waypipe(1) General Commands Manual waypipe(1) NAME waypipe - A transparent proxy for Wayland applications SYNOPSIS waypipe [options...] ssh [ssh options] destination command... waypipe [options...] client waypipe [options...] server -- command... waypipe bench waypipe [--version] [-h, --help] [options...] = [-c, --compress C] [-d, --debug] [-n, --no-gpu] [-o, --oneshot] [-s, --socket S] [--display D] [--drm-node R] [--remote-node R] [--ssh-bin R] [--remote-bin R] [--remote-socket S] [--login-shell] [--threads T] [--title-prefix P] [--unlink-socket] [--video V] [--vsock] [--secctx S] [--xwls] DESCRIPTION Waypipe is a proxy for Wayland clients, with the aim of supporting behavior like ssh -X. Prefixing an ssh ... command to become waypipe ssh ... will automatically run waypipe both locally and remotely, and modify the ssh command to set up forwarding between the two instances of waypipe. The remote instance will act like a Wayland compositor, letting Wayland applications that are run remotely be displayed locally. When run as waypipe client, it will open a socket (by default at /tmp/wayp- ipe-client.sock) and will connect to the local Wayland compositor and for- ward all Wayland applications which were linked to it over the socket by a matching waypipe server instance. When run as waypipe server, it will run the command that follows in its command line invocation, set up its own Wayland compositor socket, and try to connect to its matching waypipe client socket (by default /tmp/waypipe- server.sock) and try to forward all the Wayland clients that connect to fake compositor socket to the matching waypipe client. The waypipe bench mode can be used to estimate which compression options produce the lowest latency, for a given connection bandwidth and number of threads. It tests two synthetic images, one made to be roughly as compress- ible as images containing text, and one made to be roughly as compressible as images containing pictures. OPTIONS -c C, --compress C Select the compression method applied to data transfers. Options are none (for high-bandwidth networks), lz4 (intermediate), zstd (slow con- nection). The default compression is lz4.a The compression level can be chosen by appending = followed by a number. For example, if C is zstd=7, waypipe will use level 7 Zstd compression. a Unless waypipe is built without LZ4 support, in which case the de- fault compression will be none. -d, --debug Print debug log messages. -h, --help Show help message and quit. -n, --no-gpu Block protocols like wayland-drm and linux-dmabuf which require access to e.g. render nodes. -o, --oneshot Only permit a single connection, and exit when it is closed. -s S, --socket S Use S as the path for the Unix socket. The default socket path for server mode is /tmp/waypipe-server.sock; for client mode, it is /tmp/waypipe-client.sock; and in ssh mode, S gives the prefix used by both the client and the server for their socket paths. (The actual socket paths in ssh mode add a randomized suffix to S.) The default prefix in ssh mode is /tmp/waypipe. When vsock is enabled use S to specify a CID and a port number. --version Briefly describe Waypipe's version and the features it was built with, then quit. Possible features: LZ4 compression support, ZSTD compression support, ability to transfer DMABUFs, video compression support. --display D For server or ssh mode, provide WAYLAND_DISPLAY and let waypipe config- ure its Wayland display socket to have a matching path. (If D is not an absolute path, the socket will be created in the folder given by the environment variable XDG_RUNTIME_DIR.) --drm-node R Specify the path R to the drm device that this instance of waypipe should use and (in server mode) notify connecting applications about. --remote-node R In ssh mode, specify the path R to the drm device that the remote in- stance of waypipe (running in server mode) should use. --ssh-bin R In ssh mode, specify the path R to the ssh binary, or its name if it is available in PATH. It defaults to ssh if this option isnat passed. --remote-bin R In ssh mode, specify the path R to the waypipe binary on the remote computer, or its name if it is available in PATH. It defaults to wayp- ipe if this option isnat passed. --remote-socket R In ssh mode, specify the prefix used by the remote waypipe server for its socket path. This overrides the --socket option, on the server side only. --login-shell Only for server mode; if no command is being run, open a login shell. --threads T Set the number of total threads (including the main thread) which a waypipe instance will create. These threads will be used to parallelize compression operations. This flag is passed on to waypipe server when given to waypipe ssh. The flag also controls the thread count for wayp- ipe bench. The default behavior (choosable by setting T to 0) is to use half as many threads as the computer has hardware threads available. --title-prefix P Prepend P to any window titles specified using the XDG shell protocol. In ssh mode, the prefix is applied only on the client side. --unlink-socket Only for server mode; on shutdown, unlink the Unix socket that waypipe connects to. --video V Compress specific DMABUF formats using a lossy video codec. Opaque, 10-bit, and multiplanar formats, among others, are not supported. V is a comma separated list of options to control the video encoding. (For example: --video av1,hw.) Later options supersede earlier ones. none Do not use video encoding. h264 Use H.264 encoded video. vp9 Use VP9 encoded video. av1 Use AV1 encoded video. sw, swenc, swdec Use software encoding or decoding, when available. hw, hwenc, hwdec Use hardware encoding or decoding, when available. bpf=B Set the target bit rate of the video encoder, in units of bits per frame. B can be written as an integer or with exponential notation; thus --video=bpf=7.5e5 is equivalent to --video=bpf=750000. --vsock Use vsock instead of unix sockets. This is used when waypipe is running in virtual machines. With this option enabled specify a CID and a port number in S. CID is only used in the server mode and can be omitted when connecting from a guest virtual machine to host. --secctx S Enable the Wayland security context protocol (client or ssh modes). Specify an application ID S that will be attached to the security con- text. --xwls Use xwayland-satellite to run X clients under Wayland; for server or ssh modes. This binds X display sockets for the next available display number and sets the DISPLAY environment variable for the program run under waypipe server. This option will only work if xwayland-satellite is installed and in PATH. --control C --hwvideo --allow-tiled Options present in older versions of Waypipe that were removed. EXAMPLE The following waypipe ssh subcommand will attempt to run weston-flower on the server exserv, displaying the result on the local system. waypipe ssh user@exserv weston-flower One can obtain similar behavior by explicitly running waypipe and ssh: waypipe --socket /tmp/socket-client client & ssh -R /tmp/socket-server:/tmp/socket-client user@exserv \ waypipe --socket /tmp/socket-server server -- weston-flower kill %1 Waypipe may be run locally without an SSH connection by specifying matching socket paths. For example: waypipe --socket /tmp/waypipe.sock client & waypipe --socket /tmp/waypipe.sock server weston-simple-dmabuf-egl kill %1 rm /tmp/waypipe.sock Using transports other than SSH is a bit more complicated. A recipe with ncat to connect to remote from computer local: $ waypipe --socket /tmp/waypipe-remote.sock client & $ ncat --ssl -lk 12345 --sh-exec 'ncat -U /tmp/waypipe-remote.sock' & $ ssh user@remote > ncat -lkU /tmp/waypipe-local.sock --sh-exec 'ncat --ssl local 12345' & > waypipe --display wayland-local \ --socket /tmp/waypipe-local.sock server -- sleep inf & > WAYLAND_DISPLAY=wayland-local application Given a certificate file, socat can also provide an encrypted connection (remove 'verify=0' to check certificates): $ waypipe --socket /tmp/waypipe-remote.sock client & $ socat openssl-listen:12345,reuseaddr,cert=certificate.pem,verify=0,fork \ unix-connect:/tmp/waypipe-remote.sock $ ssh user@remote > socat unix-listen:/tmp/waypipe-local.sock,reuseaddr,fork \ openssl-connect:local:12345,verify=0 & > waypipe --socket /tmp/waypipe-local.sock server -- application Many applications require specific environment variables to use Wayland in- stead of X11. If ssh isn't configured to support loading ~/.ssh/environ- ment, or to allow specific variables to be set with AcceptEnv/SetEnv, one can run waypipe ssh without a command (and thereby open a login shell), or use env to set the needed variables each time: waypipe ssh user@host env XDG_SESSION_TYPE=wayland dolphin In some cases, one may wish to set environment variables for the waypipe server process itself; the above trick with env will not do this, because the env process will be a child of waypipe server, not the other way around. Instead, one can use ~/.ssh/environment, or use the --remote-bin option to change the remote Waypipe instance to a shell script that sets the environment before running the actual waypipe program. Running waypipe in virtual machines When running waypipe in virtual machines on the same host it is possible to use vsock for efficient inter-vm communication. The following scenarios are supported: * Running applications on host from guest. host> waypipe --vsock -s 1234 client guest> waypipe --vsock -s 1234 server weston-terminal * Running applications in a guest virtual machine from host. guest> waypipe --vsock -s 1234 client host> waypipe --vsock -s 3:1234 server weston-terminal In this example waypipe server connects to a virtual machine with CID 3 on port 1234. * Running applications in a guest virtual machine from other guest vir- tual machines. When running both client and server in virtual machines it is possble to enable the VMADDR_FLAG_TO_HOST flag for sibling commu- nication by prefixing the CID with an s: guest> waypipe --vsock -s 1234 client guest> waypipe --vsock -s s3:1234 server weston-terminal In this case all packets will be routed to host where they can be forwarded to another virtual machine with a vhost-device-vsock device or some other utility. ENVIRONMENT When running as a server, by default WAYLAND_DISPLAY will be set for the invoked process. If the --oneshot flag is set, waypipe will instead set WAYLAND_SOCKET and inherit an already connected socketpair file descriptor to the invoked (child) process. Some programs open and close a Wayland connection repeat- edly as part of their initialization, and will not work correctly with this flag. EXIT STATUS waypipe will exit with status code 1 if Waypipe has encountered an error; otherwise, it will return the exit status code of the command being run (or 128 plus the value of the terminating signal), if any. SECURITY Waypipe does not provide any strong security guarantees, and connecting to untrusted servers is not recommended. It does not filter which Wayland pro- tocols the compositor makes available to the client (with a few exceptions for protocols that require file descriptors which Waypipe cannot yet han- dle). For example, if a Wayland compositor gives all its clients access to a screenshot or lock-screen protocol, then proxied clients run under Wayp- ipe can also make screenshots or lock the screen. In general, applications are not well tested against malicious compositors, and compositors are not well tested against malicious clients. Waypipe can connect the two, and may blindly forward denial-of-service and other at- tacks. Waypipe itself has plenty of unsafe Rust code and links to compression, graphics, and video libraries; both it and these libraries may have secu- rity bugs. Some risk can be avoided by building Waypipe with DMABUF support turned off, or running Waypipe with the --no-gpu flag so that it does not expose graphics libraries. waypipe ssh has no explicit protections against timing attacks; an observer to the resulting network traffic may, by studying the size and timing of packets, learn information about the user's interaction with a Wayland client proxied through waypipe ssh. For example: a lack of activity sug- gests the user is not currently using the application, while an intermit- tent stream of messages from the compositor to the client may indicate mouse movement (or maybe something else: the contents of the messages are protected by ssh.) The memory used by Waypipe processes may, at a given time, include Wayland messages encoding user input, and the contents of current and recent frames drawn for application windows. Swap should be encrypted to prevent this data from being leaked to disk. BUGS File bug reports at: https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/mstoeckl/waypipe/ Common issues Some programs (gnome-terminal, firefox, kate, among others) have special mechanisms to ensure that only one process is running at a time. Starting those programs under Waypipe while they are running under a different Way- land compositor may silently open a window or tab in the original instance of the program. Such programs may have a command line argument to create a new instance. The waypipe ssh command requires that the ssh executable supports Unix socket forwarding; this is only supported in OpenSSH since version 6.7 (from 2014), and may require specific configuration. Other implementations of SSH may not be able to forward Unix sockets; see the EXAMPLE section above for how to use non-SSH transports. SEE ALSO weston(1), ssh(1), socat(1), ncat(1) 2026-08-29 waypipe(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | OPTIONS | EXAMPLE | ENVIRONMENT | EXIT STATUS | SECURITY | BUGS | SEE ALSO
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