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RASIGN2(1) Rasign2 User Manuals RASIGN2(1) NAME rasign2 - a tool for generating and managing binary file signatures SYNOPSIS rasign2 [options] [file] DESCRIPTION The rasign2 tool is designed for creating, dumping, and managing signa- ture files for binary analysis. It facilitates the generation of signa- ture databases (SDB) from binary files, making it easier to identify and catalog functions and other symbols. The tool can interpret FLIRT 'I.sig' files, execute custom Radare2 scripts, and output signatures in multiple formats. OPTIONS -a Perform a more thorough analysis by adding extra 'a' to the analysis command. The more 'A's, the deeper the analysis. -A[AAA] Equivalent to r2 -A -f Interpret the input file as a FLIRT 'I.sig' file and dump its signatures. -h Display the help menu. -j Output signatures in JSON format. -i script.r2 Execute the specified Radare2 script on the input file. -o sigs.sdb Add generated signatures to the specified file. Creates the file if it does not exist. -q Enable quiet mode, suppressing normal output. -r Show output as Radare2 commands. -S Operate on an SDB signature file. Use '-o -' to save to the same file. -s signspace Save all signatures under the specified signspace. -c Add collision signatures before writing to a file. -v Display version information. -m Merge or overwrite signatures with the same name. USAGE EXAMPLES Basic signature generation: rasign2 -o libc.sdb libc.so.6 This command generates signatures from 'libc.so.6' and saves them in 'libc.sdb'. Enhanced analysis: rasign2 -A -o enhanced_libc.sdb libc.so.6 This performs a deeper analysis before generating signatures, poten- tially discovering more functions. Output in Radare2 commands: rasign2 -r input_file | grep main Prints the discovered signatures for 'main' as Radare2 commands. JSON output: rasign2 -j input_file Outputs the generated signatures in JSON format. Merging signatures: rasign2 -m -o existing_sigs.sdb new_sigs.sdb Merges or overwrites signatures in 'existing_sigs.sdb' with those from 'new_sigs.sdb'. THE Z COMMAND IN RADARE2 The z command in radare2 is dedicated to the management of binary sig- natures, known as zignatures. Zignatures are used for identifying and cataloging functions across different binaries by their unique charac- teristics, such as bytes patterns, graph metrics, and other attributes. CONFIGURATION OPTIONS The behavior of zignature processing can be fine-tuned through a vari- ety of configuration options, accessible via 'e??zign.' in radare2. Some key configuration options include: zign.autoload Autoload all zignatures located in dir.zigns. zign.bytes Use bytes patterns for matching. zign.graph Use graph metrics for matching. zign.hash Use Hash for matching. zign.threshold Minimum similarity required for inclusion in zb output. zign.types Use types for matching. ADDING ZIGNATURES Zignatures can be added with the 'za' command, supporting a variety of types such as bytes patterns, graph metrics, and more. za foo b 558bec..e8........ Adds a bytes pattern zignature. za foo g cc=2 nbbs=3 edges=3 ebbs=1 Adds a graph metrics zignature. ZIGNATURE COMMANDS The z command encompasses several subcommands for managing zignatures: z Show zignatures. z. Find matching zignatures in current offset. zb Search for best match. zdzignature Diff current function and signature. z* Show zignatures in radare format. zo Manage zignature files. zf Manage FLIRT signatures. z/ Search zignatures. zc Compare current zignspace zignatures with another one. zs Manage zignspaces. zi Show zignatures matching information. The comprehensive management of zignatures through these com- mands facilitates a robust workflow for binary analysis, en- abling the identification of known functions and facilitating the analysis of binary similarities and differences. SUPPORTED ZIGNATURE METRICS Zignatures in radare2 can be created with a variety of metrics, each capturing different aspects of binary functions. These metrics include: a: bytes pattern Radare2 creates a mask from analysis to match bytes patterns. b: bytes pattern Direct bytes pattern matching. c: base64 comment Associates a base64-encoded comment with the zignature. n: real function name Uses the real function name for matching. g: graph metrics Utilizes graph metrics such as cyclomatic complexity, number of edges, basic blocks, and end blocks. o: original offset Matches based on the original offset of the function. r: references Uses references for matching. x: cross references Incorporates cross references into the zignature. h: bbhash Employs hashing of function basic blocks for matching. v: vars (and args) Matches based on variables and arguments. Each metric allows for a nuanced approach to identifying and comparing functions across binaries, enabling more accurate and comprehensive analysis. USAGE EXAMPLES FOR THE Z COMMAND The z command in radare2 is versatile, offering various functionalities through its subcommands. Here are five usage examples: Show all zignatures z Displays all zignatures currently loaded in radare2. Find matching zignatures at the current offset z. Searches for and displays zignatures that match at the current offset in the binary. Scan all functions to find matching zignatures z/ Searches and match all signatures loaded against all the analyzed func- tions in order to give a name to every one. Load zignature files zo libc.sdb Loads zignatures from the specified SDB file into the current session. Generate zignatures for all functions zaF Generates zignatures for all identified functions in the binary and adds them to the current session. Search for the closest matching zignatures zb Searches for and displays the closest matching zignatures to the func- tion at the current offset, helping identify similar functions across binaries. These examples showcase the `z` command's ability to manage zignatures efficiently, aiding in the binary analysis process by leveraging the power of zignatures for function identification and comparison. SEE ALSO r2(1), radare2(1) WWW https://www.radare.org/ AUTHORS pancake <pancake@nopcode.org> 1.0 17 Mar 2024 RASIGN2(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | USAGE EXAMPLES | THE Z COMMAND IN RADARE2 | CONFIGURATION OPTIONS | ADDING ZIGNATURES | ZIGNATURE COMMANDS | SUPPORTED ZIGNATURE METRICS | USAGE EXAMPLES FOR THE Z COMMAND | SEE ALSO | WWW | AUTHORS
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