of ls -l or ls -lg on most Unix systems, except that the "total" count is meaningless. Only regular files, directories and symlinks are shown. Only important ls options are supported: -1 Undoes -l and -C. -a lists even files/directories whose names begin with ".". -C lists files in as many columns as will fit on the screen. Undoes -1 and -l. -d lists argument directories' names rather their contents. -D List files beginning with a dot ('.') even when the client doesn't append the -a option to the list command. -F appends '*' to executable regular files, '@' to symlinks and '/' to directories. -l shows various details about the file, including file group. See ls(1) for details. Undoes -1 and -C. -r reverses the sorting order (modifies -S and -t and the default alphabetical ordering). -R recursively descends into subdirectories of the argument direc- tories. -S Sorts by file size instead of by name. Undoes -t. -t Sorts by file modification time instead of by name. Undoes -S. PROTOCOL Here are the FTP commands supported by this server. ABOR ALLO APPE AUTH TLS CCC CDUP CWD DELE EPRT EPSV ESTA ESTP FEAT HELP LIST MDTM MFMT MKD MLSD MLST MODE NLST NOOP PASS PASV PBSZ PORT PROT PWD QUIT REST RETR RMD RNFR RNTO SIZE STAT STOR STOU STRU SYST TYPE USER XCUP XCWD XDBG XMKD XPWD XRMD OPTS MLST SITE CHMOD SITE HELP SITE IDLE SITE TIME SITE UTIME BUGS Please report bugs to the mailing-list (see below). Pure-FTPd looks very stable and is used on production servers. However it comes with no warranty and it can have nasty bugs or security flaws. HOME PAGE http://www.pureftpd.org/ NEW VERSIONS See the mailing-list on http://www.pureftpd.org/ml/. AUTHOR AND LICENSE Troll-FTPd was written by Arnt Gulbrandsen <agulbra@troll.no> and copy- right 1995-2002 Troll Tech AS, Waldemar Thranes gate 98B, N-0175 Oslo, Norway, fax +47 22806380. Pure-FTPd is (C)opyleft 2001-2022 by Frank DENIS <j at pureftpd dot org>. This software is covered by the BSD license. Contributors: Arnt Gulbrandsen, Troll Tech AS, Janos Farkas, August Fullford, Ximenes Zalteca, Patrick Michael Kane, Arkadiusz Miskiewicz, Michael K. Johnson, Kelley Lingerfelt, Sebastian Andersson, Andreas Westin, Jason Lunz, Mathias Gumz, Claudiu Costin, Ping, Paul Lasarev, Jean-Mathieux Schaffhauser, Emmanuel Hocdet, Sami Koskinen, Sami Farin, Luis Llorente Campo, Peter Pentchev, Darren Casey, The Regents of the University of California, Theo de Raadt (OpenBSD), Matthias Andree, Isak Lyberth, Steve Reid, RSA Data Security Inc, Trilucid, Dmtry Lebkov, Johan Huisman, Thorsten Kukuk, Jan van Veen, Roger Constantin Demetrescu, Stefano F., Robert Varga, Freeman, James Metcalf, Im Eunjea, Philip Gladstone, Kenneth Stailey, Brad Smith, Ulrik Sartipy, Cindy Marasco, Nicolas Doye, Thomas Briggs, Stanton Gallegos, Florin Andrei, Chan Wilson, Bjoern Metzdorf, Ben Gertzfield, Akhilesch Mritunjai, Dawid Szymanski, Kurt Inge Smadal, Alex Dupre, Gabriele Vinci, Andrey Ulanov, Fygul Hether, Jeffrey Lim, Ying-Chieh Liao, Johannes Erdfelt, Martin Sarfy, Clive Goodhead, Aristoteles Pagaltzis, Stefan Hornburg, Mehmet Cokcevik, Brynjar Eide, Torgnt Wernersson, Banhalmi Csaba, Volodin D, Oriol Magran, Jui-Nan Lin, Patrick Gosling, Marc Balmer, Rajat Upadhyaya / Novell, Christian Cier-Zniewski, Wilco Baan Hofman, Clement Chauplannaz. SEE ALSO ftp(1), pure-ftpd(8) pure-ftpwho(8) pure-mrtginfo(8) pure-upload- script(8) pure-statsdecode(8) pure-pw(8) pure-quotacheck(8) pure-au- thd(8) pure-certd(8) RFC 959, RFC 2228, RFC 2389, RFC 2428 and RFC 4217. Frank Denis 1.0.52 pure-ftpd(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | AUTHENTICATION | UNUSUAL FEATURES | DIRECTORY ALIASES | ANONYMOUS FTP | MAGIC FILES | VIRTUAL SERVERS | FILES | LS | PROTOCOL | BUGS | HOME PAGE | NEW VERSIONS | AUTHOR AND LICENSE | SEE ALSO
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