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unionfs(8) unionfs(8) NAME unionfs-fuse - A userspace unionfs implementation SYNOPSIS unionfs [-o option1 -o option2 ... -o optionN ] top_branch:lower_branch:...:lowest_branch mount_point DESCRIPTION unionfs overlays several directories into one single mount point. It first tries to access the file on the top branch and if the file does not exist there, it continues on lower level branches. If the user tries to modify a file on a lower level read-only branch while copy-on-write (cow) mode is enabled, the file will be copied to a higher level read-write branch. OPTIONS Below is a summary of unionfs options -o chroot=path Path to chroot into. By using this option, unionfs may be used for live CDs or live USB sticks, etc. So it can serve "/" as filesystem. If you do not specify this option and try to use it for "/", it will deadlock on calling 'pivot_root'. If you set this option, you also need to specify the branches relatively to the given chroot direc- tory. See examples/S01a-unionfs-live-cd.sh for an example. -o cow Enable copy-on-write -o hide_meta_files In our unionfs root path we have a .unionfs directory that includes metadata, such as hidden (deleted) files. This option makes this di- rectory invisible from readdir(), so for example ls -la /union_root will not show it. However, this directory is still there and cd .unionfs or ls -l .unionfs still work. Also, libfuse will create .fuse_hidden* files, if a file is open, but will be deleted. Those fuse meta files will be invisible as well. This option is especially useful for package builders. -d Enable debugging for unionfs and libfuse. Useful for developers if the code does not behave as expected. Debug information will be written to stderr and a debug file (./unionfs_debug.log by default). -o debug_file=file Write unionfs debug information into that file. -o max_files=number Maximum number of open files. Most systems have a default limit of 1024 open files per process. For example if unionfs serves "/", ap- plications like KDE or GNOME might have many open files, making the unionfs process reach this limit and unable to open further files. Suggested value for "/" is >16000 or even >32000 files. -o noinitgroups Since version 0.23 without any effect, just left over for compati- bility. Might be removed in future versions. -o relaxed_permissions Usually we automatically add the libfuse option -o default_permissions so that libfuse takes over permission checks. However, if running not as root (so as UID != 0 and GID != 0), per- missions on the underlying filesystem are already sufficient. In or- der to prevent severe security issues, this option is not allowed if running as root. -o statfs_omit_ro By default, blocks of all branches are counted in statfs() calls (e.g. by 'df'). With this option, read-only branches will be omitted from the summary of blocks. This may sound weird, but it actually fixes "wrong" percentage of free space. Options to libfuse There are several further options available, which don't directly apply to unionfs, but to libfuse. Please run unionfs --help to see these. We already set -o default_permissions option on our own. EXAMPLES unionfs -o cow,max_files=32768 \ -o allow_other,suid,dev,nonempty \ /u/host/etc=RW:/u/group/etc=RO:/u/common/etc=RO \ /u/union/etc Meta data Like other filesystems unionfs also needs to store meta data. Well, presently only information about deleted files and directories need to be stored, but in future releases more information might be required, e.g. inode-numbers for persistent inode information. Meta data information are saved and looked for in the .unionfs/ directories of each branch-root. So in the example above, these are /u/host/etc/.unionfs, /u/group/etc/.unionfs and /u/common/etc/.unionfs. Within these directories a complete directory structure may be found. Example: If the admin decides to delete the file /etc/test/testfile, which only exists in /u/unionfs/etc/test/testfile, unionfs can't delete this file, since it is on a read-only branch. So in- stead the whiteout file /u/host/etc/.unionfs/test/testfile_HIDDEN~ will be created. So on accessing the union filesystem, test/testfile will not be visible. Please also note that whiteout files/directories will only hide the files in lower level branches. So for example whiteouts in the group directory (/u/group/etc/.unionfs of the example above) will only hide file of the common branch (/u/common/etc), but not these of the group and host branches. Especially for diskless-booted environments it is rather useful for the admin to create whiteout files him/her-self. For example one should blacklist network re-initializations, /etc/mtab, /etc/nologin of the server and several cron-scripts. This can be easily achieved by creating whiteout files for these scripts in the group meta directory. KNOWN ISSUES 1) Another issue is that presently there is no support for read-only branches when copy-on-write is disabled, thus, -ocow is NOT specified! Support for that might be added in later releases. AUTHORS unionfs-fuse Original implementation by Radek Podgorny <radek@podgorny.cz> COPYRIGHT Radek Podgorny <radek@podgorny.cz>, Bernd Schubert <bernd-schubert@gmx.de> THANKS Many thanks to the author of the FUSE filesystem Miklos Szeredi. unionfs-fuse 3.7 2025 unionfs(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | EXAMPLES | Meta data | KNOWN ISSUES | AUTHORS | COPYRIGHT | THANKS
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