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STRESS-NG(1) General Commands Manual STRESS-NG(1) NAME stress-ng - stress "next generation", a tool to load and stress a computer system SYNOPSIS stress-ng [OPTION [ARG]] ... DESCRIPTION stress-ng will stress test a computer system in various selectable ways. It was designed to exercise physical subsystems of a computer as well as oper- ating system kernel interfaces. stress-ng also has a wide range of CPU specific stress tests that exercise floating point, integer, bit manipula- tion, cache, vector instructions and control flow. stress-ng was originally intended to make a machine work hard and trip hardware issues such as thermal overruns as well as operating system bugs that only occur when a system is being thrashed hard. Use stress-ng with caution as some of the tests can make a system run hot on poorly designed hardware and also can cause excessive system thrashing which may be diffi- cult to stop. stress-ng can also measure test throughput rates; this can be useful to ob- serve performance changes across different operating system releases or types of hardware. However, it has never been intended to be used as a pre- cise benchmark test suite, so do NOT use it in this manner. Running stress-ng with root privileges will adjust out of memory settings on Linux systems to make the stressors unkillable in low memory situations, so use this judiciously. With the appropriate privilege, stress-ng can al- low the ionice class and ionice levels to be adjusted, again, this should be used with care. One can specify the number of processes to invoke per type of stress test; specifying a zero value will select the number of processors available as defined by sysconf(_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF), if that can't be determined then the number of online CPUs is used. If the value is less than zero then the number of online CPUs is used. Specifying the number as a percentage will select the percentage of configured CPUs (truncated down to nearest whole number). OPTIONS General stress-ng control options: --abort this option will force all running stressors to abort (terminate) if any other stressor terminates prematurely because of a failure. -A, --aggressive enables more file, cache and memory aggressive options as well as forcing processes to change CPU affinity very frequently. This will slow tests down, increase latencies and reduce the number of bogo ops as well as changing the balance of user time vs system time used depending on the type of stressor being used. -a N, --all N, --parallel N start N instances of all stressors in parallel. If N is less than zero, then the number of CPUs online is used for the number of in- stances. If N is zero, then the number of configured CPUs in the system is used. Specifying N as a percentage will select the per- centage of configured CPUs (truncated down to nearest whole number). OPTIONS --autogroup with this option any successful nice(2) call will attempt to also set the /proc/self/autogroup setting to the niceness level of the calling process. This is a Linux only option for the CFS scheduler when CONFIG_SCHED_AUTOGROUP is enabled, see sched(7) for more de- tails on how this affects interactive scheduling behaviour. -b N, --backoff N wait N microseconds between the start of each stress worker process. This allows one to ramp up the stress tests over time. --buildinfo report build information such as build date and time, compiler used, compilation and linker flags, standard C version used. --c-states report CPU C-state residencies. --change-cpu this forces child processes of some stressors to change to a differ- ent CPU from the parent on startup. Note that during the execution of the stressor the scheduler may choose move the parent onto the same CPU as the child. The stressors affected by this option are client/server style stressors, such as the network stressors (sock, sockmany, udp, etc) or context switching stressors (switch, pipe, etc). --class name specify the class of stressors to run. Stressors are classified into one or more of the following classes: compute, cpu, cpu-cache, de- vice, fp, gpu, interrupt, integer, ipc, io, filesystem, memory, net- work, os, pipe, scheduler, search, signal, sort, vector and vm. Some stressors fall into just one class. For example the `get' stressor is just in the `os' class. Other stressors fall into more than one class, for example, the `lsearch' stressor falls into the `cpu', `cpu-cache', `memory' and `search' classes as it exercises all these four. Selecting a specific class will run all the stres- sors that fall into that class only when run with the --sequential option. Specifying a name followed by an escaped question mark (for example --class vm\?) will print out all the stressors in that specific class. --config print out the configuration used to build stress-ng. -n, --dry-run parse options, but do not run stress tests. A no-op. --ftrace enable kernel function call tracing (Linux only). This will use the kernel debugfs ftrace mechanism to record all the kernel functions used on the system while stress-ng is running. This is only as ac- curate as the kernel ftrace output, so there may be some variability on the data reported. -h, --help show help. --ignite-cpu alter kernel controls to try and maximize the CPU. This requires root privilege to alter various /sys interface controls. Currently this only works for Intel P-State enabled x86 systems on Linux. --interrupts check for any system management interrupts or error interrupts that occur, for example thermal overruns, machine check exceptions, etc. Note that the interrupts are accounted to all the concurrently run- ning stressors, so total count for all stressors is over accounted. --ionice-class class specify ionice class (only on Linux). Can be idle (default), bestef- fort, be, realtime, rt. --ionice-level level specify ionice level (only on Linux). For idle, 0 is the only possi- ble option. For besteffort or realtime values 0 (highest priority) to 7 (lowest priority). See ionice(1) for more details. -I S, --iostat S every S seconds show I/O statistics on the device that stores the stress-ng temporary files. This is either the device of the current working directory or the --temp-path specified path. Currently a Linux only option. The fields output are: Column Heading Explanation Inflight number of I/O requests that have been issued to the device driver but have not yet completed Rd K/s read rate in 1024 bytes per second Wr K/s write rate in 1024 bytes per second Rd/s reads per second Wr/s writes per second -j jobfile, --job jobfile run stressors using a jobfile. The jobfile is essentially a file containing stress-ng options (without the leading --) with one op- tion per line. Lines may have comments with comment text proceeded by the # character. A simple example is as follows: run sequential # run stressors sequentially verbose # verbose output metrics-brief # show metrics at end of run timeout 60s # stop each stressor after 60 seconds # # vm stressor options: # vm 2 # 2 vm stressors vm-bytes 128M # 128 MB available memory shared by 2 vm stressors vm-keep # keep vm mapping vm-populate # populate memory # # memcpy stressor options: # memcpy 5 # 5 memcpy stressors The job file introduces the run command that specifies how to run the stressors: run sequential - run stressors sequentially run parallel - run stressors together in parallel Note that `run parallel' is the default. --keep-files do not remove files and directories created by the stressors. This can be useful for debugging purposes. Not generally recommended as it can fill up a file system. -k, --keep-name by default, stress-ng will attempt to change the name of the stress processes according to their functionality; this option disables this and keeps the process names to be the name of the parent process, that is, stress-ng. -K, --klog-check check the kernel log for kernel error and warning messages and re- port these as soon as they are detected. Linux only and requires root capability to read the kernel log. --ksm enable kernel samepage merging (Linux only). This is a memory-saving de-duplication feature for merging anonymous (private) pages. --limit-as set stressor process's maximum size of the virtual memory (address space), see rlimit(2) RLIMIT_AS. The parameter can be specified as an absolute number of bytes (e.g. 1G for 1 GB) or a percentage of the current free memory, e.g. 20% --limit-data set stressor process's maximum size of the data segment (initialized data, uninitialized data, and heap), see rlimit(2) RLIMIT_DATA. The parameter can be specified as an absolute number of bytes (e.g. 128M for 128 MB) or a percentage of the current free memory, e.g. 5% --limit-stack set stressor process's maximum size of the stack, see rlimit(2) RLIMIT_STACK. The parameter can be specified as an absolute number of bytes (e.g. 2M for 2 MB) or a percentage of the current free mem- ory, e.g. 1% --log-brief by default stress-ng will report the name of the program, the mes- sage type and the process id as a prefix to all output. The --log-brief option will output messages without these fields to pro- duce a less verbose output. -L filename, --log-file filename write messages to the specified log file, this does not replace the output from stdout, but creates a logged copy of it in the specified file. Lines of output are automatically fsync'd to the log file to try to reduce data loss. --log-lockless log messages use a lock to avoid intermingling of blocks of stressor messages, however this may cause contention when emitting a high rate of logging messages in verbose mode with many stressors are running, for example when testing CPU scaling with many processes on many CPUs. This option disables log message locking. --make-it-fail enable fault injection on stressor processes (Linux only, needs to run with root permission to write to /proc/self/make-it-fail). The appropriate Linux kernel /sys/kernel/debug fault injection sysfs in- terfaces need to be set inconjunction when using this option and the kernel requires fault injection to be enabled. --maximize overrides the default stressor settings and instead sets these to the maximum settings allowed. These defaults can always be overrid- den by the per stressor settings options if required. --max-fd N set the maximum limit on file descriptors (value or a % of system allowed maximum). By default, stress-ng can use all the available file descriptors; this option sets the limit in the range from 10 up to the maximum limit of RLIMIT_NOFILE. One can use a % setting too, e.g. 50% is half the maximum allowed file descriptors. Note that stress-ng will use about 5 of the available file descriptors so take this into consideration when using this setting. --mbind list set strict NUMA memory allocation based on the list of NUMA nodes provided; page allocations will come from the node with sufficient free memory closest to the specified node(s) where the allocation takes place. This uses the Linux set_mempolicy(2) call using the MPOL_BIND mode. The NUMA nodes to be used are specified by a comma separated list of node (0 to N-1). One can specify a range of NUMA nodes using `-', for example: --mbind 0,2-3,6,7-11 -M, --metrics output number of bogo operations in total performed by the stress processes. Note that these are not a reliable metric of performance or throughput and have not been designed to be used for benchmarking whatsoever. Some stressors have additional metrics that are more useful than bogo-ops, and these are generally more useful for ob- serving how a system behaves when under various kinds of load. The following columns of information are output: Column Heading Explanation bogo ops number of iterations of the stressor during the run. This is metric of how much overall "work" has been achieved in bogo operations. Do not use this as a reliable measure of throughput for benchmarking. real time (secs) average wall clock duration (in seconds) of the stressor. This is the total wall clock time of all the instances of that particular stressor divided by the num- ber of these stressors being run. usr time (secs) total user time (in seconds) consumed running all the instances of the stres- sor. sys time (secs) total system time (in seconds) consumed running all the instances of the stres- sor. bogo ops/s (real time) total bogo operations per second based on wall clock run time. The wall clock time reflects the apparent run time. The more processors one has on a system the more the work load can be distributed onto these and hence the wall clock time will reduce and the bogo ops rate will increase. This is essentially the "ap- parent" bogo ops rate of the system. bogo ops/s (usr+sys time) total bogo operations per second based on cumulative user and system time. This is the real bogo ops rate of the system taking into consideration the ac- tual time execution time of the stressor across all the processors. Generally this will decrease as one adds more con- current stressors due to contention on cache, memory, execution units, buses and I/O devices. CPU used per instance (%) total percentage of CPU used divided by number of stressor instances. 100% is 1 full CPU. Some stressors run multiple threads so it is possible to have a fig- ure greater than 100%. RSS Max (KB) resident set size (RSS), the portion of memory (measured in Kilobytes) occupied by a process in main memory. --metrics-brief show shorter list of stressor metrics (no CPU used per instance). --minimize overrides the default stressor settings and instead sets these to the minimum settings allowed. These defaults can always be overrid- den by the per stressor settings options if required. --no-madvise from version 0.02.26 stress-ng automatically calls madvise(2) with random advise options before each mmap and munmap to stress the vm subsystem a little harder. The --no-advise option turns this default off. --no-oom-adjust disable any form of out-of-memory score adjustments, keep the system defaults. Normally stress-ng will adjust the out-of-memory scores on stressors to try to create more memory pressure. This option dis- ables the adjustments. --no-rand-seed Do not seed the stress-ng pseudo-random number generator with a quasi random start seed, but instead seed it with constant values. This forces tests to run each time using the same start conditions which can be useful when one requires reproducible stress tests. --oom-avoid Attempt to avoid out-of-memory conditions that can lead to the Out- of-Memory (OOM) killer terminating stressors. This checks for low memory scenarios and swapping before making memory allocations and hence adds some overhead to the stressors and will slow down stres- sor allocation speeds. --oom-avoid-bytes N Specify a low memory threshold to avoid making any further memory allocations. The parameter can be specified as an absolute number of bytes (e.g. 2M for 2 MB) or a percentage of the current free mem- ory, e.g. 5% (the default is 2.5%). This option implicitly enables --oom-avoid. The option allows the system to have enough free mem- ory to try to avoid the out-of-memory killer terminating processes. --oom-no-child Disable running stressor as a child process with a parent that checks for Out-of-Memory (OOM) issues. This reduces additional child process overhead but indirectly also disables respawning of OOM'd stressors, OOM detection and may lead to bogo-op verification errors. -O, --oomable Do not respawn a stressor if it gets killed by the Out-of-Memory (OOM) killer. The default behaviour is to restart a new instance of a stressor if the kernel OOM killer terminates the process. This op- tion disables this default behaviour. --page-in touch allocated pages that are not in core, forcing them to be paged back in. This is a useful option to force all the allocated pages to be paged in when using the bigheap, mmap and vm stressors. It will severely degrade performance when the memory in the system is less than the allocated buffer sizes. This uses mincore(2) to de- termine the pages that are not in core and hence need touching to page them back in. --pathological enable stressors that are known to hang systems. Some stressors can rapidly consume resources that may hang a system, or perform actions that can lock a system up or cause it to reboot. These stressors are not enabled by default, this option enables them, but you probably don't want to do this. You have been warned. This option applies to the stressors: bad-ioctl, bind-mount, cpu-online, mlockmany, oom-pipe, smi, sysinval and watchdog. --pause T pause T seconds between each stressor. This is useful for allowing systems to cool down between each stressor invocation. By default this option is disabled. --perf measure processor and system activity using perf events. Linux only and caveat emptor, according to perf_event_open(2): "Always double- check your results! Various generalized events have had wrong val- ues". Note that with Linux 4.7 one needs to have CAP_SYS_ADMIN ca- pabilities for this option to work, or adjust /proc/sys/ker- nel/perf_event_paranoid to below 2 to use this without CAP_SYS_AD- MIN. --permute N run all permutations of the selected stressors with N instances of the permutated stressors per run. If N is less than zero, then the number of CPUs online is used for the number of instances. If N is zero, then the number of configured CPUs in the system is used. Specifying N as a percentage will select the percentage of config- ured CPUs (truncated down to nearest whole number). This will per- form multiple runs with all the permutations of the stressors up to 2^20 permumtations. Use this in conjunction with the --with or --class option to specify the stressors to permute. --progress display the run progress when running stressors with the --sequen- tial option. -q, --quiet do not show any output. -r N, --random N start N random stress workers. If N is 0, then the number of config- ured processors is used for N. --randprocname enable random stressor process name generation. This scrambles the stressor process names to try to confuse process monitoring and po- tential smart process scheduling that uses process names to make system tuning changes. --rapl Report the Running Average Power Limit (RAPL) energy measurements of stressor instances. Currently Linux and x86 only, requires root ac- cess rights to read RAPL kernel interfaces. Note that the RAPL do- mains supported may vary between devices. --raplstat S every S seconds show RAPL energy measurements. Currently Linux and x86 only, requires root access rights to read RAPL kernel inter- faces. --resctrl p1[,p2,..,pn],s1[,s2..,sm] specify resource control cache partitions and apply to stressor in- stances (ARM MPAM only) p1..pn are a list of 1 to n cache partitioning definitions, where p1..pn are of the form: pN=node[:cachelevel]:hexbitmask:bandwidth where: * pN is the partition definition name where N is a number, e.g. p1 * node specifies cluster node of CPUs to use * cachelevel specifies the cache level to use (optional, the default is the MPAM default L3 level) * hexbitmask is a hexadecimal bitmask specifying cache portions to use * bandwidth is the bandwidth to use, for MPAM this is % utilization 1..100 for example: p1=1:L3:fff:50 s1..sm are a list of 1 to m of stressor instances that apply these cache partitioning settings of the form: stressor-name=stressor-instances@pN where: * stressor-name is the name of a stressor * stressor-instances is a list of instances where cache partitioning setting pN is applied. * pN specifies the cache partition pN the following example applies resctrl partition p1 to the matrix stressor on instances 0, 1, 5, 8, 12, 13 and 14: matrix=0-1,5,8,12-14@p1 The following example specifies two resctrl partitions, p1 uses cluster node 1, L3 cache, uses the first 3 cache portions and sets this to 10% utilisation. p2 uses cluaser 1, the default L3 cache, all cache portions except the first 32 and sets this to 90% utilisa- tion. The 3 stream stressor instances are run where stream stressor instances 0 to 1 use p1, and instance 2 uses p2. sudo stress-ng --resctrl p1=1:l3:7:10,p2=1:ff8:90,\ stream=0-1@p1,stream=2@p2 --stream 3 Note that invalid resctrl parameters applied to the resctrl sysfs will generate EINVAL errors. They are not sanity checked during op- tion parsing as these can only be determined at the time they are applied. --sched scheduler select the named scheduler (only on Linux). To see the list of available schedulers use: stress-ng --sched which --sched-prio prio select the scheduler priority level (only on Linux). If the sched- uler does not support this then the default priority level of 0 is chosen. --sched-period period select the period parameter for deadline scheduler (only on Linux). Default value is 0 (in nanoseconds). --sched-runtime runtime select the runtime parameter for deadline scheduler (only on Linux). Default value is 99999 (in nanoseconds). --sched-deadline deadline select the deadline parameter for deadline scheduler (only on Linux). Default value is 100000 (in nanoseconds). --sched-reclaim use cpu bandwidth reclaim feature for deadline scheduler (only on Linux). --seed N set the random number generate seed with a 64 bit value. Allows stressors to use the same random number generator sequences on each invocation. --settings show the various option settings. --sequential N sequentially run all the stressors one by one for a default of 60 seconds. The number of instances of each of the individual stressors to be started is N. If N is less than zero, then the number of CPUs online is used for the number of instances. If N is zero, then the number of CPUs in the system is used. Specifying N as a percentage will select the percentage of configured CPUs (truncated down to nearest whole number). OPTIONS Use the --timeout option to specify the duration to run each stressor. --skip-silent silence messages that report that a stressor has been skipped be- cause it requires features not supported by the system, such as unimplemented system calls, missing resources or processor specific features. --smart scan the block devices for changes S.M.A.R.T. statistics (Linux only). This requires root privileges to read the Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology data from all block devies and will report any changes in the statistics. One caveat is that device manufacturers provide different sets of data, the exact meaning of the data can be vague and the data may be inaccurate. --sn use scientific notation (e.g. 2.412e+01) for metrics. --status N report every N seconds the number of running, exiting, reaped and failed stressors, number of stressors that received SIGARLM termina- tion signal as well as the current run duration. --stderr write messages to stderr. With version 0.15.08 output is written to stdout, previously due to a historical oversight output went to stderr. This option allows one to revert to the pre-0.15.08 behav- iour. --stdout all output goes to stdout. This is the new default for version 0.15.08. Use the --stderr option for the original behaviour. --stressor-time (requires -v flag) log as debug the start and finish run times of each stressor instance, logged in the format: stressor [start|fin- ish] HR:MN:SS.HS YYYY:MM:DD where HR is hours, MN is minutes, SS is seconds, HS is hundredths of seconds, YYYY is years, MM is months, DD is day of the month. If localtime(2) is not supported the time is logged as seconds past the Epoch. --stressors output the names of the available stressors. --sync-start synchromize start, wait for stressors to be created and start all stressors once they are all in a ready to run state. --syslog log output (except for verbose -v messages) to the syslog. --taskset list set CPU affinity based on the list of CPUs provided; stress-ng is bound to just use these CPUs (for systems that provide sched_setaffinity(2)). The CPUs to be used are specified by a comma separated list of CPU (0 to N-1). One can specify a range of CPUs using `-', for example: --taskset 0,2-3,6,7-11 or the following key- words: Keyword Description even even numbered CPUs odd odd numbered CPUs all all CPUs random random selection of CPUs packageN CPUs in package N as specified by /sys/devices/sys- tem/cpu/cpu*/topology/package_cpus_list clusterN CPUs in package N as specified by /sys/devices/sys- tem/cpu/cpu*/topology/cluster_cpus_list dieN CPUs in package N as specified by /sys/devices/sys- tem/cpu/cpu*/topology/die_cpus_list coreN CPUs in package N as specified by /sys/devices/sys- tem/cpu/cpu*/topology/core_cpus_list --taskset-random randomly change stressor CPU affinity at five times the clock tick rate (if defined) or at 400Hz while waiting for stressors to com- plete. --temp-path path specify a path for stress-ng temporary directories and temporary files; the default path is the current working directory. This path must have read and write access for the stress-ng stress processes. --thermalstat S every S seconds show CPU and thermal load statistics. This option shows average CPU frequency in GHz (average of online-CPUs), the minimum CPU frequency, the maximum CPU frequency, load averages (1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minutes) and available thermal zone tempera- tures in degrees Centigrade. --thrash This can only be used when running on Linux and with root privilege. This option starts a background thrasher process that works through all the processes on a system and tries to page-in as many pages in the processes as possible. It also periodically drops the page cache, frees reclaimable slab objects and pagecache as well as as- sign pages to different NUMA nodes. This will cause considerable amount of thrashing of swap on an over-committed system. -t N, --timeout T run each stress test for at least T seconds. One can also specify the units of time in seconds, minutes, hours, days or years with the suffix s, m, h, d or y. Each stressor will be sent a SIGALRM signal at the timeout time, however if the stress test is swapped out, in an uninterruptible system call or performing clean up (such as re- moving hundreds of test file) it may take a while to finally termi- nate. A 0 timeout will run stress-ng for ever with no timeout. The default timeout is 24 hours. --times show the cumulative user and system times of all the child processes at the end of the stress run. The percentage of utilisation of available CPU time is also calculated from the number of on-line CPUs in the system. --timestamp add a timestamp in hours, minutes, seconds and hundredths of a sec- ond to the log output. --timer-slack N adjust the per process timer slack to N nanoseconds (Linux only). Increasing the timer slack allows the kernel to coalesce timer events by adding some fuzziness to timer expiration times and hence reduce wakeups. Conversely, decreasing the timer slack will in- crease wakeups. A value of 0 for the timer-slack will set the sys- tem default of 50000 nanoseconds. --tz collect temperatures from the available thermal zones on the machine (Linux only). Some devices may have one or more thermal zones, where as others may have none. -v, --verbose show all debug, warnings and normal information output. --verify verify results when a test is run. This is not available on all tests. This will sanity check the computations or memory contents from a test run and report with the `fail' tag failures that are de- tected. --verifiable print the names of stressors that can be verified with the --verify option. -V, --version show version of stress-ng, version of toolchain used to build stress-ng and system information. --vmstat S every S seconds show statistics about processes, memory, paging, block I/O, interrupts, context switches, disks and cpu activity. The output is similar that to the output from the vmstat(8) utility. Not fully supported on various UNIX systems. --vmstat-units [ k | m | g | t | p | e ] specify vmstat memory units in terms of kilobytes (k), megabytes (m), gigabytes (g), terabytes (t), petabytes (p) or exabytes (e). Default is in kilobytes. -w, --with list specify stressors to run when using the --all, --seq or --permute options. For example to run 5 instances of the cpu, hash, nop and vm stressors one after another (sequentially) for 1 minute per stressor use: stress-ng --seq 5 --with cpu,hash,nop,vm --timeout 1m -x, --exclude list specify a list of one or more stressors to exclude (that is, do not run them). This is useful to exclude specific stressors when one selects many stressors to run using the --class option, --sequen- tial, --all and --random options. Example, run the cpu class stres- sors concurrently and exclude the numa and search stressors: stress-ng --class cpu --all 1 -x numa,bsearch,hsearch,lsearch -Y, --yaml filename output gathered statistics to a YAML formatted file named `file- name'. Stressor specific options: Access stressor --access N start N workers that work through various settings of file mode bits (read, write, execute) for the file owner and checks if the user permissions of the file using access(2) and facces- sat(2) are sane. --access-ops N stop access workers after N bogo access sanity checks. POSIX Access Control List Stressor --acl N start N workers that exercise permutations of ACL access per- mission settings on user, group and other tags. --acl-rand randomize (by shuffling) the order of the ACL access permis- sions before exercising ACLs. --acl-ops N stop acl workers after N bogo acl settings have been set. Affinity stressor --affinity N start N workers that run 16 processes that rapidly change CPU affinity (for systems that provide sched_setaffinity(2)). Rapidly switching CPU affinity can contribute to poor cache be- haviour and high context switch rate. --affinity-delay N delay for N nanoseconds before changing affinity to the next CPU. The delay will spin on CPU scheduling yield operations for N nanoseconds before the process is moved to another CPU. The default is 0 nanosconds. --affinity-ops N stop affinity workers after N bogo affinity operations. --affinity-pin pin all the 16 per stressor processes to a CPU. All 16 processes follow the CPU chosen by the main parent stressor, forcing heavy per CPU loading. --affinity-rand switch CPU affinity randomly rather than the default of sequen- tially. --affinity-sleep N sleep for N nanoseconds before changing affinity to the next CPU. Kernel crypto AF_ALG API stressor --af-alg N start N workers that exercise the AF_ALG socket domain by hash- ing and encrypting various sized random messages. This exer- cises the available hashes, ciphers, rng and aead crypto en- gines in the Linux kernel. --af-alg-dump dump the internal list representing cryptographic algorithms parsed from the /proc/crypto file to standard output (stdout). --af-alg-ops N stop af-alg workers after N AF_ALG messages are hashed. Asynchronous I/O stressor (POSIX AIO) --aio N start N workers that issue multiple small asynchronous I/O writes and reads on a relatively small temporary file using the POSIX aio interface. This will just hit the file system cache and soak up a lot of user and kernel time in issuing and han- dling I/O requests. By default, each worker process will han- dle 16 concurrent I/O requests. --aio-ops N stop POSIX asynchronous I/O workers after N bogo asynchronous I/O requests. --aio-requests N specify the number of POSIX asynchronous I/O requests each worker should issue, the default is 16; 1 to 4096 are allowed. Asynchronous I/O stressor (Linux AIO) --aiol N start N workers that issue multiple 4 K random asynchronous I/O writes using the Linux aio system calls io_setup(2), io_sub- mit(2), io_getevents(2) and io_destroy(2). By default, each worker process will handle 16 concurrent I/O requests. --aiol-ops N stop Linux asynchronous I/O workers after N bogo asynchronous I/O requests. --aiol-requests N specify the number of Linux asynchronous I/O requests each worker should issue, the default is 16; 1 to 4096 are allowed. Alarm stressor --alarm N start N workers that exercise alarm(2) with MAXINT, 0 and ran- dom alarm and sleep delays that get prematurely interrupted. Before each alarm is scheduled any previous pending alarms are cancelled with zero second alarm calls. --alarm-ops N stop after N alarm bogo operations. AppArmor stressor --apparmor N start N workers that exercise various parts of the AppArmor in- terface. Currently one needs root permission to run this par- ticular test. Only available on Linux systems with AppArmor support and requires the CAP_MAC_ADMIN capability. --apparmor-ops stop the AppArmor workers after N bogo operations. Atomic stressor --atomic N start N workers that exercise various GCC __atomic_*() built in operations on 8, 16, 32 and 64 bit integers that are shared among the N workers. This stressor is only available for builds using GCC 4.7.4 or higher. The stressor forces many front end cache stalls and cache references. Note that 32 bit systems do not currently exercise 64 bit integers. --atomic-ops N stop the atomic workers after N bogo atomic operations. Bad alternative stack stressor --bad-altstack N start N workers that create broken alternative signal stacks for SIGSEGV and SIGBUS handling that in turn create secondary SIGSEGV/SIGBUS errors. A variety of randomly selected nefari- ous methods are used to create the stacks: * Unmapping the alternative signal stack, before triggering the signal handling. * Changing the alternative signal stack to just being read only, write only, execute only. * Using a NULL alternative signal stack. * Using the signal handler object as the alternative signal stack. * Unmapping the alternative signal stack during execution of the signal handler. * Using a read-only text segment for the alternative signal stack. * Using an undersized alternative signal stack. * Using the VDSO as an alternative signal stack. * Using an alternative stack mapped onto /dev/zero. * Using an alternative stack mapped to a zero sized temporary file to generate a SIGBUS error. --bad-altstack-ops N stop the bad alternative stack stressors after N SIGSEGV bogo operations. Bad ioctl stressor --bad-ioctl N start N workers that perform a range of illegal bad read ioctl(2) calls (using _IOR) and write ioctls (using _IOR with PROT_NONE mapped pages) across the device drivers. This exer- cises page size, 64 bit, 32 bit, 16 bit and 8 bit reads as well as NULL addresses, non-readable pages and PROT_NONE mapped pages. Currently only for Linux and requires the --pathological option. --bad-ioctl-method [ inc | random | random-inc | stride ] select the method of changing the ioctl command (number, type) tuple per iteration, the default is random-inc. Available bad- ioctl methods are described as follows: Method Description inc increment ioctl command by 1 random use a random ioctl command random-inc increment ioctl command by a random value random-stride increment ioctl command number by 1 and decre- ment command type by 3 --bad-ioctl-ops N stop the bad ioctl stressors after N bogo ioctl operations. Bessel functions --besselmath N start N workers that exercise various Bessel functions. Re- sults are sanity checked to ensure no variation occurs after each round of 10000 computations. --besselmath-ops N stop after N bessel bogo-operation loops. --besselmath-method method specify a Bessel function to exercise. Available bessel stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below Bessel functions methods j0 double precision Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 j1 double precision Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 jn double precision Bessel function of the first kind of order n (where n = 5 for this test) j0f float precision Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 j1f float precision Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 jnf float precision Bessel function of the first kind of order n (where n = 5 for this test) j0l long double precision Bessel function of the first kind of order 0 j1l long double precision Bessel function of the first kind of order 1 jnl long double precision Bessel function of the first kind of order n (where n = 5 for this test) y0 double precision Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 y1 youble precision Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 yn double precision Bessel function of the second kind of order n (where n = 5 for this test) y0f float precision Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 y1f float precision Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 ynf float precision Bessel function of the second kind of order n (where n = 5 for this test) y0l long double precision Bessel function of the second kind of order 0 y1l long double precision Bessel function of the second kind of order 1 ynl long double precision Bessel function of the second kind of order n (where n = 5 for this test) Big heap stressor -B N, --bigheap N start N workers that grow their heaps by reallocating memory. If the out of memory killer (OOM) on Linux kills the worker or the allocation fails then the allocating process starts all over again. Note that the OOM adjustment for the worker is set so that the OOM killer will treat these workers as the first candidate processes to kill. --bigheap-bytes N maximum heap growth as N bytes per bigheap worker. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --bigheap-growth N specify amount of memory to grow heap by per iteration. Size can be from 4 K to 64 MB. Default is 64 K. --bigheap-mlock attempt to mlock(2) future allocated pages into memory causing more memory pressure. If mlock(MCL_FUTURE) is implemented then this will stop newly allocated pages from being swapped out. --bigheap-ops N stop the big heap workers after N bogo allocation operations are completed. Binderfs stressor --binderfs N start N workers that mount, exercise and unmount binderfs. The binder control device is exercised with 256 sequential BINDER_CTL_ADD ioctl(2) calls per loop. --binderfs-ops N stop after N binderfs cycles. Bind mount stressor --bind-mount N start N workers that repeatedly bind mount / to / inside a user namespace. This can consume resources rapidly, forcing out of memory situations. Do not use this stressor unless you want to risk hanging your machine. --bind-mount-ops N stop after N bind mount bogo operations. Bitonic sort stressor --bitonicsort N start N workers that sort 32 bit integers using bitonic sort. --bitonicsort-ops N stop bitonic sort stress workers after N bogo bitonic sorts. --bitonicsort-size N specify number of 32 bit integers to sort, default is 262144 (256 x 1024). Bit Manipulation Operations --bitops N start N workers that perform various calculations using 32 bit integer manipulation operations. Many of these are derived from the Standford "Bit Twiddling Hacks" (Sean Eron Anderson) and Hacker's Delight (Henry S. Warren, Jr.) --bitops-ops N stop after N bitop operations. --bitops-method method specify bitops stress method. By default, all the bitops stress methods are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one method to be used if required. Available bitops stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below bitops stress methods. abs calculate the absolute value of a 32 bit signed in- teger. Computed two different ways, one with masking and addition, one with masking and subtraction. countbits count the number of bits set to 1 in a 32 bit un- signed integer. Computed six different ways, two with bit counting, one with 64 bit multiplication, one with parallelised masking and shifting, one us- ing triple masking and shifts, one using a builtin popcount function. clz count the number of leading zero bits in a 32 bit unsigned integer. Computed four different ways, one with bit counting, one with log2 shifting, one using a builtin popcount function, one using a builtin clz function, ctz count the number of trailing zero bits in a 32 bit unsigned integer. Computed five different ways, one with bit cointing, one using masking and shifting, one using the masking and ternary operator Gaudet method, one using a builtin clz function, one using a builtin popcount function. cmp compare two 32 bit unsigned integers with comparison results of -1, 0, 1 for less than, equal or greater than. Computed 3 ways, one using simple comparisons, two using comparisons and subtraction. log2 calculate log base 2 of a 32 bit unsigned integer. Computed four ways, one using bit counting, one us- ing masking and shifting and branching, one using masking and shifting with no branching, one using shifting and bitwise or'ing. max find the maximum of two 32 bit unsigned integers without a temporary variable. Computed two ways, one using xor'ing and masking, one using the ternary op- erator. min find the minimum of two 32 bit unsigned integers without a temporary variable. Computed two ways, one using xor'ing and masking, one using the ternary op- erator. parity compute the parity of a 32 bit unsigned integer. Computed five ways, two using bit counting, one us- ing multiplication, shifting and xor'ing, one using shifting and xor'ing, one using a builtin parity function. pwr2 determine if a 32 bit unsigned integer is a power of 2. Computed using bit counting and with mask of value - 1. rnddnpwr2 find the nearest power of 2 of a 32 bit unsigned in- teger, rounded down. Computed three ways, one using bit counting and shifting, one using shifting and or'ing, one using a shift and the builtin ctz func- tion. rnduppwr2 find the nearest power of 2 of a 32 bit unsigned in- teger, rounded up. Computed three ways, one using bit counting and shifting, one using shifting and or'ing, one using a shift and the builtin ctz func- tion. reverse reverse the bits of a 32 bit unsigned integer. Com- puted six ways, one using bit shifting loop, one us- ing bit shitting and mask loop, one using paral- lelised masking and shifting, one using 64 bit mul- tiplication, one using 32 bit multiplication, one using the builtin bitreverse32 function. sign calculate the sign of a 32 bit signed integer. Com- puted two ways, one using a branchless less than zero operator, one using sign bit shifting and nega- tion. swap swap two 32 bit signed integers without a temporary variable. Computed two ways, one using subtraction and addition, one using xor'ing. zerobyte determine of a 32 bit unsigned integer contains one or more zero bytes. Computed two ways, one with per byte zero checking, one using bit masking. Branch stressor --branch N start N workers that randomly branch to 1024 randomly selected locations and hence exercise the CPU branch prediction logic. --branch-ops N stop the branch stressors after N x 1024 branches Brk stressor --brk N start N workers that grow the data segment by one page at a time using multiple brk(2) calls. Each successfully allocated new page is touched to ensure it is resident in memory. If an out of memory condition occurs then the test will reset the data segment to the point before it started and repeat the data segment resizing over again. The process adjusts the out of memory setting so that it may be killed by the out of memory (OOM) killer before other processes. If it is killed by the OOM killer then it will be automatically re-started by a moni- toring parent process. --brk-bytes N maximum brk growth as N bytes per brk worker. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --brk-mlock attempt to mlock(2) future brk pages into memory causing more memory pressure. If mlock(MCL_FUTURE) is implemented then this will stop new brk pages from being swapped out. --brk-notouch do not touch each newly allocated data segment page. This dis- ables the default of touching each newly allocated page and hence avoids the kernel from necessarily backing the page with physical memory. --brk-ops N stop the brk workers after N bogo brk operations. Binary search stressor --bsearch N start N workers that binary search a sorted array of 32 bit in- tegers using bsearch(3). By default, there are 65536 elements in the array. This is a useful method to exercise random ac- cess of memory and processor cache. --bsearch-method [ bsearch-libc | bsearch-nonlibc | ternary ] select either the libc implementation of bsearch or a slightly optimized non-libc implementation of bsearch or a 3-day ternary search. The default is the libc implementation if it exists, otherwise the non-libc version. --bsearch-ops N stop the bsearch worker after N bogo bsearch operations are completed. --bsearch-size N specify the size (number of 32 bit integers) in the array to bsearch. Size can be from 1 K to 64 M. bubblesort stressor --bubblesort N start N workers that sort 32 bit integers using bubblesort. --bubblesort-method [ bubblesort-fast | bubblesort-naive ] select either a standard optimized implementation of bubblesort or a naive unoptimized implementation of bubblesort. The de- fault is the standard optimized version. --bubblesort-ops N stop bubblesort stress workers after N bogo bubblesorts. --bubblesort-size N specify number of 32 bit integers to sort, default is 16384. Cache stressor -C N, --cache N start N workers that perform random wide spread memory read and writes to thrash the CPU cache. The code does not intelli- gently determine the CPU cache configuration and so it may be sub-optimal in producing hit-miss read/write activity for some processors. Note: to exercise cache misses it is recommended to instead use the matrix-3d stressor using the --matrix-3d-zyx option. --cache-cldemote cache line demote (x86 only). This is a no-op for non-x86 ar- chitectures and older x86 processors that do not support this feature. --cache-clflushopt use optimized cache line flush (x86 only). This is a no-op for non-x86 architectures and older x86 processors that do not sup- port this feature. --cache-clwb cache line writeback (x86 only). This is a no-op for non-x86 architectures and older x86 processors that do not support this feature. --cache-enable-all where appropriate exercise the cache using cldemote, clflushopt, fence, flush, sfence and prefetch. --cache-fence force write serialization on each store operation (x86 only). This is a no-op for non-x86 architectures. --cache-flush force flush cache on each store operation (x86 only). This is a no-op for non-x86 architectures. --cache-level N specify level of cache to exercise (1 = L1 cache, 2 = L2 cache, 3 = L3/LLC cache (the default)). If the cache hierarchy cannot be determined, built-in defaults will apply. --cache-no-affinity do not change processor affinity when --cache is in effect. --cache-ops N stop cache thrash workers after N bogo cache thrash operations. --cache-permute permute the selected cache flags when exercising cache for an improved mix of cache operations. Recommend also using --cache-enable-all with this option. --cache-prefetch force read prefetch on read address on architectures that sup- port prefetching. --cache-prefetchw force a redundant write prefetch on architectures that support write prefetching. --cache-sfence force write serialization on each store operation using the sfence instruction (x86 only). This is a no-op for non-x86 ar- chitectures. --cache-size N override the default cache size setting to N bytes. One can specify the in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --cache-ways N specify the number of cache ways to exercise. This allows a subset of the overall cache size to be exercised. Cache hammering stessor --cachehammer N start N workers that exercise the cache with a randomized mix of memory read/writes and where possible cache prefetches and cache flushes to random addresses in three memory mapped re- gions, one of which is shared among all the cache stressors and is the size of the L3 cache, one is local to each instance and is 4 times the L3 cache size and one is a single page mapping that cannot be read or written. --cachehammer-numa periodically assign exercised pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --cachehammer-ops N stop after N cache hammer operations. Cache line stressor --cacheline N start N workers that exercise reading and writing individual bytes in a shared buffer that is the size of a cache line. Each stressor will run 1 or more processes to exercise bytes that are next to each other. The number of per stressor processes run will be scaled so that at least all N bytes of a N byte cache line are exercised. The intent is to try and trigger cacheline corruption, stalls and misses with shared memory ac- cesses. --cacheline-affinity frequently change CPU affinity, spread cacheline processes evenly across all online CPUs to try and maximize lower-level cache activity. Attempts to keep adjacent cachelines being ex- ercised by adjacent CPUs. --cacheline-method method specify a cacheline stress method. By default, all the stress methods are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one method to be used if required. Available cacheline stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below cpu stress methods. adjacent increment a specific byte in a cacheline and read the adjacent byte, check for corruption every 7 in- crements. atomicinc atomically increment a specific byte in a cacheline and check for corruption every 7 increments. bits write and read back shifted bit patterns into spe- cific byte in a cacheline and check for corruption. copy copy an adjacent byte to a specific byte in a cache- line. inc increment and read back a specific byte in a cache- line and check for corruption every 7 increments. mix perform a mix of increment, left and right rotates a specific byte in a cacheline and check for corrup- tion. rdfwd64 increment a specific byte in a cacheline and then read in forward direction an entire cacheline using 64 bit reads. rdints increment a specific byte in a cacheline and then read data at that byte location in naturally aligned locations integer values of size 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 bits. rdrev64 increment a specific byte in a cacheline and then read in reverse direction an entire cacheline using 64 bit reads. rdwr read and write the same 8 bit value into a specific byte in a cacheline and check for corruption. --cacheline-ops N stop cacheline workers after N loops of the byte exercising in a cacheline. Process capabilities stressor --cap N start N workers that read per process capabilities via calls to capget(2) (Linux only). --cap-ops N stop after N cap bogo operations. Cgroup stressor --cgroup N start N workers that mount a cgroup, move a child to the cgroup, read, write and remove the child from the cgroup and umount the cgroup per bogo-op iteration. This uses cgroup v2 and is only available for Linux systems. --cgroup-ops N stop after N cgroup bogo operations. Chattr stressor --chattr N start N workers that attempt to exercise file attributes via the EXT2_IOC_SETFLAGS ioctl(2). This is intended to be inten- tionally racy and exercise a range of chattr attributes by en- abling and disabling them on a file shared amongst the N chattr stressor processes. (Linux only). --chattr-ops N stop after N chattr bogo operations. Chdir stressor --chdir N start N workers that change directory between directories using chdir(2). --chdir-dirs N exercise chdir on N directories. The default is 8192 directo- ries, this allows 64 to 65536 directories to be used instead. --chdir-ops N stop after N chdir bogo operations. Chmod stressor --chmod N start N workers that change the file mode bits via chmod(2) and fchmod(2) on the same file. The greater the value for N then the more contention on the single file. The stressor will work through all the combination of mode bits. --chmod-ops N stop after N chmod bogo operations. Chown stressor --chown N start N workers that exercise chown(2) on the same file. The greater the value for N then the more contention on the single file. --chown-ops N stop the chown workers after N bogo chown(2) operations. Chroot stressor --chroot N start N workers that exercise chroot(2) on various valid and invalid chroot paths. Only available on Linux systems and re- quires the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability. --chroot-ops N stop the chroot workers after N bogo chroot(2) operations. Complex hyperbolic functions stressor --chyperbolic N start N workers that exercise complex sinh, cosh, and tanh libm complex hyperbolic functions using complex float, complex dou- ble and complex long double floating point variants. Each func- tion is exercised 10000 times per bogo-operation. --chyperbolic-method function specify a complex hyperbolic stress function. By default, all the functions are exercised sequentially, however one can spec- ify just one function to be used if required. Available op- tions are as follows: Method Description all iterate through all of the following complex hyper- bolic functions ccosh complex hyperbolic cosine (complex double precision) ccoshf complex hyperbolic cosine (complex float precision) ccoshl complex hyperbolic cosine (complex long double preci- sion) csinh complex hyperbolic sine (complex double precision) csinhf complex hyperbolic sine (complex float precision) csinhl complex hyperbolic sine (complex long double preci- sion) ctanh complex hyperbolic tangent (complex double precision) ctanhf complex hyperbolic tangent (complex float precision) ctanhl complex hyperbolic tangent (complex long double preci- sion) --chyperbolic-ops N stop after N bogo-operations. Clock stressor --clock N start N workers exercising clocks and POSIX timers. For all known clock types this will exercise clock_getres(2), clock_gettime(2) and clock_nanosleep(2). For all known timers it will create a random duration timer and busy poll this until it expires. This stressor will cause frequent context switch- ing. --clock-ops N stop clock stress workers after N bogo operations. Clone stressor --clone N start N workers that create clones (via the clone(2) and clone3(2) system calls). This will rapidly try to create a de- fault of 8192 clones that immediately die and wait in a zombie state until they are reaped. Once the maximum number of clones is reached (or clone fails because one has reached the maximum allowed) the oldest clone thread is reaped and a new clone is then created in a first-in first-out manner, and then repeated. A random clone flag is selected for each clone to try to exer- cise different clone operations. The clone stressor is a Linux only option. --clone-max N try to create as many as N clone threads. This may not be reached if the system limit is less than N. --clone-ops N stop clone stress workers after N bogo clone operations. Close stressor --close N start N workers that try to force race conditions on closing opened file descriptors. These file descriptors have been opened in various ways to try and exercise different kernel close handlers. --close-ops N stop close workers after N bogo close operations. Swapcontext stressor --context N start N workers that run three threads that use swapcontext(3) to implement the thread-to-thread context switching. This exer- cises rapid process context saving and restoring and is band- width limited by register and memory save and restore rates. --context-ops N stop context workers after N bogo context switches. In this stressor, 1 bogo op is equivalent to 1000 swapcontext calls. Copy file stressor --copy-file N start N stressors that copy a file using the Linux copy_file_range(2) system call. 128 KB chunks of data are copied from random locations from one file to random locations to a destination file. By default, the files are 256 MB in size. Data is sync'd to the filesystem after each copy_file_range(2) call. --copy-file-bytes N copy file size, the default is 256 MB. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --copy-file-ops N stop after N copy_file_range() calls. CPU stressor -c N, --cpu N start N workers exercising the CPU by sequentially working through all the different CPU stress methods. Instead of exer- cising all the CPU stress methods, one can specify a specific CPU stress method with the --cpu-method option. -l P, --cpu-load P load CPU with P percent loading for the CPU stress workers. 0 is effectively a sleep (no load) and 100 is full loading. The loading loop is broken into compute time (load%) and sleep time (100% - load%). Accuracy depends on the overall load of the processor and the responsiveness of the scheduler, so the ac- tual load may be different from the desired load. Note that the number of bogo CPU operations may not be linearly scaled with the load as some systems employ CPU frequency scaling and so heavier loads produce an increased CPU frequency and greater CPU bogo operations. Note: This option only applies to the --cpu stressor option and not to all of the cpu class of stressors. --cpu-load-slice S note: this option is only useful when --cpu-load is less than 100%. The CPU load is broken into multiple busy and idle cy- cles. Use this option to specify the duration of a busy time slice. A negative value for S specifies the number of itera- tions to run before idling the CPU (e.g. -30 invokes 30 itera- tions of a CPU stress loop). A zero value selects a random busy time between 0 and 0.5 seconds. A positive value for S specifies the number of milliseconds to run before idling the CPU (e.g. 100 keeps the CPU busy for 0.1 seconds). Specifying small values for S lends to small time slices and smoother scheduling. Setting --cpu-load as a relatively low value and --cpu-load-slice to be large will cycle the CPU between long idle and busy cycles and exercise different CPU frequencies. The thermal range of the CPU is also cycled, so this is a good mechanism to exercise the scheduler, frequency scaling and pas- sive/active thermal cooling mechanisms. Note: This option only applies to the --cpu stressor option and not to all of the cpu class of stressors. --cpu-method method specify a cpu stress method. By default, all the stress methods are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one method to be used if required. Available cpu stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below cpu stress methods ackermann Ackermann function: compute A(3, 7), where: A(m, n) = n + 1 if m = 0; A(m - 1, 1) if m > 0 and n = 0; A(m - 1, A(m, n - 1)) if m > 0 and n > 0 For other recursive methods, refer to the hanoi cpu stress method. apery calculate Apery's constant <zeta>(3); the sum of 1/(n ^ 3) to a precision of 1.0x10^14 bitops various bit operations from bithack, namely: reverse bits, parity check, bit count, round to nearest power of 2 callfunc recursively call 8 argument C function to a depth of 1024 calls and unwind cfloat 1000 iterations of a mix of floating point complex operations cdouble 1000 iterations of a mix of double floating point complex operations clongdouble 1000 iterations of a mix of long double floating point complex operations collatz compute the 1348 steps in the collatz se- quence starting from number 989345275647. Where f(n) = n / 2 (for even n) and f(n) = 3n + 1 (for odd n). correlate perform a 8192 x 512 correlation of random doubles crc16 compute 1024 rounds of CCITT CRC16 on random data decimal32 1000 iterations of a mix of 32 bit decimal floating point operations (GCC only) decimal64 1000 iterations of a mix of 64 bit decimal floating point operations (GCC only) decimal128 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit decimal floating point operations (GCC only) dither Floyd-Steinberg dithering of a 1024 x 768 random image from 8 bits down to 1 bit of depth div8 50000 8 bit unsigned integer divisions div16 50000 16 bit unsigned integer divisions div32 50000 32 bit unsigned integer divisions div64 50000 64 bit unsigned integer divisions div128 50000 128 bit unsigned integer divisions double 1000 iterations of a mix of double precision floating point operations euler compute e using n = (1 + (1 / n)) ^ n explog iterate on n = exp(log(n) / 1.00002) factorial find factorials from 1..150 using Stirling's and Ramanujan's approximations fibonacci compute Fibonacci sequence of 0, 1, 1, 2, 5, 8... fft 4096 sample Fast Fourier Transform fletcher16 1024 rounds of a naive implementation of a 16 bit Fletcher's checksum float 1000 iterations of a mix of floating point operations float16 1000 iterations of a mix of 16 bit floating point operations float32 1000 iterations of a mix of 32 bit floating point operations float64 1000 iterations of a mix of 64 bit floating point operations float80 1000 iterations of a mix of 80 bit floating point operations float128 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit floating point operations floatconversion perform 65536 iterations of floating point conversions between float, double and long double floating point variables. gamma calculate the Euler-Mascheroni constant <gamma> using the limiting difference between the harmonic series (1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/4 + 1/5 ... + 1/n) and the natural logarithm ln(n), for n = 80000. gcd compute GCD of integers gray calculate binary to gray code and gray code back to binary for integers from 0 to 65535 hamming compute Hamming H(8,4) codes on 262144 lots of 4 bit data. This turns 4 bit data into 8 bit Hamming code containing 4 parity bits. For data bits d1..d4, parity bits are com- puted as: p1 = d2 + d3 + d4 p2 = d1 + d3 + d4 p3 = d1 + d2 + d4 p4 = d1 + d2 + d3 hanoi solve a 21 disc Towers of Hanoi stack using the recursive solution. For other recursive methods, refer to the ackermann cpu stress method. hyperbolic compute sinh(<theta>) x cosh(<theta>) + sinh(2<theta>) + cosh(3<theta>) for float, double and long double hyperbolic sine and cosine functions where <theta> = 0 to 2<pi> in 1500 steps idct 8 x 8 IDCT (Inverse Discrete Cosine Trans- form). int8 1000 iterations of a mix of 8 bit integer op- erations. int16 1000 iterations of a mix of 16 bit integer operations. int32 1000 iterations of a mix of 32 bit integer operations. int64 1000 iterations of a mix of 64 bit integer operations. int128 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit integer operations (GCC only). int32float 1000 iterations of a mix of 32 bit integer and floating point operations. int32double 1000 iterations of a mix of 32 bit integer and double precision floating point opera- tions. int32longdouble 1000 iterations of a mix of 32 bit integer and long double precision floating point op- erations. int64float 1000 iterations of a mix of 64 bit integer and floating point operations. int64double 1000 iterations of a mix of 64 bit integer and double precision floating point opera- tions. int64longdouble 1000 iterations of a mix of 64 bit integer and long double precision floating point op- erations. int128float 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit integer and floating point operations (GCC only). int128double 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit integer and double precision floating point opera- tions (GCC only). int128longdouble 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit integer and long double precision floating point op- erations (GCC only). int128decimal32 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit integer and 32 bit decimal floating point operations (GCC only). int128decimal64 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit integer and 64 bit decimal floating point operations (GCC only). int128decimal128 1000 iterations of a mix of 128 bit integer and 128 bit decimal floating point operations (GCC only). intconversion perform 65536 iterations of integer conver- sions between int16, int32 and int64 vari- ables. ipv4checksum compute 1024 rounds of the 16 bit ones' com- plement IPv4 checksum. jmp Simple unoptimised compare >, <, == and jmp branching. lfsr32 16384 iterations of a 32 bit Galois linear feedback shift register using the polynomial x^32 + x^31 + x^29 + x + 1. This generates a ring of 2^32 - 1 unique values (all 32 bit values except for 0). ln2 compute ln(2) based on series: 1 - 1/2 + 1/3 - 1/4 + 1/5 - 1/6 ... logmap 16384 iterations computing chaotic double precision values using the logistic map Xn+1 = r x Xn x (1 - Xn) where r > ~ 3.56994567 longdouble 1000 iterations of a mix of long double pre- cision floating point operations. loop simple empty loop. matrixprod matrix product of two 128 x 128 matrices of double floats. Testing on 64 bit x86 hardware shows that this is provides a good mix of memory, cache and floating point operations and is probably the best CPU method to use to make a CPU run hot. nsqrt compute sqrt() of long doubles using Newton- Raphson. omega compute the omega constant defined by <Omega>e^<Omega> = 1 using efficient itera- tion of <Omega>n+1 = (1 + <Omega>n) / (1 + e^<Omega>n). parity compute parity using various methods from the Standford Bit Twiddling Hacks. Methods em- ployed are: the naive way, the naive way with the Brian Kernigan bit counting optimisation, the multiply way, the parallel way, the lookup table ways (2 variations) and using the __builtin_parity(3) function. phi compute the Golden Ratio <phi> using series. pi compute <pi> using the Srinivasa Ramanujan fast convergence algorithm. prime find the first 10000 prime numbers using a slightly optimised brute force naive trial division search. psi compute <psi> (the reciprocal Fibonacci con- stant) using the sum of the reciprocals of the Fibonacci numbers. queens compute all the solutions of the classic 8 queens problem for board sizes 1..11. rand 16384 iterations of rand(), where rand is the MWC pseudo random number generator. The MWC random function concatenates two 16 bit mul- tiply-with-carry generators: x(n) = 36969 x x(n - 1) + carry, y(n) = 18000 x y(n - 1) + carry mod 2 ^ 16 and has period of around 2 ^ 60. rand48 16384 iterations of drand48(3) and lrand48(3). rgb convert RGB to YUV and back to RGB (CCIR 601). sieve find the first 10000 prime numbers using the sieve of Eratosthenes. stats calculate minimum, maximum, arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmoninc mean and standard deviation on 250 randomly generated positive double precision values. sqrt compute sqrt(rand()), where rand is the MWC pseudo random number generator. trig compute sin(<theta>) x cos(<theta>) + sin(2<theta>) + cos(3<theta>) for float, dou- ble and long double sine and cosine functions where <theta> = 0 to 2<pi> in 1500 steps. union perform integer arithmetic on a mix of bit fields in a C union. This exercises how well the compiler and CPU can perform integer bit field loads and stores. zeta compute the Riemann Zeta function <zeta>(s) for s = 2.0..10.0 Note that some of these methods try to exercise the CPU with computations found in some real world use cases. However, the code has not been optimised on a per-architecture basis, so may be a sub-optimal compared to hand-optimised code used in some applications. They do try to represent the typical instruction mixes found in these use cases. --cpu-old-metrics as of version V0.14.02 the cpu stressor now normalizes each of the cpu stressor method bogo-op counters to try and ensure a similar bogo-op rate for all the methods to avoid the shorter running (and faster) methods from skewing the bogo-op rates when using the default "all" method. This is based on a refer- ence Intel i5-8350U processor and hence the bogo-ops normaliz- ing factors will be skew somewhat on different CPUs, but so significantly as the original bogo-op counter rates. To disable the normalization and fall back to the original metrics, use this option. --cpu-ops N stop cpu stress workers after N bogo operations. CPU onlining stressor --cpu-online N start N workers that put randomly selected CPUs offline and on- line. This Linux only stressor requires root privilege to per- form this action. By default the first CPU (CPU 0) is never of- flined as this has been found to be problematic on some systems and can result in a shutdown. --cpu-online-affinity move the stressor worker to the CPU that will be next offlined. --cpu-online-all The default is to never offline the first CPU. This option will offline and online all the CPUs including CPU 0. This may cause some systems to shutdown. --cpu-online-ops N stop after offline/online operations. CPU affinity scheduler stressor --cpu-sched N start N workers that exercise the scheduler by moving processes to different CPUs. Each worker starts 16 child processes and repeatedly moves the processes to different CPUs and attempts changes their scheduler policy using SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_BATCH, SCHED_IDLE, SCHED_EXT, SCHED_DEADLINE, SCHED_RR and SCHED_FIFO policies. The choice of CPU placement is based on 8 different mechanisms and is changed every second to mix process place- ments on all the available CPUS. The child processes are run with randomizied nice settings to exercise scheduler prioriti- zation. --cpu-sched-ops N stop after N child process move attempts. Crypt stressor --crypt N start N workers that encrypt a 16 character random password us- ing crypt(3). The password is encrypted using bcrypt bsdicrypt descrypt gost-yescrypt MD5 NT scrypt SHA-1 SHA-256 SHA-512 SunMD5 and yescrypt encryption methods. --crypt-method method select the encryption method, may be one of: bcrypt, bsdicrypt, descrypt, gost-yescrypt, MD5, NT, scrypt, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-512, SunMD5 and yescrypt. The `all' method selects all the methods and is the default. --crypt-ops N stop after N bogo encryption operations. Complex trigonometric functions stressor --ctrig N start N workers that exercise complex sin, complex cos and com- plex tan libm trigonometric functions using complex float, com- plex double and complex long double floating point variants. Each function is exercised 10000 times per bogo-operation. --ctrig-method function specify a trigonometric stress function. By default, all the functions are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one function to be used if required. Available options are as follows: Method Description all iterate through all of the following complex trigono- metric functions ccos complex cosine (complex double precision) ccosf complex cosine (complex float precision) ccosl complex cosine (complex long double precision) csin complex sine (complex double precision) csinf complex sine (complex float precision) csinl complex sine (complex long double precision) ctan complex tangent (complex double precision) ctanf complex tangent (complex float precision) ctanl complex tangent (complex long double precision) Cyclic stressor --cyclic N start N workers that exercise schedulers with cyclic nanosecond sleeps. Normally one would just use 1 worker instance with this stressor to get reliable statistics. By default this stressor measures the first 10 thousand latencies and calculates the mean, mode, minimum, maximum latencies along with various la- tency percentiles for the just the first cyclic stressor in- stance. One has to run this stressor with CAP_SYS_NICE capabil- ity to enable the real time scheduling policies. The FIFO scheduling policy is the default. --cyclic-dist N calculate and print a latency distribution with the interval of N nanoseconds. This is helpful to see where the latencies are clustering. --cyclic-method [ clock_ns | itimer | poll | posix_ns | pselect | usleep ] specify the cyclic method to be used, the default is clock_ns. The available cyclic methods are as follows: Method Description clock_ns sleep for the specified time using the clock_nanosleep(2) high resolution nanosleep and the CLOCK_REALTIME real time clock. itimer wakeup a paused process with a CLOCK_REALTIME itimer signal. poll delay for the specified time using a poll delay loop that checks for time changes using clock_gettime(2) on the CLOCK_REALTIME clock. posix_ns sleep for the specified time using the POSIX nanosleep(2) high resolution nanosleep. pselect sleep for the specified time using pselect(2) with null file descriptors. usleep sleep to the nearest microsecond using usleep(2). --cyclic-ops N stop after N sleeps. --cyclic-policy [ batch | deadline | ext | fifo | idle| other | rr ] specify the desired scheduling policy; batch, deadline, ext, fifo (first-in, first-out) idle, other or rr (round-robin). --cyclic-prio P specify the scheduling priority P. Range from 1 (lowest) to 100 (highest). --cyclic-samples N measure N samples. Range from 1 to 100000000 samples. --cyclic-sleep N sleep for N nanoseconds per test cycle using clock_nanosleep(2) with the CLOCK_REALTIME timer. Range from 1 to 1000000000 nanoseconds. Daemon stressor --daemon N start N workers that each create a daemon that dies immediately after creating another daemon and so on. This effectively works through the process table with short lived processes that do not have a parent and are waited for by init. This puts pres- sure on init to do rapid child reaping. The daemon processes perform the usual mix of calls to turn into typical UNIX dae- mons, so this artificially mimics very heavy daemon system stress. --daemon-ops N stop daemon workers after N daemons have been created. --daemon-wait wait for daemon child processes rather than let init handle the waiting. Enabling this option will reduce the daemon fork rate because of the synchronous wait delays. Datagram congestion control protocol (DCCP) stressor --dccp N start N workers that send and receive data using the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) (RFC4340). This involves a pair of client/server processes performing rapid connect, send and receives and disconnects on the local host. --dccp-domain D specify the domain to use, the default is ipv4. Currently ipv4 and ipv6 are supported. --dccp-if NAME use network interface NAME. If the interface NAME does not ex- ist, is not up or does not support the domain then the loopback (lo) interface is used as the default. --dccp-msgs N send N messages per connect, send/receive, disconnect itera- tion. The default is 10000 messages. If N is too small then the rate is throttled back by the overhead of dccp socket connect and disconnects. --dccp-port P start DCCP at port P. For N dccp worker processes, ports P to P - 1 are used. --dccp-ops N stop dccp stress workers after N bogo operations. --dccp-opts [ send | sendmsg | sendmmsg ] by default, messages are sent using send(2). This option allows one to specify the sending method using send(2), sendmsg(2) or sendmmsg(2). Note that sendmmsg is only available for Linux systems that support this system call. Mutex using Dekker algorithm stressor --dekker N start N workers that exercises mutex exclusion between two processes using shared memory with the Dekker Algorithm. Where possible this uses memory fencing and falls back to using GCC __sync_synchronize if they are not available. The stressors contain simple mutex and memory coherency sanity checks. --dekker-ops N stop dekker workers after N mutex operations. Dentry stressor -D N, --dentry N start N workers that create and remove directory entries. This should create file system meta data activity. The directory en- try names are suffixed by a gray-code encoded number to try to mix up the hashing of the namespace. --dentry-ops N stop denty thrash workers after N bogo dentry operations. --dentry-order [ forward | reverse | stride | random ] specify unlink order of dentries, can be one of forward, re- verse, stride or random. By default, dentries are unlinked in random order. The forward order will unlink them from first to last, reverse order will unlink them from last to first, stride order will unlink them by stepping around order in a quasi-ran- dom pattern and random order will randomly select one of for- ward, reverse or stride orders. --dentries N create N dentries per dentry thrashing loop, default is 2048. /dev stressor --dev N start N workers that exercise the /dev devices. Each worker runs 5 concurrent threads that perform open(2), fstat(2), lseek(2), poll(2), fcntl(2), mmap(2), munmap(2), fsync(2) and close(2) on each device. Note that watchdog devices are not exercised. --dev-file filename specify the device file to exercise, for example, /dev/null. By default the stressor will work through all the device files it can fine, however, this option allows a single device file to be exercised. --dev-ops N stop dev workers after N bogo device exercising operations. /dev/shm stressor --dev-shm N start N workers that fallocate large files in /dev/shm and then mmap these into memory and touch all the pages. This exercises pages being moved to/from the buffer cache. Linux only. --dev-shm-ops N stop after N bogo allocation and mmap /dev/shm operations. Decimal floating point operations stressor --dfp N start N workers that exercise addition, multiplication and di- vision operations on a range of decimal floating point types. For each type, 8 floating point values are operated upon 65536 times in a loop per bogo op. --dfp-method method select the decimal floating point method to use, available methods are: Method Description all iterate over all the following floating point methods: df32add 32 bit decimal floating point addition (_Decimal32) df64add 64 bit decimal floating point addition (_Decimal64) df128add 128 bit decimal floating point addition (_Decimal128) df32sub 32 bit decimal floating point subtraction (_Decimal32) df64sub 64 bit decimal floating point subtraction (_Decimal64) df128sub 128 bit decimal floating point subtraction (_Decimal128) df32mul 32 bit decimal floating point multiplication (_Decimal32) df64mul 64 bit decimal floating point multiplication (_Decimal64) df128mul 128 bit decimal floating point multiplication (_Decimal128) df32div 32 bit decimal floating point division (_Decimal32) df64div 64 bit decimal floating point division (_Decimal64) df128div 128 bit decimal floating point division (_Decimal128) Note that some of these decimal floating point methods may not be available on some systems. --dfp-ops N stop after N decimal floating point bogo ops. Directories stressor --dir N start N workers that create, rename and remove directories us- ing mkdir(2), rename(2) and rmdir(2). --dir-dirs N exercise dir on N directories. The default is 8192 directories, this allows 64 to 65536 directories to be used instead. --dir-ops N stop directory thrash workers after N bogo directory opera- tions. Deep directories stressor --dirdeep N start N workers that create a depth-first tree of directories to a maximum depth as limited by PATH_MAX or ENAMETOOLONG (which ever occurs first). By default, each level of the tree contains one directory, but this can be increased to a maximum of 10 sub-trees using the --dirdeep-dir option. To stress in- ode creation, a symlink and a hardlink to a file at the root of the tree is created in each level. --dirdeep-bytes N allocated file size, the default is 0. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. Used in conjunction with the --dirdeep-files option. --dirdeep-dirs N create N directories at each tree level. The default is just 1 but can be increased to a maximum of 36 per level. --dirdeep-files N create N files at each tree level. The default is 0 with the file size specified by the --dirdeep-bytes option. --dirdeep-inodes N consume up to N inodes per dirdeep stressor while creating di- rectories and links. The value N can be the number of inodes or a percentage of the total available free inodes on the filesys- tem being used. --dirdeep-ops N stop directory depth workers after N bogo directory operations. Maximum files creation in a directory stressor --dirmany N start N stressors that create as many files in a directory as possible and then remove them. The file creation phase stops when an error occurs (for example, out of inodes, too many files, quota reached, etc.) and then the files are removed. This cycles until the run time is reached or the file creation count bogo-ops metric is reached. This is a much faster and light weight directory exercising stressor compared to the den- try stressor. --dirmany-bytes N allocated file size, the default is 0. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --dirmany-ops N stop dirmany stressors after N empty files have been created. Dnotify stressor --dnotify N start N workers performing file system activities such as mak- ing/deleting files/directories, renaming files, etc. to stress exercise the various dnotify events (Linux only). --dnotify-ops N stop dnotify stress workers after N dnotify bogo operations. Dup stressor --dup N start N workers that perform dup(2) and then close(2) opera- tions on /dev/zero. The maximum opens at one time is system defined, so the test will run up to this maximum, or 65536 open file descriptors, which ever comes first. --dup-ops N stop the dup stress workers after N bogo open operations. Dynamic libraries loading stressor --dynlib N start N workers that dynamically load and unload various shared libraries. This exercises memory mapping and dynamic code load- ing and symbol lookups. See dlopen(3) for more details of this mechanism. --dynlib-ops N stop workers after N bogo load/unload cycles. Easy CPU opcode stressor --easy-opcode N start N workers that exercise 64 continuous pages of radomly selected simple CPU opcodes. For example, for x86 processors this just exercises single byte opcodes such as nop and op- codes that set/clear CPU flags to put pressure on the front-end decoder and instruction cache. For RISC processors opcodes such as nop and simple register moves to/from the same registers are used. Smart emulators may remove some of these opcodes (e.g move r0,r0) and hence opcode rates may be artificially high. --easy-opcode-ops N stop after N executions of 64 continuous pages of opcodes. Eigen C++ matrix library stressor --eigen N start N workers that exercise the Eigen C++ matrix library for 2D matrix addition, multiplication, determinant, inverse and transpose operations on long double, double and float matrices. This currently is only available for gcc/g++ builds. --eigen-method method select the floating point method to use, available methods are: Method Description all iterate over all the Eigen 2D matrix operations add-longdouble addition of two matrices of long dou- ble floating point values add-double addition of two matrices of double floating point values add-float addition of two matrices of floating point values determinant-longdouble determinant of matrix of long double floating point values determinant-double determinant of matrix of double float- ing point values determinant-float determinant of matrix of floating point values inverse-longdouble inverse of matrix of long double floating point values inverse-double inverse of matrix of double floating point values inverse-float inverse of matrix of floating point values multiply-longdouble multiplication of two matrices of long double floating point values multiply-doublee multiplication of two matrices of dou- ble floating point values multiply-float multiplication of two matrices of floating point values transpose-longdouble transpose of matrix of long double floating point values transpose-double transpose of matrix of double floating point values transpose-float transpose of matrix of floating point values --eigen-ops N stop after N Eigen matrix computations --eigen-size N specify the 2D matrix size N x N. The default is a 32 x 32 ma- trix. EFI variables stressor --efivar N start N workers that exercise the Linux /sys/firmware/efi/efi- vars and /sys/firmware/efi/vars interfaces by reading the EFI variables. This is a Linux only stress test for platforms that support the EFI vars interface and may require the CAP_SYS_AD- MIN capability. --efivar-ops N stop the efivar stressors after N EFI variable read operations. Non-functional system call (ENOSYS) stressor --enosys N start N workers that exercise non-functional system call num- bers. This calls a wide range of system call numbers to see if it can break a system where these are not wired up correctly. It also keeps track of system calls that exist (ones that don't return ENOSYS) so that it can focus on purely finding and exer- cising non-functional system calls. This stressor exercises system calls from 0 to __NR_syscalls + 1024, random system calls within constrained in the ranges of 0 to 2^8, 2^16, 2^24, 2^32, 2^40, 2^48, 2^56 and 2^64 bits, high system call numbers and various other bit patterns to try to get wide coverage. To keep the environment clean, each system call being tested runs in a child process with reduced capabilities. --enosys-ops N stop after N bogo enosys system call attempts Environment variables stressor --env N start N workers that creates numerous large environment vari- ables to try to trigger out of memory conditions using setenv(3). If ENOMEM occurs then the environment is emptied and another memory filling retry occurs. The process is restarted if it is killed by the Out Of Memory (OOM) killer. --env-ops N stop after N bogo setenv/unsetenv attempts. Epoll stressor --epoll N start N workers that perform various related socket stress ac- tivity using epoll_wait(2) to monitor and handle new connec- tions. This involves client/server processes performing rapid connect, send/receives and disconnects on the local host. Us- ing epoll allows a large number of connections to be effi- ciently handled, however, this can lead to the connection table filling up and blocking further socket connections, hence im- pacting on the epoll bogo op stats. For ipv4 and ipv6 domains, multiple servers are spawned on multiple ports. The epoll stressor is for Linux only. --epoll-domain D specify the domain to use, the default is unix (aka local). Currently ipv4, ipv6 and unix are supported. --epoll-ops N stop epoll workers after N bogo operations. --epoll-port P start at socket port P. For N epoll worker processes, ports P to (P x 4) - 1 are used for ipv4, ipv6 domains and ports P to P - 1 are used for the unix domain. --epoll-sockets N specify the maximum number of concurrently open sockets allowed in server. Setting a high value impacts on memory usage and may trigger out of memory conditions. Event file descriptor (eventfd) stressor --eventfd N start N parent and child worker processes that read and write 8 byte event messages between them via the eventfd mechanism (Linux only). --eventfd-nonblock enable EFD_NONBLOCK to allow non-blocking on the event file de- scriptor. This will cause reads and writes to return with EA- GAIN rather the blocking and hence causing a high rate of polling I/O. --eventfd-ops N stop eventfd workers after N bogo operations. Exec processes stressor --exec N start N workers continually forking children that exec stress-ng and then exit almost immediately. If a system has pthread support then 1 in 4 of the exec's will be from inside a pthread to exercise exec'ing from inside a pthread context. --exec-fork-method [ clone | fork | rfork | spawn | vfork ] select the process creation method using clone(2), fork(2), BSD rfork(2), posix_spawn(3) or vfork(2). Note that vfork will only exec programs using execve due to the constraints on the shared stack between the parent and the child process. --exec-max P create P child processes that exec stress-ng and then wait for them to exit per iteration. The default is 4096; higher values may create many temporary zombie processes that are waiting to be reaped. One can potentially fill up the process table using high values for --exec-max and --exec. --exec-method [ all | execve | execveat | fexecve ] select the exec system call to use; all will perform a random choice between execve(2), execveat(2) and fexecve(3), execve will use execve(2), execveat will use execveat(2) (if avail- able) and fexecve will use fexecve(3) (if available). --exec-no-pthread do not use pthread_create(3). --exec-ops N stop exec stress workers after N bogo operations. Exiting pthread groups stressor --exit-group N start N workers that create 16 pthreads and terminate the pthreads and the controlling child process using exit_group(2). (Linux only stressor). --exit-group-ops N stop after N iterations of pthread creation and deletion loops. Exponential functions --expmath N start N workers that exercise various exponential functions with input values 0 to 1 in steps of 0.001; the results are sanity checked to ensure no variation occurs after each round of 10000 computations. --expmath-ops N stop after N exponential bogo-operation loops. --expmath-method method specify a exponential function to exercise. Available exponen- tial stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below exponential functions meth- ods cexp double complex natural exponential cexpf float complex natural exponential cexpl long double complex natural exponential exp double natural exponential expf float natural exponential expl long double natural exponential exp10 double base-10 exponential exp10f float base-10 exponential exp10l long double base-10 exponential exp2 double base-2 exponential exp2f float base-2 exponential exp2l long double base-2 exponential Factorization of large integers stressor --factor N start N workers that factorize large integers using the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library. Randomized values to be factorized are computed so that an N digit value is comprised of about 0.4 x N random factors, for N > 100. The default num- ber of digits in the value to be factorized is 10. --factor-digits N select the number of digits in the values to be factorized. Range 8 to 100000000 digits, default is 10. --factor-ops N stop after N factorizations. File space allocation (fallocate) stressor -F N, --fallocate N start N workers continually fallocating (preallocating file space) and ftruncating (file truncating) temporary files. If the file is larger than the free space, fallocate will produce an ENOSPC error which is ignored by this stressor. --fallocate-bytes N allocated file size, the default is 1 GB. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --fallocate-ops N stop fallocate stress workers after N bogo fallocate opera- tions. Filesystem notification (fanotify) stressor --fanotify N start N workers performing file system activities such as cre- ating, opening, writing, reading and unlinking files to exer- cise the fanotify event monitoring interface (Linux only). Each stressor runs a child process to generate file events and a parent process to read file events using fanotify. Has to be run with CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability. --fanotify-ops N stop fanotify stress workers after N bogo fanotify events. CPU branching instruction cache stressor --far-branch N start N workers that exercise calls to tens of thousands of functions that are relatively far from the caller. All func- tions are 1 op instructions that return to the caller. The functions are placed in pages that are memory mapped with a wide spread of fixed virtual addresses. Function calls are pre-shuffled to create a randomized mix of addresses to call. This stresses the instruction cache and any instruction TLBs. --far-branch-flush attempt to periodically flush instruction cache to produce in- struction cache misses. --far-branch-ops N stop after N far branch bogo-ops. One full cycle of calling all the tens of thousands of functions equates to one bogo-op. --far-branch-pageout where possible pageout and soft-offline randomly selected pages that contain the far branch functions. This uses madvise(2) MADV_PAGEOUT and MADV_SOFT_OFFLINE to perform these actions. --far-branch-pages N specify the number of pages to allocate for far branch func- tions. The number for functions per page depends on the proces- sor architecture, for example, x86 will have 4096 x 1 byte re- turn instructions per 4 K page, where as SPARC64 will have only 512 x 8 byte return instructions per 4 K page. Page fault stressor --fault N start N workers that generates minor and major page faults. --fault-ops N stop the page fault workers after N bogo page fault operations. Fcntl stressor --fcntl N start N workers that perform fcntl(2) calls with various com- mands. The exercised commands (if available) are: F_CRE- ATED_QUERY, F_DUPFD, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, F_GETFD, F_SETFD, F_GETFL, F_SETFL, F_GETOWN, F_SETOWN, F_GETOWN_EX, F_SETOWN_EX, F_GETSIG, F_SETSIG, F_GETOWNER_UIDS, F_GETLEASE, F_GETLK, F_SETLK, F_SETLKW, F_UNLCK, F_OFD_GETLK, F_OFD_SETLK, F_OFD_SETLKW, F_GET_FILE_RW_HINT, F_SET_FILE_RW_HINT, F_GET_RW_HINT and F_SET_RW_HINT. --fcntl-ops N stop the fcntl workers after N bogo fcntl operations. File descriptor abusing stressor --fd-abuse N start N workers that open file descriptors using various ways (file, dup, socket, pipe, timerfd, pidfd, userfaultfd, etc.) and perform valid and invalid file operations on these descrip- tors. This exercises a mix of successful and failed file opera- tions on a wide range of file descriptor types. --fd-abuse-ops N stop after N file abuse file operation bogo-ops. File descriptor duplication and closing stressor --fd-fork N start N workers that open files using dup(2) on a file (/dev/zero by default) and then copies these using multiple fork'd child processes and closes them with the fast clone_range(2) or close(2) or by directly ending the processes using _exit(2). For every bogo-op, the stressor attempts to dup(2) another 10000 file descriptors up to the maximum al- lowed, fork 8 child processes that then close their copies of the file descriptors. --fd-fork-fds N specify maximum number of file descriptors to be opened. The default is 2 million, with a range of 1000 to 16 million. The actual number used may be less depending on the system defined limits of the number of open files per process. --fd-fork-file [ null | random | stdin | stdout | zero ] specify file to dup: null for /dev/null, random for /dev/ran- dom, stdin for standard input, stdout for standard output, zero for /dev/zero. Default is /dev/zero. --fd-fork-ops N stop after N rounds of 10000 dups, forking/closing/exiting and waiting for the child processes. Note that the bogo-ops metric rate will slow down over time as this stressor increases the number of open files per bogo-loop and this increases the fork and close run times. File descriptor race stressor --fd-race N start N workers that attempt to force race conditions on opened file descriptors. Opened file descriptors are passed from a server to a client over a socket. At periodic intervals batches of the file descriptors are duplicated by creating multiple pthreads and then closed en-masse with synchronized pthread termination. Also other concurrent pthreads exercise various file based system calls on file descriptors that are in the process of being created. By default a single file is used for the open calls, however /dev and /proc files can be exercised using the appropriate fd-race options. --fd-race-dev exercise /dev files for race conditions. --fd-race-race-ops N stop after N file descriptors have been exercised. --fd-race-proc exercise /proc files for race conditions. Fibonacci search stressor --fibsearch N start N workers that use a search a sorted array of 32 bit in- tegers using a Fibonacci search. A Fibonacci seaarch is similar to a bsearch except that it uses the Fibonacci series to divide the search into unequal sized spaces. It avoids the costly di- vision operator found in bsearches and examines closer elements on each search step so there is a slight compute and cache ad- vantage over bsearch. By default, there are 65536 elements in the array. This is a useful method to exercise random access of memory and processor cache. --fibsearch-ops N stop the fibsearch worker after N bogo fibsearch operations are completed. --fibsearch-size N specify the size (number of 32 bit integers) in the array to fibsearch. Size can be from 1 K to 4 M. File extent (fiemap) stressor --fiemap N start N workers that each create a file with many randomly changing extents and has 4 child processes per worker that gather the extent information using the FS_IOC_FIEMAP ioctl(2). --fiemap-bytes N specify the size of the fiemap'd file in bytes. One can spec- ify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. Larger files will contain more extents, causing more stress when gathering extent information. --fiemap-ops N stop after N fiemap bogo operations. FIFO named pipe stressor --fifo N start N workers that exercise a named pipe by transmitting 64 bit integers. --fifo-data-size N set the byte size of the fifo write/reads, default is 8, range 8..4096. --fifo-ops N stop fifo workers after N bogo pipe write operations. --fifo-readers N for each worker, create N fifo reader workers that read the named pipe using simple blocking reads. Default is 4, range 1..64. File I/O control (ioctl) stressor --file-ioctl N start N workers that exercise various file specific ioctl(2) calls. This will attempt to use the FIONBIO, FIOQSIZE, FIGETBSZ, FIOCLEX, FIONCLEX, FIONBIO, FIOASYNC, FIOQSIZE, FIFREEZE, FITHAW, FICLONE, FICLONERANGE, FIONREAD, FIONWRITE and FS_IOC_RESVSP ioctls if these are defined. --file-ioctl-ops N stop file-ioctl workers after N file ioctl bogo operations. Filename stressor --filename N start N workers that exercise file creation using various length filenames containing a range of allowed filename charac- ters. This will try to see if it can exceed the file system allowed filename length was well as test various filename lengths between 1 and the maximum allowed by the file system. --filename-ops N stop filename workers after N bogo filename tests. --filename-opts opt use characters in the filename based on option `opt'. Valid op- tions are: Option Description probe default option, probe the file system for valid al- lowed characters in a file name and use these posix use characters as specified by The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, POSIX.1-2008, 3.278 Portable Filename Character Set ext use characters allowed by the ext2, ext3, ext4 file systems, namely any 8 bit character apart from NUL and / utf8 use struct utf8 characters in filename urf8-like use utf8 like characters with illegal utf8 encod- ings when generating random filenames File race stressor --filerace N start N workers that each run 8 concurrent processes that exer- cise a randomized set of file related system calls on 64 random files. This attempts to trip any file system race conditions while files are being operated upon. The randomized operations will cause some invalid file operations to fail, these failures are silently ignored. --filerace-ops N stop after N randomized file bogo-operations, this is not a re- liable metric of performance because of the highly randomized actions occurring on randomly selected files. Single cacheline coherency scalability stressor --flipflop N start N workers where each worker creates two groups of threads of the same size where each group is affined to a set of CPUs. A continuous bitmap that has enough bits for each thread pair is exercised, each thread pair tries to flip/flop their spe- cific bit using cmpxchg (compare/exchange); one thread tries to flip the bit from 0 to 1 and the other tries to flop the bit from 1 to 0. This stressor makes threads compete on the same cacheline and measures the total number of flip/flop operations and the distribution of successful flip/flops among the threads (to see if thread pairs get starved in favour of others). --flipflop-bits N specifies number of bits in the bitmap (and hence number of flip/flop thread pairs). --flipflop-taskset1 list list of CPUs to affine the flip threads to. Refer to the --taskset option description for the syntax of the list argu- ment. --flipflop-taskset2 list list of CPUs to affine the flop threads to. Refer to the --taskset option description for the syntax of the list argu- ment. --flipflop-ops N stop after N bogo-ops, in this case a bogo-op is 100000 flip- flop operations. BSD File locking (flock) stressor --flock N start N workers locking on a single file. --flock-ops N stop flock stress workers after N bogo flock operations. Cache flushing stressor --flush-cache N start N workers that flush the data and instruction cache (where possible). Some architectures may not support cache flushing on either cache, in which case these become no-ops. --flush-cache-ops N stop after N cache flush iterations. Fused Multiply/Add floating point operations (fma) stressor --fma N start N workers that exercise single and double precision floating point multiplication and add operations on arrays of 512 floating point values. More modern processors (Intel Haswell, AMD Bulldozer and Piledriver) and modern C compilers these will be performed by fused-multiply-add (fma3) opcodes. Operations used are: a = (a x b) + c a = (b x a) + c a = (b x c) + a a = (a x b) - c a = (b x a) - c a = (b x c) - a --fma-libc use libc fma math functions if they are available. These use either the libc FMA macros if defined, the __builtin libc functions or the fma libc functions. Generally these are slower than directly multiply/add fused code generated by the com- piler. --fma-ops N stop after N bogo-loops of the 3 above operations on 512 single and double precision floating point numbers. Process forking stressor -f N, --fork N start N workers continually forking children that immediately exit. --fork-max P create P child processes and then wait for them to exit per it- eration. The default is just 1; higher values will create many temporary zombie processes that are waiting to be reaped. One can potentially fill up the process table using high values for --fork-max and --fork. --fork-ops N stop fork stress workers after N bogo operations. --fork-pageout enable force paging-out of memory resident pages in fork stres- sor instances. --fork-unmap attempt to unmap unused non-memory resident shared library pages to try and reduced anonymous vma copying. This is an ugly hack for benchmarking reduced vma copying and not guaranteed to work. Linux only. --fork-vm enable detrimental performance virtual memory advice using mad- vise(2) on all pages of the forked process. Where possible this will try to set every page in the new process with using mad- vise(2) MADV_MERGEABLE, MADV_WILLNEED, MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_RANDOM flags. Linux only. Heavy process forking stressor --forkheavy N start N workers that fork child processes from a parent that has thousands of allocated system resources. The fork becomes a heavyweight operations as it has to duplicate the resource ref- erences of the parent. Each stressor instance creates and reaps up to 4096 child processes that are created and reaped in a first-in first-out manner. --forkheavy-allocs N attempt N resource allocation loops per stressor instance. Re- sources include pipes, file descriptors, memory mappings, pthreads, timers, ptys, semaphores, message queues and tempo- rary files. These create heavyweight processes that are more time expensive to fork from. Default is 16384. --forkheavy-mlock attempt to mlock(2) future allocated pages into memory causing more memory pressure. If mlock(MCL_FUTURE) is implemented then this will stop new brk pages from being swapped out. --forkheavy-ops N stop after N fork calls. --forkheavy-procs N attempt to fork N processes per stressor. The default is 4096 processes. Floating point operations stressor --fp N start N workers that exercise addition, multiplication and di- vision operations on a range of floating point types. For each type, 8 floating point values are operated upon 65536 times in a loop per bogo op. --fp-method method select the floating point method to use, available methods are: Method Description all iterate over all the following floating point methods: float128add 128 bit floating point addition ibm128add IBM 128 bit floating point addition (powerpc) float80add 80 bit floating point addition float64add 64 bit floating point addition float32add 32 bit binary32 floating point addition floatadd floating point addition bf16add bf16 floating point addition doubleadd double precision floating point addition ldoubleadd long double precision floating point addition float128sub 128 bit floating point subtraction ibm128sub IBM 128 bit floating point subtraction (powerpc) float80sub 80 bit floating point subtraction float64sub 64 bit floating point subtraction float32sub 32 bit binary32 floating point subtraction floatsub floating point subtraction bf16sub bf16 floating point subtraction doublesub double precision floating point subtraction ldoublesub long double precision floating point subtraction float128mul 128 bit floating point multiplication ibm128mul IBM 128 bit floating point multiplication (powerpc) float80mul 80 bit floating point multiplication float64mul 64 bit floating point multiplication float32mul 32 bit binary32 floating point multiplication floatmul floating point multiplication bf16mul bf16 floating point multiplication doublemul double precision floating point multiplication ldoublemul long double precision floating point multiplication float128div 128 bit floating point division ibm128div IBM 128 bit floating point division (powerpc) float80div 80 bit floating point division float64div 64 bit floating point division float32div 32 bit binary32 floating point division floatdiv floating point division bf16div bf16 floating point division doublediv double precision floating point division ldoublediv long double precision floating point division Note that some of these floating point methods may not be available on some systems. --fp-ops N stop after N floating point bogo ops. Note that bogo-ops are counted for just standard float, double and long double float- ing point types. Floating point exception stressor --fp-error N start N workers that generate floating point exceptions. Compu- tations are performed to force and check for the FE_DIVBYZERO, FE_INEXACT, FE_INVALID, FE_OVERFLOW and FE_UNDERFLOW excep- tions. EDOM and ERANGE errors are also checked. --fp-error-ops N stop after N bogo floating point exceptions. File punch and hole filling stressor --fpunch N start N workers that punch and fill holes in a 16 MB file using five concurrent processes per stressor exercising on the same file. Where available, this uses fallocate(2) FAL- LOC_FL_KEEP_SIZE, FALLOC_FL_PUNCH_HOLE, FALLOC_FL_ZERO_RANGE, FALLOC_FL_COLLAPSE_RANGE and FALLOC_FL_INSERT_RANGE to make and fill holes across the file and breaks it into multiple extents. --fpunch-bytes N set maximum size of each file for each fpunch worker process, the default is 16 MB. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --fpunch-ops N stop fpunch workers after N punch and fill bogo operations. Fractal Stressor --fractal N start N workers that generate 2D fractals. By default a 1024 x 1024 point Mandelbrot set is computed with a maximum of 256 it- erations per point in the iterative compute loop. The fractal is computed row by row with multiple rows shared amongst the N fractal stressor instances. Double precision floating point values are used for the points in the complex set of values. Naive computation is used with no special algorithmic short- cuts or interpolation. --fractal-iterations N specify the maximum number of iterations for the quadratic map computation of each point, default is 256 iterations. --fractal-method [ julia | mandelbrot ] select the method of fractal generation, Julia set or Mandel- brot set, default is the Mandelbrot set. --fractal-ops N stop after N fractals have been generated. --fractal-sizex N set the maximum width of the fractal, default is 1024 points. --fractal-sizey N set the maximum height of the fractal, default is 1024 points. File size limit stressor --fsize N start N workers that exercise file size limits (via setr- limit(2) RLIMIT_FSIZE) with file sizes that are fixed, random and powers of 2. The files are truncated and allocated to trig- ger SIGXFSZ signals. --fsize-ops N stop after N bogo file size test iterations. File stats (fstat) stressor --fstat N start N workers fstat'ing files in a directory (default is /dev). --fstat-dir directory specify the directory to fstat to override the default of /dev. All the files in the directory will be fstat'd repeatedly. --fstat-ops N stop fstat stress workers after N bogo fstat operations. /dev/full stressor --full N start N workers that exercise /dev/full. This attempts to write to the device (which should always get error ENOSPC), to read from the device (which should always return a buffer of zeros) and to seek randomly on the device (which should always succeed). (Linux only). --full-ops N stop the stress full workers after N bogo I/O operations. Function argument passing stressor --funccall N start N workers that call functions of 1 through to 9 argu- ments. By default all functions with a range of argument types are called, however, this can be changed using the --func- call-method option. This exercises stack function argument passing and re-ordering on the stack and in registers. --funccall-ops N stop the funccall workers after N bogo function call opera- tions. Each bogo operation is 1000 calls of functions of 1 through to 9 arguments of the chosen argument type. --funccall-method method specify the method of funccall argument type to be used. The default is all the types but can be one of bool, uint8, uint16, uint32, uint64, uint128, float, double, longdouble, cfloat (complex float), cdouble (complex double), clongdouble (complex long double), float16, float32, float64, float80, float128, decimal32, decimal64 and decimal128. Note that some of these types are only available with specific architectures and com- piler versions. Function return stressor --funcret N start N workers that pass and return by value various small to large data types. --funcret-ops N stop the funcret workers after N bogo function call operations. --funcret-method method specify the method of funcret argument type to be used. The de- fault is uint64_t but can be one of uint8 uint16 uint32 uint64 uint128 float double longdouble float80 float128 decimal32 dec- imal64 decimal128 uint8x32 uint8x128 uint64x128. Fast mutex (futex) stressor --futex N start N workers that rapidly exercise the futex system call. Each worker has two processes, a futex waiter and a futex waker. The waiter waits with a very small timeout to stress the timeout and rapid polled futex waiting. This is a Linux spe- cific stress option. --futex-ops N stop futex workers after N bogo successful futex wait opera- tions. Fetching data from kernel stressor --get N start N workers that call system calls that fetch data from the kernel, currently these are: getpid(2), getppid(2), getcwd(3), getgid(2), getegid(2), getuid(2), getgroups(2), getpgrp(2), getpgid(2), getpriority(2), getresgid(2), getresuid(2), getr- limit(2), prlimit(2), getrusage(2), getsid(2), gettid(2), getcpu(2), gettimeofday(2), uname(2), adjtimex(2), sysfs(2). Some of these system calls are OS specific. --get-ops N stop get workers after N bogo get operations. --get-slow-sync attempt to synchronize system calls across the N get workers to try to force forms of locking contention in the kernel on the more complex cases. Each system call is exercised concurrently with the N workers for 0.1 seconds at a time, so it takes a 3-4 seconds to work through all the system calls. Get directory entries stressor (Linux) --getdent N start N workers that recursively read directories /proc, /dev/, /tmp, /sys and /run using getdents(2) and getdents64(2) (Linux only). --getdent-ops N stop getdent workers after N bogo getdent bogo operations. Random data (getrandom) stressor --getrandom N start N workers that get 8192 random bytes from the /dev/uran- dom pool using the getrandom(2) system call (Linux) or geten- tropy(2) (OpenBSD). --getrandom-ops N stop getrandom workers after N bogo get operations. CPU pipeline and branch prediction stressor --goto N start N workers that perform 1024 forward branches (to next in- struction) or backward branches (to previous instruction) for each bogo operation loop. By default, every 1024 branches the direction is randomly chosen to be forward or backward. This stressor exercises suboptimal pipelined execution and branch prediction logic. --goto-direction [ forward | backward | random ] select the branching direction in the stressor loop, forward for forward only branching, backward for a backward only branching, random for a random choice of forward or random branching every 1024 branches. --goto-ops N stop goto workers after N bogo loops of 1024 branch instruc- tions. 2D GPU stressor --gpu N start N worker that exercise the GPU. This specifies a 2-D tex- ture image that allows the elements of an image array to be read by shaders, and render primitives using an opengl context. --gpu-devnode DEVNAME specify the device node name of the GPU device, the default is /dev/dri/renderD128. --gpu-frag N specify shader core usage per pixel, this sets N loops in the fragment shader. --gpu-ops N stop gpu workers after N render loop operations. --gpu-tex-size N specify upload texture N x N, by default this value is 4096 x 4096. --gpu-xsize X use a framebuffer size of X pixels. The default is 256 pixels. --gpu-ysize Y use a framebuffer size of Y pixels. The default is 256 pixels. --gpu-upload N specify upload texture N times per frame, the default value is 1. Handle stressor --handle N start N workers that exercise the name_to_handle_at(2) and open_by_handle_at(2) system calls. (Linux only). --handle-ops N stop after N handle bogo operations. String hashing stressor --hash N start N workers that exercise various hashing functions. Random strings from 1 to 128 bytes are hashed and the hashing rate and chi squared is calculated from the number of hashes performed over a period of time. The chi squared value is the goodness- of-fit measure, it is the actual distribution of items in hash buckets versus the expected distribution of items. Typically a chi squared value close to 1.0 indicates a good hash distribu- tion. --hash-method method specify the hashing method to use, by default all the hashing methods are cycled through. Methods available are: Method Description all cycle through all the hashing methods adler32 Mark Adler checksum, a modification of the Fletcher checksum coffin xor and 5 bit rotate left hash coffin32 xor and 5 bit rotate left hash with 32 bit fetch optimization crc32c compute CRC32C (Castagnoli CRC32) integer hash djb2a Dan Bernstein hash using the xor variant fnv1a FNV-1a Fowler-Noll-Vo hash using the xor then mul- tiply variant jenkin Jenkin's integer hash kandr Kernighan and Richie's multiply by 31 and add hash from "The C Programming Language", 2nd Edition knuth Donald E. Knuth's hash from "The Art Of Computer Programming", Volume 3, chapter 6.4 loselose Kernighan and Richie's simple hash from "The C Pro- gramming Language", 1st Edition mid5 xor shift hash of the middle 5 characters of the string. Designed by Colin Ian King muladd32 simple multiply and add hash using 32 bit math and xor folding of overflow muladd64 simple multiply and add hash using 64 bit math and xor folding of overflow mulxror32 32 bit multiply, xor and rotate right. Mangles 32 bits where possible. Designed by Colin Ian King mulxror64 64 bit multiply, xor and rotate right. 64 Bit ver- sion of mulxror32 murmur3_32 Austin Appleby's Murmur3 hash, 32 bit variant nhash exim's nhash. pjw a non-cryptographic hash function created by Peter J. Weinberger of AT&T Bell Labs, used in UNIX ELF object files sdbm sdbm hash as used in the SDBM database and GNU awk sedgwick simple hash from Robert Sedgwick's C programming book sobel Justin Sobel's bitwise shift hash x17 multiply by 17 and add. The multiplication can be optimized down to a fast right shift by 4 and add on some architectures xor simple rotate shift and xor of values xorror32 32 bit exclusive-or with right rotate hash, a fast string hash, designed by Colin Ian King xorror64 64 bit version of xorror32 xxhash the "Extremely fast" hash in non-streaming mode --hash-ops N stop after N hashing rounds File-system stressor -d N, --hdd N start N workers continually writing, reading and removing tem- porary files. The default mode is to stress test sequential writes and reads. With the --aggressive option enabled without any --hdd-opts options the hdd stressor will work through all the --hdd-opt options one by one to cover a range of I/O op- tions. --hdd-bytes N write N bytes for each hdd process, the default is 1 GB. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --hdd-opts list specify various stress test options as a comma separated list. Options are as follows: Option Description direct try to minimize cache effects of the I/O. File I/O writes are performed directly from user space buffers and synchronous transfer is also attempted. To guarantee synchronous I/O, also use the sync option. dsync ensure output has been transferred to underly- ing hardware and file metadata has been updated (using the O_DSYNC open flag). This is equiva- lent to each write(2) being followed by a call to fdatasync(2). See also the fdatasync option. fadv-dontneed advise kernel to expect the data will not be accessed in the near future. fadv-noreuse advise kernel to expect the data to be accessed only once. fadv-normal advise kernel there are no explicit access pat- tern for the data. This is the default advice assumption. fadv-rnd advise kernel to expect random access patterns for the data. fadv-seq advise kernel to expect sequential access pat- terns for the data. fadv-willneed advise kernel to expect the data to be accessed in the near future. fsync flush all modified in-core data after each write to the output device using an explicit fsync(2) call. fdatasync similar to fsync, but do not flush the modified metadata unless metadata is required for later data reads to be handled correctly. This uses an explicit fdatasync(2) call. iovec use readv/writev multiple buffer I/Os rather than read/write. Instead of 1 read/write opera- tion, the buffer is broken into an iovec of 16 buffers. noatime do not update the file last access timestamp, this can reduce metadata writes. sync ensure output has been transferred to underly- ing hardware (using the O_SYNC open flag). This is equivalent to a each write(2) being followed by a call to fsync(2). See also the fsync op- tion. rd-rnd read data randomly. rd-seq read data sequentially. syncfs write all buffered modifications of file meta- data and data on the filesystem that contains the hdd worker files. utimes force update of file timestamp which may in- crease metadata writes. wr-rnd write data randomly. The wr-seq option cannot be used at the same time. wr-seq write data sequentially. This is the default if no write modes are specified. Note that some of these options are mutually exclusive, for example, there can be only one method of writing or reading. Also, fadvise flags may be mutually exclusive, for example fadv-willneed cannot be used with fadv-dontneed. --hdd-ops N stop hdd stress workers after N bogo operations. --hdd-write-size N specify size of each write in bytes. Size can be from 1 byte to 4 MB. BSD heapsort stressor --heapsort N start N workers that sort 32 bit integers using the BSD heap- sort. --heapsort-method [ heapsort-libc | heapsort-nonlibc ] select either the libc implementation of heapsort or an opti- mized implementation of heapsort. The default is the libc im- plementation if it is available. --heapsort-ops N stop heapsort stress workers after N bogo heapsorts. --heapsort-size N specify number of 32 bit integers to sort, default is 262144 (256 x 1024). High resolution timer stressor --hrtimers N start N workers that exercise high resolution times at a high frequency. Each stressor starts 32 processes that run with ran- dom timer intervals of 0..499999 nanoseconds. Running this stressor with appropriate privilege will run these with the SCHED_RR policy. --hrtimers-adjust enable automatic timer rate adjustment to try to maximize the hrtimer frequency. The signal rate is measured every 0.1 sec- onds and the hrtimer delay is adjusted to try and set the opti- mal hrtimer delay to generate the highest hrtimer rates. --hrtimers-ops N stop hrtimers stressors after N timer event bogo operations Hashtable searching (hsearch) stressor --hsearch N start N workers that search a 80% full hash table using hsearch(3). By default, there are 8192 elements inserted into the hash table. This is a useful method to exercise access of memory and processor cache. --hsearch-method [ hsearch-libc | hsearch-nonlibc ] select either the libc implementation of hsearch or a slightly optimized non-libc implementation of hsearch. The default is the libc implementation if it exists, otherwise the non-libc version. --hsearch-ops N stop the hsearch workers after N bogo hsearch operations are completed. --hsearch-size N specify the number of hash entries to be inserted into the hash table. Size can be from 1 K to 4 M. Hyperbolic functions stressor --hyperbolic N start N workers that exercise sinh, cosh, and tanh libm hyper- bolic functions using float, double and long double floating point variants. Each function is exercised 10000 times per bogo-operation. --hyperbolic-method function specify a hyperbolic stress function. By default, all the func- tions are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one function to be used if required. Available options are as follows: Method Description all iterate through all of the following hyperbolic func- tions cosh hyperbolic cosine (double precision) coshf hyperbolic cosine (float precision) coshl hyperbolic cosine (long double precision) sinh hyperbolic sine (double precision) sinhf hyperbolic sine (float precision) sinhl hyperbolic sine (long double precision) tanh hyperbolic tangent (double precision) tanhf hyperbolic tangent (float precision) tanhl hyperbolic tangent (long double precision) --hyperbolic-ops N stop after N bogo-operations. CPU instruction cache load stressor --icache N start N workers that stress the instruction cache by forcing instruction cache reloads. --icache-ops N stop the icache workers after N bogo icache operations are com- pleted. ICMP flooding stressor --icmp-flood N start N workers that flood localhost with randomly sized ICMP ping packets. This stressor requires the CAP_NET_RAW capbil- ity. --icmp-flood-max-size use a maximum packet size of 65535 bytes instead of the default of 1000 bytes. --icmp-flood-ops N stop icmp flood workers after N ICMP ping packets have been sent. Idle page scan stressor (Linux) --idle-page N start N workers that walks through every page exercising the Linux /sys/kernel/mm/page_idle/bitmap interface. Requires CAP_SYS_RESOURCE capability. --idle-page-ops N stop after N bogo idle page operations. Inode ioctl flags stressor --inode-flags N start N workers that exercise inode flags using the FS_IOC_GET- FLAGS and FS_IOC_SETFLAGS ioctl(2) and inode attributes using file_getattr(2) and file_getatt(2). This attempts to apply all the available inode flags onto a directory and file even if the underlying file system may not support these flags (errors are just ignored). Each worker runs 4 threads that exercise the flags on the same directory and file to try to force races. This is a Linux only stressor, see ioctl_iflags(2) for more de- tails. --inode-flags-ops N stop the inode-flags workers after N ioctl flag setting at- tempts. Inotify stressor --inotify N start N workers performing file system activities such as mak- ing/deleting files/directories, moving files, etc. to stress exercise the various inotify events (Linux only). --inotify-ops N stop inotify stress workers after N inotify bogo operations. Insertion sort stressor --insertionsort N start N workers that sort 32 bit integers using insertion sort. --insertionsort-ops N stop insertionsort stress workers after N bogo insertion sorts. --insertionsort-size N specify number of 32 bit integers to sort, default is 16384 (16 x 1024). Integer Math Operations --intmath N start N workers that perform addition, subtraction, multiplica- tion, division and modulo math operations on 128, 64, 32, 16 and 8 bit signed integers. --intmath-fast when available use int_fast64_t, int_fast32_t, int_fast16_t and int_fast8_t types instead of int64_t, int32_t, int16_t and int8_t types. Note that these may or may not be faster than normal integer operations depending on the compiler. --intmath-method method select the integer math method to use, available methods are: Method Description all iterate over all the following integer methods: add128 128 bit signed integer addition add64 64 bit signed integer addition add32 32 bit signed integer addition add16 16 bit signed integer addition add8 8 bit signed integer addition sub128 128 bit signed integer subtraction sub64 64 bit signed integer subtraction sub32 32 bit signed integer subtraction sub16 16 bit signed integer subtraction sub8 8 bit signed integer subtraction mul128 128 bit signed integer multiplication mul64 64 bit signed integer multiplication mul32 32 bit signed integer multiplication mul16 16 bit signed integer multiplication mul8 8 bit signed integer multiplication div128 128 bit signed integer division div64 64 bit signed integer division div32 32 bit signed integer division div16 16 bit signed integer division div8 8 bit signed integer division mod128 128 bit signed integer modulo mod64 64 bit signed integer modulo mod32 32 bit signed integer modulo mod16 16 bit signed integer modulo mod8 8 bit signed integer modulo for the --intmath-fast option, the following methods are avail- able: Method Description all iterate over all the following integer methods: addfast64 fast 64 bit signed integer addition addfast32 fast 32 bit signed integer addition addfast16 fast 16 bit signed integer addition addfast8 fast 8 bit signed integer addition subfast64 fast 64 bit signed integer subtraction subfast32 fast 32 bit signed integer subtraction subfast16 fast 16 bit signed integer subtraction subfast8 fast 8 bit signed integer subtraction mulfast64 fast 64 bit signed integer multiplication mulfast32 fast 32 bit signed integer multiplication mulfast16 fast 16 bit signed integer multiplication mulfast8 fast 8 bit signed integer multiplication divfast64 fast 64 bit signed integer division divfast32 fast 32 bit signed integer division divfast16 fast 16 bit signed integer division divfast8 fast 8 bit signed integer division modfast64 fast 64 bit signed integer modulo modfast32 fast 32 bit signed integer modulo modfast16 fast 16 bit signed integer modulo modfast8 fast 8 bit signed integer modulo --intmath-ops N stop intmath workers after N bogo integer math operations. Data synchronization (sync) stressor -i N, --io N start N workers continuously calling sync(2) to commit buffer cache to disk. This can be used in conjunction with the --hdd stressor. This is a legacy stressor that is compatible with the original stress tool. --io-ops N stop io stress workers after N bogo operations. IO mixing stressor --iomix N start N workers that perform a mix of sequential, random and memory mapped read/write operations as well as random copy file read/writes, forced sync'ing and (if run as root) cache drop- ping. Multiple child processes are spawned to all share a sin- gle file and perform different I/O operations on the same file. --iomix-bytes N write N bytes for each iomix worker process, the default is 1 GB. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --iomix-ops N stop iomix stress workers after N bogo iomix I/O operations. Ioport stressor (x86 Linux) --ioport N start N workers than perform bursts of 16 reads and 16 writes of ioport 0x80 (x86 Linux systems only). I/O performed on x86 platforms on port 0x80 will cause delays on the CPU performing the I/O. --ioport-ops N stop the ioport stressors after N bogo I/O operations --ioport-opts [ in | out | inout ] specify the io operation to be performed. The default is both in and out. specify if port reads in, port read writes out or reads and writes are --ioport-port [ post | vga-dac-r | bochs-debug ] select x86 I/O port to use, post (Power-On-Self-Test port 0x80), vga-dac-r (VGA DAC Red port 0x3c8) or bochs-debug (Bochs debug port 0xe9) IO scheduling class and priority stressor --ioprio N start N workers that exercise the ioprio_get(2) and io- prio_set(2) system calls (Linux only). --ioprio-ops N stop after N io priority bogo operations. Io-uring stressor --io-uring N start N workers that perform various io-uring file operations using the Linux io-uring interface. --io-uring-entries N specify the number of io-uring ring entries. --io-uring-ops stop after N rounds of io-uring operations. --io-uring-rand randomize order of io-uring operations and file seek locations. Ipsec multi-buffer cryptographic stressor --ipsec-mb N start N workers that perform cryptographic processing using the highly optimized Intel Multi-Buffer Crypto for IPsec library. Depending on the features available, SSE, AVX, AVX and AVX512 CPU features will be used on data encrypted by SHA, DES, CMAC, CTR, HMAC MD5, HMAC SHA1 and HMAC SHA512 cryptographic rou- tines. This is only available for x86-64 modern Intel CPUs. --ipsec-mb-feature [ sse | avx | avx2 | avx512 | noaesni ] Just use the specified processor CPU feature. By default, all the available features for the CPU are exercised. --ipsec-mb-jobs N Process N multi-block rounds of cryptographic processing per iteration. The default is 256. --ipsec-mb-method [ all | cmac | ctr | des | hmac-md5 | hmac-sha1 | hmac-sha512 | sha ] Select the ipsec-mb crypto/integrity method. --ipsec-mb-ops N stop after N rounds of processing of data using the crypto- graphic routines. System interval timer stressor --itimer N start N workers that exercise the system interval timers. This sets up an ITIMER_PROF itimer that generates a SIGPROF signal. The default frequency for the itimer is 1 MHz, however, the Linux kernel will set this to be no more that the jiffy set- ting, hence high frequency SIGPROF signals are not normally possible. A busy loop spins on getitimer(2) calls to consume CPU and hence decrement the itimer based on amount of time spent in CPU and system time. --itimer-freq F run itimer at F Hz; range from 1 to 1000000 Hz. Normally the highest frequency is limited by the number of jiffy ticks per second, so running above 1000 Hz is difficult to attain in practice. --itimer-ops N stop itimer stress workers after N bogo itimer SIGPROF signals. --itimer-rand select an interval timer frequency based around the interval timer frequency +/-12.5% random jitter. This tries to force more variability in the timer interval to make the scheduling less predictable. Jpeg compression stressor --jpeg N start N workers that use jpeg compression on a machine gener- ated plasma field image. The default image is a plasma field, however different image types may be selected. The starting raster line is changed on each compression iteration to cycle around the data. --jpeg-height H use a RGB sample image height of H pixels. The default is 512 pixels. --jpeg-image [ brown | flat | gradient | noise | plasma | xstripes ] select the source image type to be compressed. Available image types are: Type Description brown brown noise, red and green values vary by a 3 bit value, blue values vary by a 2 bit value. flat a single random colour for the entire image. gradient linear gradient of the red, green and blue components across the width and height of the image. noise random white noise for red, green, blue values. plasma plasma field with smooth colour transitions and hard boundary edges. xstripes a random colour for each horizontal line. --jpeg-ops N stop after N jpeg compression operations. --jpeg-quality Q use the compression quality Q. The range is 1..100 (1 lowest, 100 highest), with a default of 95 --jpeg-width H use a RGB sample image width of H pixels. The default is 512 pixels. Judy array stressor --judy N start N workers that insert, search and delete 32 bit integers in a Judy array using a predictable yet sparse array index. By default, there are 131072 integers used in the Judy array. This is a useful method to exercise random access of memory and processor cache. --judy-ops N stop the judy workers after N bogo judy operations are com- pleted. --judy-size N specify the size (number of 32 bit integers) in the Judy array to exercise. Size can be from 1 K to 4 M 32 bit integers. Kcmp stressor (Linux) --kcmp N start N workers that use kcmp(2) to compare parent and child processes to determine if they share kernel resources. Sup- ported only for Linux and requires CAP_SYS_PTRACE capability. --kcmp-ops N stop kcmp workers after N bogo kcmp operations. Kernel key management stressor --key N start N workers that create and manipulate keys using add_key(2) and ketctl(2). As many keys are created as the per user limit allows and then the following keyctl commands are exercised on each key: KEYCTL_SET_TIMEOUT, KEYCTL_DESCRIBE, KEYCTL_UPDATE, KEYCTL_READ, KEYCTL_CLEAR and KEYCTL_INVALIDATE. --key-ops N stop key workers after N bogo key operations. Process signals stressor --kill N start N workers sending SIGUSR1 kill(2) signals to a SIG_IGN signal handler in the stressor and SIGUSR1 kill signal to a child stressor with a SIGUSR1 handler. Most of the process time will end up in kernel space. --kill-ops N stop kill workers after N bogo kill operations. Syslog stressor (Linux) --klog N start N workers exercising the kernel syslog(2) system call. This will attempt to read the kernel log with various sized read buffers. Linux only. --klog-ops N stop klog workers after N syslog operations. KVM stressor --kvm N start N workers that create, run and destroy a minimal virtual machine, 64 bit ARM, RISC-V and x86 ARM Linux only. For x86 the virtual machine reads, increments and writes to port 0x80 in a spin loop and the stressor handles the I/O transactions. For ARM64 and RISC-V the virtual machine writes to a MMIO re- gion and the stressor handles the MMIO exits. --kvm-ops N stop kvm stressors after N virtual machines have been created, run and destroyed. CPU L1 cache stressor --l1cache N start N workers that exercise the CPU level 1 cache with reads and writes. A cache aligned buffer that is twice the level 1 cache size is read and then written in level 1 cache set sized steps over each level 1 cache set. This is designed to exercise cache block evictions. The bogo-op count measures the number of million cache lines touched. Where possible, the level 1 cache geometry is determined from the kernel, however, this is not possible on some architectures or kernels, so one may need to specify these manually. One can specify 3 out of the 4 cache geometric parameters, these are as follows: --l1cache-line-size N specify the level 1 cache line size (in bytes) --l1cache-method [ forward | random | reverse ] select the method of exercising a l1cache sized buffer. The de- fault is a forward scan, random picks random bytes to exercise, reverse scans in reverse. --l1cache-mlock attempt to mlock(2) the l1cache size buffer into memory to pre- vent it from being swapped out. --l1cache-ops N specify the number of cache read/write bogo-op loops to run --l1cache-sets N specify the number of level 1 cache sets --l1cache-size N specify the level 1 cache size (in bytes) --l1cache-ways N specify the number of level 1 cache ways Landlock stressor (Linux >= 5.13) --landlock N start N workers that exercise Linux 5.13 landlocking. A range of landlock_create_ruleset(2) flags are exercised with a read only file rule to see if a directory can be accessed and a read-write file create can be blocked. Each ruleset attempt is exercised in a new child context and this is the limiting fac- tor on the speed of the stressor. --landlock-ops N stop the landlock stressors after N landlock ruleset bogo oper- ations. File lease stressor --lease N start N workers locking, unlocking and breaking leases via the fcntl(2) F_SETLEASE operation. The parent processes continually lock and unlock a lease on a file while a user selectable num- ber of child processes open the file with a non-blocking open to generate SIGIO lease breaking notifications to the parent. This stressor is only available if F_SETLEASE, F_WRLCK and F_UNLCK support is provided by fcntl(2). --lease-breakers N start N lease breaker child processes per lease worker. Nor- mally one child is plenty to force many SIGIO lease breaking notification signals to the parent, however, this option allows one to specify more child processes if required. --lease-ops N stop lease workers after N bogo operations. LED stressor (Linux) --led N start N workers that exercise the /sys/class/leds interfaces to set LED brightness levels and the various trigger settings. This needs to be run with root privilege to be able to write to these settings successfully. Non-root privilege will ignore failed writes. --led-ops N stop after N interfaces are exercised. Hardlink stressor --link N start N workers creating and removing hardlinks. --link-ops N stop link stress workers after N bogo operations. --link-sync sync dirty data and metadata to disk. List data structures stressor --list N start N workers that exercise list data structures. The default is to add, find and remove 5000 64 bit integers into circleq (doubly linked circle queue), list (doubly linked list), slist (singly linked list), slistt (singly linked list using tail), stailq (singly linked tail queue) and tailq (doubly linked tail queue) lists. The intention of this stressor is to exercise memory and cache with the various list operations. --list-method [ all | circleq | list | slist | stailq | tailq ] specify the list to be used. By default, all the list methods are used (the `all' option). --list-ops N stop list stressors after N bogo ops. A bogo op covers the ad- dition, finding and removing all the items into the list(s). --list-size N specify the size of the list, where N is the number of 64 bit integers to be added into the list. Last level of cache stressor --llc-affinity N start N workers that exercise the last level of cache (LLC) by read/write activity across a LLC sized buffer and then changing CPU affinity after each round of read/writes. This can cause non-local memory stalls and LLC read/write misses. --llc-affinity-clflush where possible, flush cachelines after each cacheline write, x86 and ppc64 only. --llc-affinity-mlock attempt to mlock(2) the LLC sized buffer into memory to prevent it from being swapped out. --llc-affinity-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --llc-affinity-ops N stop after N rounds of LLC read/writes. --llc-affinity-size N override the default LLC cache size setting to N bytes. One can specify the in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. Load average (loadavg) stressor --loadavg N start N workers that attempt to create thousands of pthreads that run at the lowest nice priority to force very high load averages. Linux systems will also perform some I/O writes as pending I/O is also factored into system load accounting. --loadavg-max N set the maximum number of pthreads to create to N. N may be re- duced if there is as system limit on the number of pthreads that can be created. --loadavg-ops N stop loadavg workers after N bogo scheduling yields by the pthreads have been reached. Lock and increment memory stressor (x86 and ARM) --lockbus N start N workers that rapidly lock and increment 64 bytes of randomly chosen memory from a 16 MB mmap'd region (Intel x86 and ARM CPUs only). This will cause cacheline misses and stalling of CPUs. Pages are spread randomly across NUMA nodes to exercise NUMA bus locking for NUMA systems. --lockbus-nosplit disable split locks that lock across cache line boundaries. --lockbus-ops N stop lockbus workers after N bogo operations. POSIX lock (F_SETLK/F_GETLK) stressor --locka N start N workers that randomly lock and unlock regions of a file using the POSIX advisory locking mechanism (see fcntl(2), F_SETLK, F_GETLK). Each worker creates a 1024 KB file and at- tempts to hold a maximum of 1024 concurrent locks with a child process that also tries to hold 1024 concurrent locks. Old locks are unlocked in a first-in, first-out basis. --locka-ops N stop locka workers after N bogo locka operations. POSIX lock (lockf) stressor --lockf N start N workers that randomly lock and unlock regions of a file using the POSIX lockf(3) locking mechanism. Each worker creates a 64 KB file and attempts to hold a maximum of 1024 concurrent locks with a child process that also tries to hold 1024 concur- rent locks. Old locks are unlocked in a first-in, first-out ba- sis. --lockf-nonblock instead of using blocking F_LOCK lockf(3) commands, use non- blocking F_TLOCK commands and re-try if the lock failed. This creates extra system call overhead and CPU utilisation as the number of lockf workers increases and should increase locking contention. --lockf-ops N stop lockf workers after N bogo lockf operations. mixed file lock stressor (locka, lockf, lockofd) --lockmix N start N workers that randomly lock and unlock regions of a file using the BSD flock(2), locka (advisory), POSIX lockf(3) and Linux open file lock (lockofd) locking mechanisms. Each worker creates a 1024 KB file and attempts to hold a maximum of 1024 concurrent locks with a child process that also tries to hold 1024 concurrent locks. Old locks are unlocked in a first-in, first-out basis. --lockmix-ops N stop lockmix workers after N bogo lockmix operations. Linux open file lock (ofd F_OFD_SETLK/F_OFD_GETLK) stressor --lockofd N start N workers that randomly lock and unlock regions of a file using the Linux open file description locks (see fcntl(2), F_OFD_SETLK, F_OFD_GETLK). Each worker creates a 1024 KB file and attempts to hold a maximum of 1024 concurrent locks with a child process that also tries to hold 1024 concurrent locks. Old locks are unlocked in a first-in, first-out basis. --lockofd-ops N stop lockofd workers after N bogo lockofd operations. Logarithmic functions --logmath N start N workers that exercise various libm logarithmic func- tions with input values 1 to 10000. Results are sanity checked to ensure no variation occurs after each round of 10000 compu- tations. --logmath-ops N stop after N logarithmic bogo-operation loops. --logmath-method method specify a logarithmic function to exercise. Available logarith- mic stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below logarithmic functions meth- ods clog double complex natural logarithm clogf float complex natural logarithm clogl long double complex natural logarithm log double natural logarithm logf float natural logarithm logl long double natural logarithm logb get exponent of a double logbf get exponent of a float logbl get exponent of a long double log10 double base-10 logarithm log10f float base-10 logarithm log10l long double base-10 logarithm log2 double base-2 logarithm log2f float base-2 logarithm log2l long double base-2 logarithm Long jump (longjmp) stressor --longjmp N start N workers that exercise setjmp(3)/longjmp(3) by rapid looping on longjmp calls. --longjmp-ops N stop longjmp stress workers after N bogo longjmp operations (1 bogo op is 1000 longjmp calls). Loopback stressor (Linux) --loop N start N workers that exercise the loopback control device. This creates 2 MB loopback devices, expands them to 4 MB, performs some loopback status information get and set operations and then destroys them. Linux only and requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN capa- bility. --loop-ops N stop after N bogo loopback creation/deletion operations. Linear search stressor --lsearch N start N workers that linear search a unsorted array of 32 bit integers using lsearch(3). By default, there are 8192 elements in the array. This is a useful method to exercise sequential access of memory and processor cache. --lsearch-method [ lsearch-libc | lsearch-nonlibc | lsearch-sentinel ] select either the libc implementation of lsearch or a slightly optimized non-libc implementation of lsearch or a lsearch that uses the search key as the end of array sentinel to remove an index compare per loop. The default is the libc implementation if it exists, otherwise the non-libc version. --lsearch-ops N stop the lsearch workers after N bogo lsearch operations are completed. --lsearch-size N specify the size (number of 32 bit integers) in the array to lsearch. Size can be from 1 K to 4 M. Linux Security Modules system call stressor --lsm N start N workers that exercise the LSM system calls lsm_list_modules(2) and lsm_get_self_attr(2), (Linux only). Each bogo-op loop fetches a list of available security modules and fetching LSM attributes as well as some invalid LSM system calls to exercise error handling. --lsm-ops N stop after N loops of fetching security modules lists and fetching LSM attributes. Madvise stressor --madvise N start N workers that apply random madvise(2) advise settings on pages of a 4 MB file backed shared memory mapping. --madvise-hwpoison enable MADV_HWPOISON page poisoning (if available, only when run as root). This will page poison a few pages and will cause kernel error messages to be reported. --madvise-ops N stop madvise stressors after N bogo madvise operations. Memory allocation stressor --malloc N start N workers continuously calling malloc(3), calloc(3), re- alloc(3), posix_memalign(3), aligned_alloc(3), memalign(3) and free(3). By default, up to 65536 allocations can be active at any point, but this can be altered with the --malloc-max op- tion. Allocation, reallocation and freeing are chosen at ran- dom; 50% of the time memory is allocation (via one of malloc, calloc or realloc, posix_memalign, aligned_alloc, memalign) and 50% of the time allocations are free'd. Allocation sizes are also random, with the maximum allocation size controlled by the --malloc-bytes option, the default size being 64 K. The worker is re-started if it is killed by the out of memory (OOM) killer. --malloc-bytes N maximum per allocation/reallocation size. Allocations are ran- domly selected from 1 to N bytes. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. Large allocation sizes cause the memory allocator to use mmap(2) rather than ex- panding the heap using brk(2). --malloc-max N maximum number of active allocations allowed. Allocations are chosen at random and placed in an allocation slot. Because about 50%/50% split between allocation and freeing, typically half of the allocation slots are in use at any one time. --malloc-mlock attempt to mlock(2) the allocations into memory to prevent them from being swapped out. --malloc-ops N stop after N malloc bogo operations. One bogo operations re- lates to a successful malloc(3), calloc(3), realloc(3), posix_memalign(3), aligned_alloc(3) or memalign(3) call. --malloc-pthreads N specify number of malloc stressing concurrent pthreads to run. The default is 0 (just one main process, no pthreads). This op- tion will do nothing if pthreads are not supported. --malloc-thresh N specify the threshold where malloc uses mmap(2) instead of sbrk(2) to allocate more memory. This is only available on sys- tems that provide the GNU C mallopt(3) tuning function. --malloc-touch touch every allocated page to force pages to be populated in memory. This will increase the memory pressure and exercise the virtual memory harder. By default the malloc stressor will mad- vise pages into memory or use mincore to check for non-resident memory pages and try to force them into memory; this option ag- gressively forces pages to be memory resident. --malloc-trim periodically trim memory allocation by attempting to release free memory from the heap every 65536 allocation iterations. This can be a time consuming operation. It is only available with libc malloc implementations that support malloc_trim(3). --malloc-zerofree zero allocated memory before free'ing. This can be useful in touching broken allocations and triggering failures. Also use- ful for forcing extra cache/memory writes. 2D Matrix stressor --matrix N start N workers that perform various matrix operations on floating point values. Testing on 64 bit x86 hardware shows that this provides a good mix of memory, cache and floating point operations and is an excellent way to make a CPU run hot. By default, this will exercise all the matrix stress methods one by one on a 128 x 128 element matrix. One can specify a specific matrix stress method with the --matrix-method option. --matrix-method method specify a matrix stress method. Available matrix stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below matrix stress methods add add two N x N matrices copy copy one N x N matrix to another div divide an N x N matrix by a scalar frobenius Frobenius product of two N x N matrices hadamard Hadamard product of two N x N matrices identity create an N x N identity matrix mean arithmetic mean of two N x N matrices mult multiply an N x N matrix by a scalar negate negate an N x N matrix prod product of two N x N matrices sub subtract one N x N matrix from another N x N matrix square multiply an N x N matrix by itself trans transpose an N x N matrix zero zero an N x N matrix --matrix-ops N stop matrix stress workers after N bogo operations. --matrix-size N specify the N x N size of the matrices. Smaller values result in a floating point compute throughput bound stressor, where as large values result in a cache and/or memory bandwidth bound stressor. --matrix-yx perform matrix operations in order y by x rather than the de- fault x by y. This is suboptimal ordering compared to the de- fault and will perform more data cache stalls. 3D Matrix stressor --matrix-3d N start N workers that perform various 3D matrix operations on floating point values. Testing on 64 bit x86 hardware shows that this provides a good mix of memory, cache and floating point operations and is an excellent way to make a CPU run hot. By default, this will exercise all the 3D matrix stress methods one by one on a 128 x 128 x 128 element matrix. One can specify a specific 3D matrix stress method with the --matrix-3d-method option. --matrix-3d-method method specify a 3D matrix stress method. Available 3D matrix stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below matrix stress methods add add two N x N x N matrices copy copy one N x N x N matrix to another div divide an N x N x N matrix by a scalar frobenius Frobenius product of two N x N x N matrices hadamard Hadamard product of two N x N x N matrices identity create an N x N x N identity matrix mean arithmetic mean of two N x N x N matrices mult multiply an N x N x N matrix by a scalar negate negate an N x N x N matrix sub subtract one N x N x N matrix from another N x N x N matrix trans transpose an N x N x N matrix zero zero an N x N x N matrix --matrix-3d-ops N stop the 3D matrix stress workers after N bogo operations. --matrix-3d-size N specify the N x N x N size of the matrices. Smaller values re- sult in a floating point compute throughput bound stressor, where as large values result in a cache and/or memory bandwidth bound stressor. --matrix-3d-zyx perform matrix operations in order z by y by x rather than the default x by y by z. This is suboptimal ordering compared to the default and will perform more data cache stalls. Memory contention stressor --mcontend N start N workers that produce memory contention read/write pat- terns. Each stressor runs with 5 threads that read and write to two different mappings of the same underlying physical page. Various caching operations are also exercised to cause sub-op- timal memory access patterns. The threads also randomly change CPU affinity to exercise CPU and memory migration stress. --mcontend-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --mcontend-ops N stop mcontend stressors after N bogo read/write operations. Memory barrier stressor (Linux) --membarrier N start N workers that exercise the membarrier(2) system call (Linux only). --membarrier-ops N stop membarrier stress workers after N bogo membarrier opera- tions. Memory copy (memcpy) stressor --memcpy N start N workers that copies data to and from a buffer using memcpy(3) and then move the data in the buffer with memmove(3) with 3 different alignments. This will exercise the data cache and memory copying. --memcpy-method [ all | libc | builtin | naive | naive_o0 .. naive_o3 ] specify a memcpy copying method. Available memcpy methods are described as follows: Method Description all use libc, builtin and naive methods libc use libc memcpy and memmove functions, this is the default builtin use the compiler built in optimized memcpy and mem- move functions naive use naive byte by byte copying and memory moving build with default compiler optimization flags naive_o0 use unoptimized naive byte by byte copying and memory moving naive_o1 use unoptimized naive byte by byte copying and memory moving with -O1 optimization naive_o2 use optimized naive byte by byte copying and memory moving build with -O2 optimization and where possible use CPU specific optimizations naive_o3 use optimized naive byte by byte copying and memory moving build with -O3 optimization and where possible use CPU specific optimizations --memcpy-ops N stop memcpy stress workers after N bogo memcpy operations. Anonymous file (memfd) stressor --memfd N start N workers that create allocations of 1024 pages using memfd_create(2) and ftruncate(2) for allocation and mmap(2) to map the allocation into the process address space. (Linux only). --memfd-bytes N allocate N bytes per memfd stress worker, the default is 256 MB. One can specify the size in as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suf- fix b, k, m or g. --memfd-fds N create N memfd file descriptors, the default is 256. One can select 8 to 4096 memfd file descriptions with this option. --memfd-madvise enable random madvise page advice on memfd memory mapped re- gions to add a little more VM exercising. --memfd-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd pages into memory causing more mem- ory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --memfd-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --memfd-ops N stop after N memfd-create(2) bogo operations. --memfd-zap-pte exercise zapping page-table-entries to try to reproduce a Linux kernel bug that was fixed by commit 5abfd71d936a8aefd9f9ccd299dea7a164a5d455 "mm: don't skip swap entry even if zap_details specified". This will slow the stres- sor down significantly and hence is an opt-in memfd stressor option. Memory hotplug stressor (Linux) --memhotplug N start N workers that offline and online memory hotplug regions. Linux only and requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN capabilities. --memhotplug-mmap enable random 1 K to 1 MB memory mapping/unmappings before each offline event. --memhotplug-ops N stop memhotplug stressors after N memory offline and online bogo operations. Memory read/write stressor --memrate N start N workers that exercise a buffer with 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64, 32, 16 and 8 bit reads and writes. 1024, 512 and 256 reads and writes are available with compilers that support in- teger vectors. x86-64 cpus that support uncached (non-temporal "nt") writes also exercise 128, 64 and 32 writes providing higher write rates than the normal cached writes. x86-64 also exercises repeated string stores using 64, 32, 16 and 8 bit writes. CPUs that support prefetching reads also exercise 64 prefetched "pf" reads. This memory stressor allows one to also specify the maximum read and write rates. The stressors will run at maximum speed if no read or write rates are specified. --memrate-bytes N specify the size of the memory buffer being exercised. The de- fault size is 256 MB. One can specify the size in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g, or cache sizes with L1, L2, L3 or LLC (lower level cache size). --memrate-flush flush cache between each memory exercising test to remove caching benefits in memory rate metrics. --memrate-method specify a memrate stress method, some methods are available to specific architectures or toolchains that support them. Avail- able memrate stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below memrate methods read128pf read 128 bits per read using prefetching read64pf read 64 bits per read using prefetching read1024 read a vector of 1024 bits per read read512 read a vector of 512 bits per read read256 read a vector of 256 bits per read read128 read 128 bits per read read64 read 64 bits per read read32 read 32 bits per read read16 read 16 bits per read read8 read 8 bits per read write64stoq write 64 bits per write with x86 rep stoq write32stow write 32 bits per write with x86 rep stow write16stod write 16 bits per write with x86 rep stod write8stob write 8 bits per write with x86 rep stob write64ds write 64 bits per write with x86 movdiri write128nt write 128 bits per write using non-temporal store write64nt write 64 bits per write using non-temporal store write32nt write 32 bits per write using non-temporal store write1024 write a vector of 1024 bits per write write512 write a vector of 512 bits per write write256 write a vector of 256 bits per write write128 write 128 bits per write write64 write 64 bits per write write32 write 32 bits per write write16 write 16 bits per write write8 write 8 bits per write memset write using libc memset --memrate-ops N stop after N bogo memrate operations. --memrate-rd-mbs N specify the maximum allowed read rate in MB/sec. The actual read rate is dependent on scheduling jitter and memory accesses from other running processes. Setting this to zero will disable reads. --memrate-wr-mbs N specify the maximum allowed read rate in MB/sec. The actual write rate is dependent on scheduling jitter and memory ac- cesses from other running processes. Setting this to zero will disable writes. Memory thrash stressor --memthrash N start N workers that thrash and exercise a 16 MB buffer in var- ious ways to try and trip thermal overrun. Each stressor will start 1 or more threads. The number of threads is chosen so that there will be at least 1 thread per CPU. Note that the op- timal choice for N is a value that divides into the number of CPUs. --memthrash-method method specify a memthrash stress method. Available memthrash stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below memthrash methods chunk1 memset 1 byte chunks of random data into random locations chunk8 memset 8 byte chunks of random data into random locations chunk64 memset 64 byte chunks of random data into random locations chunk256 memset 256 byte chunks of random data into random locations chunkpage memset page size chunks of random data into random locations copy128 copy 128 byte chunks from chunk N + 1 to chunk N with streaming reads and writes with 128 bit mem- ory accesses where possible. flip flip (invert) all bits in random locations flush flush cache line in random locations lock lock randomly choosing locations (Intel x86 and ARM CPUs only) matrix treat memory as a 2 x 2 matrix and swap random el- ements memmove copy all the data in buffer to the next memory lo- cation memset memset the memory with random data memset64 memset the memory with a random 64 bit value in 64 byte chunks using non-temporal stores if possible or normal stores as a fallback memsetstosd memset the memory using x86 32 bit rep stosd in- struction (x86 only) mfence stores with write serialization numa memory bind pages across numa nodes prefetch prefetch data at random memory locations random randomly run any of the memthrash methods except for `random' and `all' reverse swap 8 bit values from start to end and work to- wards the middle spinread spin loop read the same random location 2^19 times spinwrite spin loop write the same random location 2^19 times swap step through memory swapping bytes in steps of 65 and 129 byte strides swap64 work through memory swapping adjacent 64 byte chunks swapfwdrev swap 64 bit values from start to end and work to- wards the middle and then from end to start and work towards the middle. tlb work through memory in sub-optimial strides of prime multiples of the cache line size with reads and then writes to cause Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) misses. --memthrash-ops N stop after N memthrash bogo operations. BSD mergesort stressor --mergesort N start N workers that sort 32 bit integers using the BSD merge- sort(3). --mergesort-method [ mergesort-libc | mergesort-nonlibc ] select either the libc implementation of mergesort or an unop- timized implementation of mergesort. The default is the libc implementation if it is available. --mergesort-ops N stop mergesort stress workers after N bogo mergesorts. --mergesort-size N specify number of 32 bit integers to sort, default is 262144 (256 x 1024). File metadata mix --metamix N start N workers that generate a file metadata mix of opera- tions. Each stressor runs 16 concurrent processes that each ex- ercise a file's metadata with sequences of open, 256 lseeks and writes, fdatasync, close, fsync and then stat, open, 256 lseeks, reads, occasional file memory mapping, close, unlink and lstat. --metamix-bytes N set the size of metamix files, the default is 1 MB. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --metamix-ops N stop the metamix stressor after N bogo metafile operations. Resident memory (mincore) stressor --mincore N start N workers that walk through all of memory 1 page at a time checking if the page mapped and also is resident in memory using mincore(2). It also maps and unmaps a page to check if the page is mapped or not using mincore(2). --mincore-ops N stop after N mincore bogo operations. One mincore bogo op is equivalent to a 300 mincore(2) calls. --mincore-random instead of walking through pages sequentially, select pages at random. The chosen address is iterated over by shifting it right one place and checked by mincore until the address is less or equal to the page size. Minimum sleep time in nanosleep stressor --min-nanosleep N start M workers that exercise nanosecond sleeps using powers of two nanosecond sleep delays. Once all the instances have com- pleted, the minimum, maximum and mean sleep times are reported for the sleep delays across all the min-nanosleep stressor in- stances. --min-nanosleep-ops N stop after N rounds of measurements across all the sleeps are completed. --min-nanosleep-max N set the maximum nanosleep delay to use. If this is not a power of two then the previous power of two nanosecond delay time is used, e.g. specifying 10000 will select 8192 nanoseconds. --min-nanosleep-sched [ batch | deadline | ext | fifo | idle | other | rr ] select scheduling policy. Note that deadline, fifo and rr re- quire root privilege. Misaligned read/write stressor --misaligned N start N workers that perform misaligned read and writes. By de- fault, this will exercise 128 bit misaligned read and writes in 8 x 16 bits, 4 x 32 bits, 2 x 64 bits and 1 x 128 bits at the start of a page boundary, at the end of a page boundary and over a cache boundary. Misaligned read and writes operate at 1 byte offset from the natural alignment of the data type. On some architectures this can cause SIGBUS, SIGILL or SIGSEGV, these are handled and the misaligned stressor method causing the error is disabled. --misaligned-method method Available misaligned stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the following misaligned methods int16rd 8 x 16 bit integer reads int16wr 8 x 16 bit integer writes int16inc 8 x 16 bit integer increments int16atomic 8 x 16 bit atomic integer increments int32rd 4 x 32 bit integer reads int32wr 4 x 32 bit integer writes int32wtnt 4 x 32 bit non-temporal stores (x86 only) int32inc 4 x 32 bit integer increments int32atomic 4 x 32 bit atomic integer increments int64rd 2 x 64 bit integer reads int64wr 2 x 64 bit integer writes int64wrds 4 x 64 bit direct stores (x86 only) int64wtnt 4 x 64 bit non-temporal stores (x86 only) int64inc 2 x 64 bit integer increments int64atomic 2 x 64 bit atomic integer increments int128rd 1 x 128 bit integer reads int128wr 1 x 128 bit integer writes int128inc 1 x 128 bit integer increments int128atomic 1 x 128 bit atomic integer increments Note that some of these options (128 bit integer and/or atomic opera- tions) may not be available on some systems. --misaligned-ops N stop after N misaligned bogo operation. A misaligned bogo op is equivalent to 65536 x 128 bit reads or writes. Mknod/unlink stressor --mknod N start N workers that create and remove fifos, empty files and named sockets using mknod(2) and unlink(2). --mknod-ops N stop directory thrash workers after N bogo mknod operations. Memory mapped pages lock/unlock stressor --mlock N start N workers that lock and unlock memory mapped pages using mlock(2), munlock(2), mlockall(2) and munlockall(2). This is achieved by the mapping of three contiguous pages and then locking the second page, hence ensuring non-contiguous pages are locked . This is then repeated until the maximum allowed mlocks or a maximum of 262144 mappings are made. Next, all fu- ture mappings are mlocked and the worker attempts to map 262144 pages, then all pages are munlocked and the pages are unmapped. --mlock-ops N stop after N mlock bogo operations. Many child memory mapped page lock/unlock process stressor --mlockmany N start N workers that fork off a default of 1024 child processes in total; each child will attempt to anonymously mmap(2) and mlock(2) the maximum allowed mlockable memory size. The stress test attempts to avoid swapping by tracking low memory and swap allocations (but some swapping may occur). Once either the max- imum number of child process is reached or all mlockable in- core memory is locked then child processes are killed and the stress test is repeated. --mlockmany-ops N stop after N mlockmany (mmap and mlock) operations. --mlockmany-procs N set the number of child processes to create per stressor. The default is to start a maximum of 1024 child processes in total across all the stressors. This option allows the setting of N child processes per stressor. Memory mapping (mmap/munmap) stressor --mmap N start N workers continuously calling mmap(2)/munmap(2). The initial mapping is a large chunk (size specified by --mmap-bytes) followed by pseudo-random 4 K unmappings, then pseudo-random 4 K mappings, and then linear 4 K unmappings. Note that this can cause systems to trip the kernel OOM killer on Linux systems if not enough physical memory and swap is not available. The MAP_POPULATE option is used to populate pages into memory on systems that support this. By default, anony- mous mappings are used, however, the --mmap-file and --mmap-async options allow one to perform file based mappings if desired. Note that since stress-ng 0.17.05 the --mmap-madvise, --mmap-mergeable, --mmap-mprotect, --mmap-slow-munmap and --mmap-write-check options should be used to enable the pre-0.17.05 mmap stressor behaviour. --mmap-async enable file based memory mapping and use asynchronous msync'ing on each page, see --mmap-file. --mmap-bytes N allocate N bytes in total for all the mmap stressor instances, the default is 256 MB. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --mmap-file enable file based memory mapping and by default use synchronous msync'ing on each page. --mmap-madvise enable randomized madvise(2) settings on pages. --mmap-mergeable mark pages as mergeable via madvise(2) where possible. --mmap-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd pages into memory causing more mem- ory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --mmap-mmap2 use mmap2(2) for 4 K page aligned offsets if mmap2 is avail- able, otherwise fall back to mmap. --mmap-mprotect change protection settings on each page of memory. Each time a page or a group of pages are mapped or remapped then this op- tion will make the pages read-only, write-only, exec-only, and read-write. --mmap-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --mmap-odirect enable file based memory mapping and use O_DIRECT direct I/O. --mmap-ops N stop mmap stress workers after N bogo operations. --mmap-osync enable file based memory mapping and used O_SYNC synchronous I/O integrity completion. --mmap-slow-munmap enable page-by-page memory unmapping rather than attempting to memory unmap contiguous pages in one large unmapping. This can cause lock contention when running with many concurrent mmap stressors and will slow down the stressor. --mmap-stressful enable --mmap-file, --mmap-madvise, --mmap-mergeable, --mmap-mlock, --mmap-mprotect, --mmap-odirect, --mmap-slow-mun- map --mmap-write-check write into each page a unique 64 bit check value for all pages and then read the value for a sanity check. This will force newly memory mapped pages to be faulted-in which slows down mmap bogo-op rate. This can also cause lock contention on page allocation and page unmapping on systems with many CPU threads and with cgroup memory accounting. Random memory map/unmap stressor --mmapaddr N start N workers that memory map pages at a random memory loca- tion that is not already mapped. On 64 bit machines the random address is randomly chosen 32 bit or 64 bit address. If the mapping works a second page is memory mapped from the first mapped address. The stressor exercises mmap/munmap, mincore and segfault handling. --mmapaddr-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd pages into memory causing more mem- ory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --mmapaddr-ops N stop after N random address mmap bogo operations. Memory map Copy-on-Write and unmap stressor --mmapcow N start N workers that exercise page allocation, modification (forcing copy-on-write) and page unmapping. Regions of memory from 1 page to the maximum mappable size are allocated. Each page in the regions are then modified, cache flushed (where possible) and unmapped. This stressor produces a high page fault rate. For each region mapped there are 6 different ran- domized strategies taken to exercise each page: Sequential page modify and unmap Sequential page modify and unmap (even pages, then odd pages) Prime size page strides, page modify and unmap Reverse sequential page modify and unmap Reverse sequential page modify and unmap (even pages, then odd pages) Single random page modify and unmap all pages Randomly selected page modify and modify --mmapcow-fork fork child process to exercise pages in parallel with parent to exercise page handling harder. --mmapcow-free after each page is modified and before each page is unmapped use madvise(2) MADV_FREE (if it is available) to indicate the page is free --mmapcow-mlock attempt to mlock(2) each modified page, this can increase the number of page faults. Only available with the mlock2 system call. --mmapcow-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --mmapcow-ops N stop after N pages are modified and unmapped Forked memory map stressor --mmapfork N start N workers that each fork off 32 child processes, each of which tries to allocate some of the free memory left in the system (and trying to avoid any swapping). The child processes then hint that the allocation will be needed with madvise(2) and then memset it to zero and hint that it is no longer needed with madvise before exiting. This produces significant amounts of VM activity, a lot of cache misses and with minimal swap- ping. --mmapfork-bytes N specify the size of memory mapped fork region size. One can specify the size in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --mmapfork-ops N stop after N mmapfork bogo operations. Memory map files stressor --mmapfiles N start N workers that attempt to memory map and then unmap up to 512 x 1024 files into memory. The stressor will traverse /lib, /lib32, /lib64, /boot, /bin, /etc, /sbin, /usr, /var, /sys and /proc and attempt to memory map files in these directories. Note that mapping bogo-ops rate will depend on the speed of ac- cess to files on these file systems. --mmapfiles-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --mmapfiles-ops N stop after N memory map/unmap operations. --mmapfiles-populate The default is to perform a memory mapping and not fault any pages into physical memory. This option uses MAP_POPULATE when available and will also read the first byte in each page to en- sure pages are faulted into memory to force memory population from file. --mmapfiles-shared The default is for private memory mapped files, however, with this option will use shared memory mappings. Fixed address memory map stressor --mmapfixed N start N workers that perform fixed address allocations from the top virtual address down to 128 K. The allocated sizes are from 1 page to 8 pages and various random mmap flags are used MAP_SHARED/MAP_PRIVATE, MAP_LOCKED, MAP_NORESERVE, MAP_POPU- LATE. If successfully map'd then the allocation is remap'd first to a large range of addresses based on a random start and finally an address that is several pages higher in memory. Map- pings and remappings are madvised with random madvise options to further exercise the mappings. --mmapfixed-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd pages into memory causing more mem- ory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --mmapfixed-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --mmapfixed-ops N stop after N mmapfixed memory mapping bogo operations. Huge page memory mapping stressor --mmaphuge N start N workers that attempt to mmap a set of huge pages and large huge page sized mappings. Successful mappings are mad- vised with MADV_NOHUGEPAGE and MADV_HUGEPAGE settings and then 1/64th of the normal small page size pages are touched. Fi- nally, an attempt to unmap a small page size page at the end of the mapping is made (these may fail on huge pages) before the set of pages are unmapped. By default 8192 mappings are at- tempted per round of mappings or until swapping is detected. --mmaphuge-file attempt to mmap on a 16 MB temporary file and random 4 K off- sets. If this fails, anonymous mappings are used instead. --mmaphuge-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd huge pages into memory causing more memory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --mmaphuge-mmaps N set the number of huge page mappings to attempt in each round of mappings. The default is 8192 mappings. --mmaphuge-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --mmaphuge-ops N stop after N mmaphuge bogo operations Maximum memory mapping per process stressor --mmapmany N start N workers that attempt to create the maximum allowed per- process memory mappings. This is achieved by mapping 3 contigu- ous pages and then unmapping the middle page hence splitting the mapping into two. This is then repeated until the maximum allowed mappings or a maximum of 262144 mappings are made. --mmapmany-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd huge pages into memory causing more memory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --mmapmany-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --mmapmany-ops N stop after N mmapmany bogo operations Memory map random mapping operations --mmaprandom N start N workers that exercise a random mix of memory map re- lated system calls on randonmly sized mappings. The mappings are either anonymous mapped or file mapped (on a small file or on a memfd file where available). This exercises mmap(2) (ran- dom options and flags), munmap(2), mlock(2), munlock(2), mad- vise(2), posix_madvise(3), mincore(2), mremap(2), msync(2), mprotect(2), remap_file_pages(2), memory read, memory write and cache flushing. Where possible, randomized options are used to generate a mix of mostly valid (and some invalid) memory map- ping operations. Metrics are reported for all successful system calls and memory operations. --mmaprandom-ops N stop after N random memory mapping bogo-operations. Generally, 1 bogo-op is one memory related system call (except for read/write/cache operations). --mmaprandom-mappings N select maximum number of memory mappings, the default is 1024, range 1 to 65536. --mmaprandom-maxpages N select maximum number of pages to be memory mapped, the default is 8, range 2 to 1024. The pages mapped are randomly chosen from 1 to maxpages. --mmaprandom-numa assign randomly chosen memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. Memory map torture stressor --mmaptorture N start N workers that exercise memory mapping operations on a shared file. Mappings of various random sizes are tortured with calls to madvise(2), mremap(2), mprotect(2), msync(2), mlock(2), munlock(2), mseal(2) and mincore(2) while the under- lying file is modified by writes, truncation and hole punching. Mapped data is read and written and sync'd back to file. For NUMA systems, pages are randomly placed across NUMA nodes. All this activity causes cache misses, exercises the TLB and causes IPI interrupts between CPUs. --mmaptorture-bytes N allocate N bytes in total for all the mmaptorture stressor in- stances, the default is 256 MB. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --mmaptorture-msync N memory mapped pages are msync'd various times per bogo-opera- tion, this option specifies the percentage amount of the pages per msync operation are msync'd. The default is 10%. Specifying zero will disabled msync'ing. --mmaptorture-ops N stop after N iterations of memory mapping torture operations. Kernel module loading stressor (Linux) --module N start N workers that use finit_module() to load the module specified or the hello test module, if is available. There are different ways to test loading modules. Using modprobe calls in a loop, using the kernel kernel module autoloader, and this stress-ng module stressor. To stress tests modprobe we can sim- ply run the userspace modprobe program in a loop. To stress test the kernel module autoloader we can stress tests using the upstream kernel tools/testing/selftests/kmod/kmod.sh. This ends up calling modprobe in the end, and it has its own caps built- in to self protect the kernel from too many requests at the same time. The userspace modprobe call will also prevent calls if the same module exists already. The stress-ng modules stres- sor is designed to help stress test the finit_module() system call even if the module is already loaded, testing races that are otherwise hard to reproduce. --module-name NAME NAME of the module to use, for example: test_module, xfs, ext4. By default test_module is used so CONFIG_TEST_LKM must be en- abled in the kernel. The module dependencies must be loaded prior to running these stressor tests, as this stresses running finit_module() not using modprobe. --module-no-modver ignore module modversions when using finit_module(). --module-no-vermag ignore module versions when using finit_module(). --module-no-unload do not unload the module right after loading it with finit_mod- ule(). --module-ops N stop after N module load/unload cycles Monte Carlo computations of <pi> and e and various integrals --monte-carlo N start N stressors that compute <pi> and e (Euler's number) us- ing Monte Carlo computational experiments with various random number generators. --monte-carlo-method [ all | e | exp | pi | sin | sqrt | squircle ] specify the computation to perform, options are as follows: Method Description all use all monte carlo computation methods e compute Euler's constant e exp integrate exp(x ^ 2) for x = 0..1 pi compute <pi> from the area of a circle sin integrate sin(x) for x = 0..<pi> sqrt integrate sqrt(1 + x ^ 4) for x = 0..1 squircle area of a unit squircle x ^ 4 + y ^ 4 = 1 --monte-carlo-ops N stop after Monte Carlo computation experiments --monte-carlo-rand [ all | drand48 | getrandom | lcg | pcg32 | mwc64 | random | xorshift ] specify the random number generator to use, options are as fol- lows: Method Description all use all the random number generators arc4 use the libc cryptographically-secure pseudorandom arc4random(3) number generator. drand48 use the libc linear congruential algorithm drand48(3) using 48-bit integer arithmetic. getrandom use the getrandom(2) system call for random values. lcg use a 32 bit Paker-Miller Linear Congruential Gener- ator, with a division optimization. pcg32 use a 32 bit O'Neill Permuted Congruential Genera- tor. mwc64 use the 64 bit stress-ng Multiply With Carry random number generator. random use the libc random(3) Non-linear Additive Feedback random number generator. xorshift use a 32 bit Marsaglia shift-register random number generator. --monte-carlo-samples N specify the number of random number samples to use to compute <pi> or e, default is 100000. Multi-precision floating operations (mpfr) stressor --mpfr N start N workers that exercise multi-precision floating point operations using the GNU Multi-Precision Floating Point Reli- able library (mpfr). Operations computed are as follows: Method Description apery calculate Apery's constant <zeta>(3); the sum of 1/(n ^ 3). cosine compute cos(<theta>) for <theta> = 0 to 2<pi> in 100 steps. euler compute e using n = (1 + (1 / n)) ^ n. exp compute 1000 exponentials. log computer 1000 natural logarithms. omega compute the omega constant defined by <Omega>e^<Omega> = 1 using efficient iteration of <Omega>n+1 = (1 + <Omega>n) / (1 + e^<Omega>n). phi compute the Golden Ratio <phi> using series. sine compute sin(<theta>) for <theta> = 0 to 2<pi> in 100 steps. nsqrt compute square root using Newton-Raphson. --mpfr-ops N stop workers after N iterations of various multi-precision floating point operations. --mpfr-precision N specify the precision in binary digits of the floating point operations. The default is 1000 bits, the allowed range is 32 to 1000000 (very slow). Memory protection stressor --mprotect N start N workers that exercise changing page protection settings and access memory after each change. 8 processes per worker contend with each other changing page protection settings on a shared memory region of just a few pages to cause TLB flushes. A read and write to the pages can cause segmentation faults and these are handled by the stressor. All combinations of page protection settings are exercised including invalid combina- tions. --mprotect-ops N stop after N mprotect calls. POSIX message queue stressor (Linux) --mq N start N sender and receiver processes that continually send and receive messages using POSIX message queues. (Linux only). --mq-ops N stop after N bogo POSIX message send operations completed. --mq-size N specify size of POSIX message queue. The default size is 10 messages and most Linux systems this is the maximum allowed size for normal users. If the given size is greater than the allowed message queue size then a warning is issued and the maximum allowed size is used instead. Memory remap stressor (Linux) --mremap N start N workers continuously calling mmap(2), mremap(2) and munmap(2). The initial anonymous mapping is a large chunk (size specified by --mremap-bytes) and then iteratively halved in size by remapping all the way down to a page size and then back up to the original size. This worker is only available for Linux. --mremap-bytes N initially allocate N bytes per remap stress worker, the default is 256 MB. One can specify the size in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --mremap-mlock attempt to mlock(2) remap'd pages into memory causing more mem- ory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --mreamp-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --mremap-ops N stop mremap stress workers after N bogo operations. Memory Sealing --mseal N start N memory sealing stressors that exercise madvise(2), mremap(2), mprotect(2) and mseal(2) operations on two pages of of memory mapped anonymous private memory. Linux 6.10+ kernels only. --mseal-ops N stop after N msealed memory operations. System V message IPC stressor --msg N start N sender and receiver processes that continually send and receive messages using System V message IPC. --msg-bytes N specify the size of the message being sent and received. Range 4 to 8192 bytes, default is 4 bytes. --msg-ops N stop after N bogo message send operations completed. --msg-types N select the quality of message types (mtype) to use. By default, msgsnd sends messages with a mtype of 1, this option allows one to send messages types in the range 1..N to exercise the mes- sage queue receive ordering. This will also impact throughput performance. Synchronize file with memory map (msync) stressor --msync N start N stressors that msync data from a file backed memory mapping from memory back to the file and msync modified data from the file back to the mapped memory. This exercises the msync(2) MS_SYNC and MS_INVALIDATE sync operations. --msync-bytes N allocate N bytes for the memory mapped file, the default is 256 MB. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --msync-ops N stop after N msync bogo operations completed. Synchronize file with memory map (msync) coherency stressor --msyncmany N start N stressors that memory map up to 32768 pages on the same page of a temporary file, change the first 32 bits in a page and msync the data back to the file. The other 32767 pages are examined to see if the 32 bit check value is msync'd back to these pages. --msyncmany-ops N stop after N msync calls in the msyncmany stressors are com- pleted. ISO C mtx (mutex) stressor --mtx N start N stressors that exercise ISO C mutex locking and unlock- ing. --mtx-ops N stop after N bogo mutex lock/unlock operations. --mtx-procs N By default 2 threads are used for locking/unlocking on a single mutex. This option allows the default to be changed to 2 to 64 concurrent threads. Unmapping shared non-executable memory stressor (Linux) --munmap N start N stressors that exercise unmapping of shared non-exe- cutable mapped regions of child processes (Linux only). The un- mappings map shared memory regions page by page with a prime sized stride that creates many temporary mapping holes. One the unmappings are complete the child will exit and a new one is started. Note that this may trigger segmentation faults in the child process, these are handled where possible by forcing the child process to call _exit(2). --munmap-ops N stop after N page unmappings. Pthread mutex stressor --mutex N start N stressors that exercise pthread mutex locking and un- locking. If run with enough privilege then the FIFO scheduler is used and a random priority between 0 and 80% of the maximum FIFO priority level is selected for the locking operation. The minimum FIFO priority level is selected for the critical mutex section and unlocking operation to exercise random inverted priority scheduling. --mutex-affinity enable random CPU affinity changing between mutex lock and un- lock. --mutex-ops N stop after N bogo mutex lock/unlock operations. --mutex-procs N By default 2 threads are used for locking/unlocking on a single mutex. This option allows the default to be changed to 2 to 64 concurrent threads. High resolution and scheduler stressor via nanosleep calls --nanosleep N start N workers that each run pthreads that call nanosleep(2) with random delays from 1 to 2^18 nanoseconds. This should ex- ercise the high resolution timers and scheduler. --nanosleep-method [ all | cstate | random | ns | us | ms ] select the nanosleep sleep duration method. By default, cstate residency durations (if they exist) and random durations are used. This option allows one to select one of the three meth- ods: Method Description all use cstate and random nanosecond durations. cstate use cstate nanosecond durations. It is recommended to also use --nanosleep-threads 1 to exercise less concon- current nanosleeps to allow CPUs to drop into deep C states. random use random nanosecond durations between 1 and 2^18 nanoseconds. ns use 1ns (nanosecond) nanosleeps us use 1<mu>s (microsecond) nanosleeps ms use 1ms (millisecond) nanosleeps --nanosleep-ops N stop the nanosleep stressor after N bogo nanosleep operations. --nanosleep-threads N specify the number of concurrent pthreads to run per stressor. The default is 8 and the allowed range is 1 to 1024. Network device ioctl stressor --netdev N start N workers that exercise various netdevice ioctl(2) com- mands across all the available network devices. The ioctls ex- ercised by this stressor are as follows: SIOCGIFCONF, SIOCGIFINDEX, SIOCGIFNAME, SIOCGIFFLAGS, SIOCGIFADDR, SIOCGIFNETMASK, SIOCGIFMETRIC, SIOCGIFMTU, SIOCGIFHWADDR, SIOCGIFMAP and SIOCGIFTXQLEN. See netdevice(7) for more details of these ioctl commands. --netdev-ops N stop after N netdev bogo operations completed. Netlink proc stressor (Linux) --netlink-proc N start N workers that spawn child processes and monitor fork/exec/exit process events via the proc netlink connector. Each event received is counted as a bogo op. This stressor can only be run on Linux and requires CAP_NET_ADMIN capability. --netlink-proc-ops N stop the proc netlink connector stressors after N bogo ops. Netlink task stressor (Linux) --netlink-task N start N workers that collect task statistics via the netlink taskstats interface. This stressor can only be run on Linux and requires CAP_NET_ADMIN capability. --netlink-task-ops N stop the taskstats netlink connector stressors after N bogo ops. Nice stressor --nice N start N cpu consuming workers that exercise the available nice levels. Each iteration forks off a child process that runs through the all the nice levels running a busy loop for 0.1 seconds per level and then exits. --nice-ops N stop after N nice bogo nice loops NO-OP CPU instruction stressor --nop N start N workers that consume cpu cycles issuing no-op instruc- tions. This stressor is available if the assembler supports the "nop" instruction. --nop-instr INSTR use alternative nop instruction INSTR. For x86 CPUs INSTR can be one of nop, pause, nop2 (2 byte nop) through to nop15 (15 byte nop) and fnop. For ARM CPUs, INSTR can be one of nop or yield. For PPC64 CPUs, INSTR can be one of nop, mdoio, mdoom or yield. For S390 CPUs, INSTR can be one of nop or nopr. For other processors, INSTR is only nop. The random INSTR option selects a random mix of the available nop instructions. If the chosen INSTR generates an SIGILL signal, then the stressor falls back to the vanilla nop instruction. --nop-ops N stop nop workers after N no-op bogo operations. Each bogo-oper- ation is equivalent to 256 loops of 256 no-op instructions. /dev/null stressor --null N start N workers that exercise /dev/null with write(2), lseek(2), ioctl(2), fcntl(2), fallocate(2) and fdatasync(2) calls. For just /dev/null write benchmarking use the --null-write option. --null-ops N stop null stress workers after N /dev/null bogo operations. --null-write just write to /dev/null with 4 K writes with no additional ex- ercising on /dev/null. Migrate memory pages over NUMA nodes stressor --numa N start N workers that migrate stressors and a 4 MB memory mapped buffer around all the available NUMA nodes. This uses mi- grate_pages(2) to move the stressors and mbind(2) and move_pages(2) to move the pages of the mapped buffer. After each move, the buffer is written to force activity over the bus which results cache misses. This test will only run on hard- ware with NUMA enabled. --numa-bytes N specify the total number bytes to be exercised by all the work- ers, the given size is divided by the number of workers and rounded to the nearest page size. The default is 4 MB per worker. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suf- fix b, k, m or g. --numa-ops N stop NUMA stress workers after N bogo NUMA operations. --numa-shuffle-addr shuffle page order for the address list when calling move_pages(2) --numa-shuffle-node shuffle node order for the address list when calling move_pages(2) Large Pipe stressor --oom-pipe N start N workers that create as many pipes as allowed and exer- cise expanding and shrinking the pipes from the largest pipe size down to a page size. Data is written into the pipes and read out again to fill the pipe buffers. With the --aggressive mode enabled the data is not read out when the pipes are shrunk, causing the kernel to OOM processes aggressively. Run- ning many instances of this stressor will force kernel to OOM processes due to the many large pipe buffer allocations. --oom-pipe-ops N stop after N bogo pipe expand/shrink operations. Illegal instructions stressors --opcode N start N workers that fork off children that execute randomly generated executable code. This will generate issues such as illegal instructions, bus errors, segmentation faults, traps, floating point errors that are handled gracefully by the stres- sor. --opcode-method [ inc | mixed | random | text ] select the opcode generation method. By default, random bytes are used to generate the executable code. This option allows one to select one of the three methods: Method Description inc use incrementing 32 bit opcode patterns from 0x00000000 to 0xfffffff inclusive. mixed use a mix of incrementing 32 bit opcode patterns and random 32 bit opcode patterns that are also inverted, encoded with gray encoding and bit reversed. random generate opcodes using random bytes from a mwc random generator. text copies random chunks of code from the stress-ng text segment and randomly flips single bits in a random choice of 1/8th of the code. --opcode-ops N stop after N attempts to execute illegal code. Opening file (open) stressor -o N, --open N start N workers that perform open(2) and then close(2) opera- tions on /dev/zero. The maximum opens at one time is system de- fined, so the test will run up to this maximum, or 65536 open file descriptors, which ever comes first. --open-fd run a child process that scans /proc/$PID/fd and attempts to open the files that the stressor has opened. This exercises racing open/close operations on the proc interface. --open-max N try to open a maximum of N files (or up to the maximum per- process open file system limit). The value can be the number of files or a percentage of the maximum per-process open file sys- tem limit. --open-ops N stop the open stress workers after N bogo open operations. Page table and TLB stressor --pagemove N start N workers that mmap a memory region (default 4 MB) and then shuffle pages to the virtual address of the previous page. Each page shuffle uses 3 mremap operations to move a page. This exercises page tables and Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) flushing. --pagemove-bytes specify the size of the memory mapped region to be exercised. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --pagemove-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd and mremap'd pages into memory caus- ing more memory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --pagemove-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --pagemove-ops N stop after N pagemove shuffling operations, where suffling all the pages in the mmap'd region is equivalent to 1 bogo-opera- tion. Memory page swapping stressor --pageswap N start N workers that exercise page swap in and swap out. Pages are allocated and paged out using madvise(2) MADV_PAGEOUT. One the maximum per process number of mmaps are reached or 65536 pages are allocated the pages are read to page them back in and unmapped in reverse mapping order. --pageswap-ops N stop after N page allocation bogo operations. PCI sysfs stressor (Linux) --pci N exercise PCI sysfs by running N workers that read data (and mmap/unmap PCI config or PCI resource files). Linux only. Run- ning as root will allow config and resource mmappings to be read and exercises PCI I/O mapping. --pci-dev xxxx:xx:xx.x specify a PCI device to exercise rather than exercise all PCI devices. The device is specified using the PCI device name xxxx:xx:xx.x where x is a hexadecimal digit. --pci-ops N stop pci stress workers after N PCI subdirectory exercising op- erations. --pci-ops-rate N specify the PCI bogo-ops per second rate. This is useful for PCI bandwidth limiting and on x86 systems this may reduce un- core transactions. Personality stressor --personality N start N workers that attempt to set personality and get all the available personality types (process execution domain types) via the personality(2) system call. (Linux only). --personality-ops N stop personality stress workers after N bogo personality opera- tions. Mutex using Peterson algorithm stressor --peterson N start N workers that exercises mutex exclusion between two processes using shared memory with the Peterson Algorithm. Where possible this uses memory fencing and falls back to using GCC __sync_synchronize if they are not available. The stressors contain simple mutex and memory coherency sanity checks. --peterson-ops N stop peterson workers after N mutex operations. Page mmap stressor --physpage N start N workers that use /proc/self/pagemap and /proc/kpage- count to determine the physical page and page count of a vir- tual mapped page and a page that is shared among all the stres- sors. Linux only and requires the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capabilities. --physpage-mtrr enable setting various memory type rage register (MTRR) types on physical pages (Linux and x86 only). --physpage-ops N stop physpage stress workers after N bogo physical address lookups. Physical page mmap stressor (using /dev/mem) --physmmap N start N workers that try to mmap available System RAM (as spec- ified by /proc/iomem) using /dev/mem and randomized private or shared pages. This requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN capabilities to fully read /proc/iomem and mmap onto /dev/mem. Note systems may be fully locked down and mmapping onto /dev/mem is impossible. --physmmap-ops N stop physmmap stress workers after N bogo mmap attempts. --physmmap-read perform 64 bit reads of all the data in each mmap'd page. Process signals (pidfd_send_signal) stressor --pidfd N start N workers that exercise signal sending via the pidfd_send_signal(2) system call. This stressor creates child processes and checks if they exist and can be stopped, restarted and killed using the pidfd_send_signal(2) system call. --pidfd-ops N stop pidfd stress workers after N child processes have been created, tested and killed with pidfd_send_signal. Localhost ICMP (ping) stressor --ping-sock N start N workers that send small randomized ICMP messages to the localhost across a range of ports (1024..65535) using a "ping" socket with an AF_INET domain, a SOCK_DGRAM socket type and an IPPROTO_ICMP protocol. --ping-sock-ops N stop the ping-sock stress workers after N ICMP messages are sent. Large pipe stressor -p N, --pipe N start N workers that perform large pipe writes and reads to ex- ercise pipe I/O. This exercises memory write and reads as well as context switching. Each worker has two processes, a reader and a writer. --pipe-data-size N specifies the size in bytes of each write to the pipe (range from 4 bytes to 4096 bytes). Setting a small data size will cause more writes to be buffered in the pipe, hence reducing the context switch rate between the pipe writer and pipe reader processes. Default size is the page size. --pipe-ops N stop pipe stress workers after N bogo pipe write operations. --pipe-vmsplice use vmsplice(2) to splice data pages to/from pipe. Requires pipe packet mode using O_DIRECT and buffer twice the size of the pipe to ensure verification data sequences. --pipe-size N specifies the size of the pipe in bytes (for systems that sup- port the F_SETPIPE_SZ fcntl() command). Setting a small pipe size will cause the pipe to fill and block more frequently, hence increasing the context switch rate between the pipe writer and the pipe reader processes. As of version 0.15.11 the default size is 4096 bytes. Shared pipe stressor --pipeherd N start N workers that pass a 64 bit token counter to/from 100 child processes over a shared pipe. This forces a high context switch rate and can trigger a "thundering herd" of wakeups on processes that are blocked on pipe waits. --pipeherd-ops N stop pipe stress workers after N bogo pipe write operations. --pipeherd-yield force a scheduling yield after each write, this increases the context switch rate. Memory protection key mechanism stressor (Linux) --pkey N start N workers that change memory protection using a protec- tion key pkey(2) and the pkey_mprotect(2) call (Linux only). This will try to allocate a pkey and use this for the page pro- tection, however, if this fails then the special pkey -1 will be used (and the kernel will use the normal mprotect mechanism instead). Various page protection mixes of read/write/exec/none will be cycled through on randomly chosen pre-allocated pages. --pkey-ops N stop after N pkey_mprotect page protection cycles. Stress-ng plugin stressor --plugin N start N workers that run user provided stressor functions loaded from a shared library. The shared library can contain one or more stressor functions prefixed with stress_ in their name. By default the plugin stressor will find all functions prefixed with stress_ in their name and exercise these one by one in a round-robin loop, but a specific stressor can be se- lected using the --plugin-method option. The stressor function takes no parameters and returns 0 for success and non-zero for failure (and will terminate the plugin stressor). Each time a stressor function is executed the bogo-op counter is incre- mented by one. The following example performs 10000 nop in- structions per bogo-op: int stress_example(void) { int i; for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) { __asm__ __volatile__("nop"); } return 0; /* Success */ } and compile the source into a shared library as, for example: gcc -fpic -shared -o example.so example.c and run as using: stress-ng --plugin 1 --plugin-so ./example.so --plugin-method function run a specific stressor function, specify the name without the leading stress_ prefix. --plugin-ops N stop after N iterations of the user provided stressor func- tion(s). --plugin-so name specify the shared library containing the user provided stres- sor function(s). Polling stressor -P N, --poll N start N workers that perform zero timeout polling via the poll(2), ppoll(2), select(2), pselect(2) and sleep(3) calls. This wastes system and user time doing nothing. --poll-fds N specify the number of file descriptors to poll/ppoll/select/ps- elect on. The maximum number for select/pselect is limited by FD_SETSIZE and the upper maximum is also limited by the maximum number of pipe open descriptors allowed. --poll-ops N stop poll stress workers after N bogo poll operations. --poll-random-us N use a random timeout of N microseconds for ppoll(2) and pse- lect(2) calls instead of the default of 20000 microseconds. Power maths functions --powmath N start N workers that exercise various libm power functions with input values 0 to 1 in steps of 0.001; the results are sanity checked to ensure no variation occurs after each round of 10000 computations. --powmath-ops N stop after N power function bogo-operation loops. --powmath-method method specify a power function to exercise. Available power function stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the below power functions methods cpow complex double power function cpowf complex float power function cpowl complex long double power function csqrt complex double square root function (1/2 power) csqrtf complex float square root function (1/2 power) csqrtl complex long double square root function (1/2 power) cbrt double cube root function (1/3 power) cbrtf float cube root function (1/3 power) cbrtl long double cube root function (1/3 power) hypot double Euclidean distance function (hypotenuse) hypotf float Euclidean distance function (hypotenuse) hypotl long double Euclidean distance function (hypotenuse) pow double power function powf float power function powl long double power function sqrt double square root function (1/2 power) sqrtf float square root function (1/2 power) sqrtl long double square root function (1/2 power) Prctl stressor --prctl N start N workers that exercise the majority of the prctl(2) sys- tem call options. Each batch of prctl calls is performed inside a new child process to ensure the limit of prctl is contained inside a new process every time. Some prctl options are archi- tecture specific, however, this stressor will exercise these even if they are not implemented. --prctl-ops N stop prctl workers after N batches of prctl calls L3 cache prefetching stressor --prefetch N start N workers that benchmark prefetch and non-prefetch reads of a L3 cache sized buffer. The buffer is read with loops of 8 x 64 bit reads per iteration. In the prefetch cases, data is prefetched ahead of the current read position by various sized offsets, from 64 bytes to 8 K to find the best memory read throughput. The stressor reports the non-prefetch read rate and the best prefetched read rate. It also reports the prefetch offset and an estimate of the amount of time between the prefetch issue and the actual memory read operation. These sta- tistics will vary from run-to-run due to system noise and CPU frequency scaling. --prefetch-l3-size N specify the size of the l3 cache --prefetch-method N select the prefetching method. Available methods are: Method Description builtin Use the __builtin_prefetch(3) function for prefetching. This is the default. builtinl0 Use the __builtin_prefetch(3) function for prefetching, with a locality 0 hint. builtinl3 Use the __builtin_prefetch(3) function for prefetching, with a locality 3 hint. dcbt Use the ppc64 dcbt instruction to fetch data into the L1 cache (ppc64 only). dcbtst Use the ppc64 dcbtst instruction to fetch data into the L1 cache (ppc64 only). prefetcht0 Use the x86 prefetcht0 instruction to prefetch data into all levels of the cache hierarchy (x86 only). prefetcht1 Use the x86 prefetcht1 instruction (temporal data with respect to first level cache) to prefetch data into level 2 cache and higher (x86 only). prefetcht2 Use the x86 prefetcht2 instruction (temporal data with respect to second level cache) to prefetch data into level 2 cache and higher (x86 only). prefetchnta Use the x86 prefetchnta instruction (non-tempo- ral data with respect to all cache levels) into a location close to the processor, minimizing cache pollution (x86 only). prfm_pldl1keep Use the aarch64 prfm instruction with pld1keep operation (retained or temporal prefetch, allo- cated in the cache normally) to prefetch data into level 1 of the cache hierarchy (aarch64 only). prfm_pldl2keep Use the aarch64 prfm instruction with pld1keep operation (retained or temporal prefetch, allo- cated in the cache normally) to prefetch data into level 2 of the cache hierarchy (aarch64 only). prfm_pldl3keep Use the aarch64 prfm instruction with pld1keep operation (retained or temporal prefetch, allo- cated in the cache normally) to prefetch data into level 3 of the cache hierarchy (aarch64 only). prfm_pldl1strm Use the aarch64 prfm instruction with pld1strm operation (streaming or non-temporal prefetch, for data that is used only once) to prefetch data into level 1 of the cache hierarchy (aarch64 only). prfm_pldl2strm Use the aarch64 prfm instruction with pld1strm operation (streaming or non-temporal prefetch, for data that is used only once) to prefetch data into level 2 of the cache hierarchy (aarch64 only). prfm_pldl3strm Use the aarch64 prfm instruction with pld1strm operation (streaming or non-temporal prefetch, for data that is used only once) to prefetch data into level 3 of the cache hierarchy (aarch64 only). --prefetch-ops N stop prefetch stressors after N benchmark operations Search for prime numbers using large integers --prime N start N workers that find prime numbers using the GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library for large integers. The GMP mpz_nextprime function is used to find primes and it uses a probabilistic algorithm to identify primes, but there is a ex- tremely small chance that the values found are non-prime. The search becomes computationally more expensive over time to find larger and larger primes, hence the bogo-op rate will reduce over time. --prime-method [ factorial | inc | pwr2 | pwr10 ] selects the method of calculating the next value from where to start searching primes and hence how large the primes get. The default is inc, the methods to start searching for primes are described as follows. Method Description factorial start of search based on factorial expansion. This grows rapidly. inc start of search based on increments by 2. This grows very slowly. pwr2 start of search based on powers of 2. Grows rela- tively quickly. pwr10 start of search based on powers of 10. Grows by 1 digit per iteration and grows quickly. --prime-ops N stop after finding N prime numbers. --prime-progress show the number of primes found and length of largest prime found. This is displayed either every 60 seconds or more than 60 seconds if it takes longer to find the next prime. --prime-start N start the prime search from value N. The value may be expressed as an integer value or as a floating point value (e.g. 1e200 to express a very large starting value). Priority inversion stressor --prio-inv N start N workers that exercise mutex lock priority inversion scheduling. Three child process run with low, medium and high FIFO scheduling priorities. The processes with low and high priorities share a mutex lock that both try to lock and unlock, aiming to make the low priority process block the high priority process. Meanwhile the middle priority process will run in pri- ority over the low priority process, causing the high priority process to become unrunnable. --prio-inv-ops N stop after N bogo lock/unlock operations. --prio-inv-type [ inherit | none | protect ] select the mutex lock priority inversion type, described as follows: Type Description inherit The priority of the process owning the mutex lock is run with highest priority of any other process waiting on the lock to avoid priority inversion deadlock. none The priority of the process owning the mutex lock is not affected by its mutex ownership. This may lead to the high priority process to become unrunnable on a single thread system. protect The priority of the process owning the mutex lock is given the priority of the mutex (in this stress test case, the maximum priority) during the lock ownership. --prio-inv-policy [ batch | ext | idle | fifo | other | rr ] select the scheduling policy. "Normal" policies (batch, ext, idle and other) can be selected as an unprivileged user, how- ever "Real Time" policies (fifo and rr) can only be selected with the appropriate privilege. By default "fifo" is selected but it will fall back to "other" for unprivileged users. Privileged CPU instructions stressor --priv-instr N start N workers that exercise various architecture specific privileged instructions that cannot be executed by userspace programs. These instructions will be trapped and processed by SIGSEGV or SIGILL signal handlers. --priv-instr-ops N stop priv-instr stressors after N rounds of executing privi- leged instructions. /proc stressor --procfs N start N workers that read files from /proc and recursively read files from /proc/self (Linux only). --procfs-ops N stop procfs reading after N bogo read operations. Note, since the number of entries may vary between kernels, this bogo ops metric is probably very misleading. pwrite/pread lseek I/O stressor --pseek N start N workers that exercise pwrite(2) and pread(2) with lseek(2) positioning tests. Each worker has 4 sub-processes that perform repeated pwrite and pread operations using the same shared file descriptor. Two of the processes are started using pthreads (if available), another two processes are started with fork(2). Using pwrite and pread should perform I/O without altering the shared file descriptor file offset. The main worker process performs I/O using lseek(2)/write(2) and lseek(2)/read(2) calls that change the file offset; lseeks are sanity checked to see if they are being altered by pwrite and pread calls. --pseek-io-size N specify size of each write/read I/O operation in bytes. Size can be from 1 byte to 1 MB. --pseek-ops N stop after N writes by the main worker process. --pseek-rand normally each sub-process writes to a fix file offset, using this option will randomize the offset on each write/read cycle. Pthread stressor --pthread N start N workers that iteratively creates and terminates multi- ple pthreads (the default is 1024 pthreads per worker). In each iteration, each newly created pthread waits until the worker has created all the pthreads and then they all terminate to- gether. --pthread-max N create N pthreads per worker. If the product of the number of pthreads by the number of workers is greater than the soft limit of allowed pthreads then the maximum is re-adjusted down to the maximum allowed. --pthread-ops N stop pthread workers after N bogo pthread create operations. Ptrace stressor --ptrace N start N workers that fork and trace system calls of a child process using ptrace(2). --ptrace-ops N stop ptracer workers after N bogo system calls are traced. Pointer Chasing stressor --ptr-chase N start N workers that chase memory pointers around page sized nodes of pointers. By default each stressor instance allocates 4096 pages of nodes, each node is an array of pointers that are randomly set to point to other node pages. The stressors fol- low randomly chosen pointers from each node, chasing around the entire node space. This exercises pointer fetching, pointer dereferencing and is a cache-read exercising stressor. The nodes are allocated with 50% of pages from the heap and 50% from mmap'd memory. --ptr-chase-ops N stop after N pointer chases --ptr-chase-pages N select number of pages to allocate for the nodes. Pseudo-terminals (pty) stressor --pty N start N workers that repeatedly attempt to open pseudoterminals and perform various pty ioctl(2) calls upon the ptys before closing them. --pty-max N try to open a maximum of N pseudoterminals, the default is 65536. The allowed range of this setting is 8..65536. --pty-ops N stop pty workers after N pty bogo operations. Qsort stressor -Q, --qsort N start N workers that sort 32 bit integers using qsort(3). --qsort-method [ qsort-libc | qsort-bm ] select either the libc implementation of qsort or the J. L. Bentley and M. D. McIlroy implementation of qsort. The default is the libc implementation. --qsort-ops N stop qsort stress workers after N bogo qsorts. --qsort-size N specify number of 32 bit integers to sort, default is 262144 (256 x 1024). Quota stressor --quota N start N workers that exercise the Q_GETQUOTA, Q_GETFMT, Q_GET- INFO, Q_GETSTATS and Q_SYNC quotactl(2) commands on all the available mounted block based file systems. Requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability to run. --quota-ops N stop quota stress workers after N bogo quotactl operations. Process scheduler stressor --race-sched N start N workers that exercise rapid changing CPU affinity child processes both from the controlling stressor and by the child processes. Child processes are created and terminated rapidly with the aim to create race conditions where affinity changing occurs during process run states. --race-sched-method [ all | next | prev | rand | randinc | syncnext | syncprev ] Select the method moving a process to a specific CPU. Avail- able methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the race-sched methods as listed be- low: next move a process to the next CPU, wrap around to zero when maximum CPU is reached. prev move a process to the previous CPU, wrap around to the maximum CPU when the first CPU is reached. rand move a process to any randomly chosen CPU. randinc move a process to the current CPU + a randomly chosen value 1..4, modulo the number of CPUs. syncnext move synchronously all the race-sched stressor processes to the next CPU every second; this loads just 1 CPU at a time in a round-robin method. syncprev move synchronously all the race-sched stressor processes to the previous CPU every second; this loads just 1 CPU at a time in a round-robin method. --race-sched-ops N stop after N process creation bogo-operations. Radixsort stressor --radixsort N start N workers that sort random 8 byte strings using radix- sort(3) --radixsort-method [ radixsort-libc | radixsort-nonlibc ] select either the libc implementation of radixsort or an opti- mized implementation of radixsort. The default is the libc im- plementation if it is available. --radixsort-ops N stop radixsort stress workers after N bogo radixsorts. --radixsort-size N specify number of strings to sort, default is 262144 (256 x 1024). Memory filesystem stressor --ramfs N start N workers mounting a memory based file system using ramfs and tmpfs (Linux only). This alternates between mounting and umounting a ramfs or tmpfs file system using the traditional mount(2) and umount(2) system call as well as the newer Linux 5.2 fsopen(2), fsmount(2), fsconfig(2) and move_mount(2) system calls if they are available. The default ram file system size is 2 MB. --ramfs-fill fill ramfs with zero'd data using fallocate(2) if it is avail- able or multiple calls to write(2) if not. --ramfs-ops N stop after N ramfs mount operations. --ramfs-size N set the ramfs size (must be multiples of the page size). Raw device stressor --rawdev N start N workers that read the underlying raw drive device using direct IO reads. The device (with minor number 0) that stores the current working directory is the raw device to be read by the stressor. The read size is exactly the size of the under- lying device block size. By default, this stressor will exer- cise all the of the rawdev methods (see the --rawdev-method op- tion). This is a Linux only stressor and requires root privi- lege to be able to read the raw device. --rawdev-method method Available rawdev stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the rawdev stress methods as listed below: sweep repeatedly read across the raw device from the 0th block to the end block in steps of the number of blocks on the device / 128 and back to the start again. wiggle repeatedly read across the raw device in 128 evenly steps with each step reading 1024 blocks backwards from each step. ends repeatedly read the first and last 128 start and end blocks of the raw device alternating from start of the device to the end of the device. random repeatedly read 256 random blocks burst repeatedly read 256 sequential blocks starting from a random block on the raw device. --rawdev-ops N stop the rawdev stress workers after N raw device read bogo op- erations. Random list stressor --randlist N start N workers that creates a list of objects in randomized memory order and traverses the list setting and reading the ob- jects. This is designed to exerise memory and cache thrashing. Normally the objects are allocated on the heap, however for ob- jects of page size or larger there is a 1 in 16 chance of ob- jects being allocated using shared anonymous memory mapping to mix up the address spaces of the allocations to create more TLB thrashing. --randist-compact Allocate all the list objects using one large heap allocation and divide this up for all the list objects. This removes the overhead of the heap keeping track of each list object, hence uses less memory. --randlist-items N Allocate N items on the list. By default, 100000 items are al- located. --randlist-ops N stop randlist workers after N list traversals --randlist-size N Allocate each item to be N bytes in size. By default, the size is 64 bytes of data payload plus the list handling pointer overhead. Localhost raw socket stressor --rawsock N start N workers that send and receive packet data using raw sockets on the localhost. Requires CAP_NET_RAW to run. --rawsock-ops N stop rawsock workers after N packets are received. --rawsock-port P start at socket port P. For N rawsock worker processes, ports P to P - 1 are used. Localhost ethernet raw packets stressor --rawpkt N start N workers that sends and receives ethernet packets using raw packets on the localhost via the loopback device. Requires CAP_NET_RAW to run. --rawpkt-ops N stop rawpkt workers after N packets from the sender process are received. --rawpkt-port N start at port P. For N rawpkt worker processes, ports P to (P x 4) - 1 are used. The default starting port is port 14000. --rawpkt-rxring N setup raw packets with RX ring with N number of blocks, this selects TPACKET_V. N must be one of 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16. Localhost raw UDP packet stressor --rawudp N start N workers that send and receive UDP packets using raw sockets on the localhost. Requires CAP_NET_RAW to run. --rawudp-if NAME use network interface NAME. If the interface NAME does not ex- ist, is not up or does not support the domain then the loopback (lo) interface is used as the default. --rawudp-ops N stop rawudp workers after N packets are received. --rawudp-port N start at port P. For N rawudp worker processes, ports P to (P x 4) - 1 are used. The default starting port is port 13000. Random number generator stressor --rdrand N start N workers that read a random number from an on-chip ran- dom number generator This uses the rdrand instruction on Intel x86 processors or the darn instruction on PowerPC processors. --rdrand-ops N stop rdrand stress workers after N bogo rdrand operations (1 bogo op = 2048 random bits successfully read). --rdrand-seed use rdseed instead of rdrand (x86 only). Read-ahead stressor --readahead N start N workers that randomly seek and perform 4096 byte read/write I/O operations on a file with readahead(2). The de- fault file size is 64 MB. Readaheads and reads are batched into 16 readaheads and then 16 reads. --readahead-bytes N set the size of readahead file, the default is 1 GB. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --readahead-ops N stop readahead stress workers after N bogo read operations. Reboot stressor --reboot N start N workers that exercise the reboot(2) system call. When possible, it will create a process in a PID namespace and per- form a reboot power off command that should shutdown the process. Also, the stressor exercises invalid reboot magic values and invalid reboots when there are insufficient privi- leges that will not actually reboot the system. --reboot-ops N stop the reboot stress workers after N bogo reboot cycles. POSIX regular expressions stressor --regex N start N workers that compile various POSIX regular expressions and execute them against a set of text strings. This exercises the regex C library with a range of various simple and complex regex expressions. --regex-ops N stop after N regex compilations. CPU registers stressor --regs N start N workers that shuffle data around the CPU registers ex- ercising register move instructions. Each bogo-op represents 1000 calls of a shuffling function that shuffles the registers 32 times. Only implemented for the GCC compiler since this re- quires register annotations and optimization level 0 to compile appropriately. --regs-ops N stop regs stressors after N bogo operations. Memory page reordering stressor --remap N start N workers that map 512 pages and re-order these pages us- ing the deprecated system call remap_file_pages(2). Several page re-orderings are exercised: forward, reverse, random and many pages to 1 page. --remap-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd huge pages into memory causing more memory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --remap-ops N stop after N remapping bogo operations. --remap-pages N specify number of pages to remap, must be a power of 2, default is 512 pages. Renaming file stressor -R N, --rename N start N workers that each create a file and then repeatedly re- name it. --rename-ops N stop rename stress workers after N bogo rename operations. Process rescheduling stressor --resched N start N workers that exercise process rescheduling. Each stres- sor spawns a child process for each of the positive nice levels and iterates over the nice levels from 0 to the lowest priority level (highest nice value). For each of the nice levels 1024 iterations over 3 non-real time scheduling polices SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_BATCH and SCHED_IDLE are set and a sched_yield(2) occurs to force heavy rescheduling activity. When the -v verbose op- tion is used the distribution of the number of yields across the nice levels is printed for the first stressor out of the N stressors. --resched-ops N stop after N rescheduling sched_yield calls. System resources stressor --resources N start N workers that consume various system resources. Each worker will spawn 1024 child processes that iterate 1024 times consuming shared memory, heap, stack, temporary files and vari- ous file descriptors (eventfds, memoryfds, userfaultfds, pipes and sockets). --resources-mlock attempt to mlock(2) mmap'd pages into memory causing more mem- ory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --resources-ops N stop after N resource child forks. Writing temporary files in reverse position stressor --revio N start N workers continually writing in reverse position order to temporary files. The default mode is to stress test reverse position ordered writes with randomly sized sparse holes be- tween each write. With the --aggressive option enabled without any --revio-opts options the revio stressor will work through all the --revio-opt options one by one to cover a range of I/O options. --revio-bytes N write N bytes for each revio process, the default is 1 GB. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --revio-opts list specify various stress test options as a comma separated list. Options are the same as --hdd-opts but without the iovec option and with a readahead option to force a readahead action over the entire file once it has been completely written. --revio-ops N stop revio stress workers after N bogo operations. --revio-write-size N specify size of each write in bytes. Size can be from 1 byte to 4 MB. Ring pipes stressor --ring-pipe N start N workers that move data around a ring of pipes using poll to detect when data is ready to copy. By default, 256 pipes are used with two 4096 byte items of data being copied around the ring of pipes. Data is copied using read and write system calls. If the splice system call is available then one can use splice to use more efficient in-kernel data passing in- stead of buffer copying. --ring-pipe-num N specify the number of pipes to use. Ranges from 4 to 262144, default is 256. --ring-pipe-ops N stop after N pipe data transfers. --ring-pipe-size N specify the size of data being copied in bytes. Ranges from 1 to 4096, default is 4096. --ring-pipe-splice enable splice to move data between pipes (only if splice() is available). Rlimit stressor --rlimit N start N workers that exceed resource limits via setting rlimit(2) and trying to exceed these limits, generating SIGX- CPU, SIGXFSZ and SIGSEGV signals. --rlimit-ops N stop after N bogo resource limited SIGXCPU and SIGXFSZ signals have been caught. VM reverse-mapping stressor --rmap N start N workers that exercise the VM reverse-mapping. This cre- ates 16 processes per worker that write/read multiple file- backed memory mappings. There are 64 lots of 4 page mappings made onto the file, with each mapping overlapping the previous by 3 pages and at least 1 page of non-mapped memory between each of the mappings. Data is synchronously msync'd to the file 1 in every 256 iterations in a random manner. --rmap-ops N stop after N bogo rmap memory writes/reads. 1 bit rotation stressor --rotate N start N workers that exercise 1 bit rotates left and right of unsigned integer variables. The default will rotate four 8, 16, 32, 64 (and if supported 128) bit values 10000 times in a loop per bogo-op. --rotate-method method specify the method of rotation to use. The `all' method uses all the methods and is the default. Method Description all exercise with all the rotate stressor methods (see below): rol8 8 bit unsigned rotate left by 1 bit ror8 8 bit unsigned rotate right by 1 bit rol16 16 bit unsigned rotate left by 1 bit ror16 16 bit unsigned rotate right by 1 bit rol32 32 bit unsigned rotate left by 1 bit ror32 32 bit unsigned rotate right by 1 bit rol64 64 bit unsigned rotate left by 1 bit ror64 64 bit unsigned rotate right by 1 bit rol128 128 bit unsigned rotate left by 1 bit ror128 128 bit unsigned rotate right by 1 bit --rotate-ops N stop after N bogo rotate operations. Restartable sequences (rseq) stressor (Linux) --rseq N start N workers that exercise restartable sequences via the rseq(2) system call. This loops over a long duration critical section that is likely to be interrupted. A rseq abort handler keeps count of the number of interruptions and a SIGSEGV han- dler also tracks any failed rseq aborts that can occur if there is a mismatch in a rseq check signature. Linux only. --rseq-ops N stop after N bogo rseq operations. Each bogo rseq operation is equivalent to 10000 iterations over a long duration rseq han- dled critical section. Real-time clock stressor --rtc N start N workers that exercise the real time clock (RTC) inter- faces via /dev/rtc and /sys/class/rtc/rtc0. No destructive writes (modifications) are performed on the RTC. This is a Linux only stressor. --rtc-ops N stop after N bogo RTC interface accesses. Fast process rescheduling stressor --schedmix N start N workers that each start child processes that repeatedly select random a scheduling policy and then executes a short du- ration randomly chosen time consuming activity. This exercises rapid re-scheduling of processes and generates a large amount of scheduling timer interrupts. --schedmix-ops N stop after N scheduling mixed operations. --schedmix-procs N specify the number of chid processes to run for each stressor instance, range from 1 to 64, default is 16. Scheduling policy stressor --schedpolicy N start N workers that set the worker to various available sched- uling policies out of SCHED_OTHER, SCHED_BATCH, SCHED_IDLE, SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR, SCHED_DEADLINE and SCHED_EXT. For the real time scheduling policies a random sched priority is se- lected between the minimum and maximum scheduling priority set- tings. --schedpolicy-ops N stop after N bogo scheduling policy changes. --schedpolicy-rand Select scheduling policy randomly so that the new policy is al- ways different to the previous policy. The default is to work through the scheduling policies sequentially. Stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) stressor --sctp N start N workers that perform network sctp stress activity using the Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP). This involves client/server processes performing rapid connect, send/receives and disconnects on the local host. --sctp-domain D specify the domain to use, the default is ipv4. Currently ipv4 and ipv6 are supported. --sctp-if NAME use network interface NAME. If the interface NAME does not ex- ist, is not up or does not support the domain then the loopback (lo) interface is used as the default. --sctp-ops N stop sctp workers after N bogo operations. --sctp-port P start at sctp port P. For N sctp worker processes, ports P to (P x 4) - 1 are used for ipv4, ipv6 domains and ports P to P - 1 are used for the unix domain. --sctp-sched [ fc | fcfs | prio | rr | wfq ] specify SCTP scheduler, one of fc (fair capacity), fcfs (first come first served, the default), prio (priority), rr (round-robin) or wfq (weighted fair queueing) File sealing (SEAL) stressor (Linux) --seal N start N workers that exercise the fcntl(2) SEAL commands on a small anonymous file created using memfd_create(2). After each SEAL command is issued the stressor also sanity checks if the seal operation has sealed the file correctly. (Linux only). --seal-ops N stop after N bogo seal operations. Secure computing stressor --seccomp N start N workers that exercise Secure Computing system call fil- tering. Each worker creates child processes that write a short message to /dev/null and then exits. 2% of the child processes have a seccomp filter that disallows the write system call and hence it is killed by seccomp with a SIGSYS. Note that this stressor can generate many audit log messages each time the child is killed. Requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN to run. --seccomp-ops N stop seccomp stress workers after N seccomp filter tests. Secret memory stressor (Linux >= 5.11) --secretmem N start N workers that mmap pages using file mapping off a memfd_secret(2) file descriptor. Each stress loop iteration will expand the mappable region by 3 pages using ftruncate and mmap and touches the pages. The pages are then fragmented by unmapping the middle page and then umapping the first and last pages. This tries to force page fragmentation and also trigger out of memory (OOM) kills of the stressor when the secret mem- ory is exhausted. Note this is a Linux 5.11+ only stressor and the kernel needs to be booted with "secretmem=" option to allo- cate a secret memory reservation. --secretmem-ops N stop secretmem stress workers after N stress loop iterations. IO seek stressor --seek N start N workers that randomly seeks and performs 512 byte read/write I/O operations on a file. The default file size is 16 GB. --seek-ops N stop seek stress workers after N bogo seek operations. --seek-punch punch randomly located 8 K holes into the file to cause more extents to force a more demanding seek stressor, (Linux only). --seek-size N specify the size of the file in bytes. Small file sizes allow the I/O to occur in the cache, causing greater CPU load. Large file sizes force more I/O operations to drive causing more wait time and more I/O on the drive. One can specify the size in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. POSIX semaphore stressor --sem N start N workers that perform POSIX semaphore wait and post op- erations. By default, a parent and 4 children are started per worker to provide some contention on the semaphore. This stresses fast semaphore operations and produces rapid context switching. --sem-ops N stop semaphore stress workers after N bogo semaphore opera- tions. --sem-procs N start N child workers per worker to provide contention on the semaphore, the default is 4 and a maximum of 64 are allowed. --sem-shared share the semaphore across all sem stressor instances. Normally each semaphore stressor shares a semaphore with its child processes, this option produces more locking contention and less throughput by sharing a semaphore across all semaphore stressor processes. System V semaphore stressor --sem-sysv N start N workers that perform System V semaphore wait and post operations. By default, a parent and 4 children are started per worker to provide some contention on the semaphore. This stresses fast semaphore operations and produces rapid context switching. --sem-sysv-ops N stop semaphore stress workers after N bogo System V semaphore operations. --sem-sysv-procs N start N child processes per worker to provide contention on the System V semaphore, the default is 4 and a maximum of 64 are allowed. --sem-sysv-setall sets the semval values for all the semaphores in the child's semaphore set. This depends on the semctl SETALL op being de- fined and GETALL succeeding and is an opt-in option as it will affect the semaphore being exercised. Sendfile stressor --sendfile N start N workers that send an empty file to /dev/null using the sendfile(2) call. This operation spends nearly all the time in the kernel. The default sendfile size is 4 MB. The sendfile options are for Linux only. --sendfile-ops N stop sendfile workers after N sendfile bogo operations. --sendfile-size S specify the size to be copied with each sendfile call. The de- fault size is 4 MB. One can specify the size in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. Sessions stressor --session N start N workers that create child and grandchild processes that set and get their session ids. 25% of the grandchild processes are not waited for by the child to create orphaned sessions that need to be reaped by init. --session-ops N stop session workers after N child processes are spawned and reaped. Setting data in the Kernel stressor --set N start N workers that call system calls that try to set data in the kernel, currently these are: setgid(2), sethostname(2), setpgid(2), setpgrp(2), setuid(2), setgroups(2), setreuid(2), setregid(2), setresuid(2), setresgid(2) and setrlimit(2). Some of these system calls are OS specific. --set-ops N stop set workers after N bogo set operations. Shellsort stressor --shellsort N start N workers that sort 32 bit integers using shellsort(3). --shellsort-ops N stop shellsort stress workers after N bogo shellsorts. --shellsort-size N specify number of 32 bit integers to sort, default is 262144 (256 x 1024). POSIX shared memory stressor --shm N start N workers that open and allocate shared memory objects using the POSIX shared memory interfaces. By default, the test will repeatedly create and destroy 32 shared memory objects, each of which is 8 MB in size. --shm-bytes N specify the size of the POSIX shared memory objects to be cre- ated. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suf- fix b, k, m or g. --shm-mlock attempt to mlock(2) shared memory objects into memory causing more memory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --shm-objs N specify the number of shared memory objects to be created. --shm-ops N stop after N POSIX shared memory create and destroy bogo opera- tions are complete. System V shared memory stressor --shm-sysv N start N workers that allocate shared memory using the System V shared memory interface. By default, the test will repeatedly create and destroy 8 shared memory segments, each of which is 8 MB in size. --shm-sysv-bytes N specify the size of the shared memory segment to be created. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --shm-sysv-mlock attempt to mlock(2) shared memory segment into memory causing more memory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --shm-sysv-ops N stop after N shared memory create and destroy bogo operations are complete. --shm-sysv-segs N specify the number of shared memory segments to be created. The default is 8 segments. SIGABRT stressor --sigabrt N start N workers that create children that are killed by SIGABRT signals or by calling abort(3). --sigabrt-ops N stop the sigabrt workers after N SIGABRT signals are success- fully handled. SIGBUS stressor --sigbus N start N workers that rapidly create and catch bus errors gener- ated via misaligned access and accessing a file backed memory mapping that does not have file storage to back the page being accessed. --sigbus-ops N stop sigbus stress workers after N bogo bus errors. SIGCHLD stressor --sigchld N start N workers that create children to generate SIGCHLD sig- nals. This exercises children that exit (CLD_EXITED), get killed (CLD_KILLED), get stopped (CLD_STOPPED) or continued (CLD_CONTINUED). --sigchld-ops N stop the sigchld workers after N SIGCHLD signals are success- fully handled. SIGFD stressor (Linux) --sigfd N start N workers that generate SIGRT signals and are handled by reads by a child process using a file descriptor set up using signalfd(2). (Linux only). This will generate a heavy context switch load when all CPUs are fully loaded. --sigfd-ops stop sigfd workers after N bogo SIGUSR1 signals are sent. SIGFPE stressor --sigfpe N start N workers that rapidly cause division by zero SIGFPE faults. --sigfpe-ops N stop sigfpe stress workers after N bogo SIGFPE faults. SIGHUP stressor --sighup N start N workers that generate SIGHUP signals using raise(2) and by killing a group leader process with a child process indi- rectly receiving SIGHUP when it loses the group leader. --sighup-ops N stop sighup stressor workers after N SIGHUP signals SIGILL stressor --sigill N start N workers that execute illegal instructions to generate SIGILL signals. --sigill-ops N stop sigill stressor workers after N SIGILL signals SIGIO stressor --sigio N start N workers that read data from a child process via a pipe and generate SIGIO signals. This exercises asynchronous I/O via SIGIO. --sigio-ops N stop sigio stress workers after handling N SIGIO signals. System signals stressor --signal N start N workers that exercise the signal system call three dif- ferent signal handlers, SIG_IGN (ignore), a SIGCHLD handler and SIG_DFL (default action). For the SIGCHLD handler, the stres- sor sends itself a SIGCHLD signal and checks if it has been handled. For other handlers, the stressor checks that the SIGCHLD handler has not been called. This stress test calls the signal system call directly when possible and will try to avoid the C library attempt to replace signal with the more modern sigaction system call. --signal-ops N stop signal stress workers after N rounds of signal handler setting. Nested signal handling stressor --signest N start N workers that exercise nested signal handling. A signal is raised and inside the signal handler a different signal is raised, working through a list of signals to exercise. An al- ternative signal stack is used that is large enough to handle all the nested signal calls. The -v option will log the ap- proximate size of the stack required and the average stack size per nested call. --signest-ops N stop after handling N nested signals. Pending signals stressor --sigpending N start N workers that check if SIGUSR1 signals are pending. This stressor masks SIGUSR1, generates a SIGUSR1 signal and uses sigpending(2) to see if the signal is pending. Then it unmasks the signal and checks if the signal is no longer pending. --sigpending-ops N stop sigpending stress workers after N bogo sigpending pend- ing/unpending checks. SIGPIPE stressor --sigpipe N start N workers that repeatedly spawn off child process that exits before a parent can complete a pipe write, causing a SIG- PIPE signal. The child process is either spawned using clone(2) if it is available or use the slower fork(2) instead. --sigpipe-ops N stop N workers after N SIGPIPE signals have been caught and handled. Signal queueing stressor --sigq N start N workers that rapidly send SIGUSR1 signals using sigqueue(3) to child processes that wait for the signal via sigwaitinfo(2). --sigq-ops N stop sigq stress workers after N bogo signal send operations. Real-time signals stressor --sigrt N start N workers that each create child processes to handle SIGRTMIN to SIGRMAX real time signals. The parent sends each child process a RT signal via siqueue(2) and the child process waits for this via sigwaitinfo(2). When the child receives the signal it then sends a RT signal to one of the other child processes also via sigqueue(2). --sigrt-ops N stop sigrt stress workers after N bogo sigqueue signal send op- erations. SIGSEGV stressor --sigsegv N start N workers that rapidly create and catch segmentation faults generated via illegal memory access, illegal vdso system calls, illegal port reads, illegal interrupts or access to x86 time stamp counter. --sigsegv-ops N stop sigsegv stress workers after N bogo segmentation faults. Waiting for process signals stressor --sigsuspend N start N workers that each spawn off 4 child processes that wait for a SIGUSR1 signal from the parent using sigsuspend(2). The parent sends SIGUSR1 signals to each child in rapid succession. Each sigsuspend wakeup is counted as one bogo operation. --sigsuspend-ops N stop sigsuspend stress workers after N bogo sigsuspend wakeups. SIGTRAP stressor --sigtrap N start N workers that exercise the SIGTRAP signal. For systems that support SIGTRAP, the signal is generated using raise(SIG- TRAP). Only x86 Linux systems the SIGTRAP is also generated by an int 3 instruction. --sigtrap-ops N stop sigtrap stress workers after N SIGTRAP signals have been handled. SIGURG stressor --sigurg N start workers that exercise the SIGURG signal by sending out- of-band data over a TCP/IP IPv4 socket stream. --sigurg-ops N stop sigurg stressor workers after N SIGURG signals have been handled. SIGVTARLM stressor --sigvtalrm N start N workers that exercise the SIGVTALRM signal using an ITIMER_VIRTUAL itimer and a busy loop that consumes CPU time calling getitimer for the ITIMER_VIRTUAL timer. --sigvtalrm-ops N stop sigvtalrm stress workers after N SIGVTALRM signals have been handled. SIGXCPU stressor --sigxcpu N start N workers that exercise the SIGXCPU stressor. A busy loop generates SIGXCPU signals by setting a 0 second run time limit followed by a sched_yield(2) call. --sigxcpu-ops N stop sigsxcpu stress workers after N bogo SIGXCPU signal at- tempts. SIGXFSZ stressor --sigxfsz N start N workers that exercise the SIGXFSZ stressor. A random 32 bit file size limit is set and data is written outside this size limit to generate a SIGXFSZ signal. --sigxfsz-ops N stop sigsxfsz stress workers after N bogo SIGXFSZ signal at- tempts. Random memory and processor cache line stressor via a skiplist --skiplist N start N workers that store and then search for integers using a skiplist. By default, 65536 integers are added and searched. This is a useful method to exercise random access of memory and processor cache. --skiplist-ops N stop the skiplist worker after N skiplist store and search cy- cles are completed. --skiplist-size N specify the size (number of integers) to store and search in the skiplist. Size can be from 1 K to 4 M. Time interrupts and context switches stressor --sleep N start N workers that spawn off multiple threads that each per- form multiple sleeps of ranges 1us to 0.1s. This creates mul- tiple context switches and timer interrupts. --sleep-max P start P threads per worker. The default is 1024, the maximum allowed is 30000. --sleep-ops N stop after N sleep bogo operations. System management interrupts (SMI) stressor --smi N start N workers that attempt to generate system management in- terrupts (SMIs) into the x86 ring -2 system management mode (SMM) by exercising the advanced power management (APM) port 0xb2. This requires the --pathological option and root privi- lege and is only implemented on x86 Linux platforms. This prob- ably does not work in a virtualized environment. The stressor will attempt to determine the time stolen by SMIs with some naive benchmarking. --smi-ops N stop after N attempts to trigger the SMI. Network socket stressor -S N, --sock N start N workers that perform various socket stress activity. This involves a pair of client/server processes performing rapid connect, send and receives and disconnects on the local host. --sock-domain D specify the domain to use, the default is ipv4. Currently ipv4, ipv6 and unix are supported. --sock-if NAME use network interface NAME. If the interface NAME does not ex- ist, is not up or does not support the domain then the loopback (lo) interface is used as the default. --sock-msgs N send N messages per connect, send/receive, disconnect itera- tion. The default is 1000 messages. If N is too small then the rate is throttled back by the overhead of socket connect and disconnect (on Linux, one needs to increase /proc/sys/net/net- filter/nf_conntrack_max to allow more connections). --sock-nodelay This disables the TCP Nagle algorithm, so data segments are al- ways sent as soon as possible. This stops data from being buffered before being transmitted, hence resulting in poorer network utilisation and more context switches between the sender and receiver. --sock-ops N stop socket stress workers after N bogo operations. --sock-opts [ random | send | sendmsg | sendmmsg ] by default, messages are sent using send(2). This option allows one to specify the sending method using send(2), sendmsg(2), sendmmsg(2) or a random selection of one of these 3 on each it- eration. Note that sendmmsg is only available for Linux sys- tems that support this system call. --sock-port P start at socket port P. For N socket worker processes, ports P to P - 1 are used. --sock-protocol P Use the specified protocol P, default is tcp. Options are tcp and mptcp (if supported by the operating system). --sock-type [ stream | seqpacket ] specify the socket type to use. The default type is stream. se- qpacket currently only works for the unix socket domain. --sock-zerocopy enable zerocopy for send and recv calls if the MSG_ZEROCOPY is supported. Socket abusing stressor --sockabuse N start N workers that abuse a socket file descriptor with vari- ous file based system that don't normally act on sockets. The kernel should handle these illegal and unexpected calls grace- fully. --sockabuse-ops N stop after N iterations of the socket abusing stressor loop. --sockabuse-port P start at socket port P. For N sockabuse worker processes, ports P to P - 1 are used. Socket diagnostic stressor (Linux) --sockdiag N start N workers that exercise the Linux sock_diag netlink socket diagnostics (Linux only). This currently requests diag- nostics using UDIAG_SHOW_NAME, UDIAG_SHOW_VFS, UDIAG_SHOW_PEER, UDIAG_SHOW_ICONS, UDIAG_SHOW_RQLEN and UDIAG_SHOW_MEMINFO for the AF_UNIX family of socket connections. --sockdiag-ops N stop after receiving N sock_diag diagnostic messages. Socket file descriptor stressor --sockfd N start N workers that pass file descriptors over a UNIX domain socket using the CMSG(3) ancillary data mechanism. For each worker, pair of client/server processes are created, the server opens as many file descriptors on /dev/null as possible and passing these over the socket to a client that reads these from the CMSG data and immediately closes the files. --sockfd-ops N stop sockfd stress workers after N bogo operations. --sockfd-port P start at socket port P. For N socket worker processes, ports P to P - 1 are used. --sockfd-reuse reuse the file descriptor by passing it back from the receiver to the sender and re-sending it again rather than opening /dev/null each time. Opening network socket stressor --sockmany N start N workers that use a client process to attempt to open as many as 100000 TCP/IP socket connections to a server on port 10000. --sockmany-if NAME use network interface NAME. If the interface NAME does not ex- ist, is not up or does not support the domain then the loopback (lo) interface is used as the default. --sockmany-ops N stop after N connections. --sockmany-port P start at socket port P. For N sockmany worker processes, ports P to P - 1 are used. Socket I/O stressor --sockpair N start N workers that perform socket pair I/O read/writes. This involves a pair of client/server processes performing randomly sized socket I/O operations. --sockpair-ops N stop socket pair stress workers after N bogo operations. Softlockup stressor --softlockup N start N workers that flip between with the "real-time" SCHED_FIO and SCHED_RR scheduling policies at the highest pri- ority to force softlockups. This can only be run with CAP_SYS_NICE capability and for best results the number of stressors should be at least the number of online CPUs. Once running, this is practically impossible to stop and it will force softlockup issues and may trigger watchdog timeout re- boots. --softlockup-ops N stop softlockup stress workers after N bogo scheduler policy changes. Sparse matrix stressor --sparsematrix N start N workers that exercise 3 different sparse matrix imple- mentations based on hashing, Judy array (for 64 bit systems), 2-d circular linked-lists, memory mapped 2-d matrix (non- sparse), quick hashing (on preallocated nodes) and red-black tree. The sparse matrix is populated with values, random val- ues potentially non-existing values are read, known existing values are read and known existing values are marked as zero. This default 500 x 500 sparse matrix is used and 5000 items are put into the sparse matrix making it 2% utilized. --sparsematrix-items N populate the sparse matrix with N items. If N is greater than the number of elements in the sparse matrix than N will be capped to create at 100% full sparse matrix. --sparsematrix-method [ all | hash | hashjudy | judy | list | mmap | qhash | rb ] specify the type of sparse matrix implementation to use. The `all' method uses all the methods and is the default. Method Description all exercise with all the sparsematrix stressor methods (see below): hash use a hash table and allocate nodes on the heap for each unique value at a (x, y) matrix position. hashjudy use a hash table for x coordinates and a Judy array for y coordinates for values at a (x, y) matrix posi- tion. judy use a Judy array with a unique 1-to-1 mapping of (x, y) matrix position into the array. list use a circular linked-list for sparse y positions each with circular linked-lists for sparse x posi- tions for the (x, y) matrix coordinates. mmap use a non-sparse mmap the entire 2-d matrix space. Only (x, y) matrix positions that are referenced will get physically mapped. Note that large sparse matri- ces cannot be mmap'd due to lack of virtual address limitations, and too many referenced pages can trig- ger the out of memory killer on Linux. qhash use a hash table with pre-allocated nodes for each unique value. This is a quick hash table implementa- tion, nodes are not allocated each time with calloc and are allocated from a pre-allocated pool leading to quicker hash table performance than the hash method. rb use a red-black balanced tree using one tree node for each unique value at a (x, y) matrix position. splay use a splay tree using one tree node for each unique value at a (x, y) matrix position. --sparsematrix-ops N stop after N sparsematrix test iterations. --sparsematrix-size N use a N x N sized sparse matrix POSIX process spawn (posix_spawn) stressor (Linux) --spawn N start N workers continually spawn children using posix_spawn(3) that exec stress-ng and then exit almost immediately. Currently Linux only. --spawn-ops N stop spawn stress workers after N bogo spawns. Spinmem stressor --spinmem N start N workers that use a shared memory page to keep two processes synchronized using busy spin loops. One process is a writer that increments a value in memory slot 0 and spin waits for the data to appear in memory slot 1. The other process spin waits for the data to change in slot 0 and copies the changed value into memory slot 1. The stressor benchmarks the time for the transactions to occur between both processes. Note that the optimal number of stressors is half the number of online CPUs in a system. By default 32 bit write/reads are used. --spinmem-affinity move spinmem stressor processes to randomly selected CPUs every million spinmem transactions. --spinmem-method [ 8bit | 16bit | 32bit | 64bit | 128bit ] select the size of the memory write/reads, the default is 32 bit. 128 bit read/writes may not be supported by some tool- chains. --spinmem-numa assign shared memory page to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --spinmem-ops N stop after N spinmem bogo operations. A bogo operation is 1000 transactions betewen the two spinmem processes. --spinmem-yield force scheduling yields after each spinmem read/write operation Splice stressor (Linux) --splice N move data from /dev/zero to /dev/null through a pipe without any copying between kernel address space and user address space using splice(2). This is only available for Linux. --splice-bytes N transfer N bytes per splice call, the default is 64 K. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --splice-ops N stop after N bogo splice operations. Stack stressor --stack N start N workers that rapidly cause and catch stack overflows by use of large recursive stack allocations. Much like the brk stressor, this can eat up pages rapidly and may trigger the kernel OOM killer on the process, however, the killed stressor is respawned again by a monitoring parent process. --stack-fill the default action is to touch the lowest page on each stack allocation. This option touches all the pages by filling the new stack allocation with zeros which forces physical pages to be allocated and hence is more aggressive. --stack-mlock attempt to mlock(2) stack pages into memory causing more memory pressure by preventing pages from swapped out. --stack-ops N stop stack stress workers after N bogo stack overflows. --stack-pageout force stack pages out to swap (available when madvise(2) sup- ports MADV_PAGEOUT). --stack-unmap unmap a single page in the middle of a large buffer allocated on the stack on each stack allocation. This forces the stack mapping into multiple separate allocation mappings. Dirty page and stack exception stressor --stackmmap N start N workers that use a 2 MB stack that is memory mapped onto a temporary file. A recursive function works down the stack and flushes dirty stack pages back to the memory mapped file using msync(2) until the end of the stack is reached (stack overflow). This exercises dirty page and stack exception handling. --stackmmap-ops N stop workers after N stack overflows have occurred. Statmount and listmount system call stressor --statmount N start N workers that find mounts on / via listmount and get mount information on the mount IDs using statmount. (Linux only). --statmount-ops N stop workers after iterating on mounts N times. Libc string functions stressor --str N start N workers that exercise various libc string functions on random strings. --str-method strfunc select a specific libc string function to stress. Available string functions to stress are: all, index, rindex, strcasecmp, strcat, strchr, strcoll, strcmp, strcpy, strlen, strncasecmp, strncat, strncmp, strrchr and strxfrm. See string(3) for more information on these string functions. The `all' method is the default and will exercise all the string methods. --str-ops N stop after N bogo string operations. STREAM memory stressor --stream N start N workers exercising a memory bandwidth stressor very loosely based on the STREAM "Sustainable Memory Bandwidth in High Performance Computers" benchmarking tool by John D. Mc- Calpin, Ph.D. This stressor allocates 3 buffers that are at the size of the CPU L3 cache and continually performs rounds of following computations on large arrays of double precision floating point numbers: Operation Description copy c[i] = a[i] scale b[i] = scalar x c[i] add c[i] = a[i] + b[i] triad a[i] = b[i] + (c[i] x scalar) Since this is loosely based on a variant of the STREAM bench- mark code, DO NOT submit results based on this as it is in- tended to in stress-ng just to stress memory and compute and NOT intended for STREAM accurate tuned or non-tuned benchmark- ing whatsoever. Use the official STREAM benchmarking tool if you desire accurate and standardised STREAM benchmarks. The stressor calculates the memory read rate, memory write rate and floating point operations rate. These will differ from the maximum theoretical read/write/compute rates because of loop overheads and the use of volatile pointers to ensure the com- piler does not optimize out stores. --stream-index N specify number of stream indices used to index into the data arrays a, b and c. This adds indirection into the data lookup by using randomly shuffled indexing into the three data arrays. Level 0 (no indexing) is the default, and 3 is where all 3 ar- rays are indexed via 3 different randomly shuffled indexes. The higher the index setting the more impact this has on L1, L2 and L3 caching and hence forces higher memory read/write latencies. --stream-l3-size N Specify the CPU Level 3 cache size in bytes. One can specify the size in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. If the L3 cache size is not provided, then stress-ng will attempt to determine the cache size, and failing this, will default the size to 4 MB. --stream-mlock attempt to mlock(2) the stream buffers into memory to prevent them from being swapped out. --stream-madvise [ collapse | hugepage | nohugepage | normal ] Specify the madvise(2) options used on the memory mapped buffer used in the stream stressor. Non-linux systems will only have the `normal' madvise advice. The default is `normal'. --stream-ops N stop after N stream bogo operations, where a bogo operation is one round of copy, scale, add and triad operations. --stream-prefetch compilers such as gcc have optimization options to insert prefetching into memory fetch loops that may improve read per- formance. This option enables this optimization, however, it may lead to degraded performance if the compiler does not in- sert the prefetching in the correct places. Best to enable this for the default --stream-index 0 setting. Swap partitions stressor (Linux) --swap N start N workers that add and remove small randomly sizes swap partitions (Linux only). Note that if too many swap partitions are added then the stressors may exit with exit code 3 (not enough resources). Requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN to run. --swap-ops N stop the swap workers after N swapon/swapoff iterations. --swap-self attempt to swap out pages of the stressor. Context switching between mutually tied processes stressor -s N, --switch N start N workers that force context switching between two mutu- ally blocking/unblocking tied processes. By default message passing over a pipe is used, but different methods are avail- able. --switch-freq F run the context switching at the frequency of F context switches per second. Note that the specified switch rate may not be achieved because of CPU speed and memory bandwidth limi- tations. --switch-method [ mq | pipe | sem-sysv ] select the preferred context switch block/run synchronization method, these are as follows: Method Description mq use posix message queue with a 1 item size. Messages are passed between a sender and receiver process. pipe single character messages are passed down a single character sized pipe between a sender and receiver process. sem-sysv a SYSV semaphore is used to block/run two processes. --switch-ops N stop context switching workers after N bogo operations. Symlink stressor --symlink N start N workers creating and removing symbolic links. --symlink-ops N stop symlink stress workers after N bogo operations. --symlink-sync sync dirty data and metadata to disk. Partial file syncing (sync_file_range) stressor --sync-file N start N workers that perform a range of data syncs across a file using sync_file_range(2). Three mixes of syncs are per- formed, from start to the end of the file, from end of the file to the start, and a random mix. A random selection of valid sync types are used, covering the SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_BEFORE, SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WRITE and SYNC_FILE_RANGE_WAIT_AFTER flag bits. --sync-file-bytes N specify the size of the file to be sync'd. One can specify the size as % of free space on the file system in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --sync-file-ops N stop sync-file workers after N bogo sync operations. CPU synchronized loads stressor --syncload N start N workers that produce sporadic short lived loads syn- chronized across N stressor processes. By default repeated cy- cles of 125ms busy load followed by 62.5ms sleep occur across all the workers in step to create bursts of load to exercise C state transitions and CPU frequency scaling. The busy load and sleeps have +/-10% jitter added to try exercising scheduling patterns. --syncload-msbusy M specify the busy load duration in milliseconds. --syncload-mssleep M specify the sleep duration in milliseconds. --syncload-ops N stop syncload workers after N load/sleep cycles. System calls bad address and fault handling stressor --sysbadaddr N start N workers that pass bad addresses to system calls to ex- ercise bad address and fault handling. The addresses used are null pointers, read only pages, write only pages, unmapped ad- dresses, text only pages, unaligned addresses and top of memory addresses. --sysbadaddr-ops N stop the sysbadaddr stressors after N bogo system calls. System calls stressor --syscall N start N workers that exercise a range of available system calls. System calls that fail due to lack of capabilities or errors are ignored. The stressor will try to maximize the rate of system calls being executed based the entire time taken to setup, run and cleanup after each system call. --syscall-method method select the choice of system calls to executed based on the fastest test duration times. Note that this includes the time to setup, execute the system call and cleanup afterwards. The available methods are as follows: Method Description all select all the available system calls fast10 select the fastest 10% system call tests fast25 select the fastest 25% system call tests fast50 select the fastest 50% system call tests fast75 select the fastest 75% system call tests fast90 select the fastest 90% system call tests geomean1 select tests that are less or equal to the geometric mean of all the test times geomean1 select tests that are less or equal to 2 x the geo- metric mean of all the test times geomean1 select tests that are less or equal to 3 x the geo- metric mean of all the test times --syscall-ops N stop after N system calls --sycsall-top N report the fastest top N system calls. Setting N to zero will report all the system calls that could be exercised. System information stressor --sysinfo N start N workers that continually read system and process spe- cific information. This reads the process user and system times using the times(2) system call. For Linux systems, it also reads overall system statistics using the sysinfo(2) sys- tem call and also the file system statistics for all mounted file systems using statfs(2). --sysinfo-ops N stop the sysinfo workers after N bogo operations. System calls with invalid arguments stressor (Linux) --sysinval N start N workers that exercise system calls in random order with permutations of invalid arguments to force kernel error han- dling checks. The stress test autodetects system calls that cause processes to crash or exit prematurely and will blocklist these after several repeated breakages. System call arguments that cause system calls to work successfully are also detected an blocklisted too. Linux only. --sysinval-ops N stop sysinval workers after N system call attempts. /sys stressor (Linux) --sysfs N start N workers that recursively read files from /sys (Linux only). This may cause specific kernel drivers to emit messages into the kernel log. --sysfs-ops N stop sysfs reading after N bogo read operations. Note, since the number of entries may vary between kernels, this bogo ops metric is probably very misleading. Tee stressor (Linux) --tee N move data from a writer process to a reader process through pipes and to /dev/null without any copying between kernel ad- dress space and user address space using tee(2). This is only available for Linux. --tee-ops N stop after N bogo tee operations. Timer event stressor (Linux) -T N, --timer N start N workers creating timer events at a default rate of 1 MHz (Linux only); this can create a many thousands of timer clock interrupts. Each timer event is caught by a signal han- dler and counted as a bogo timer op. --timer-freq F run timers at F Hz; range from 1 to 1000000000 Hz (Linux only). By selecting an appropriate frequency stress-ng can generate hundreds of thousands of interrupts per second. Note: it is also worth using --timer-slack 0 for high frequencies to stop the kernel from coalescing timer events. --timer-ops N stop timer stress workers after N bogo timer events (Linux only). --timer-rand select a timer frequency based around the timer frequency +/-12.5% random jitter. This tries to force more variability in the timer interval to make the scheduling less predictable. Timerfd stressor (Linux) --timerfd N start N workers creating timerfd events at a default rate of 1 MHz (Linux only); this can create a many thousands of timer clock events. Timer events are waited for on the timer file de- scriptor using select(2) and then read and counted as a bogo timerfd op. --timerfs-fds N try to use a maximum of N timerfd file descriptors per stres- sor. --timerfd-freq F run timers at F Hz; range from 1 to 1000000000 Hz (Linux only). By selecting an appropriate frequency stress-ng can generate hundreds of thousands of interrupts per second. --timerfd-ops N stop timerfd stress workers after N bogo timerfd events (Linux only). --timerfd-rand select a timerfd frequency based around the timer frequency +/-12.5% random jitter. This tries to force more variability in the timer interval to make the scheduling less predictable. Timer Mix stressor --timermix N start N workers creating timer and itimer signals at a high rate, this can create a many thousands of timer clock inter- rupts per second. Each signal that gets handled is counted as a bogo-operation. For timers, the following clocks types (where available) are used: CLOCK_REALTIME, CLOCK_MONOTONIC, CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID, CLOCK_BOOT- TIME and CLOCK_TAI. For itimers, the following interval timer types are used: ITIMER_REAL, ITIMER_VIRTUAL and ITIMER_PROF. Some systems may support none or a subset of these timer or itimer types. The freqeuency of the itimers is auto-adjusted to try and maximize the timer interrupt rate. --timermix-ops N stop after N signals from timers and itimers. Time warp stressor --time-warp N start N workers that read the system time and where appropriate for monotonic clocks perform a check for reverse time warping. At the end of the run there are time wrap-around checks. This stressor exercises clock_gettime(2) on all available clocks, gettimeofday(2), time(2) and getrusage(2) to check for unex- pected time behaviour. Note that only some clocks are reliably monotonic. --time-warp-ops N stop after N rounds of checking all the available clocks and time fetching system calls. Translation lookaside buffer shootdowns stressor --tlb-shootdown N start N workers that force Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) shootdowns. This is achieved by creating up to 16 child processes that all share a region of memory and these processes are shared amongst the available CPUs. The processes adjust the page mapping settings causing TLBs to be force flushed on the other processors, causing the TLB shootdowns. --tlb-shootdown-ops N stop after N bogo TLB shootdown operations are completed. Tmpfs stressor --tmpfs N start N workers that create a temporary file on an available tmpfs file system and perform various file based mmap opera- tions upon it. --tmpfs-mmap-async enable file based memory mapping and use asynchronous msync'ing on each page, see --tmpfs-mmap-file. --tmpfs-mmap-file enable tmpfs file based memory mapping and by default use syn- chronous msync'ing on each page. --tmpfs-ops N stop tmpfs stressors after N bogo mmap operations. Touching files stressor --touch N touch files by using open(2) or creat(2) and then closing and unlinking them. The filename contains the bogo-op number and is incremented on each touch operation, hence this fills the den- try cache. Note that the user time and system time may be very low as most of the run time is waiting for file I/O and this produces very large bogo-op rates for the very low CPU time used. --touch-method [ random | open | creat ] select the method the file is created, either randomly using open(2) or create(2), just using open(2) with the O_CREAT open flag, or with creat(2). --touch-ops N stop the touch workers after N file touches. --touch-opts [ all | direct | dsync | excl | noatime | sync ] specify various file open options as a comma separated list. Options are as follows: Option Description all use all the open options, namely direct, dsync, excl, noatime and sync direct try to minimize cache effects of the I/O to and from this file, using the O_DIRECT open flag. dsync ensure output has been transferred to underlying hardware and file metadata has been updated using the O_DSYNC open flag. excl fail if file already exists (it should not). noatime do not update the file last access time if the file is read. sync ensure output has been transferred to underlying hardware using the O_SYNC open flag. Tree data structures stressor --tree N start N workers that exercise tree data structures. The default is to add, find and remove 250000 64 bit integers into AVL (avl), Red-Black (rb), Splay (splay), btree and binary trees. The intention of this stressor is to exercise memory and cache with the various tree operations. --tree-method [ all | avl | binary | btree | rb | splay ] specify the tree to be used. By default, all the trees are used (the `all' option). --tree-ops N stop tree stressors after N bogo ops. A bogo op covers the ad- dition, finding and removing all the items into the tree(s). --tree-size N specify the size of the tree, where N is the number of 64 bit integers to be added into the tree. Trigonometric functions stressor --trig N start N workers that exercise sin, cos, sincos (where avail- able) and tan libm trigonometric functions using float, double and long double floating point variants. Each function is exer- cised 10000 times per bogo-operation. --trig-method function specify a trigonometric stress function. By default, all the functions are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one function to be used if required. Available options are as follows: Method Description all iterate through all of the following trigonometric functions cos cosine (double precision) cosf cosine (float precision) cosl cosine (long double precision) sin sine (double precision) sinf sine (float precision) sinl sine (long double precision) sincos sine and cosine (double precision) sincosf sine and cosine (float precision) sincosl sine and cosine (long double precision) tan tangent (double precision) tanf tangent (float precision) tanl tangent (long double precision) --trig-ops N stop after N bogo-operations. Time stamp counter (TSC) stressor --tsc N start N workers that read the Time Stamp Counter (TSC) 256 times per loop iteration (bogo operation). This exercises the tsc instruction for x86, the mftb instruction for ppc64, the rdcycle instruction for RISC-V, the tick instruction on SPARC and the rdtime.d instruction for Loong64. --tsc-lfence add lfence after each tsc read to force serialization (x86 only). --tsc-ops N stop the tsc workers after N bogo operations are completed. --tsc-rdtscp use the rdtscp instruction instead of rdtsc (x86 only). This also disables the --tsc-lfence option. Binary tree stressor --tsearch N start N workers that insert, search and delete 32 bit integers on a binary tree using tsearch(3), tfind(3) and tdelete(3). By default, there are 65536 randomized integers used in the tree. This is a useful method to exercise random access of memory and processor cache. --tsearch-ops N stop the tsearch workers after N bogo tree operations are com- pleted. --tsearch-size N specify the size (number of 32 bit integers) in the array to tsearch. Size can be from 1 K to 4 M. Network tunnel stressor --tun N start N workers that create a network tunnel device and sends and receives packets over the tunnel using UDP and then de- stroys it. A new random 192.168.*.* IPv4 address is used each time a tunnel is created. --tun-ops N stop after N iterations of creating/sending/receiving/destroy- ing a tunnel. --tun-tap use network tap device using level 2 frames (bridging) rather than a tun device for level 3 raw packets (tunnelling). UDP network stressor --udp N start N workers that transmit data using UDP. This involves a pair of client/server processes performing rapid connect, send and receives and disconnects on the local host. --udp-domain D specify the domain to use, the default is ipv4. Currently ipv4 and ipv6 are supported. --udp-gro enable UDP-GRO (Generic Receive Offload) if supported. --udp-if NAME use network interface NAME. If the interface NAME does not ex- ist, is not up or does not support the domain then the loopback (lo) interface is used as the default. --udp-lite use the UDP-Lite (RFC 3828) protocol (only for ipv4 and ipv6 domains). --udp-ops N stop udp stress workers after N bogo operations. --udp-port P start at port P. For N udp worker processes, ports P to P - 1 are used. By default, ports 7000 upwards are used. UDP flooding stressor --udp-flood N start N workers that attempt to flood the host with UDP packets to random ports. The IP address of the packets are currently not spoofed. This is only available on systems that support AF_PACKET. --udp-flood-domain D specify the domain to use, the default is ipv4. Currently ipv4 and ipv6 are supported. --udp-flood-if NAME use network interface NAME. If the interface NAME does not ex- ist, is not up or does not support the domain then the loopback (lo) interface is used as the default. --udp-flood-ops N stop udp-flood stress workers after N bogo operations. File umask stressor --umask N start N workers that exercise setting umask and creating/fs- tat'ing/closing/unlinking a file and checking the file mode is set correctly. This exercises umask mask values from octal 0000 to 0777 inclusive. --umask-ops N stop after N rounds of exercising umask values 0000 to 0777. Umount stressor --umount N start N workers that exercise mounting and racying unmounting of small tmpfs and ramfs file systems. Three child processes are invoked, one to mount, another to force umount and a third to exercise /proc/mounts. Small random delays are used between mount and umount calls to try to trigger race conditions on the umount calls. --umount-ops N stop umount workers after N successful bogo mount/umount opera- tions. Unlink stressor --unlink N start N workers that each run 4 processes per worker that cre- ate, open, unlink and close 1024 files in randomized order to exercise unlinking (removal) of files. This attempts to create races on file creation, linking and unlinking. --unlink-ops N stop after N bogo rounds of unlink operations on 1024 files by the controlling worker. Unshare stressor (Linux) --unshare N start N workers that each fork off 32 child processes, each of which exercises the unshare(2) system call by disassociating parts of the process execution context. (Linux only). --unshare-ops N stop after N bogo unshare operations. Uprobe stressor (Linux) --uprobe N start N workers that trace the entry to libc function getpid(2) using the Linux uprobe kernel tracing mechanism. This requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN capabilities and a modern Linux uprobe capable kernel. --uprobe-ops N stop uprobe tracing after N trace events of the function that is being traced. /dev/urandom stressor (Linux) -u N, --urandom N start N workers reading /dev/urandom (Linux only). This will load the kernel random number source. --urandom-ops N stop urandom stress workers after N urandom bogo read opera- tions (Linux only). Page faults stressor (Linux) --userfaultfd N start N workers that generate write page faults on a small anonymously mapped memory region and handle these faults using the user space fault handling via the userfaultfd(2) mechanism. This will generate a large quantity of major page faults and also context switches during the handling of the page faults. (Linux only). --userfaultfd-bytes N mmap N bytes per userfaultfd worker to page fault on, the de- fault is 16 MB. One can specify the size as % of total avail- able memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes us- ing the suffix b, k, m or g. --userfaultfd-ops N stop userfaultfd stress workers after N page faults. SYGSYS stressor --usersyscall N start N workers that exercise the Linux prctl userspace system call mechanism. A userspace system call is handled by a SIGSYS signal handler and exercised with the system call disabled (ENOSYS) and enabled (via SIGSYS) using prctl PR_SET_SYSCALL_USER_DISPATCH. --usersyscall-ops N stop after N successful userspace syscalls via a SIGSYS signal handler. File timestamp stressor --utime N start N workers updating file timestamps. This is mainly CPU bound when the default is used as the system flushes metadata changes only periodically. --utime-fsync force metadata changes on each file timestamp update to be flushed to disk. This forces the test to become I/O bound and will result in many dirty metadata writes. --utime-ops N stop utime stress workers after N utime bogo operations. Varying load stressor --varyload N start N workers that vary the system load using 1 to N runnable varyload stressor instances. Depending on the --varyload-type the number of varyload instances running at any moment of time is changed to scale up or scale down the running load. Varyload instances are temporarily stopped and started by a controlling instance sending SIGSTOP and SIGCONT signals to these processes. --varyload-ops N stop ater N varyload 1ms bogo cycles --varyload-ms M vary the load every M milliseconds (from 1 to 3600000 millisec- onds). The load is changed based on the --varyload-type option. --varyload-sched P select the scheduler policy, may be one of batch, deadline, ext, fifo, idle, rr or other. --varyload-method M select CPU loading method. The available methods are described as follows: Method Description all randomly select any one of all the follow- ing methods: fma perform multiply-add operations, on modern processors these may be compiled into fused-multiply-add instructions. getpid get the stressor's PID via getpid(2). time get the current time via time(2). inc64 increment a 64 bit integer. memmove copy (move) a 1 MB buffer using mem- move(3). memread read from a 1 MB buffer using fast memory reads. memset write to a 1 MB buffer using memset(3). mcw64 compute 64 bit random numbers using a mwc random generator. nop waste cycles using no-op instructions. pause stop execution using CPU pause/yield or memory barrier instructions where avail- able. procname where possible, change the stressor process name. random a random mix of all the workload methods, changing the workload method on every spin-loop. sqrt perform double precision floating point sqrt(3) and hypot(3) math operations. vecfp perform multiplication and addition on a vector of 64 double precision floating point values. --varyload-type T select the varying load type. The available types are described as follows: Type Description all cycle through all the varyload types, running each type for 20 seconds at a time. brown repeatedly vary the load using brown noise, using random increment/decrement in load. triangle repeatedly vary the load from 1 up to N and then down to 1 in increments of 1. saw-inc repeatedly vary the load from 1 to N in increments of 1 and then directly back down to 1. saw-dec repeatedly vary the load from N down to 1 in decre- ments of 1 and then directly back up to N. pulse repeatedly vary the load directly from 1 to N and then directly back down to 1. random randomly select load in range 1..N. Virtual dynamic shared object stressor --vdso N start N workers that repeatedly call each of the system call functions in the vDSO (virtual dynamic shared object). The vDSO is a shared library that the kernel maps into the address space of all user-space applications to allow fast access to kernel data to some system calls without the need of performing an expensive system call. --vdso-func F Instead of calling all the vDSO functions, just call the vDSO function F. The functions depend on the kernel being used, but are typically clock_gettime(2), getcpu(2), gettimeofday(2) and time(2). --vdso-ops N stop after N vDSO functions calls. Vector integer comparison operations stressor --veccmp N start N workers that perform various unsigned integer math com- parison operations on various 128 bit vectors. A mix of integer vector comparison operations are performed on the following vectors: 16 x 8 bits, 8 x 16 bits, 4 x 32 bits, 2 x 64 bits and if supported 1 x 128 bits. The metrics produced by this mix de- pend on the processor architecture and the vector math optimi- sations produced by the compiler. --veccmp-ops N stop after N bogo vector integer comparison operations. Vector floating point operations stressor --vecfp N start N workers that exericise floating point (single and dou- ble precision) addition, multiplication, division and negation on vectors of 128, 64, 32, 16 and 8 floating point values. The -v option will show the approximate throughput in millions of floating pointer operations per second for each operation. For x86, the gcc/clang target clones attribute has been used to produced vector optimizations for a range of mmx, sse, avx and processor features. --vecfp-method method specify a vecfp stress method. By default, all the stress meth- ods are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one method to be used if required. Method Description all iterate through all of the following vector methods floatv128add addition of a vector of 128 single precision floating point values floatv64add addition of a vector of 64 single precision floating point values floatv32add addition of a vector of 32 single precision floating point values floatv16add addition of a vector of 16 single precision floating point values floatv8add addition of a vector of 8 single precision floating point values floatv128mul multiplication of a vector of 128 single preci- sion floating point values floatv64mul multiplication of a vector of 64 single preci- sion floating point values floatv32mul multiplication of a vector of 32 single preci- sion floating point values floatv16mul multiplication of a vector of 16 single preci- sion floating point values floatv8mul multiplication of a vector of 8 single precision floating point values floatv128div division of a vector of 128 single precision floating point values floatv64div division of a vector of 64 single precision floating point values floatv32div division of a vector of 32 single precision floating point values floatv16div division of a vector of 16 single precision floating point values floatv8div division of a vector of 8 single precision floating point values doublev128add addition of a vector of 128 double precision floating point values doublev64add addition of a vector of 64 double precision floating point values doublev32add addition of a vector of 32 double precision floating point values doublev16add addition of a vector of 16 double precision floating point values doublev8add addition of a vector of 8 double precision floating point values doublev128mul multiplication of a vector of 128 double preci- sion floating point values doublev64mul multiplication of a vector of 64 double preci- sion floating point values doublev32mul multiplication of a vector of 32 double preci- sion floating point values doublev16mul multiplication of a vector of 16 double preci- sion floating point values doublev8mul multiplication of a vector of 8 double precision floating point values doublev128div division of a vector of 128 double precision floating point values doublev64div division of a vector of 64 double precision floating point values doublev32div division of a vector of 32 double precision floating point values doublev16div division of a vector of 16 double precision floating point values doublev8div division of a vector of 8 double precision floating point values doublev128neg negation of a vector of 128 double precision floating point values doublev64neg negation of a vector of 64 double precision floating point values doublev32neg negation of a vector of 32 double precision floating point values doublev16neg negation of a vector of 16 double precision floating point values doublev8neg negation of a vector of 8 double precision floating point values --vecfp-ops N stop after N vector floating point bogo-operations. Each bogo- op is equivalent to 65536 loops of 2 vector operations. For ex- ample, one bogo-op on a 16 wide vector is equivalent to 65536 x 2 x 16 floating point operations. Vector math operations stressor --vecmath N start N workers that perform various unsigned integer math op- erations on various 128 bit vectors. A mix of vector math oper- ations are performed on the following vectors: 16 x 8 bits, 8 x 16 bits, 4 x 32 bits, 2 x 64 bits and where supported 1 x 128 bits. The metrics produced by this mix depend on the processor architecture and the vector math optimisations produced by the compiler. --vecmath-ops N stop after N bogo vector integer math operations. Shuffled vector math operations stressor --vecshuf N start N workers that shuffle data on various 64 byte vectors comprised of 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 bit unsigned integers. The integers are shuffled around the vector with 4 shuffle opera- tions per loop, 65536 loops make up one bogo-op of shuffling. The data shuffling rates and shuffle operation rates are logged when using the -v option. This stressor exercises vector load, shuffle/permute, packing/unpacking and store operations. --vecshuf-method method specify a vector shuffling stress method. By default, all the stress methods are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one method to be used if required. Method Description all iterate through all of the following vector methods u8x64 shuffle a vector of 64 unsigned 8 bit integers u16x32 shuffle a vector of 32 unsigned 16 bit integers u32x16 shuffle a vector of 16 unsigned 32 bit integers u64x8 shuffle a vector of 8 unsigned 64 bit integers u128x4 shuffle a vector of 4 unsigned 128 bit integers (when supported) --vecshuf-ops N stop after N bogo vector shuffle ops. One bogo-op is equavlent of 4 x 65536 vector shuffle operations on 64 bytes of vector data. Wide vector math operations stressor --vecwide N start N workers that perform various 8 bit math operations on vectors of 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 and 2048 bytes. With the -v option the relative compute performance vs the expected compute performance based on total run time is shown for the first vecwide worker. The vecwide stressor exer- cises various processor vector instruction mixes and how well the compiler can map the vector operations to the target in- struction set. --vecwide-ops N stop after N bogo vector operations (2048 iterations of a mix of vector instruction operations). File based authenticy protection (verity) stressor --verity N start N workers that exercise read-only file based authenticy protection using the verity ioctls FS_IOC_ENABLE_VERITY and FS_IOC_MEASURE_VERITY. This requires file systems with verity support (currently ext4 and f2fs on Linux) with the verity fea- ture enabled. The test attempts to creates a small file with multiple small extents and enables verity on the file and veri- fies it. It also checks to see if the file has verity enabled with the FS_VERITY_FL bit set on the file flags. --verity-ops N stop the verity workers after N file create, enable verity, check verity and unlink cycles. vfork stressor --vfork N start N workers continually vforking children that immediately exit. --vfork-max P create P processes and then wait for them to exit per itera- tion. The default is just 1; higher values will create many temporary zombie processes that are waiting to be reaped. One can potentially fill up the process table using high values for --vfork-max and --vfork. --vfork-ops N stop vfork stress workers after N bogo operations. vfork processes as much as possible stressor --vforkmany N start N workers that spawn off a chain of vfork children until the process table fills up and/or vfork fails. vfork can rapidly create child processes and the parent process has to wait until the child dies, so this stressor rapidly fills up the process table. --vforkmany-ops N stop vforkmany stressors after N vforks have been made. --vforkmany-vm enable detrimental performance virtual memory advice using mad- vise(2) on all pages of the vforked process. Where possible this will try to set every page in the new process with using madvise(2) MADV_MERGEABLE, MADV_WILLNEED, MADV_HUGEPAGE and MADV_RANDOM flags. Linux only. --vforkmany-vm-bytes N mmap N bytes per vm worker for more memory pressure, the de- fault is 64 MB. This also enables the --vforkmany-vm option. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. Memory allocate and write stressor -m N, --vm N start N workers continuously calling mmap(2)/munmap(2) and writing to the allocated memory. Note that this can cause sys- tems to trip the kernel OOM killer on Linux systems if not enough physical memory and swap is not available. --vm-bytes N mmap N bytes in total, this is shared by each vm worker, the default is 256 MB. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --vm-flush cache flush mapped memory after each memory region has been completely written to. --vm-hang N sleep N seconds before unmapping memory, the default is zero seconds. Specifying 0 will do an infinite wait. --vm-keep do not continually unmap and map memory, just keep on re-writ- ing to it. --vm-locked Lock the pages of the mapped region into memory using mmap MAP_LOCKED (since Linux 2.5.37). This is similar to locking memory as described in mlock(2). --vm-madvise advice Specify the madvise `advice' option used on the memory mapped regions used in the vm stressor. Non-linux systems will only have the `normal' madvise advice, linux systems support `col- lapse', `dontneed', `hugepage', `mergeable' , `nohugepage', `normal', `random', `sequential', `unmergeable' and `willneed' advice. If this option is not used then the default is to pick random madvise advice for each mmap call. See madvise(2) for more details. --vm-method method specify a vm stress method. By default, all the stress methods are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one method to be used if required. Each of the vm workers have 3 phases: 1. Initialised. The anonymously memory mapped region is set to a known pattern. 2. Exercised. Memory is modified in a known predictable way. Some vm workers alter memory sequentially, some use small or large strides to step along memory. 3. Checked. The modified memory is checked to see if it matches the expected result. The vm methods containing `prime' in their name have a stride of the largest prime less than 2^64, allowing to them to thor- oughly step through memory and touch all locations just once while also doing without touching memory cells next to each other. This strategy exercises the cache and page non-locality. Since the memory being exercised is virtually mapped then there is no guarantee of touching page addresses in any particular physical order. These workers should not be used to test that all the system's memory is working correctly either, use tools such as memtest86 instead. The vm stress methods are intended to exercise memory in ways to possibly find memory issues and to try to force thermal er- rors. Available vm stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the vm stress methods as listed below. cache-lines work through memory in 64 byte cache sized steps writing a single byte per cache line. Once the write is complete, the memory is read to verify the values are written correctly. cache-stripe work through memory in 64 byte cache sized chunks, writing in ascending address order on even offsets and descending address order on odd offsets. checkerboard work through memory writing alternative zero/one bit values into memory in a mixed checkerboard pattern. Memory is swapped around to ensure every bit is read, bit flipped and re-written and then re-read for verification. flip sequentially work through memory 8 times, each time just one bit in memory flipped (inverted). This will effectively invert each byte in 8 passes. fwdrev write to even addressed bytes in a forward direc- tion and odd addressed bytes in reverse direc- tion. rhe contents are sanity checked once all the addresses have been written to. galpat-0 galloping pattern zeros. This sets all bits to 0 and flips just 1 in 4096 bits to 1. It then checks to see if the 1s are pulled down to 0 by their neighbours or of the neighbours have been pulled up to 1. galpat-1 galloping pattern ones. This sets all bits to 1 and flips just 1 in 4096 bits to 0. It then checks to see if the 0s are pulled up to 1 by their neighbours or of the neighbours have been pulled down to 0. gray fill the memory with sequential gray codes (these only change 1 bit at a time between adjacent bytes) and then check if they are set correctly. grayflip fill memory with adjacent bytes of gray code and inverted gray code pairs to change as many bits at a time between adjacent bytes and check if these are set correctly. incdec work sequentially through memory twice, the first pass increments each byte by a specific value and the second pass decrements each byte back to the original start value. The increment/decrement value changes on each invocation of the stressor. inc-nybble initialise memory to a set value (that changes on each invocation of the stressor) and then sequen- tially work through each byte incrementing the bottom 4 bits by 1 and the top 4 bits by 15. lfsr32 fill memory with values generated from a 32 bit Galois linear feedback shift register using the polynomial x^32 + x^31 + x^29 + x + 1. This gen- erates a ring of 2^32 - 1 unique values (all 32 bit values except for 0). modulo-x fill memory over 23 iterations. Each iteration starts one byte further along from the start of the memory and steps along in 23 byte strides. In each stride, the first byte is set to a random pattern and all other bytes are set to the in- verse. Then it checks see if the first byte con- tains the expected random pattern. This exercises cache store/reads as well as seeing if neighbour- ing cells influence each other. move-inv sequentially fill memory 64 bits of memory at a time with random values, and then check if the memory is set correctly. Next, sequentially in- vert each 64 bit pattern and again check if the memory is set as expected. mscan fill each bit in each byte with 1s then check these are set, fill each bit in each byte with 0s and check these are clear. one-zero set all memory bits to one and then check if any bits are not one. Next, set all the memory bits to zero and check if any bits are not zero. prime-0 iterate 8 times by stepping through memory in very large prime strides clearing just on bit at a time in every byte. Then check to see if all bits are set to zero. prime-1 iterate 8 times by stepping through memory in very large prime strides setting just on bit at a time in every byte. Then check to see if all bits are set to one. prime-gray-0 first step through memory in very large prime strides clearing just on bit (based on a gray code) in every byte. Next, repeat this but clear the other 7 bits. Then check to see if all bits are set to zero. prime-gray-1 first step through memory in very large prime strides setting just on bit (based on a gray code) in every byte. Next, repeat this but set the other 7 bits. Then check to see if all bits are set to one. prime-incdec step through memory in large prime steps incre- menting bytes and then re-do again decrementing bytes. rand-set sequentially work through memory in 64 bit chunks setting bytes in the chunk to the same 8 bit ran- dom value. The random value changes on each chunk. Check that the values have not changed. rand-sum sequentially set all memory to random values and then summate the number of bits that have changed from the original set values. read64 sequentially read memory using 32 x 64 bit reads per bogo loop. Each loop equates to one bogo op- eration. This exercises raw memory reads. ror fill memory with a random pattern and then se- quentially rotate 64 bits of memory right by one bit, then check the final load/rotate/stored val- ues. rowhammer try to force memory corruption using the rowham- mer memory stressor. This fetches two 32 bit in- tegers from memory and forces a cache flush on the two addresses multiple times. This has been known to force bit flipping on some hardware, es- pecially with lower frequency memory refresh cy- cles. swap fill memory in 64 byte chunks with random pat- terns. Then swap each 64 chunk with a randomly chosen chunk. Finally, reverse the swap to put the chunks back to their original place and check if the data is correct. This exercises adjacent and random memory load/stores. walk-0a in the given memory mapping, work through a range of specially chosen addresses working through ad- dress lines to see if any address lines are stuck low. This works best with physical memory ad- dressing, however, exercising these virtual ad- dresses has some value too. walk-0d for each byte in memory, walk through each data line setting them to low (and the others are set high) and check that the written value is as ex- pected. This checks if any data lines are stuck. walk-1a in the given memory mapping, work through a range of specially chosen addresses working through ad- dress lines to see if any address lines are stuck high. This works best with physical memory ad- dressing, however, exercising these virtual ad- dresses has some value too. walk-1d for each byte in memory, walk through each data line setting them to high (and the others are set low) and check that the written value is as ex- pected. This checks if any data lines are stuck. walk-flush walk through memory a byte at a time writ- ing/flushing/reading 8 bytes of incrementing 8 bit data. For architectures that support user space cache flushing this will cause high data cache miss rates. write64 sequentially write to memory using 32 x 64 bit writes per bogo loop. Each loop equates to one bogo operation. This exercises raw memory writes. Note that memory writes are not checked at the end of each test iteration. write64ds sequentially write to memory using 32 x 64 bit direct store writes per bogo loop. Each loop equates to one bogo operation. This exercises cacheless write combining (WC) memory type proto- col for memory writes and is only available on x86 systems with the movediri instruction built with gcc and clang compilers. Note that memory writes are not checked at the end of each test iteration. write64nt sequentially write to memory using 32 x 64 bit non-temporal writes per bogo loop. Each loop equates to one bogo operation. This exercises cacheless raw memory writes and is only available on x86 sse2 capable systems built with gcc and clang compilers. Note that memory writes are not checked at the end of each test iteration. write1024v sequentially write to memory using 1 x 1024 bit vector write per bogo loop (only available if the compiler supports vector types). Each loop equates to one bogo operation. This exercises raw memory writes. Note that memory writes are not checked at the end of each test iteration. wrrd128nt write to memory in 128 bit chunks using non-tem- poral writes (bypassing the cache). Each chunk is written 4 times to hammer the memory. Then check to see if the data is correct using non- temporal reads if they are available or normal memory reads if not. Only available with proces- sors that provide non-temporal 128 bit writes. zero-one set all memory bits to zero and then check if any bits are not zero. Next, set all the memory bits to one and check if any bits are not one. --vm-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --vm-ops N stop vm workers after N bogo operations. --vm-populate populate (prefault) page tables for the memory mappings; this can stress swapping. Only available on systems that support MAP_POPULATE (since Linux 2.5.46). Virtual memory addressing stressor --vm-addr N start N workers that exercise virtual memory addressing using various methods to walk through a memory mapped address range. This will exercise mapped private addresses from 8 MB to 64 MB per worker and try to generate cache and TLB inefficient ad- dressing patterns. Each method will set the memory to a random pattern in a write phase and then sanity check this in a read phase. --vm-addr-method method specify a vm address stress method. By default, all the stress methods are exercised sequentially, however one can specify just one method to be used if required. Available vm address stress methods are described as follows: Method Description all iterate over all the vm stress methods as listed be- low. bitposn iteratively write to memory in powers of 2 strides of max_stride to 1 and then read check memory in powers of 2 strides 1 to max_stride where max_stride is half the size of the memory mapped region. All bit posi- tions of the memory address space are bit flipped in the striding. dec work through the address range backwards sequentially, byte by byte. decinv like dec, but with all the relevant address bits in- verted. flip address memory using gray coded addresses and their inverse to flip as many address bits per write/read operation gray work through memory with gray coded addresses so that each change of address just changes 1 bit compared to the previous address. grayinv like gray, but with the all relevant address bits in- verted, hence all bits change apart from 1 in the ad- dress range. inc work through the address range forwards sequentially, byte by byte. incinv like inc, but with all the relevant address bits in- verted. pwr2 work through memory addresses in steps of powers of two. pwr2inv like pwr2, but with the all relevant address bits in- verted. rev work through the address range with the bits in the address range reversed. revinv like rev, but with all the relevant address bits in- verted. --vm-addr-mlock attempt to mlock(2) pages into memory causing more memory pres- sure by preventing pages from swapped out. --vm-addr-numa assign memory mapped pages to randomly selected NUMA nodes. This is disabled for systems that do not support NUMA. --vm-addr-ops N stop N workers after N bogo addressing passes. Memory transfer between parent and child processes stressor (Linux) --vm-rw N start N workers that transfer memory to/from a parent/child us- ing process_vm_writev(2) and process_vm_readv(2). This is fea- ture is only supported on Linux. Memory transfers are only verified if the --verify option is enabled. --vm-rw-bytes N mmap N bytes per vm-rw worker, the default is 16 MB. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --vm-rw-ops N stop vm-rw workers after N memory read/writes. Memory unmap from a child process stressor --vm-segv N start N workers that create a child process that unmaps its ad- dress space causing a SIGSEGV on return from the unmap. --vm-segv-ops N stop after N bogo vm-segv SIGSEGV faults. Vmsplice stressor (Linux) --vm-splice N move data from memory to /dev/null through a pipe without any copying between kernel address space and user address space us- ing vmsplice(2) and splice(2). This is only available for Linux. --vm-splice-bytes N transfer N bytes per vmsplice call, the default is 64 K. One can specify the size as % of total available memory or in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. --vm-splice-ops N stop after N bogo vm-splice operations. Virtual Memory Area (VMA) stressor --vma N start M workers that create pthreads to mmap(2), munmap(2), mlock(2), munlock(2), madvise(2), msync(2), mprotect(2), min- core(2) and access 32 pages in a randomly selected virtual mem- ory address space. This is designed to trip races on VMA page modifications. Every 15 seconds a different virtual address space is randomly chosen. --vma-ops N stop the vma stressors after N successful memory mappings. Vector neural network instructions stressor --vnni N start N workers that exercise vector neural network instruc- tions (VNNI) used in convolutional neural network loops. A 256 byte vector is operated upon using 8 bit multiply with 16 bit summation, 16 bit multiply and 32 bit summation, and 8 bit sum- mation. When processor features allow, these operations using 512, 256 and 128 bit vector operations. Generic non-vectorized code variants also provided (which may be vectorized by more advanced optimising compilers). --vnni-intrinsic just use the vnni methods that use intrinsic VNNI instructions and ignore the generic non-vectorized methods. --vnni-method N select the VNNI method to be exercised, may be one of: Method Description all exercise all the following VNNI methods vpaddb512 8 bit vector addition using 512 bit vector opera- tions on 64 x 8 bit integers, (x86 vpaddb) vpaddb256 8 bit vector addition using 256 bit vector opera- tions on 32 x 8 bit integers, (x86 vpaddb) vpaddb128 8 bit vector addition using 128 bit vectors opera- tions on 32 x 8 bit integers, (x86 vpaddb) vpaddb 8 bit vector addition using 8 bit sequential addi- tion (may be vectorized by the compiler) vpdpbusd512 8 bit vector multiplication of unsigned and signed 8 bit values followed by 16 bit summation using 512 bit vector operations on 64 x 8 bit integers, (x86 vpdpbusd) vpdpbusd256 8 bit vector multiplication of unsigned and signed 8 bit values followed by 16 bit summation using 256 bit vector operations on 32 x 8 bit integers, (x86 vpdpbusd) vpdpbusd128 8 bit vector multiplication of unsigned and signed 8 bit values followed by 16 bit summation using 128 bit vector operations on 32 x 8 bit integers, (x86 vpdpbusd) vpdpbusd 8 bit vector multiplication of unsigned and signed 8 bit values followed by 16 bit summation using sequential operations (may be vectorized by the compiler) vpdpwssd512 16 bit vector multiplication of unsigned and signed 16 bit values followed by 32 bit summation using 512 bit vector operations on 64 x 8 bit in- tegers, (x86 vpdpwssd) vpdpwssd256 16 bit vector multiplication of unsigned and signed 16 bit values followed by 32 bit summation using 256 bit vector operations on 64 x 8 bit in- tegers, (x86 vpdpwssd) vpdpwssd128 16 bit vector multiplication of unsigned and signed 16 bit values followed by 32 bit summation using 128 bit vector operations on 64 x 8 bit in- tegers, (x86 vpdpwssd) vpdpwssd 16 bit vector multiplication of unsigned and signed 16 bit values followed by 32 bit summation using sequential operations (may be vectorized by the compiler) --vnni-ops N stop after N bogo VNNI computation operations. 1 bogo-op is equivalent to 1024 convolution loops operating on 256 bytes of data. Pausing and resuming threads stressor --wait N start N workers that spawn off two children; one spins in a pause(2) loop, the other continually stops and continues the first. The controlling process waits on the first child to be resumed by the delivery of SIGCONT using waitpid(2) and waitid(2). --wait-ops N stop after N bogo wait operations. CPU wait instruction stressor --waitcpu N start N workers that exercise processor wait instructions. For x86 these are pause, tpause and umwait (when available) and nop. For ARM the yield instruction is used. For PPC64 the yield, mdoio and mdooom instructions are used. For RISC-V the pause instruction is used. For Loong64 the dbar instruction is used. For other architectures no-op instructions are used. --waitcpu-ops N stop after N bogo processor wait operations. Watchdog stressor --watchdog N start N workers that exercising the /dev/watchdog watchdog in- terface by opening it, perform various watchdog specific ioctl(2) commands on the device and close it. Before closing the special watchdog magic close message is written to the de- vice to try and force it to never trip a watchdog reboot after the stressor has been run. Note that this stressor needs to be run as root with the --pathological option and is only avail- able on Linux. --watchdog-ops N stop after N bogo operations on the watchdog device. Libc wide characterstring function stressor --wcs N start N workers that exercise various libc wide character string functions on random strings. --wcs-method wcsfunc select a specific libc wide character string function to stress. Available string functions to stress are: all, wc- scasecmp, wcscat, wcschr, wcscoll, wcscmp, wcscpy, wcslen, wc- sncasecmp, wcsncat, wcsncmp, wcsrchr and wcsxfrm. The `all' method is the default and will exercise all the string methods. --wcs-ops N stop after N bogo wide character string operations. scheduler workload stressor --workload N start N workers that exercise the scheduler with items of work that are started at random times with random sleep delays be- tween work items. By default a 100000 microsecond slice of time has 100 work items that start at random times during the slice. The work items by default run for a quanta of 1000 microseconds scaled by the percentage work load (default of 30%). For a slice of S microseconds and a work item quanta duration of Q microseconds, S / Q work items are executed per slice. For a work load of L percent, the run time per item is the quanta Q x L / 100 microseconds. The --workload-threads option allows work items to be taken from a queue and run concurrently if the scheduling run times overlap. If a work item is already running when a new work item is scheduled to run then the new work item is delayed and starts directly after the completion of the currently running work item when running with the default of zero worker threads. This emulates bursty scheduled compute, such as handling input packets where one may have lots of work items bunched together or with random unpredictable delays between work items. --workload-load L specify the percentage run time load of each work item with re- spect to the run quanta duration. Essentially the run duration of each work item is the quanta duration Q x L / 100. --workload-method method select the workload method. Each quanta of execution time is consumed using a tight spin-loop executing a workload method. The available methods are described as follows: Method Description all randomly select any one of all the follow- ing methods: fma perform multiply-add operations, on modern processors these may be compiled into fused-multiply-add instructions. getpid get the stressor's PID via getpid(2). time get the current time via time(2). inc64 increment a 64 bit integer. memmove copy (move) a 1 MB buffer using mem- move(3). memread read from a 1 MB buffer using fast memory reads. memset write to a 1 MB buffer using memset(3). mcw64 compute 64 bit random numbers using a mwc random generator. nop waste cycles using no-op instructions. pause stop execution using CPU pause/yield or memory barrier instructions where avail- able. procname where possible, change the stressor process name. random a random mix of all the workload methods, changing the workload method on every spin-loop. sqrt perform double precision floating point sqrt(3) and hypot(3) math operations. vecfp perform multiplication and addition on a vector of 64 double precision floating point values. --workload-sched [ batch | deadline | ext | fifo | idle | other | rr ] select scheduling policy. Note that deadline, fifo and rr re- quire root privilege. --workload-slice-us S specify the duration of each scheduling slice in microseconds. The default is 100000 microseconds (0.1 seconds). --workload-quanta-us Q specify the duration of each work item in microseconds. The de- fault is 1000 microseconds (1 millisecond). --workload-threads N use N process threads to take scheduler work items of a workqueue and run the work item (default is 2). When N is 0, no threads are used and the work items are run back-to-back se- quentially without using work queue. Using more than 2 threads allows work items to be handled concurrently if enough idle processors are available. --workload-dist [ cluster | even | poisson | random1 | random2 | ran- dom3 ] specify the scheduling distribution of work items, the default is cluster. The distribution methods are described as follows: Method Description cluster cluster 2/3 of the start times to try to start at the random time during the time slice, with the other 1/3 of start times evenly randomly distributed using a single random variable. The clustered start times causes a burst of items to be scheduled in a bunch with no delays between each clustered work item. even evenly distribute scheduling start times across the workload slice poisson generate scheduling events that occur individually at random moments, but which tend to occur at an average rate (known as a Poisson process). random1 evenly randomly distribute scheduling start times us- ing a single random variable. random2 randomly distribute scheduling start times using a sum of two random variables, much like throwing 2 dice. random3 randomly distribute scheduling start times using a sum of three random variables, much like throwing 3 dice. --workload-ops N stop the workload workers after N workload bogo-operations. x86 cpuid stressor --x86cpuid N start N workers that exercise the x86 cpuid instruction with 18 different leaf types. --x86cpuid-ops N stop after N iterations that exercise the different cpuid leaf types. x86-64 syscall stressor (Linux) --x86syscall N start N workers that repeatedly exercise the x86-64 syscall in- struction to call the getcpu(2), geteuid(2), getgid(2), get- pid(2), gettimeofday(2) and time(2) system calls using the Linux vsyscall handler. Only for Linux. --x86syscall-func F Instead of exercising the 6 syscall system calls, just call the syscall function F. The function F must be one of getcpu, ge- teuid, getgid, getpid, gettimeofday or time. --x86syscall-ops N stop after N x86syscall system calls. Extended file attributes stressor --xattr N start N workers that create, update and delete batches of ex- tended attributes on a file. --xattr-ops N stop after N bogo extended attribute operations. Yield scheduling stressor -y N, --yield N start N workers that call sched_yield(2). This stressor ensures that at least 2 child processes per CPU exercise shield_yield(2) no matter how many workers are specified, thus always ensuring rapid context switching. --yield-ops N stop yield stress workers after N sched_yield(2) bogo opera- tions. --yield-procs N specify the number of child processes to run per stressor in- stance. The default is 2, range 1 to 65536. --yield-sched [ batch | deadline | ext | fifo | idle | other | rr ] select scheduling policy. Note that deadline, fifo and rr re- quire root privilege. /dev/zero stressor --zero N start N workers that exercise /dev/zero with read(2), lseek(2), ioctl(2) and mmap(2) calls. For just /dev/zero read benchmark- ing use the --zero-read option. --zero-ops N stop zero stress workers after N /dev/zero bogo read opera- tions. --zero-read just read /dev/zero with 4 K reads with no additional exercis- ing on /dev/zero. Zlib stressor --zlib N start N workers compressing and decompressing random data using zlib. Each worker has two processes, one that compresses random data and pipes it to another process that decompresses the data. This stressor exercises CPU, cache and memory. --zlib-level L specify the compression level (0..9), where 0 = no compression, 1 = fastest compression and 9 = best compression. --zlib-mem-level L specify the reserved compression state memory for zlib. De- fault is 8. Value 1 minimum memory usage. 9 maximum memory usage. --zlib-method method specify the type of random data to send to the zlib library. By default, the data stream is created from a random selection of the different data generation processes. However one can specify just one method to be used if required. Available zlib data generation methods are described as follows: Method Description 00ff randomly distributed 0x00 and 0xFF values. ascii01 randomly distributed ASCII 0 and 1 characters. asciidigits randomly distributed ASCII digits in the range of 0 and 9. bcd packed binary coded decimals, 0..99 packed into 2 4-bit nybbles. binary 32 bit random numbers. brown 8 bit brown noise (Brownian motion/Random Walk noise). double double precision floating point numbers from sin(<theta>). fixed data stream is repeated 0x04030201. gcr random values as 4 x 4 bit data turned into 4 x 5 bit group coded recording (GCR) patterns. Each 5 bit GCR value starts or ends with at most one zero bit so that concatenated GCR codes have no more than two zero bits in a row. gray 16 bit gray codes generated from an incrementing counter. inc16 16 bit incrementing values starting from a random 16 bit value. latin Random latin sentences from a sample of Lorem Ip- sum text. lehmer Fast random values generated using Lehmer's gener- ator using a 128 bit multiply. lfsr32 Values generated from a 32 bit Galois linear feed- back shift register using the polynomial x^32 + x^31 + x^29 + x + 1. This generates a ring of 2^32 - 1 unique values (all 32 bit values except for 0). logmap Values generated from a logistical map of the equation Xn+1 = r x Xn x (1 - Xn) where r > ~ 3.56994567 to produce chaotic data. The values are scaled by a large arbitrary value and the lower 8 bits of this value are compressed. lrand48 Uniformly distributed pseudo-random 32 bit values generated from lrand48(3). morse Morse code generated from random latin sentences from a sample of Lorem Ipsum text. nybble randomly distributed bytes in the range of 0x00 to 0x0f. objcode object code selected from a random start point in the stress-ng text segment. parity 7 bit binary data with 1 parity bit. pink pink noise in the range 0..255 generated using the Gardner method with the McCartney selection tree optimization. Pink noise is where the power spec- tral density is inversely proportional to the fre- quency of the signal and hence is slightly com- pressible. random segments of the data stream are created by ran- domly calling the different data generation meth- ods. rarely1 data that has a single 1 in every 32 bits, ran- domly located. rarely0 data that has a single 0 in every 32 bits, ran- domly located. rdrand generate random data using rdrand instruction (x86) or use 64 bit mwc psuedo-random number gen- erator for non-x86 systems. ror32 generate a 32 bit random value, rotate it right 0 to 7 places and store the rotated value for each of the rotations. text random ASCII text. utf8 random 8 bit data encoded to UTF-8. zero all zeros, compresses very easily. --zlib-ops N stop after N bogo compression operations, each bogo compression operation is a compression of 64 K of random data at the high- est compression level. --zlib-strategy S specifies the strategy to use when deflating data. This is used to tune the compression algorithm. Default is 0. Value 0 used for normal data (Z_DEFAULT_STRATEGY). 1 for data generated by a filter or predictor (Z_FILTERED) 2 forces huffman encoding (Z_HUFFMAN_ONLY). 3 Limit match distances to one run-length-encoding (Z_RLE). 4 prevents dynamic huffman codes (Z_FIXED). --zlib-stream-bytes S specify the amount of bytes to deflate until deflate should finish the block and return with Z_STREAM_END. One can specify the size in units of Bytes, KBytes, MBytes and GBytes using the suffix b, k, m or g. Default is 0 which creates and endless stream until stressor ends. Value 0 creates an endless deflate stream until stressor stops. n creates an stream of n bytes over and over again. Each block will be closed with Z_STREAM_END. --zlib-window-bits W specify the window bits used to specify the history buffer size. The value is specified as the base two logarithm of the buffer size (e.g. value 9 is 2^9 = 512 bytes). Default is 15. Value -8-(-15) raw deflate format. 8-15 zlib format. 24-31 gzip format. 40-47 inflate auto format detection using zlib deflate format. Zombie processes stressor --zombie N start N workers that create zombie processes. This will rapidly try to create a default of 8192 child processes that immedi- ately die and wait in a zombie state until they are reaped. Once the maximum number of processes is reached (or fork fails because one has reached the maximum allowed number of children) the oldest child is reaped and a new process is then created in a first-in first-out manner, and then repeated. --zombie-max N try to create as many as N zombie processes. This may not be reached if the system limit is less than N. --zombie-ops N stop zombie stress workers after N bogo zombie operations. EXAMPLES stress-ng --vm 8 --vm-bytes 80% -t 1h run 8 virtual memory stressors that combined use 80% of the avail- able memory for 1 hour. Thus each stressor uses 10% of the available memory. stress-ng --vm 50% -t 1h run virtual memory stressors on 50% of the number of online cpus for 1 hour. stress-ng --vm 200% -t 1h run virtual memory stressors on 2 times the number of online cpus for 1 hour. stress-ng --cpu 4 --io 2 --vm 1 --vm-bytes 1G --timeout 60s runs for 60 seconds with 4 cpu stressors, 2 io stressors and 1 vm stressor using 1 GB of virtual memory. stress-ng --iomix 2 --iomix-bytes 10% -t 10m runs 2 instances of the mixed I/O stressors using a total of 10% of the available file system space for 10 minutes. Each stressor will use 5% of the available file system space. stress-ng --with cpu,matrix,vecmath,fp --seq 8 -t 1m run 8 instances of cpu, matrix, vecmath and fp stressors sequen- tially one after another, for 1 minute per stressor. stress-ng --trig 25% --fp 50% --fma 25% -t 5m --verify run trigonometric function stressor on 25% of the online cpus, floating point stressor on 50% of the online cpus and fused-multi- ple-add stressor on 25% of the online cpus for 5 minutes and enable verification of results. stress-ng --with cpu,matrix,vecmath,fp --permute 5 -t 10s run permutations of 5 instances of cpu, matrix, vecmath and fp stressors sequentially one after another, for 10 seconds per permu- tation mix. stress-ng --cyclic 1 --cyclic-dist 2500 --cyclic-method clock_ns --cyclic-prio 100 --cyclic-sleep 10000 --hdd 0 -t 1m measures real time scheduling latencies created by the hdd stressor. This uses the high resolution nanosecond clock to measure latencies during sleeps of 10000 nanoseconds. At the end of 1 minute of stressing, the latency distribution with 2500 ns intervals will be displayed. NOTE: this must be run with the CAP_SYS_NICE capability to enable the real time scheduling to get accurate measurements. stress-ng --cpu 8 --cpu-ops 800000 runs 8 cpu stressors and stops after 800000 bogo operations. stress-ng --sequential 2 --timeout 2m --metrics run 2 simultaneous instances of all the stressors sequentially one by one, each for 2 minutes and summarise with performance metrics at the end. stress-ng --cpu 4 --cpu-method fft --cpu-ops 10000 --metrics-brief run 4 FFT cpu stressors, stop after 10000 bogo operations and pro- duce a summary just for the FFT results. stress-ng --cpu -1 --cpu-method all -t 1h --cpu-load 90 run cpu stressors on all online CPUs working through all the avail- able CPU stressors for 1 hour, loading the CPUs at 90% load capac- ity. stress-ng --cpu 0 --cpu-method all -t 20m run cpu stressors on all configured CPUs working through all the available CPU stressors for 20 minutes stress-ng --all 4 --timeout 5m run 4 instances of all the stressors for 5 minutes. stress-ng --random 64 run 64 stressors that are randomly chosen from all the available stressors. stress-ng --cpu 64 --cpu-method all --verify -t 10m --metrics-brief run 64 instances of all the different cpu stressors and verify that the computations are correct for 10 minutes with a bogo operations summary at the end. stress-ng --sequential -1 -t 10m run all the stressors one by one for 10 minutes, with the number of instances of each stressor matching the number of online CPUs. stress-ng --sequential 8 --class io -t 5m --times run all the stressors in the io class one by one for 5 minutes each, with 8 instances of each stressor running concurrently and show overall time utilisation statistics at the end of the run. stress-ng --class io\? show all the stressors in the io class sudo stress-ng --class scheduler --seq 0 -t 1m --taskset-random --progress --klog-check run all the scheduler exercising stressors sequentually on all on- line CPUs for 1 minute per stressor type, frequently changing the CPUs that the processes are running on, show progress and report any detected kernel issues. stress-ng --all -1 --maximize --aggressive run all the stressors (1 instance of each per online CPU) simultane- ously, maximize the settings (memory sizes, file allocations, etc.) and select the most demanding/aggressive options. stress-ng --all 8 --with cpu,hash,nop,vm --timeout 1m run 8 instances of cpu, hash, nop and vm stressors altogether for 1 minute. stress-ng --seq 8 --with cpu,hash,nop,vm --timeout 1m --progress run 8 instances of cpu, hash, nop and vm stressors one after another for 1 minute each and show the run progress. stress-ng --random 32 -x numa,hdd,key run 32 randomly selected stressors and exclude the numa, hdd and key stressors stress-ng --sequential 4 --class vm --exclude bigheap,brk,stack run 4 instances of the VM stressors one after another, excluding the bigheap, brk and stack stressors stress-ng --taskset 0,2-3 --cpu 3 run 3 instances of the CPU stressor and pin them to CPUs 0, 2 and 3. stress-ng --taskset odd --cpu 32 run 32 instances of the CPU stressor and pin them to odd numbered CPUs. EXIT STATUS Status Description 0 Success. 1 Error; incorrect user options or a fatal resource issue in the stress-ng stressor harness (for example, out of memory). 2 One or more stressors failed. 3 One or more stressors failed to initialise because of lack of resources, for example ENOMEM (no memory), ENOSPC (no space on file system) or a missing or unimplemented system call. 4 One or more stressors were not implemented on a specific ar- chitecture or operating system. 5 A stressor has been killed by an unexpected signal. 6 A stressor exited by exit(2) which was not expected and timing metrics could not be gathered. 7 The bogo ops metrics maybe untrustworthy. This is most likely to occur when a stress test is terminated during the update of a bogo-ops counter such as when it has been OOM killed. A less likely reason is that the counter ready indicator has been corrupted. BUGS File bug reports at: https://github.com/ColinIanKing/stress-ng/issues - please note that no support will be provided if stress-ng is packaged with- out this manual. SEE ALSO cpuburn(1), perf(1), stress(1), taskset(1) https://github.com/ColinIanKing/stress-ng/blob/master/README.md AUTHOR stress-ng was written by Colin Ian King <colin.i.king@gmail.com> and is a clean room re-implementation and extension of the original stress tool by Amos Waterland. Thanks also to the many contributors to stress-ng. The README.md file in the source contains a full list of the contributors. NOTES Sending a SIGALRM, SIGINT or SIGHUP to stress-ng causes it to terminate all the stressor processes and ensures temporary files and shared memory seg- ments are removed cleanly. Sending a SIGUSR2 to stress-ng will dump out the current load average and memory statistics. Note that the stress-ng cpu, io, vm and hdd tests are different implementa- tions of the original stress tests and hence may produce different stress characteristics. The bogo operations metrics may change with each release because of bug fixes to the code, new features, compiler optimisations, changes in support libraries or system call performance. COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2013-2021 Canonical Ltd, Copyright (C) 2021-2026 Colin Ian King. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. 31 December 2025 STRESS-NG(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | OPTIONS | OPTIONS | EXAMPLES | EXIT STATUS | BUGS | SEE ALSO | AUTHOR | NOTES | COPYRIGHT
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