TCPREWRITE(1) Tcpreplay Suite TCPREWRITE(1) NAME tcprewrite - Rewrite the packets in a pcap file. SYNOPSIS tcprewrite [OPTION]... DESCRIPTION Tcprewrite is a tool to rewrite packets stored in pcap(3) file format, such as created by tools such as tcpdump(1) and wireshark(1). Once a pcap file has had it's packets rewritten, they can be replayed back out on the net- work using tcpreplay(1). The timestamp resolution of the input is preserved: nanosecond pcap and pcapng input produce a nanosecond resolution pcap output file, everything else produces the classic microsecond format (requires libpcap >= 1.5.1). tcprewrite currently supports reading the following DLT types: DLT_C_HDLC aka Cisco HDLC DLT_EN10MB aka Ethernet DLT_LINUX_SLL aka Linux Cooked Socket DLT_LINUX_SLL2 aka Linux Cooked Socket v2 DLT_RAW aka RAW IP DLT_NULL aka BSD Loopback DLT_LOOP aka OpenBSD Loopback DLT_IEEE802_11 aka 802.11a/b/g DLT_IEEE802_11_RADIO aka 802.11a/b/g with Radiotap headers DLT_JUNIPER_ETHER aka Juniper Encapsulated Ethernet DLT_PPP_SERIAL aka PPP over Serial Please see the --dlt option for supported DLT types for writing. The packet editing features of tcprewrite which distinguish between "client" and "server" traffic requires a tcpprep(1) cache file. For more details, please see the Tcpreplay Manual at: http://tcpreplay.appneta.com OPTIONS -r, --portmap=string Rewrite TCP/UDP ports. May appear up to 9999 times. Specify a list of comma delimited port mappings consisting of colon de- limited port number pairs. Each colon delimited port pair consists of the port to match followed by the port number to rewrite. Examples: --portmap=80:8000 --portmap=8080:80 # 80->8000 and 8080->80 --portmap=8000,8080,88888:80 # 3 different ports become 80 --portmap=8000-8999:80 # ports 8000 to 8999 become 80 -s, --seed=number Randomize src/dst IPv4/v6 addresses w/ given seed. Cannot be combined with: --fuzz-seed. Causes the source and destination IPv4/v6 addresses to be pseudo ran- domized but still maintain client/server relationships. Since the ran- domization is deterministic based on the seed, you can reuse the same seed value to recreate the traffic. -N, --pnat=string Rewrite IPv4/v6 addresses using pseudo-NAT. May appear up to 2 times. Cannot be combined with: --srcipmap. Takes a comma delimited series of colon delimited CIDR netblock pairs. Each netblock pair is evaluated in order against the IP addresses. If the IP address in the packet matches the first netblock, it is rewrit- ten using the second netblock as a mask against the high order bits. IPv4 Example: --pnat=192.168.0.0/16:10.77.0.0/16,172.16.0.0/12:10.1.0.0/24 IPv6 Example: --pnat=[2001:db8::/32]:[dead::/16],[2001:db8::/32]:[::ffff:0:0/96] -S, --srcipmap=string Rewrite source IPv4/v6 addresses using pseudo-NAT. Cannot be combined with: --pnat. Works just like the --pnat option, but only affects the source IP ad- dresses in the IPv4/v6 header. -D, --dstipmap=string Rewrite destination IPv4/v6 addresses using pseudo-NAT. Cannot be com- bined with: --pnat. Works just like the --pnat option, but only affects the destination IP addresses in the IPv4/v6 header. -e, --endpoints=string Rewrite IP addresses to be between two endpoints. Requires: --cachefile. Takes a pair of colon delimited IPv4/v6 addresses which will be used to rewrite all traffic to appear to be between the two IP addresses. IPv4 Example: --endpoints=172.16.0.1:172.16.0.2 IPv6 Example: --endpoints=[2001:db8::dead:beef]:[::ffff:0:0:ac:f:0:2] --tcp-sequence=number Change TCP Sequence (and ACK) numbers /w given seed. Range: 1 to any. Default: 0. Change all TCP sequence numbers, and related sequence-acknowledgement numbers. They will be shifted by a random amount based on the provided seed. -b, --skipbroadcast Skip rewriting broadcast/multicast IPv4/v6 addresses. By default --seed, --pnat and --endpoints will rewrite broadcast and multicast IPv4/v6 and MAC addresses. Setting this flag will keep broadcast/multicast IPv4/v6 and MAC addresses from being rewritten. -C, --fixcsum Force recalculation of IPv4/TCP/UDP header checksums. Causes each IPv4/v6 packet to have their checksums recalculated and fixed. Automatically enabled for packets modified with --seed, --pnat, --endpoints or --fixlen. --fixhdrlen Alter IP/TCP header len to match packet length. By default, tcpreplay will send packets with the original packet length, However, you may want the packet length revised to minimum packet size. Using this option, tcpreplay will rewrite (fix) the packet length, and recalculate checksums when packet length changes. Caution: undesired packet changes may occur when this option is specified. -m, --mtu=number Override default MTU length (1500 bytes). Range: 1 to MAX_SNAPLEN. Override the default 1500 byte MTU size for determining the maximum padding length (--fixlen=pad) or when truncating (--mtu-trunc). --mtu-trunc Truncate packets larger then specified MTU. Similar to --fixlen, this option will truncate data in packets from Layer 3 and above to be no larger then the MTU. -E, --efcs Remove Ethernet checksums (FCS) from end of frames. Note, this option is pretty dangerous! We do not actually check to see if a FCS actually exists in the frame, we just blindly delete the last 4 bytes. Hence, you should only use this if you know know that your OS provides the FCS when reading raw packets. --ttl=string Modify the IPv4/v6 TTL/Hop Limit. Allows you to modify the TTL/Hop Limit of all the IPv4/v6 packets. Specify a number to hard-code the value or +/-value to increase or de- crease by the value provided (limited to 1-255). Examples: --ttl=10 --ttl=+7 --ttl=-64 --tos=number Set the IPv4 TOS/DiffServ/ECN byte. Range: 0 to 255. Allows you to override the TOS (also known as DiffServ/ECN) value in IPv4. --tclass=number Set the IPv6 Traffic Class byte. Range: 0 to 255. Allows you to override the IPv6 Traffic Class field. --flowlabel=number Set the IPv6 Flow Label. Range: 0 to 1048575. Allows you to override the 20bit IPv6 Flow Label field. Has no effect on IPv4 packets. -F, --fixlen=string Pad or truncate packet data to match header length. Packets may be truncated during capture if the snaplen is smaller then the packet. This option allows you to modify the packet to pad the packet back out to the size stored in the IPv4/v6 header or rewrite the IP header total length to reflect the stored packet length. pad Truncated packets will be padded out so that the packet length matches the IPv4 total length trunc Truncated packets will have their IPv4 total length field rewritten to match the actual packet length del Delete the packet --fuzz-seed=number Fuzz 1 in X packets. Edit bytes, length, or emulate packet drop. Range: 0 to any. Default: 0. This fuzzing was designed as to test layer 7 protocols such as voip protocols. It modifies randomly 1 out of X packets (where X = --fuzz-factor) in order for stateful protocols to cover more of their code. The random fuzzing actions focus on data start and end because it often is the part of the data application protocols base their deci- sions on. Possible fuzzing actions list: * drop packet * reduce packet size * edit packet Bytes: * Not all Bytes have the same probability of appearance in real life. Replace with 0x00, 0xFF, or a random byte with equal likelihood. * Not all Bytes have the same significance in a packet. Replace the start, the end, or the middle of the packet with equal likelihood. * do nothing (7 out of 8 packets) --fuzz-factor=number Set the Fuzz 1 in X packet ratio (default 1 in 8 packets). Range: 1 to any. Default: 8. Requires: --fuzz-seed. Sets the ratio of for --fuzz-seed option. By default this value is 8, which means 1 in 8 packets are modified by fuzzing. Note that this ra- tio is based on the random number generated by the supplied fuzz seed. Therefore by default you cannot expect that exactly every eighth packet will be modified. --skipl2broadcast Skip rewriting broadcast/multicast Layer 2 addresses. By default, editing Layer 2 addresses will rewrite broadcast and multi- cast MAC addresses. Setting this flag will keep broadcast/multicast MAC addresses from being rewritten. --dlt=string Override output DLT encapsulation. By default, no DLT (data link type) conversion will be made. To change the DLT type of the output pcap, select one of the following values: enet Ethernet aka DLT_EN10MB hdlc Cisco HDLC aka DLT_C_HDLC jnpr_eth Juniper Ethernet DLT_C_JNPR_ETHER pppserial PPP Serial aka DLT_PPP_SERIAL user User specified Layer 2 header and DLT type --enet-dmac=string Override destination ethernet MAC addresses. Takes a pair of comma deliminated ethernet MAC addresses which will re- place the destination MAC address of outbound packets. The first MAC address will be used for the server to client traffic and the optional second MAC address will be used for the client to server traffic. Example: --enet-dmac=00:12:13:14:15:16,00:22:33:44:55:66 --enet-smac=string Override source ethernet MAC addresses. Takes a pair of comma deliminated ethernet MAC addresses which will re- place the source MAC address of outbound packets. The first MAC address will be used for the server to client traffic and the optional second MAC address will be used for the client to server traffic. Example: --enet-smac=00:12:13:14:15:16,00:22:33:44:55:66 --enet-subsmac=string Substitute MAC addresses. May appear up to 9999 times. Allows you to rewrite ethernet MAC addresses of packets. It takes comma delimited pair or MACs address and rewrites all occurrences of the first MAC with the value of the second MAC. Example: --enet-subsmac=00:12:13:14:15:16,00:22:33:44:55:66 --enet-mac-seed=number Randomize MAC addresses. Cannot be combined with: --enet-smac, --enet-dmac, --enet-subsmac. Allows you to randomize ethernet MAC addresses of packets, mostly like what --seed option does for IPv4/IPv6 addresses. --enet-mac-seed-keep-bytes=number Randomize MAC addresses. Range: 1 to 6. Requires: --enet-mac-seed. Keep some bytes untouched when usinging --enet-mac-seed option. --enet-vlan=string Specify ethernet 802.1q VLAN tag mode. Allows you to rewrite ethernet frames to add a 802.1q header to stan- dard 802.3 ethernet headers or remove the 802.1q VLAN tag information. add Adds an 802.1q VLAN header to the existing 802.3 ethernet header. If a VLAN header already exists, a new VLAN header is added outside of the existing header. Note that you will be allowed to run this option multiple times to create more than 2 VLAN headers, however those packets will be valid. At most you should have 2 X 802.1q VLAN tags, or outer an 802.1ad and an inner 802.1q VLAN tag. del Rewrites the existing 802.1q VLAN header as an 802.3 ethernet header --enet-vlan-tag=number Specify the new ethernet 802.1q VLAN tag value. Range: 0 to 4095. Re- quires: --enet-vlan. Mandatory when --enet-vlan=add is used on packets that are not already VLAN tagged. --enet-vlan-cfi=number Specify the ethernet 802.1q VLAN CFI value. Range: 0 to 1. Requires: --enet-vlan. When omitted, the CFI bit of an existing VLAN header is preserved; a newly added tag on a previously untagged packet defaults to 0 (a one-time notice is printed). --enet-vlan-pri=number Specify the ethernet 802.1q VLAN priority. Range: 0 to 7. Requires: --enet-vlan. When omitted, the priority of an existing VLAN header is preserved; a newly added tag on a previously untagged packet defaults to 0 (a one-time notice is printed). --enet-vlan-proto=string Specify VLAN tag protocol 802.1q or 802.1ad. Allows you to specify the protocol of the added VLAN tags. 802.1q Specifies that 802.1q VLAN headers are to be added. This is the de- fault. 802.1ad Specifies that 802.1ad Q-in-Q VLAN headers are to be added. To make valid packets, input packets must already have 802.1q VLAN headers. --hdlc-control=number Specify HDLC control value. The Cisco HDLC header has a 1 byte "control" field. Apparently this should always be 0, but if you can use any 1 byte value. --hdlc-address=number Specify HDLC address. The Cisco HDLC header has a 1 byte "address" field which has two valid values: 0x0F Unicast 0xBF Broadcast You can however specify any single byte value. --user-dlt=number Set output file DLT type. Set the DLT value of the output pcap file. --user-dlink=string Rewrite Data-Link layer with user specified data. May appear up to 2 times. Provide a series of comma deliminated hex values which will be used to rewrite or create the Layer 2 header of the packets. The first instance of this argument will rewrite both server and client traffic, but if this argument is specified a second time, it will be used for the client traffic. Example: --user-dlink=01,02,03,04,05,06,00,1A,2B,3C,4D,5E,6F,08,00 -d, --dbug=number Enable debugging output. Range: 0 to 5. Default: 0. If configured with --enable-debug, then you can specify a verbosity level for debugging output. Higher numbers increase verbosity. -i, --infile=string Input pcap file to be processed. This option is required. -o, --outfile=string Output pcap file. This option is required. -c, --cachefile=string Split traffic via tcpprep cache file. Use tcpprep cache file to split traffic based upon client/server rela- tionships. -v, --verbose Print decoded packets via tcpdump to STDOUT. -A, --decode=string Arguments passed to tcpdump decoder. Requires: --verbose. When enabling verbose mode (-v) you may also specify one or more addi- tional arguments to pass to tcpdump to modify the way packets are de- coded. By default, -n and -l are used. Be sure to quote the arguments so that they are not interpreted by tcprewrite. Please see the tcp- dump(1) man page for a complete list of options. --fragroute=string Parse fragroute configuration file. Enable advanced evasion techniques using the built-in fragroute(8) en- gine. See the fragroute(8) man page for more details. Important: tcprewrite does not support the delay, echo or print commands. --fragdir=string Which flows to apply fragroute to: c2s, s2c, both. Requires: --cachefile. Apply the fragroute engine to packets going c2s, s2c or both when using a cache file. --skip-soft-errors Skip writing packets with soft errors. In some cases, packets can not be decoded or the requested editing is not possible. Normally these packets are written to the output file unedited so that tcpprep cache files can still be used, but if you wish, these packets can be suppressed. One example of this is 802.11 management frames which contain no data. -V, --version Print version information. -h, --less-help Display less usage information and exit. -w, --suppress-warnings suppress printing warning messages. -H, --help Display usage information and exit. --more-help Pass the extended usage information through a pager. --save-opts[=string] Save the current option state to a config file. --load-opts=string, --no-load-opts Load options from a config file; --no-load-opts disables this. OPTION PRESETS Any option that is not marked as not presettable may be preset by loading values from configuration ("RC" or ".INI") file(s). The homerc file is $$/, unless that is a directory; in that case .tcprewriterc is searched for within it. FILES See OPTION PRESETS for configuration files. EXIT STATUS One of the following exit values will be returned: 0 (EXIT_SUCCESS) Successful program execution. 1 (EXIT_FAILURE) The operation failed or the command syntax was not valid. 66 (EX_NOINPUT) A specified configuration file could not be loaded. 70 (EX_SOFTWARE) libopts had an internal operational error. Please report it to autogen-users@lists.sourceforge.net. Thank you. AUTHORS Copyright 2013-2026 Fred Klassen - AppNeta by Broadcom Copyright 2000-2012 Aaron Turner For support please use the tcpreplay-users@lists.sourceforge.net mailing list. The latest version of this software is always available from: http://tcpreplay.appneta.com/ COPYRIGHT Copyright (C) 2000-2026 Aaron Turner and Fred Klassen, all rights reserved. This program is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 3 or later. BUGS Please send bug reports to: tcpreplay-users@lists.sourceforge.net NOTES This manual page was generated from the tcprewrite option definitions. Tcpreplay Suite 2026-07-29 TCPREWRITE(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | OPTION PRESETS | FILES | EXIT STATUS | AUTHORS | COPYRIGHT | BUGS | NOTES
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