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ZSHCOMPSYS(1) General Commands Manual ZSHCOMPSYS(1) NAME zshcompsys - zsh completion system DESCRIPTION This describes the shell code for the `new' completion system, referred to as compsys. It is written in shell functions based on the features de- scribed in zshcompwid(1). The features are contextual, sensitive to the point at which completion is started. Many completions are already provided. For this reason, a user can perform a great many tasks without knowing any details beyond how to initialize the system, which is described below in INITIALIZATION. The context that decides what completion is to be performed may be * an argument or option position: these describe the position on the command line at which completion is requested. For example `first argument to rmdir, the word being completed names a directory'; * a special context, denoting an element in the shell's syntax. For example `a word in command position' or `an array subscript'. A full context specification contains other elements, as we shall describe. Besides commands names and contexts, the system employs two more concepts, styles and tags. These provide ways for the user to configure the system's behaviour. Tags play a dual role. They serve as a classification system for the matches, typically indicating a class of object that the user may need to distinguish. For example, when completing arguments of the ls command the user may prefer to try files before directories, so both of these are tags. They also appear as the rightmost element in a context specification. Styles modify various operations of the completion system, such as output formatting, but also what kinds of completers are used (and in what order), or which tags are examined. Styles may accept arguments and are manipu- lated using the zstyle command described in zshmodules(1). In summary, tags describe what the completion objects are, and style how they are to be completed. At various points of execution, the completion system checks what styles and/or tags are defined for the current context, and uses that to modify its behavior. The full description of context han- dling, which determines how tags and other elements of the context influ- ence the behaviour of styles, is described below in COMPLETION SYSTEM CON- FIGURATION. When a completion is requested, a dispatcher function is called; see the description of _main_complete in the list of control functions below. This dispatcher decides which function should be called to produce the comple- tions, and calls it. The result is passed to one or more completers, func- tions that implement individual completion strategies: simple completion, error correction, completion with error correction, menu selection, etc. More generally, the shell functions contained in the completion system are of two types: * those beginning `comp' are to be called directly; there are only a few of these; * those beginning `_' are called by the completion code. The shell functions of this set, which implement completion behaviour and may be bound to keystrokes, are referred to as `widgets'. These prolif- erate as new completions are required. INITIALIZATION If the system was installed completely, it should be enough to call the shell function compinit from your initialization file; see the next sec- tion. However, the function compinstall can be run by a user to configure various aspects of the completion system. Usually, compinstall will insert code into .zshrc, although if that is not writable it will save it in another file and tell you that file's location. Note that it is up to you to make sure that the lines added to .zshrc are actually run; you may, for example, need to move them to an earlier place in the file if .zshrc usually returns early. So long as you keep them all together (including the comment lines at the start and finish), you can re- run compinstall and it will correctly locate and modify these lines. Note, however, that any code you add to this section by hand is likely to be lost if you rerun compinstall, although lines using the command `zstyle' should be gracefully handled. The new code will take effect next time you start the shell, or run .zshrc by hand; there is also an option to make them take effect immediately. However, if compinstall has removed definitions, you will need to restart the shell to see the changes. To run compinstall you will need to make sure it is in a directory men- tioned in your fpath parameter, which should already be the case if zsh was properly configured as long as your startup files do not remove the appro- priate directories from fpath. Then it must be autoloaded (`autoload -U compinstall' is recommended). You can abort the installation any time you are being prompted for information, and your .zshrc will not be altered at all; changes only take place right at the end, where you are specifically asked for confirmation. Use of compinit This section describes the use of compinit to initialize completion for the current session when called directly; if you have run compinstall it will be called automatically from your .zshrc. To initialize the system, the function compinit should be in a directory mentioned in the fpath parameter, and should be autoloaded (`autoload -U compinit' is recommended), and then run simply as `compinit'. This will define a few utility functions, arrange for all the necessary shell func- tions to be autoloaded, and will then re-define all widgets that do comple- tion to use the new system. If you use the menu-select widget, which is part of the zsh/complist module, you should make sure that that module is loaded before the call to compinit so that that widget is also re-defined. If completion styles (see below) are set up to perform expansion as well as completion by default, and the TAB key is bound to expand-or-complete, compinit will rebind it to complete-word; this is necessary to use the cor- rect form of expansion. Should you need to use the original completion commands, you can still bind keys to the old widgets by putting a `.' in front of the widget name, e.g. `.expand-or-complete'. To speed up the running of compinit, it can be made to produce a dumped configuration that will be read in on future invocations; this is the de- fault, but can be turned off by calling compinit with the option -D. The dumped file is .zcompdump in the same directory as the startup files (i.e. $ZDOTDIR or $HOME); alternatively, an explicit file name can be given by `compinit -d dumpfile'. The next invocation of compinit will read the dumped file instead of performing a full initialization. If the number of completion files changes, compinit will recognise this and produce a new dump file. However, if the name of a function or the argu- ments in the first line of a #compdef function (as described below) change, it is easiest to delete the dump file by hand so that compinit will re-cre- ate it the next time it is run. The check performed to see if there are new functions can be omitted by giving the option -C. In this case the dump file will only be created if there isn't one already. Use option -w to explain why a dump file isn't loaded and/or why it's regenerated. The dumping is actually done by another function, compdump, but you will only need to run this yourself if you change the configuration (e.g. using compdef) and then want to dump the new one. The name of the old dumped file will be remembered for this purpose. If the parameter _compdir is set, compinit uses it as a directory where completion functions can be found; this is only necessary if they are not already in the function search path. For security reasons compinit also checks if the completion system would use files not owned by root or by the current user, or files in directories that are world- or group-writable or that are not owned by root or by the current user. If such files or directories are found, compinit will ask if the completion system should really be used. To avoid these tests and make all files found be used without asking, use the option -u, and to make compinit silently ignore all insecure files and directories use the option -i. This security check is skipped entirely when the -C option is given, provided the dumpfile exists. The security check can be retried at any time by running the function com- paudit. This is the same check used by compinit, but when it is executed directly any changes to fpath are made local to the function so they do not persist. The directories to be checked may be passed as arguments; if none are given, compaudit uses fpath and _compdir to find completion system di- rectories, adding missing ones to fpath as necessary. To force a check of exactly the directories currently named in fpath, set _compdir to an empty string before calling compaudit or compinit. The function bashcompinit provides compatibility with bash's programmable completion system. When run it will define the functions, compgen and com- plete which correspond to the bash builtins with the same names. It will then be possible to use completion specifications and functions written for bash. Autoloaded files The convention for autoloaded functions used in completion is that they start with an underscore; as already mentioned, the fpath/FPATH parameter must contain the directory in which they are stored. If zsh was properly installed on your system, then fpath/FPATH automatically contains the re- quired directories for the standard functions. For incomplete installations, if compinit does not find enough files begin- ning with an underscore (fewer than twenty) in the search path, it will try to find more by adding the directory _compdir to the search path. If that directory has a subdirectory named Base, all subdirectories will be added to the path. Furthermore, if the subdirectory Base has a subdirectory named Core, compinit will add all subdirectories of the subdirectories to the path: this allows the functions to be in the same format as in the zsh source distribution. When compinit is run, it searches all such files accessible via fpath/FPATH and reads the first line of each of them. This line should contain one of the tags described below. Files whose first line does not start with one of these tags are not considered to be part of the completion system and will not be treated specially. The tags are: #compdef name ... [ -{p|P} pattern ... [ -N name ... ] ] The file will be made autoloadable and the function defined in it will be called when completing names, each of which is either the name of a command whose arguments are to be completed or one of a number of special contexts in the form -context- described below. Each name may also be of the form `cmd=service'. When completing the command cmd, the function typically behaves as if the command (or special context) service was being completed instead. This pro- vides a way of altering the behaviour of functions that can perform many different completions. It is implemented by setting the para- meter $service when calling the function; the function may choose to interpret this how it wishes, and simpler functions will probably ignore it. If the #compdef line contains one of the options -p or -P, the words following are taken to be patterns. The function will be called when completion is attempted for a command or context that matches one of the patterns. The options -p and -P are used to specify pat- terns to be tried before or after other completions respectively. Hence -P may be used to specify default actions. The option -N is used after a list following -p or -P; it specifies that remaining words no longer define patterns. It is possible to toggle between the three options as many times as necessary. #compdef -k style key-sequence ... This option creates a widget behaving like the builtin widget style and binds it to the given key-sequences, if any. The style must be one of the builtin widgets that perform completion, namely com- plete-word, delete-char-or-list, expand-or-complete, expand-or-com- plete-prefix, list-choices, menu-complete, menu-expand-or-complete, or reverse-menu-complete. If the zsh/complist module is loaded (see zshmodules(1)) the widget menu-select is also available. When one of the key-sequences is typed, the function in the file will be invoked to generate the matches. Note that a key will not be re-bound if it already was (that is, was bound to something other than undefined-key). The widget created has the same name as the file and can be bound to any other keys using bindkey as usual. #compdef -K widget-name style key-sequence [ name style seq ... ] This is similar to -k except that only one key-sequence argument may be given for each widget-name style pair. However, the entire set of three arguments may be repeated with a different set of argu- ments. Note in particular that the widget-name must be distinct in each set. If it does not begin with `_' this will be added. The widget-name should not clash with the name of any existing widget: names based on the name of the function are most useful. For exam- ple, #compdef -K _foo_complete complete-word "^X^C" \ _foo_list list-choices "^X^D" (all on one line) defines a widget _foo_complete for completion, bound to `^X^C', and a widget _foo_list for listing, bound to `^X^D'. #autoload [ options ] Functions with the #autoload tag are marked for autoloading but are not otherwise treated specially. Typically they are to be called from within one of the completion functions. Any options supplied will be passed to the autoload builtin; a typical use is +X to force the function to be loaded immediately. Note that the -U and -z flags are always added implicitly. The # is part of the tag name and no white space is allowed after it. The #compdef tags use the compdef function described below; the main difference is that the name of the function is supplied implicitly. The special contexts for which completion functions can be defined are: -array-value- The right hand side of an array-assignment (`name=(...)') -assign-parameter- The name of a parameter in an assignment, i.e. on the left hand side of an `=' -brace-parameter- The name of a parameter expansion within braces (`${...}') -command- A word in command position -condition- A word inside a condition (`[[...]]') -default- Any word for which no other completion is defined -equal- A word beginning with an equals sign -first- This is tried before any other completion function. The function called may set the _compskip parameter to one of various values: all: no further completion is attempted; a string containing the substring patterns: no pattern completion functions will be called; a string containing default: the function for the `-default-' con- text will not be called, but functions defined for commands will be. -math- Inside mathematical contexts, such as `((...))' -parameter- The name of a parameter expansion (`$...') -redirect- The word after a redirection operator. -subscript- The contents of a parameter subscript. -tilde- After an initial tilde (`~'), but before the first slash in the word. -value- On the right hand side of an assignment. Default implementations are supplied for each of these contexts. In most cases the context -context- is implemented by a corresponding function _context, for example the context `-tilde-' and the function `_tilde'). The contexts -redirect- and -value- allow extra context-specific informa- tion. (Internally, this is handled by the functions for each context call- ing the function _dispatch.) The extra information is added separated by commas. For the -redirect- context, the extra information is in the form `-redi- rect-,op,command', where op is the redirection operator and command is the name of the command on the line. If there is no command on the line yet, the command field will be empty. For the -value- context, the form is `-value-,name,command', where name is the name of the parameter on the left hand side of the assignment. In the case of elements of an associative array, for example `assoc=(key <TAB>', name is expanded to `name-key'. In certain special contexts, such as com- pleting after `make CFLAGS=', the command part gives the name of the com- mand, here make; otherwise it is empty. It is not necessary to define fully specific completions as the functions provided will try to generate completions by progressively replacing the elements with `-default-'. For example, when completing after `foo=<TAB>', _value will try the names `-value-,foo,' (note the empty command part), `-value-,foo,-default-' and`-value-,-default-,-default-', in that order, until it finds a function to handle the context. As an example: compdef '_files -g "*.log"' '-redirect-,2>,-default-' completes files matching `*.log' after `2> <TAB>' for any command with no more specific handler defined. Also: compdef _foo -value-,-default-,-default- specifies that _foo provides completions for the values of parameters for which no special function has been defined. This is usually handled by the function _value itself. The same lookup rules are used when looking up styles (as described below); for example zstyle ':completion:*:*:-redirect-,2>,*:*' file-patterns '*.log' is another way to make completion after `2> <TAB>' complete files matching `*.log'. Functions The following function is defined by compinit and may be called directly. compdef [ -ane ] function name ... [ -{p|P} pattern ... [ -N name ...]] compdef -d name ... compdef -k [ -an ] function style key-sequence [ key-sequence ... ] compdef -K [ -an ] function name style key-seq [ name style seq ... ] The first form defines the function to call for completion in the given contexts as described for the #compdef tag above. Alternatively, all the arguments may have the form `cmd=service'. Here service should already have been defined by `cmd1=service' lines in #compdef files, as described above. The argument for cmd will be completed in the same way as service. The function argument may alternatively be a string containing al- most any shell code. If the string contains an equal sign, the above will take precedence. The option -e may be used to specify the first argument is to be evaluated as shell code even if it con- tains an equal sign. The string will be executed using the eval builtin command to generate completions. This provides a way of avoiding having to define a new completion function. For example, to complete files ending in `.h' as arguments to the command foo: compdef '_files -g "*.h"' foo The option -n prevents any completions already defined for the com- mand or context from being overwritten. The option -d deletes any completion defined for the command or con- texts listed. The names may also contain -p, -P and -N options as described for the #compdef tag. The effect on the argument list is identical, switching between definitions of patterns tried initially, patterns tried finally, and normal commands and contexts. The parameter $_compskip may be set by any function defined for a pattern context. If it is set to a value containing the substring `patterns' none of the pattern-functions will be called; if it is set to a value containing the substring `all', no other function will be called. Setting $_compskip in this manner is of particular utility when using the -p option, as otherwise the dispatcher will move on to additional functions (likely the default one) after call- ing the pattern-context one, which can mangle the display of comple- tion possibilities if not handled properly. The form with -k defines a widget with the same name as the function that will be called for each of the key-sequences; this is like the #compdef -k tag. The function should generate the completions needed and will otherwise behave like the builtin widget whose name is given as the style argument. The widgets usable for this are: complete-word, delete-char-or-list, expand-or-complete, ex- pand-or-complete-prefix, list-choices, menu-complete, menu-ex- pand-or-complete, and reverse-menu-complete, as well as menu-select if the zsh/complist module is loaded. The option -n prevents the key being bound if it is already to bound to something other than undefined-key. The form with -K is similar and defines multiple widgets based on the same function, each of which requires the set of three arguments name, style and key-sequence, where the latter two are as for -k and the first must be a unique widget name beginning with an underscore. Wherever applicable, the -a option makes the function autoloadable, equivalent to autoload -U function. The function compdef can be used to associate existing completion functions with new commands. For example, compdef _pids foo uses the function _pids to complete process IDs for the command foo. Note also the _gnu_generic function described below, which can be used to complete options for commands that understand the `--help' option. COMPLETION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION This section gives a short overview of how the completion system works, and then more detail on how users can configure how and when matches are gener- ated. Overview When completion is attempted somewhere on the command line the completion system begins building the context. The context represents everything that the shell knows about the meaning of the command line and the significance of the cursor position. This takes account of a number of things including the command word (such as `grep' or `zsh') and options to which the current word may be an argument (such as the `-o' option to zsh which takes a shell option as an argument). The context starts out very generic ("we are beginning a completion") and becomes more specific as more is learned ("the current word is in a posi- tion that is usually a command name" or "the current word might be a vari- able name" and so on). Therefore the context will vary during the same call to the completion system. This context information is condensed into a string consisting of multiple fields separated by colons, referred to simply as `the context' in the re- mainder of the documentation. Note that a user of the completion system rarely needs to compose a context string, unless for example a new function is being written to perform completion for a new command. What a user may need to do is compose a style pattern, which is matched against a context when needed to look up context-sensitive options that configure the comple- tion system. The next few paragraphs explain how a context is composed within the com- pletion function suite. Following that is discussion of how styles are de- fined. Styles determine such things as how the matches are generated, sim- ilarly to shell options but with much more control. They are defined with the zstyle builtin command (see zshmodules(1)). The context string always consists of a fixed set of fields, separated by colons and with a leading colon before the first. Fields which are not yet known are left empty, but the surrounding colons appear anyway. The fields are always in the order :completion:function:completer:command:argu- ment:tag. These have the following meaning: * The literal string completion, saying that this style is used by the completion system. This distinguishes the context from those used by, for example, zle widgets and ZFTP functions. * The function, if completion is called from a named widget rather than through the normal completion system. Typically this is blank, but it is set by special widgets such as predict-on and the various functions in the Widget directory of the distribution to the name of that function, often in an abbreviated form. * The completer currently active, the name of the function without the leading underscore and with other underscores converted to hyphens. A `completer' is in overall control of how completion is to be per- formed; `complete' is the simplest, but other completers exist to perform related tasks such as correction, or to modify the behaviour of a later completer. See the section `Control Functions' below for more information. * The command or a special -context-, just at it appears following the #compdef tag or the compdef function. Completion functions for com- mands that have sub-commands usually modify this field to contain the name of the command followed by a minus sign and the sub-com- mand. For example, the completion function for the cvs command sets this field to cvs-add when completing arguments to the add subcom- mand. * The argument; this indicates which command line or option argument we are completing. For command arguments this generally takes the form argument-n, where n is the number of the argument, and for ar- guments to options the form option-opt-n where n is the number of the argument to option opt. However, this is only the case if the command line is parsed with standard UNIX-style options and argu- ments, so many completions do not set this. * The tag. As described previously, tags are used to discriminate be- tween the types of matches a completion function can generate in a certain context. Any completion function may use any tag name it likes, but a list of the more common ones is given below. The context is gradually put together as the functions are executed, start- ing with the main entry point, which adds :completion: and the function el- ement if necessary. The completer then adds the completer element. The contextual completion adds the command and argument options. Finally, the tag is added when the types of completion are known. For example, the con- text name :completion::complete:dvips:option-o-1:files says that normal completion was attempted as the first argument to the op- tion -o of the command dvips: dvips -o ... and the completion function will generate filenames. Usually completion will be tried for all possible tags in an order given by the completion function. However, this can be altered by using the tag-or- der style. Completion is then restricted to the list of given tags in the given order. The _complete_help bindable command shows all the contexts and tags avail- able for completion at a particular point. This provides an easy way of finding information for tag-order and other styles. It is described in the section `Bindable Commands' below. When looking up styles the completion system uses full context names, in- cluding the tag. Looking up the value of a style therefore consists of two things: the context, which is matched to the most specific (best fitting) pattern, and the name of the style itself, which must be matched exactly. The following examples demonstrate that patterns may be loosely defined for styles that apply broadly, or as tightly defined as desired for styles that apply in narrower circumstances. For example, many completion functions can generate matches in a simple and a verbose form and use the verbose style to decide which form should be used. To make all such functions use the verbose form, put zstyle ':completion:*' verbose yes in a startup file (probably .zshrc). This gives the verbose style the value yes in every context inside the completion system, unless that con- text has a more specific definition. It is best to avoid giving the pat- tern as `*' in case the style has some meaning outside the completion sys- tem. Many such general purpose styles can be configured simply by using the compinstall function. A more specific example of the use of the verbose style is by the comple- tion for the kill builtin. If the style is set, the builtin lists full job texts and process command lines; otherwise it shows the bare job numbers and PIDs. To turn the style off for this use only: zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*:*' verbose no For even more control, the style can use one of the tags `jobs' or `processes'. To turn off verbose display only for jobs: zstyle ':completion:*:*:kill:*:jobs' verbose no The -e option to zstyle even allows completion function code to appear as the argument to a style; this requires some understanding of the internals of completion functions (see see zshcompwid(1))). For example, zstyle -e ':completion:*' hosts 'reply=($myhosts)' This forces the value of the hosts style to be read from the variable my- hosts each time a host name is needed; this is useful if the value of my- hosts can change dynamically. For another useful example, see the example in the description of the file-list style below. This form can be slow and should be avoided for commonly examined styles such as menu and list-rows-first. Note that the order in which styles are defined does not matter; the style mechanism uses the most specific possible match for a particular style to determine the set of values. Strings are preferred over patterns (for ex- ample, `:completion::complete:::foo' is more specific than `:comple- tion::complete:::*'), and longer patterns are preferred over the pattern `*'. See zmodules(1) for details. Context patterns that use something other than a wildcard (*) to match the middle parts of the context -- the completer, command, and argument in :completion:function:completer:command:argument:tag -- should include all six colons (:) explicitly. Without this, a pattern such as :comple- tion:*:foo:* could match foo against a component other than the intended one (for example, against completer when a match against command was in- tended). Style names like those of tags are arbitrary and depend on the completion function. However, the following two sections list some of the most common tags and styles. Standard Tags Some of the following are only used when looking up particular styles and do not refer to a type of match. accounts used to look up the users-hosts style all-expansions used by the _expand completer when adding the single string contain- ing all possible expansions all-files for the names of all files (as distinct from a particular subset, see the globbed-files tag). arguments for arguments to a command arrays for names of array parameters association-keys for keys of associative arrays; used when completing inside a sub- script to a parameter of this type bookmarks when completing bookmarks (e.g. for URLs and the zftp function suite) builtins for names of builtin commands characters for single characters in arguments of commands such as stty. Also used when completing character classes after an opening bracket colormapids for X colormap ids colors for color names commands for names of external commands. Also used by complex commands such as cvs when completing names subcommands. contexts for contexts in arguments to the zstyle builtin command corrections used by the _approximate and _correct completers for possible cor- rections cursors for cursor names used by X programs default used in some contexts to provide a way of supplying a default when more specific tags are also valid. Note that this tag is used when only the function field of the context name is set descriptions used when looking up the value of the format style to generate de- scriptions for types of matches devices for names of device special files directories for names of directories -- local-directories is used instead when completing arguments of cd and related builtin commands when the cd- path array is set directory-stack for entries in the directory stack displays for X display names domains for network domains email-plugin for email addresses from the `_email-plugin' backend of _email_ad- dresses expansions used by the _expand completer for individual words (as opposed to the complete set of expansions) resulting from the expansion of a word on the command line extensions for X server extensions file-descriptors for numbers of open file descriptors files the generic file-matching tag used by functions completing filenames fonts for X font names fstypes for file system types (e.g. for the mount command) functions names of functions -- normally shell functions, although certain commands may understand other kinds of function globbed-files for filenames when the name has been generated by pattern matching groups for names of user groups history-words for words from the history hosts for hostnames indexes for array indexes interfaces for network interfaces jobs for jobs (as listed by the `jobs' builtin) keymaps for names of zsh keymaps keysyms for names of X keysyms libraries for names of system libraries limits for system limits local-directories for names of directories that are subdirectories of the current working directory when completing arguments of cd and related builtin commands (compare path-directories) -- when the cdpath array is unset, directories is used instead mailboxes for e-mail folders manuals for names of manual pages maps for map names (e.g. NIS maps) messages used to look up the format style for messages modifiers for names of X modifiers modules for modules (e.g. zsh modules) my-accounts used to look up the users-hosts style named-directories for named directories (you wouldn't have guessed that, would you?) names for all kinds of names newsgroups for USENET groups nicknames for nicknames of NIS maps options for command options original used by the _approximate, _correct and _expand completers when of- fering the original string as a match other-accounts used to look up the users-hosts style packages for packages (e.g. rpm or installed Debian packages) parameters for names of parameters path-directories for names of directories found by searching the cdpath array when completing arguments of cd and related builtin commands (compare lo- cal-directories) paths used to look up the values of the expand, ambiguous and special-dirs styles pods for perl pods (documentation files) ports for communication ports prefixes for prefixes (like those of a URL) printers for print queue names processes for process identifiers processes-names used to look up the command style when generating the names of processes for killall sequences for sequences (e.g. mh sequences) sessions for sessions in the zftp function suite signals for signal names strings for strings (e.g. the replacement strings for the cd builtin com- mand) styles for styles used by the zstyle builtin command suffixes for filename extensions tags for tags (e.g. rpm tags) targets for makefile targets time-zones for time zones (e.g. when setting the TZ parameter) types for types of whatever (e.g. address types for the xhost command) urls used to look up the urls and local styles when completing URLs users for usernames values for one of a set of values in certain lists variant used by _pick_variant to look up the command to run when determining what program is installed for a particular command name. visuals for X visuals warnings used to look up the format style for warnings widgets for zsh widget names windows for IDs of X windows zsh-options for shell options Standard Styles Note that the values of several of these styles represent boolean values. Any of the strings `true', `on', `yes', and `1' can be used for the value `true' and any of the strings `false', `off', `no', and `0' for the value `false'. The behavior for any other value is undefined except where ex- plicitly mentioned. The default value may be either `true' or `false' if the style is not set. Some of these styles are tested first for every possible tag corresponding to a type of match, and if no style was found, for the default tag. The most notable styles of this type are menu, list-colors and styles control- ling completion listing such as list-packed and last-prompt. When tested for the default tag, only the function field of the context will be set so that a style using the default tag will normally be defined along the lines of: zstyle ':completion:*:default' menu ... accept-exact This is tested for the default tag in addition to the tags valid for the current context. If it is set to `true' and any of the trial matches is the same as the string on the command line, this match will immediately be accepted (even if it would otherwise be consid- ered ambiguous). When completing pathnames (where the tag used is `paths') this style accepts any number of patterns as the value in addition to the boolean values. Pathnames matching one of these patterns will be accepted immediately even if the command line contains some more partially typed pathname components and these match no file under the directory accepted. This style is also used by the _expand completer to decide if words beginning with a tilde or parameter expansion should be expanded. For example, if there are parameters foo and foobar, the string `$foo' will only be expanded if accept-exact is set to `true'; oth- erwise the completion system will be allowed to complete $foo to $foobar. If the style is set to `continue', _expand will add the ex- pansion as a match and the completion system will also be allowed to continue. accept-exact-dirs This is used by filename completion. Unlike accept-exact it is a boolean. By default, filename completion examines all components of a path to see if there are completions of that component, even if the component matches an existing directory. For example, when com- pletion after /usr/bin/, the function examines possible completions to /usr. When this style is `true', any prefix of a path that matches an ex- isting directory is accepted without any attempt to complete it fur- ther. Hence, in the given example, the path /usr/bin/ is accepted immediately and completion tried in that directory. This style is also useful when completing after directories that magically appear when referenced, such as ZFS .zfs directories or NetApp .snapshot directories. When the style is set the shell does not check for the existence of the directory within the parent di- rectory. If you wish to inhibit this behaviour entirely, set the path-comple- tion style (see below) to `false'. add-space This style is used by the _expand completer. If it is `true' (the default), a space will be inserted after all words resulting from the expansion, or a slash in the case of directory names. If the value is `file', the completer will only add a space to names of ex- isting files. Either a boolean `true' or the value `file' may be combined with `subst', in which case the completer will not add a space to words generated from the expansion of a substitution of the form `$(...)' or `${...}'. The _prefix completer uses this style as a simple boolean value to decide if a space should be inserted before the suffix. ambiguous This applies when completing non-final components of filename paths, in other words those with a trailing slash. If it is set, the cur- sor is left after the first ambiguous component, even if menu com- pletion is in use. The style is always tested with the paths tag. assign-list When completing after an equals sign that is being treated as an as- signment, the completion system normally completes only one file- name. In some cases the value may be a list of filenames separated by colons, as with PATH and similar parameters. This style can be set to a list of patterns matching the names of such parameters. The default is to complete lists when the word on the line already contains a colon. auto-description If set, this style's value will be used as the description for op- tions that are not described by the completion functions, but that have exactly one argument. The sequence `%d' in the value will be replaced by the description for this argument. Depending on per- sonal preferences, it may be useful to set this style to something like `specify: %d'. Note that this may not work for some commands. avoid-completer This is used by the _all_matches completer to decide if the string consisting of all matches should be added to the list currently be- ing generated. Its value is a list of names of completers. If any of these is the name of the completer that generated the matches in this completion, the string will not be added. The default value for this style is `_expand _oldlist _correct _ap- proximate', i.e. it contains the completers for which a string with all matches will almost never be wanted. cache-path This style defines the path where any cache files containing dumped completion data are stored. It defaults to `$ZDOTDIR/.zcompcache', or `$HOME/.zcompcache' if $ZDOTDIR is not defined. The completion cache will not be used unless the use-cache style is set. cache-policy This style defines the function that will be used to determine whether a cache needs rebuilding. See the section on the _cache_in- valid function below. call-command This style is used in the function for commands such as make and ant where calling the command directly to generate matches suffers prob- lems such as being slow or, as in the case of make can potentially cause actions in the makefile to be executed. If it is set to `true' the command is called to generate matches. The default value of this style is `false'. command In many places, completion functions need to call external commands to generate the list of completions. This style can be used to override the command that is called in some such cases. The ele- ments of the value are joined with spaces to form a command line to execute. The value can also start with a hyphen, in which case the usual command will be added to the end; this is most useful for putting `builtin' or `command' in front to make sure the appropriate version of a command is called, for example to avoid calling a shell function with the same name as an external command. As an example, the completion function for process IDs uses this style with the processes tag to generate the IDs to complete and the list of processes to display (if the verbose style is `true'). The list produced by the command should look like the output of the ps command. The first line is not displayed, but is searched for the string `PID' (or `pid') to find the position of the process IDs in the following lines. If the line does not contain `PID', the first numbers in each of the other lines are taken as the process IDs to complete. Note that the completion function generally has to call the speci- fied command for each attempt to generate the completion list. Hence care should be taken to specify only commands that take a short time to run, and in particular to avoid any that may never terminate. command-path This is a list of directories to search for commands to complete. The default for this style is the value of the special parameter path. commands This is used by the function completing sub-commands for the system initialisation scripts (residing in /etc/init.d or somewhere not too far away from that). Its values give the default commands to com- plete for those commands for which the completion function isn't able to find them out automatically. The default for this style are the two strings `start' and `stop'. complete This is used by the _expand_alias function when invoked as a bind- able command. If set to `true' and the word on the command line is not the name of an alias, matching alias names will be completed. complete-options This is used by the completer for cd, chdir and pushd. For these commands a - is used to introduce a directory stack entry and com- pletion of these is far more common than completing options. Hence unless the value of this style is `true' options will not be com- pleted, even after an initial -. If it is `true', options will be completed after an initial - unless there is a preceding -- on the command line. completer The strings given as the value of this style provide the names of the completer functions to use. The available completer functions are described in the section `Control Functions' below. Each string may be either the name of a completer function or a string of the form `function:name'. In the first case the completer field of the context will contain the name of the completer without the leading underscore and with all other underscores replaced by hyphens. In the second case the function is the name of the com- pleter to call, but the context will contain the user-defined name in the completer field of the context. If the name starts with a hyphen, the string for the context will be build from the name of the completer function as in the first case with the name appended to it. For example: zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _complete:-foo Here, completion will call the _complete completer twice, once using `complete' and once using `complete-foo' in the completer field of the context. Normally, using the same completer more than once only makes sense when used with the `functions:name' form, because other- wise the context name will be the same in all calls to the com- pleter; possible exceptions to this rule are the _ignored and _pre- fix completers. The default value for this style is `_complete _ignored': only com- pletion will be done, first using the ignored-patterns style and the $fignore array and then without ignoring matches. condition This style is used by the _list completer function to decide if in- sertion of matches should be delayed unconditionally. The default is `true'. delimiters This style is used when adding a delimiter for use with history mod- ifiers or glob qualifiers that have delimited arguments. It is an array of preferred delimiters to add. Non-special characters are preferred as the completion system may otherwise become confused. The default list is :, +, /, -, %. The list may be empty to force a delimiter to be typed. disabled If this is set to `true', the _expand_alias completer and bindable command will try to expand disabled aliases, too. The default is `false'. domains A list of names of network domains for completion. If this is not set, domain names will be taken from the file /etc/resolv.conf. environ The environ style is used when completing for `sudo'. It is set to an array of `VAR=value' assignments to be exported into the local environment before the completion for the target command is invoked. zstyle ':completion:*:sudo::' environ \ PATH="/sbin:/usr/sbin:$PATH" HOME="/root" expand This style is used when completing strings consisting of multiple parts, such as path names. If one of its values is the string `prefix', the partially typed word from the line will be expanded as far as possible even if trailing parts cannot be completed. If one of its values is the string `suffix', matching names for com- ponents after the first ambiguous one will also be added. This means that the resulting string is the longest unambiguous string possible. However, menu completion can be used to cycle through all matches. extra-verbose If this style set to `true', the completion listing is still more verbose. Currently, it is used for commands and parameters tags. If it is `true' for the commands (or parameters) tag, short descriptions of the commands (or the values of the parameters) are displayed along with the command (or parameter) names. fake This style may be set for any completion context. It specifies ad- ditional strings that will always be completed in that context. The form of each string is `value:description'; the colon and descrip- tion may be omitted, but any literal colons in value must be quoted with a backslash. Any description provided is shown alongside the value in completion listings. It is important to use a sufficiently restrictive context when spec- ifying fake strings. Note that the styles fake-files and fake-para- meters provide additional features when completing files or parame- ters. fake-always This works identically to the fake style except that the ig- nored-patterns style is not applied to it. This makes it possible to override a set of matches completely by setting the ignored pat- terns to `*'. The following shows a way of supplementing any tag with arbitrary data, but having it behave for display purposes like a separate tag. In this example we use the features of the tag-order style to divide the named-directories tag into two when performing completion with the standard completer complete for arguments of cd. The tag named-directories-normal behaves as normal, but the tag named-direc- tories-mine contains a fixed set of directories. This has the ef- fect of adding the match group `extra directories' with the given completions. zstyle ':completion::complete:cd:*' tag-order \ 'named-directories:-mine:extra\ directories named-directories:-normal:named\ directories *' zstyle ':completion::complete:cd:*:named-directories-mine' \ fake-always mydir1 mydir2 zstyle ':completion::complete:cd:*:named-directories-mine' \ ignored-patterns '*' fake-files This style is used when completing files and looked up without a tag. Its values are of the form `dir:names...'. This will add the names (strings separated by spaces) as possible matches when com- pleting in the directory dir, even if no such files really exist. The dir may be a pattern; pattern characters or colons in dir should be quoted with a backslash to be treated literally. This can be useful on systems that support special file systems whose top-level pathnames can not be listed or generated with glob patterns (but see accept-exact-dirs for a more general way of deal- ing with this problem). It can also be used for directories for which one does not have read permission. The pattern form can be used to add a certain `magic' entry to all directories on a particular file system. fake-parameters This is used by the completion function for parameter names. Its values are names of parameters that might not yet be set but should be completed nonetheless. Each name may also be followed by a colon and a string specifying the type of the parameter (like `scalar', `array' or `integer'). If the type is given, the name will only be completed if parameters of that type are required in the particular context. Names for which no type is specified will always be com- pleted. file-list This style controls whether files completed using the standard builtin mechanism are to be listed with a long list similar to ls -l. Note that this feature uses the shell module zsh/stat for file information; this loads the builtin stat which will replace any ex- ternal stat executable. To avoid this the following code can be in- cluded in an initialization file: zmodload -i zsh/stat disable stat The style may either be set to a `true' value (or `all'), or one of the values `insert' or `list', indicating that files are to be listed in long format in all circumstances, or when attempting to insert a file name, or when listing file names without attempting to insert one. More generally, the value may be an array of any of the above val- ues, optionally followed by =num. If num is present it gives the maximum number of matches for which long listing style will be used. For example, zstyle ':completion:*' file-list list=20 insert=10 specifies that long format will be used when listing up to 20 files or inserting a file with up to 10 matches (assuming a listing is to be shown at all, for example on an ambiguous completion), else short format will be used. zstyle -e ':completion:*' file-list \ '(( ${+NUMERIC} )) && reply=(true)' specifies that long format will be used any time a numeric argument is supplied, else short format. file-patterns This is used by the standard function for completing filenames, _files. If the style is unset up to three tags are offered, `globbed-files',`directories' and `all-files', depending on the types of files expected by the caller of _files. The first two (`globbed-files' and `directories') are normally offered together to make it easier to complete files in sub-directories. The file-patterns style provides alternatives to the default tags, which are not used. Its value consists of elements of the form `pattern:tag'; each string may contain any number of such specifica- tions separated by spaces. The pattern is a pattern that is to be used to generate filenames. Any occurrence of the sequence `%p' is replaced by any pattern(s) passed by the function calling _files. Colons in the pattern must be preceded by a backslash to make them distinguishable from the colon before the tag. If more than one pattern is needed, the pat- terns can be given inside braces, separated by commas. The tags of all strings in the value will be offered by _files and used when looking up other styles. Any tags in the same word will be offered at the same time and before later words. If no `:tag' is given the `files' tag will be used. The tag may also be followed by an optional second colon and a de- scription, which will be used for the `%d' in the value of the for- mat style (if that is set) instead of the default description sup- plied by the completion function. The inclusion of a description also gives precedence to associated options such as for completion grouping so it can be used where files should be separated. For example, to make the rm command first complete only names of ob- ject files and then the names of all files if there is no matching object file: zstyle ':completion:*:*:rm:*:*' file-patterns \ '*.o:object-files' '%p:all-files' To alter the default behaviour of file completion -- offer files matching a pattern and directories on the first attempt, then all files -- to offer only matching files on the first attempt, then di- rectories, and finally all files: zstyle ':completion:*' file-patterns \ '%p:globbed-files' '*(-/):directories' '*:all-files' This works even where there is no special pattern: _files matches all files using the pattern `*' at the first step and stops when it sees this pattern. Note also it will never try a pattern more than once for a single completion attempt. To separate directories into a separate group from the files but still complete them at the first attempt, a description needs to be given. Note that directories need to be explicitly excluded from the globbed-files because `*' will match directories. For grouping, it is also necessary to set the group-name style. zstyle ':completion:*' file-patterns \ '%p(^-/):globbed-files *(-/):directories:location' During the execution of completion functions, the EXTENDED_GLOB op- tion is in effect, so the characters `#', `~' and `^' have special meanings in the patterns. file-sort The standard filename completion function uses this style without a tag to determine in which order the names should be listed; menu completion will cycle through them in the same order. The possible values are: `size' to sort by the size of the file; `links' to sort by the number of links to the file; `modification' (or `time' or `date') to sort by the last modification time; `access' to sort by the last access time; and `inode' (or `change') to sort by the last inode change time. If the style is set to any other value, or is unset, files will be sorted alphabetically by name. If the value contains the string `reverse', sorting is done in the opposite or- der. If the value contains the string `follow', timestamps are as- sociated with the targets of symbolic links; the default is to use the timestamps of the links themselves. file-split-chars A set of characters that will cause all file completions for the given context to be split at the point where any of the characters occurs. A typical use is to set the style to :; then everything up to and including the last : in the string so far is ignored when completing files. As this is quite heavy-handed, it is usually preferable to update completion functions for contexts where this behaviour is useful. filter The ldap plugin of email address completion (see _email_addresses) uses this style to specify the attributes to match against when fil- tering entries. So for example, if the style is set to `sn', match- ing is done against surnames. Standard LDAP filtering is used so normal completion matching is bypassed. If this style is not set, the LDAP plugin is skipped. You may also need to set the command style to specify how to connect to your LDAP server. force-list This forces a list of completions to be shown at any point where listing is done, even in cases where the list would usually be sup- pressed. For example, normally the list is only shown if there are at least two different matches. By setting this style to `always', the list will always be shown, even if there is only a single match that will immediately be accepted. The style may also be set to a number. In this case the list will be shown if there are at least that many matches, even if they would all insert the same string. This style is tested for the default tag as well as for each tag valid for the current completion. Hence the listing can be forced only for certain types of match. format If this is set for the descriptions tag, its value is used as a string to display above matches in completion lists. The sequence `%d' in this string will be replaced with a short description of what these matches are. This string may also contain the output at- tribute sequences understood by compadd -X (see zshcompwid(1)). The style is tested with each tag valid for the current completion before it is tested for the descriptions tag. Hence different for- mat strings can be defined for different types of match. Note also that some completer functions define additional `%'-se- quences. These are described for the completer functions that make use of them. Some completion functions display messages that may be customised by setting this style for the messages tag. Here, the `%d' is replaced with a message given by the completion function. Finally, the format string is looked up with the warnings tag, for use when no matches could be generated at all. In this case the `%d' is replaced with the descriptions for the matches that were ex- pected separated by spaces. The sequence `%D' is replaced with the same descriptions separated by newlines. It is possible to use printf-style field width specifiers with `%d' and similar escape sequences. This is handled by the zformat builtin command from the zsh/zutil module, see zshmodules(1). gain-privileges If set to true, this style enables the use of commands like sudo or doas to gain extra privileges when retrieving information for com- pletion. This is only done when a command such as sudo appears on the command-line. To force the use of, e.g. sudo or to override any prefix that might be added due to gain-privileges, the command style can be used with a value that begins with a hyphen. glob This is used by the _expand completer. If it is set to `true' (the default), globbing will be attempted on the words resulting from a previous substitution (see the substitute style) or else the origi- nal string from the line. global If this is set to `true' (the default), the _expand_alias completer and bindable command will try to expand global aliases. group-name The completion system can group different types of matches, which appear in separate lists. This style can be used to give the names of groups for particular tags. For example, in command position the completion system generates names of builtin and external commands, names of aliases, shell functions and parameters and reserved words as possible completions. To have the external commands and shell functions listed separately: zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:commands' \ group-name commands zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:functions' \ group-name functions As a consequence, any match with the same tag will be displayed in the same group. If the name given is the empty string the name of the tag for the matches will be used as the name of the group. So, to have all dif- ferent types of matches displayed separately, one can just set: zstyle ':completion:*' group-name '' All matches for which no group name is defined will be put in a group named -default-. To display the group name in the output, see the format style (q.v.) under the descriptions tag. group-order This style is additional to the group-name style to specify the or- der for display of the groups defined by that style (compare tag-or- der, which determines which completions appear at all). The groups named are shown in the given order; any other groups are shown in the order defined by the completion function. For example, to have names of builtin commands, shell functions and external commands appear in that order when completing in command position: zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:*' group-order \ builtins functions commands groups A list of names of UNIX groups. If this is not set, group names are taken from the YP database or the file `/etc/group'. hidden If this is set to `true', matches for the given context will not be listed, although any description for the matches set with the format style will be shown. If it is set to `all', not even the descrip- tion will be displayed. Note that the matches will still be completed; they are just not shown in the list. To avoid having matches considered as possible completions at all, the tag-order style can be modified as described below. hosts A list of names of hosts that should be completed. If this is not set, hostnames are taken from the file `/etc/hosts'. hosts-ports This style is used by commands that need or accept hostnames and network ports. The strings in the value should be of the form `host:port'. Valid ports are determined by the presence of host- names; multiple ports for the same host may appear. ignore-line This is tested for each tag valid for the current completion. If it is set to `true', none of the words that are already on the line will be considered as possible completions. If it is set to `cur- rent', the word the cursor is on will not be considered as a possi- ble completion. The value `current-shown' is similar but only ap- plies if the list of completions is currently shown on the screen. Finally, if the style is set to `other', all words on the line ex- cept for the current one will be excluded from the possible comple- tions. The values `current' and `current-shown' are a bit like the opposite of the accept-exact style: only strings with missing characters will be completed. Note that you almost certainly don't want to set this to `true' or `other' for a general context such as `:completion:*'. This is be- cause it would disallow completion of, for example, options multiple times even if the command in question accepts the option more than once. ignore-parents The style is tested without a tag by the function completing path- names in order to determine whether to ignore the names of directo- ries already mentioned in the current word, or the name of the cur- rent working directory. The value must include one or both of the following strings: parent The name of any directory whose path is already contained in the word on the line is ignored. For example, when complet- ing after foo/../, the directory foo will not be considered a valid completion. pwd The name of the current working directory will not be com- pleted; hence, for example, completion after ../ will not use the name of the current directory. In addition, the value may include one or both of: .. Ignore the specified directories only when the word on the line contains the substring `../'. directory Ignore the specified directories only when names of directo- ries are completed, not when completing names of files. Excluded values act in a similar fashion to values of the ig- nored-patterns style, so they can be restored to consideration by the _ignored completer. ignored-patterns A list of patterns; any trial completion matching one of the pat- terns will be excluded from consideration. The _ignored completer can appear in the list of completers to restore the ignored matches. This is a more configurable version of the shell parameter $fignore. Note that the EXTENDED_GLOB option is set during the execution of completion functions, so the characters `#', `~' and `^' have spe- cial meanings in the patterns. insert This style is used by the _all_matches completer to decide whether to insert the list of all matches unconditionally instead of adding the list as another match. insert-ids When completing process IDs, for example as arguments to the kill and wait builtins the name of a command may be converted to the ap- propriate process ID. A problem arises when the process name typed is not unique. By default (or if this style is set explicitly to `menu') the name will be converted immediately to a set of possible IDs, and menu completion will be started to cycle through them. If the value of the style is `single', the shell will wait until the user has typed enough to make the command unique before converting the name to an ID; attempts at completion will be unsuccessful until that point. If the value is any other string, menu completion will be started when the string typed by the user is longer than the com- mon prefix to the corresponding IDs. insert-sections This style is used with tags of the form `manuals.X' when completing names of manual pages. If set and the X in the tag name matches the section number of the page being completed, the section number is inserted along with the page name. For example, given zstyle ':completion:*:manuals.*' insert-sections true man ssh_<TAB> may be completed to man 5 ssh_config. The value may also be set to one of `prepend', or `suffix'. `prepend' behaves the same as `true' as in the above example, while `suffix' would complete man ssh_<TAB> as man ssh_config.5. This is especially useful in conjunction with separate-sections, as it ensures that the page requested of man corresponds to the one displayed in the completion listing when there are multiple pages with the same name (e.g., printf(1) and printf(3)). The default for this style is `false'. insert-tab If this is set to `true', the completion system will insert a TAB character (assuming that was used to start completion) instead of performing completion when there is no non-blank character to the left of the cursor. If it is set to `false', completion will be done even there. The value may also contain the substrings `pending' or `pend- ing=val'. In this case, the typed character will be inserted in- stead of starting completion when there is unprocessed input pend- ing. If a val is given, completion will not be done if there are at least that many characters of unprocessed input. This is often use- ful when pasting characters into a terminal. Note however, that it relies on the $PENDING special parameter from the zsh/zle module be- ing set properly which is not guaranteed on all platforms. The default value of this style is `true' except for completion within vared builtin command where it is `false'. insert-unambiguous This is used by the _match and _approximate completers. These com- pleters are often used with menu completion since the word typed may bear little resemblance to the final completion. However, if this style is `true', the completer will start menu completion only if it could find no unambiguous initial string at least as long as the original string typed by the user. In the case of the _approximate completer, the completer field in the context will already have been set to one of correct-num or ap- proximate-num, where num is the number of errors that were accepted. In the case of the _match completer, the style may also be set to the string `pattern'. Then the pattern on the line is left un- changed if it does not match unambiguously. keep-prefix This style is used by the _expand completer. If it is `true', the completer will try to keep a prefix containing a tilde or parameter expansion. Hence, for example, the string `~/f*' would be expanded to `~/foo' instead of `/home/user/foo'. If the style is set to `changed' (the default), the prefix will only be left unchanged if there were other changes between the expanded words and the original word from the command line. Any other value forces the prefix to be expanded unconditionally. The behaviour of _expand when this style is `true' is to cause _ex- pand to give up when a single expansion with the restored prefix is the same as the original; hence any remaining completers may be called. known-hosts-files This style should contain a list of files to search for host names and (if the use-ip style is set) IP addresses in a format compatible with ssh known_hosts files. If it is not set, the files /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts and ~/.ssh/known_hosts are used. last-prompt This is a more flexible form of the ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option. If it is `true', the completion system will try to return the cursor to the previous command line after displaying a completion list. It is tested for all tags valid for the current completion, then the de- fault tag. The cursor will be moved back to the previous line if this style is `true' for all types of match. Note that unlike the ALWAYS_LAST_PROMPT option this is independent of the numeric argu- ment. list This style is used by the _history_complete_word bindable command. If it is set to `true' it has no effect. If it is set to `false' matches will not be listed. This overrides the setting of the op- tions controlling listing behaviour, in particular AUTO_LIST. The context always starts with `:completion:history-words'. list-colors If the zsh/complist module is loaded, this style can be used to set color specifications. This mechanism replaces the use of the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters described in the section `The zsh/complist Module' in zshmodules(1), but the syntax is the same. If this style is set for the default tag, the strings in the value are taken as specifications that are to be used everywhere. If it is set for other tags, the specifications are used only for matches of the type described by the tag. For this to work best, the group-name style must be set to an empty string. In addition to setting styles for specific tags, it is also possible to use group names specified explicitly by the group-name tag to- gether with the `(group)' syntax allowed by the ZLS_COLORS and ZLS_COLOURS parameters and simply using the default tag. It is possible to use any color specifications already set up for the GNU version of the ls command: zstyle ':completion:*:default' list-colors \ ${(s.:.)LS_COLORS} The default colors are the same as for the GNU ls command and can be obtained by setting the style to an empty string (i.e. ''). list-dirs-first This is used by file completion and corresponds to a particular set- ting of the file-patterns style. If set, the default directories to be completed are listed separately from and before completion for other files. list-grouped If this style is `true' (the default), the completion system will try to make certain completion listings more compact by grouping matches. For example, options for commands that have the same de- scription (shown when the verbose style is set to `true') will ap- pear as a single entry. However, menu selection can be used to cy- cle through all the matches. list-packed This is tested for each tag valid in the current context as well as the default tag. If it is set to `true', the corresponding matches appear in listings as if the LIST_PACKED option were set. If it is set to `false', they are listed normally. list-prompt If this style is set for the default tag, completion lists that don't fit on the screen can be scrolled (see the description of the zsh/complist module in zshmodules(1)). The value, if not the empty string, will be displayed after every screenful and the shell will prompt for a key press; if the style is set to the empty string, a default prompt will be used. The value may contain the escape sequences: `%l' or `%L', which will be replaced by the number of the last line displayed and the total number of lines; `%m' or `%M', the number of the last match shown and the total number of matches; and `%p' and `%P', `Top' when at the beginning of the list, `Bottom' when at the end and the position shown as a percentage of the total length otherwise. In each case the form with the uppercase letter will be replaced by a string of fixed width, padded to the right with spaces, while the lowercase form will be replaced by a variable width string. As in other prompt strings, the escape sequences `%S', `%s', `%B', `%b', `%U', `%u' for entering and leaving the display modes standout, bold and underline, and `%F', `%f', `%K', `%k' for changing the foreground background colour, are also available, as is the form `%{...%}' for enclosing escape sequences which display with zero (or, with a nu- meric argument, some other) width. After deleting this prompt the variable LISTPROMPT should be unset for the removal to take effect. list-rows-first This style is tested in the same way as the list-packed style and determines whether matches are to be listed in a rows-first fashion as if the LIST_ROWS_FIRST option were set. list-separator The value of this style is used in completion listing to separate the string to complete from a description when possible (e.g. when completing options). It defaults to `--' (two hyphens). list-suffixes This style is used by the function that completes filenames. If it is `true', and completion is attempted on a string containing multi- ple partially typed pathname components, all ambiguous components will be shown. Otherwise, completion stops at the first ambiguous component. local This is for use with functions that complete URLs for which the cor- responding files are available directly from the file system. Its value should consist of three strings: a hostname, the path to the default web pages for the server, and the directory name used by a user placing web pages within their home area. For example: zstyle ':completion:*' local toast \ /var/http/public/toast public_html Completion after `http://toast/stuff/' will look for files in the directory /var/http/public/toast/stuff, while completion after `http://toast/~yousir/' will look for files in the directory ~yousir/public_html. mail-directory If set, zsh will assume that mailbox files can be found in the di- rectory specified. It defaults to `~/Mail'. match-original This is used by the _match completer. If it is set to only, _match will try to generate matches without inserting a `*' at the cursor position. If set to any other non-empty value, it will first try to generate matches without inserting the `*' and if that yields no matches, it will try again with the `*' inserted. If it is unset or set to the empty string, matching will only be performed with the `*' inserted. matcher This style is tested separately for each tag valid in the current context. Its value is placed before any match specifications given by the matcher-list style so can override them via the use of an x: specification. The value should be in the form described in the section `Completion Matching Control' in zshcompwid(1). For exam- ples of this, see the description of the tag-order style. For notes comparing the use of this and the matcher-list style, see under the description of the tag-order style. matcher-list This style can be set to a list of match specifications that are to be applied everywhere. Match specifications are described in the section `Completion Matching Control' in zshcompwid(1). The comple- tion system will try them one after another for each completer se- lected. For example, to try first simple completion and, if that generates no matches, case-insensitive completion: zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}' By default each specification replaces the previous one; however, if a specification is prefixed with +, it is added to the existing list. Hence it is possible to create increasingly general specifi- cations without repetition: zstyle ':completion:*' matcher-list \ '' '+m:{a-z}={A-Z}' '+m:{A-Z}={a-z}' It is possible to create match specifications valid for particular completers by using the third field of the context. This applies only to completers that override the global matcher-list, which as of this writing includes only _prefix and _ignored. For example, to use the completers _complete and _prefix but allow case-insensitive completion only with _complete: zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _prefix zstyle ':completion:*:complete:*:*:*' matcher-list \ '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}' User-defined names, as explained for the completer style, are avail- able. This makes it possible to try the same completer more than once with different match specifications each time. For example, to try normal completion without a match specification, then normal completion with case-insensitive matching, then correction, and fi- nally partial-word completion: zstyle ':completion:*' completer \ _complete _correct _complete:foo zstyle ':completion:*:complete:*:*:*' matcher-list \ '' 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z}' zstyle ':completion:*:foo:*:*:*' matcher-list \ 'm:{a-zA-Z}={A-Za-z} r:|[-_./]=* r:|=*' If the style is unset in any context no match specification is ap- plied. Note also that some completers such as _correct and _approx- imate do not use the match specifications at all, though these com- pleters will only ever be called once even if the matcher-list con- tains more than one element. Where multiple specifications are useful, note that the entire com- pletion is done for each element of matcher-list, which can quickly reduce the shell's performance. As a rough rule of thumb, one to three strings will give acceptable performance. On the other hand, putting multiple space-separated values into the same string does not have an appreciable impact on performance. If there is no current matcher or it is empty, and the option NO_CASE_GLOB is in effect, the matching for files is performed case-insensitively in any case. However, any matcher must explic- itly specify case-insensitive matching if that is required. For notes comparing the use of this and the matcher style, see under the description of the tag-order style. max-errors This is used by the _approximate and _correct completer functions to determine the maximum number of errors to allow. The completer will try to generate completions by first allowing one error, then two errors, and so on, until either a match or matches were found or the maximum number of errors given by this style has been reached. If the value for this style contains the string `numeric', the com- pleter function will take any numeric argument as the maximum number of errors allowed. For example, with zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:::' max-errors 2 numeric two errors are allowed if no numeric argument is given, but with a numeric argument of six (as in `ESC-6 TAB'), up to six errors are accepted. Hence with a value of `0 numeric', no correcting comple- tion will be attempted unless a numeric argument is given. If the value contains the string `not-numeric', the completer will not try to generate corrected completions when given a numeric argu- ment, so in this case the number given should be greater than zero. For example, `2 not-numeric' specifies that correcting completion with two errors will usually be performed, but if a numeric argument is given, correcting completion will not be performed. The default value for this style is `2 numeric'. max-matches-width This style is used to determine the trade off between the width of the display used for matches and the width used for their descrip- tions when the verbose style is in effect. The value gives the num- ber of display columns to reserve for the matches. The default is half the width of the screen. This has the most impact when several matches have the same descrip- tion and so will be grouped together. Increasing the style will al- low more matches to be grouped together; decreasing it will allow more of the description to be visible. menu If this is `true' in the context of any of the tags defined for the current completion menu completion will be used. The value for a specific tag will take precedence over that for the `default' tag. If none of the values found in this way is `true' but at least one is set to `auto', the shell behaves as if the AUTO_MENU option is set. If one of the values is explicitly set to `false', menu completion will be explicitly turned off, overriding the MENU_COMPLETE option and other settings. In the form `yes=num', where `yes' may be any of the `true' values (`yes', `true', `on' and `1'), menu completion will be turned on if there are at least num matches. In the form `yes=long', menu com- pletion will be turned on if the list does not fit on the screen. This does not activate menu completion if the widget normally only lists completions, but menu completion can be activated in that case with the value `yes=long-list' (Typically, the value `se- lect=long-list' described later is more useful as it provides con- trol over scrolling.) Similarly, with any of the `false' values (as in `no=10'), menu com- pletion will not be used if there are num or more matches. The value of this widget also controls menu selection, as imple- mented by the zsh/complist module. The following values may appear either alongside or instead of the values above. If the value contains the string `select', menu selection will be started unconditionally. In the form `select=num', menu selection will only be started if there are at least num matches. If the values for more than one tag provide a number, the smallest number is taken. Menu selection can be turned off explicitly by defining a value con- taining the string`no-select'. It is also possible to start menu selection only if the list of matches does not fit on the screen by using the value `select=long'. To start menu selection even if the current widget only performs listing, use the value `select=long-list'. To turn on menu completion or menu selection when there are a cer- tain number of matches or the list of matches does not fit on the screen, both of `yes=' and `select=' may be given twice, once with a number and once with `long' or `long-list'. Finally, it is possible to activate two special modes of menu selec- tion. The word `interactive' in the value causes interactive mode to be entered immediately when menu selection is started; see the description of the zsh/complist module in zshmodules(1) for a de- scription of interactive mode. Including the string `search' does the same for incremental search mode. To select backward incremen- tal search, include the string `search-backward'. muttrc If set, gives the location of the mutt configuration file. It de- faults to `~/.muttrc'. numbers This is used with the jobs tag. If it is `true', the shell will complete job numbers instead of the shortest unambiguous prefix of the job command text. If the value is a number, job numbers will only be used if that many words from the job descriptions are re- quired to resolve ambiguities. For example, if the value is `1', strings will only be used if all jobs differ in the first word on their command lines. old-list This is used by the _oldlist completer. If it is set to `always', then standard widgets which perform listing will retain the current list of matches, however they were generated; this can be turned off explicitly with the value `never', giving the behaviour without the _oldlist completer. If the style is unset, or any other value, then the existing list of completions is displayed if it is not already; otherwise, the standard completion list is generated; this is the default behaviour of _oldlist. However, if there is an old list and this style contains the name of the completer function that gener- ated the list, then the old list will be used even if it was gener- ated by a widget which does not do listing. For example, suppose you type ^Xc to use the _correct_word widget, which generates a list of corrections for the word under the cursor. Usually, typing ^D would generate a standard list of completions for the word on the command line, and show that. With _oldlist, it will instead show the list of corrections already generated. As another example consider the _match completer: with the in- sert-unambiguous style set to `true' it inserts only a common prefix string, if there is any. However, this may remove parts of the original pattern, so that further completion could produce more matches than on the first attempt. By using the _oldlist completer and setting this style to _match, the list of matches generated on the first attempt will be used again. old-matches This is used by the _all_matches completer to decide if an old list of matches should be used if one exists. This is selected by one of the `true' values or by the string `only'. If the value is `only', _all_matches will only use an old list and won't have any effect on the list of matches currently being generated. If this style is set it is generally unwise to call the _all_matches completer unconditionally. One possible use is for either this style or the completer style to be defined with the -e option to zstyle to make the style conditional. old-menu This is used by the _oldlist completer. It controls how menu com- pletion behaves when a completion has already been inserted and the user types a standard completion key such as TAB. The default be- haviour of _oldlist is that menu completion always continues with the existing list of completions. If this style is set to `false', however, a new completion is started if the old list was generated by a different completion command; this is the behaviour without the _oldlist completer. For example, suppose you type ^Xc to generate a list of corrections, and menu completion is started in one of the usual ways. Usually, or with this style set to `false', typing TAB at this point would start trying to complete the line as it now appears. With _oldlist, it instead continues to cycle through the list of corrections. original This is used by the _approximate and _correct completers to decide if the original string should be added as a possible completion. Normally, this is done only if there are at least two possible cor- rections, but if this style is set to `true', it is always added. Note that the style will be examined with the completer field in the context name set to correct-num or approximate-num, where num is the number of errors that were accepted. packageset This style is used when completing arguments of the Debian `dpkg' program. It contains an override for the default package set for a given context. For example, zstyle ':completion:*:complete:dpkg:option--status-1:*' \ packageset avail causes available packages, rather than only installed packages, to be completed for `dpkg --status'. path The function that completes color names uses this style with the colors tag. The value should be the pathname of a file containing color names in the format of an X11 rgb.txt file. If the style is not set but this file is found in one of various standard locations it will be used as the default. path-completion This is used by filename completion. By default, filename comple- tion examines all components of a path to see if there are comple- tions of that component. For example, /u/b/z can be completed to /usr/bin/zsh. Explicitly setting this style to `false' inhibits this behaviour for path components up to the / before the cursor; this overrides the setting of accept-exact-dirs. Even with the style set to `false', it is still possible to complete multiple paths by setting the option COMPLETE_IN_WORD and moving the cursor back to the first component in the path to be completed. For example, /u/b/z can be completed to /usr/bin/zsh if the cursor is after the /u. pine-directory If set, specifies the directory containing PINE mailbox files. There is no default, since recursively searching this directory is inconvenient for anyone who doesn't use PINE. ports A list of Internet service names (network ports) to complete. If this is not set, service names are taken from the file `/etc/ser- vices'. prefix-hidden This is used for certain completions which share a common prefix, for example command options beginning with dashes. If it is `true', the prefix will not be shown in the list of matches. The default value for this style is `false'. prefix-needed This style is also relevant for matches with a common prefix. If it is set to `true' this common prefix must be typed by the user to generate the matches. The style is applicable to the options, signals, jobs, functions, and parameters completion tags. For command options, this means that the initial `-', `+', or `--' must be typed explicitly before option names will be completed. For signals, an initial `-' is required before signal names will be completed. For jobs, an initial `%' is required before job names will be com- pleted. For function and parameter names, an initial `_' or `.' is required before function or parameter names starting with those characters will be completed. The default value for this style is `false' for function and parame- ter completions, and `true' otherwise. preserve-prefix This style is used when completing path names. Its value should be a pattern matching an initial prefix of the word to complete that should be left unchanged under all circumstances. For example, on some Unices an initial `//' (double slash) has a special meaning; setting this style to the string `//' will preserve it. As another example, setting this style to `?:/' under Cygwin would allow com- pletion after `a:/...' and so on. range This is used by the _history completer and the _history_com- plete_word bindable command to decide which words should be com- pleted. If it is a single number, only the last N words from the history will be completed. If it is a range of the form `max:slice', the last slice words will be completed; then if that yields no matches, the slice words before those will be tried and so on. This process stops either when at least one match has been found, or max words have been tried. The default is to complete all words from the history at once. recursive-files If this style is set, its value is an array of patterns to be tested against `$PWD/': note the trailing slash, which allows directories in the pattern to be delimited unambiguously by including slashes on both sides. If an ordinary file completion fails and the word on the command line does not yet have a directory part to its name, the style is retrieved using the same tag as for the completion just at- tempted, then the elements tested against $PWD/ in turn. If one matches, then the shell reattempts completion by prepending the word on the command line with each directory in the expansion of **/*(/) in turn. Typically the elements of the style will be set to re- strict the number of directories beneath the current one to a man- ageable number, for example `*/.git/*'. For example, zstyle ':completion:*' recursive-files '*/zsh/*' If the current directory is /home/pws/zsh/Src, then zle_tr<TAB> can be completed to Zle/zle_tricky.c. regular This style is used by the _expand_alias completer and bindable com- mand. If set to `true' (the default), regular aliases will be ex- panded but only in command position. If it is set to `false', regu- lar aliases will never be expanded. If it is set to `always', reg- ular aliases will be expanded even if not in command position. rehash If this is set when completing external commands, the internal list (hash) of commands will be updated for each search by issuing the rehash command. There is a speed penalty for this which is only likely to be noticeable when directories in the path have slow file access. remote-access If set to `false', certain commands will be prevented from making Internet connections to retrieve remote information. This includes the completion for the CVS command. It is not always possible to know if connections are in fact to a remote site, so some may be prevented unnecessarily. remove-all-dups The _history_complete_word bindable command and the _history com- pleter use this to decide if all duplicate matches should be re- moved, rather than just consecutive duplicates. select-prompt If this is set for the default tag, its value will be displayed dur- ing menu selection (see the menu style above) when the completion list does not fit on the screen as a whole. The same escapes as for the list-prompt style are understood, except that the numbers refer to the match or line the mark is on. A default prompt is used when the value is the empty string. select-scroll This style is tested for the default tag and determines how a com- pletion list is scrolled during a menu selection (see the menu style above) when the completion list does not fit on the screen as a whole. If the value is `0' (zero), the list is scrolled by half-screenfuls; if it is a positive integer, the list is scrolled by the given number of lines; if it is a negative number, the list is scrolled by a screenful minus the absolute value of the given number of lines. The default is to scroll by single lines. separate-sections This style is used with the manuals tag when completing names of manual pages. If it is `true', entries for different sections are added separately using tag names of the form `manuals.X', where X is the section number. When the group-name style is also in effect, pages from different sections will appear separately. This style is also used similarly with the words style when completing words for the dict command. It allows words from different dictionary data- bases to be added separately. See also insert-sections. The default for this style is `false'. show-ambiguity If the zsh/complist module is loaded, this style can be used to highlight the first ambiguous character in completion lists. The value is either a color indication such as those supported by the list-colors style or, with a value of `true', a default of underlin- ing is selected. The highlighting is only applied if the completion display strings correspond to the actual matches. show-completer Tested whenever a new completer is tried. If it is `true', the com- pletion system outputs a progress message in the listing area show- ing what completer is being tried. The message will be overwritten by any output when completions are found and is removed after com- pletion is finished. single-ignored This is used by the _ignored completer when there is only one match. If its value is `show', the single match will be displayed but not inserted. If the value is `menu', then the single match and the original string are both added as matches and menu completion is started, making it easy to select either of them. sort This allows the standard ordering of matches to be overridden. If its value is `true' or `false', sorting is enabled or disabled. Additionally the values associated with the `-o' option to compadd can also be listed: match, nosort, numeric, reverse. If it is not set for the context, the standard behaviour of the calling widget is used. The style is tested first against the full context including the tag, and if that fails to produce a value against the context with- out the tag. In many cases where a calling widget explicitly selects a particular ordering in lieu of the default, a value of `true' is not honoured. An example of where this is not the case is for command history where the default of sorting matches chronologically may be overrid- den by setting the style to `true'. In the _expand completer, if it is set to `true', the expansions generated will always be sorted. If it is set to `menu', then the expansions are only sorted when they are offered as single strings but not in the string containing all possible expansions. special-dirs Normally, the completion code will not produce the directory names `.' and `..' as possible completions. If this style is set to `true', it will add both `.' and `..' as possible completions; if it is set to `..', only `..' will be added. The following example sets special-dirs to `..' when the current prefix is empty, is a single `.', or consists only of a path begin- ning with `../'. Otherwise the value is `false'. zstyle -e ':completion:*' special-dirs \ '[[ $PREFIX = (../)#(|.|..) ]] && reply=(..)' squeeze-slashes If set to `true', sequences of slashes in filename paths (for exam- ple in `foo//bar') will be treated as a single slash. This is the usual behaviour of UNIX paths. However, by default the file comple- tion function behaves as if there were a `*' between the slashes. stop If set to `true', the _history_complete_word bindable command will stop once when reaching the beginning or end of the history. Invok- ing _history_complete_word will then wrap around to the opposite end of the history. If this style is set to `false' (the default), _history_complete_word will loop immediately as in a menu comple- tion. strip-comments If set to `true', this style causes non-essential comment text to be removed from completion matches. Currently it is only used when completing e-mail addresses where it removes any display name from the addresses, cutting them down to plain user@host form. subst-globs-only This is used by the _expand completer. If it is set to `true', the expansion will only be used if it resulted from globbing; hence, if expansions resulted from the use of the substitute style described below, but these were not further changed by globbing, the expan- sions will be rejected. The default for this style is `false'. substitute This boolean style controls whether the _expand completer will first try to expand all substitutions in the string (such as `$(...)' and `${...}'). The default is `true'. suffix This is used by the _expand completer if the word starts with a tilde or contains a parameter expansion. If it is set to `true', the word will only be expanded if it doesn't have a suffix, i.e. if it is something like `~foo' or `$foo' rather than `~foo/' or `$foo/bar', unless that suffix itself contains characters eligible for expansion. The default for this style is `true'. tag-order This provides a mechanism for sorting how the tags available in a particular context will be used. The values for the style are sets of space-separated lists of tags. The tags in each value will be tried at the same time; if no match is found, the next value is used. (See the file-patterns style for an exception to this behavior.) For example: zstyle ':completion:*:complete:-command-:*:*' tag-order \ 'commands functions' specifies that completion in command position first offers external commands and shell functions. Remaining tags will be tried if no completions are found. In addition to tag names, each string in the value may take one of the following forms: - If any value consists of only a hyphen, then only the tags specified in the other values are generated. Normally all tags not explicitly selected are tried last if the specified tags fail to generate any matches. This means that a single value consisting only of a single hyphen turns off comple- tion. ! tags... A string starting with an exclamation mark specifies names of tags that are not to be used. The effect is the same as if all other possible tags for the context had been listed. tag:label ... Here, tag is one of the standard tags and label is an arbi- trary name. Matches are generated as normal but the name la- bel is used in contexts instead of tag. This is not useful in words starting with !. If the label starts with a hyphen, the tag is prepended to the label to form the name used for lookup. This can be used to make the completion system try a certain tag more than once, supplying different style settings for each attempt; see below for an example. tag:label:description As before, but description will replace the `%d' in the value of the format style instead of the default description sup- plied by the completion function. Spaces in the description must be quoted with a backslash. A `%d' appearing in de- scription is replaced with the description given by the com- pletion function. In any of the forms above the tag may be a pattern or several pat- terns in the form `{pat1,pat2...}'. In this case all matching tags will be used except for any given explicitly in the same string. One use of these features is to try one tag more than once, setting other styles differently on each attempt, but still to use all the other tags without having to repeat them all. For example, to make completion of function names in command position ignore all the com- pletion functions starting with an underscore the first time comple- tion is tried: zstyle ':completion:*:*:-command-:*:*' tag-order \ 'functions:-non-comp *' functions zstyle ':completion:*:functions-non-comp' \ ignored-patterns '_*' On the first attempt, all tags will be offered but the functions tag will be replaced by functions-non-comp. The ignored-patterns style is set for this tag to exclude functions starting with an under- score. If there are no matches, the second value of the tag-order style is used which completes functions using the default tag, this time presumably including all function names. The matches for one tag can be split into different groups. For ex- ample: zstyle ':completion:*' tag-order \ 'options:-long:long\ options options:-short:short\ options options:-single-letter:single\ letter\ options' zstyle ':completion:*:options-long' \ ignored-patterns '[-+](|-|[^-]*)' zstyle ':completion:*:options-short' \ ignored-patterns '--*' '[-+]?' zstyle ':completion:*:options-single-letter' \ ignored-patterns '???*' With the group-names style set, options beginning with `--', options beginning with a single `-' or `+' but containing multiple charac- ters, and single-letter options will be displayed in separate groups with different descriptions. Another use of patterns is to try multiple match specifications one after another. The matcher-list style offers something similar, but it is tested very early in the completion system and hence can't be set for single commands nor for more specific contexts. Here is how to try normal completion without any match specification and, if that generates no matches, try again with case-insensitive matching, restricting the effect to arguments of the command foo: zstyle ':completion:*:*:foo:*:*' tag-order '*' '*:-case' zstyle ':completion:*-case' matcher 'm:{a-z}={A-Z}' First, all the tags offered when completing after foo are tried us- ing the normal tag name. If that generates no matches, the second value of tag-order is used, which tries all tags again except that this time each has -case appended to its name for lookup of styles. Hence this time the value for the matcher style from the second call to zstyle in the example is used to make completion case-insensi- tive. It is possible to use the -e option of the zstyle builtin command to specify conditions for the use of particular tags. For example: zstyle -e '*:-command-:*' tag-order ' if [[ -n $PREFIX$SUFFIX ]]; then reply=( ) else reply=( - ) fi' Completion in command position will be attempted only if the string typed so far is not empty. This is tested using the PREFIX special parameter; see zshcompwid for a description of parameters which are special inside completion widgets. Setting reply to an empty array provides the default behaviour of trying all tags at once; setting it to an array containing only a hyphen disables the use of all tags and hence of all completions. If no tag-order style has been defined for a context, the strings `(|*-)argument-* (|*-)option-* values' and `options' plus all tags offered by the completion function will be used to provide a sensi- ble default behavior that causes arguments (whether normal command arguments or arguments of options) to be completed before option names for most commands. urls This is used together with the urls tag by functions completing URLs. If the value consists of more than one string, or if the only string does not name a file or directory, the strings are used as the URLs to complete. If the value contains only one string which is the name of a normal file the URLs are taken from that file (where the URLs may be sepa- rated by white space or newlines). Finally, if the only string in the value names a directory, the di- rectory hierarchy rooted at this directory gives the completions. The top level directory should be the file access method, such as `http', `ftp', `bookmark' and so on. In many cases the next level of directories will be a filename. The directory hierarchy can de- scend as deep as necessary. For example, zstyle ':completion:*' urls ~/.urls mkdir -p ~/.urls/ftp/ftp.zsh.org/pub allows completion of all the components of the URL ftp://ftp.zsh.org/pub after suitable commands such as `netscape' or `lynx'. Note, however, that access methods and files are completed separately, so if the hosts style is set hosts can be completed without reference to the urls style. See the description in the function _urls itself for more informa- tion (e.g. `more $^fpath/_urls(N)'). use-cache If this is set, the completion caching layer is activated for any completions which use it (via the _store_cache, _retrieve_cache, and _cache_invalid functions). The directory containing the cache files can be changed with the cache-path style. use-compctl If this style is set to a string not equal to false, 0, no, and off, the completion system may use any completion specifications defined with the compctl builtin command. If the style is unset, this is done only if the zsh/compctl module is loaded. The string may also contain the substring `first' to use completions defined with `com- pctl -T', and the substring `default' to use the completion defined with `compctl -D'. Note that this is only intended to smooth the transition from com- pctl to the new completion system and may disappear in the future. Note also that the definitions from compctl will only be used if there is no specific completion function for the command in ques- tion. For example, if there is a function _foo to complete argu- ments to the command foo, compctl will never be invoked for foo. However, the compctl version will be tried if foo only uses default completion. use-ip By default, the function _hosts that completes host names strips IP addresses from entries read from host databases such as NIS and ssh files. If this style is `true', the corresponding IP addresses can be completed as well. This style is not use in any context where the hosts style is set; note also it must be set before the cache of host names is generated (typically the first completion attempt). users This may be set to a list of usernames to be completed. If it is not set all usernames will be completed. Note that if it is set only that list of users will be completed; this is because on some systems querying all users can take a prohibitive amount of time. users-hosts The values of this style should be of the form `user@host' or `user:host'. It is used for commands that need pairs of user- and hostnames. These commands will complete usernames from this style (only), and will restrict subsequent hostname completion to hosts paired with that user in one of the values of the style. It is possible to group values for sets of commands which allow a remote login, such as rlogin and ssh, by using the my-accounts tag. Similarly, values for sets of commands which usually refer to the accounts of other people, such as talk and finger, can be grouped by using the other-accounts tag. More ambivalent commands may use the accounts tag. users-hosts-ports Like users-hosts but used for commands like telnet and containing strings of the form `user@host:port'. verbose If set, as it is by default, the completion listing is more verbose. In particular many commands show descriptions for options if this style is `true'. word This is used by the _list completer, which prevents the insertion of completions until a second completion attempt when the line has not changed. The normal way of finding out if the line has changed is to compare its entire contents between the two occasions. If this style is `true', the comparison is instead performed only on the current word. Hence if completion is performed on another word with the same contents, completion will not be delayed. CONTROL FUNCTIONS The initialization script compinit redefines all the widgets which perform completion to call the supplied widget function _main_complete. This func- tion acts as a wrapper calling the so-called `completer' functions that generate matches. If _main_complete is called with arguments, these are taken as the names of completer functions to be called in the order given. If no arguments are given, the set of functions to try is taken from the completer style. For example, to use normal completion and correction if that doesn't generate any matches: zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _correct after calling compinit. The default value for this style is `_complete _ig- nored', i.e. normally only ordinary completion is tried, first with the ef- fect of the ignored-patterns style and then without it. The _main_complete function uses the return status of the completer functions to decide if other completers should be called. If the return status is zero, no other completers are tried and the _main_complete function returns. If the first argument to _main_complete is a single hyphen, the arguments will not be taken as names of completers. Instead, the second argument gives a name to use in the completer field of the context and the other ar- guments give a command name and arguments to call to generate the matches. The following completer functions are contained in the distribution, al- though users may write their own. Note that in contexts the leading under- score is stripped, for example basic completion is performed in the context `:completion::complete:...'. _all_matches This completer can be used to add a string consisting of all other matches. As it influences later completers it must appear as the first completer in the list. The list of all matches is affected by the avoid-completer and old-matches styles described above. It may be useful to use the _generic function described below to bind _all_matches to its own keystroke, for example: zle -C all-matches complete-word _generic bindkey '^Xa' all-matches zstyle ':completion:all-matches:*' old-matches only zstyle ':completion:all-matches::::' completer _all_matches Note that this does not generate completions by itself: first use any of the standard ways of generating a list of completions, then use ^Xa to show all matches. It is possible instead to add a stan- dard completer to the list and request that the list of all matches should be directly inserted: zstyle ':completion:all-matches::::' completer \ _all_matches _complete zstyle ':completion:all-matches:*' insert true In this case the old-matches style should not be set. _approximate This is similar to the basic _complete completer but allows the com- pletions to undergo corrections. The maximum number of errors can be specified by the max-errors style; see the description of approx- imate matching in zshexpn(1) for how errors are counted. Normally this completer will only be tried after the normal _complete com- pleter: zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete _approximate This will give correcting completion if and only if normal comple- tion yields no possible completions. When corrected completions are found, the completer will normally start menu completion allowing you to cycle through these strings. This completer uses the tags corrections and original when generat- ing the possible corrections and the original string. The format style for the former may contain the additional sequences `%e' and `%o' which will be replaced by the number of errors accepted to gen- erate the corrections and the original string, respectively. The completer progressively increases the number of errors allowed up to the limit by the max-errors style, hence if a completion is found with one error, no completions with two errors will be shown, and so on. It modifies the completer name in the context to indi- cate the number of errors being tried: on the first try the com- pleter field contains `approximate-1', on the second try `approxi- mate-2', and so on. When _approximate is called from another function, the number of er- rors to accept may be passed with the -a option. The argument is in the same format as the max-errors style, all in one string. Note that this completer (and the _correct completer mentioned be- low) can be quite expensive to call, especially when a large number of errors are allowed. One way to avoid this is to set up the com- pleter style using the -e option to zstyle so that some completers are only used when completion is attempted a second time on the same string, e.g.: zstyle -e ':completion:*' completer ' if [[ $_last_try != "$HISTNO$BUFFER$CURSOR" ]]; then _last_try="$HISTNO$BUFFER$CURSOR" reply=(_complete _match _prefix) else reply=(_ignored _correct _approximate) fi' This uses the HISTNO parameter and the BUFFER and CURSOR special pa- rameters that are available inside zle and completion widgets to find out if the command line hasn't changed since the last time com- pletion was tried. Only then are the _ignored, _correct and _ap- proximate completers called. _canonical_paths [ -A var ] [ -N ] [ -MJV12nfX ] tag descr [ paths ... ] This completion function completes all paths given to it, and also tries to offer completions which point to the same file as one of the paths given (relative path when an absolute path is given, and vice versa; when ..'s are present in the word to be completed; and some paths got from symlinks). -A, if specified, takes the paths from the array variable specified. Paths can also be specified on the command line as shown above. -N, if specified, prevents canonicalizing the paths given before using them for completion, in case they are already so. The options -M, -J, -V, -1, -2, -n, -F, -X are passed to compadd. See _description for a description of tag and descr. _cmdambivalent Completes the remaining positional arguments as an external command. The external command and its arguments are completed as separate ar- guments (in a manner appropriate for completing /usr/bin/env) if there are two or more remaining positional arguments on the command line, and as a quoted command string (in the manner of system(...)) otherwise. See also _cmdstring and _precommand. This function takes no arguments. _cmdstring Completes an external command as a single argument, as for sys- tem(...). _complete This completer generates all possible completions in a context-sen- sitive manner, i.e. using the settings defined with the compdef function explained above and the current settings of all special pa- rameters. This gives the normal completion behaviour. To complete arguments of commands, _complete uses the utility func- tion _normal, which is in turn responsible for finding the particu- lar function; it is described below. Various contexts of the form -context- are handled specifically. These are all mentioned above as possible arguments to the #compdef tag. Before trying to find a function for a specific context, _complete checks if the parameter `compcontext' is set. Setting `compcontext' allows the usual completion dispatching to be overridden which is useful in places such as a function that uses vared for input. If it is set to an array, the elements are taken to be the possible matches which will be completed using the tag `values' and the de- scription `value'. If it is set to an associative array, the keys are used as the possible completions and the values (if non-empty) are used as descriptions for the matches. If `compcontext' is set to a string containing colons, it should be of the form `tag:de- scr:action'. In this case the tag and descr give the tag and de- scription to use and the action indicates what should be completed in one of the forms accepted by the _arguments utility function de- scribed below. Finally, if `compcontext' is set to a string without colons, the value is taken as the name of the context to use and the function defined for that context will be called. For this purpose, there is a special context named -command-line- that completes whole command lines (commands and their arguments). This is not used by the com- pletion system itself but is nonetheless handled when explicitly called. _correct Generate corrections, but not completions, for the current word; this is similar to _approximate but will not allow any number of ex- tra characters at the cursor as that completer does. The effect is similar to spell-checking. It is based on _approximate, but the completer field in the context name is correct. For example, with: zstyle ':completion:::::' completer \ _complete _correct _approximate zstyle ':completion:*:correct:::' max-errors 2 not-numeric zstyle ':completion:*:approximate:::' max-errors 3 numeric correction will accept up to two errors. If a numeric argument is given, correction will not be performed, but correcting completion will be, and will accept as many errors as given by the numeric ar- gument. Without a numeric argument, first correction and then cor- recting completion will be tried, with the first one accepting two errors and the second one accepting three errors. When _correct is called as a function, the number of errors to ac- cept may be given following the -a option. The argument is in the same form a values to the accept style, all in one string. This completer function is intended to be used without the _approxi- mate completer or, as in the example, just before it. Using it af- ter the _approximate completer is useless since _approximate will at least generate the corrected strings generated by the _correct com- pleter -- and probably more. _expand This completer function does not really perform completion, but in- stead checks if the word on the command line is eligible for expan- sion and, if it is, gives detailed control over how this expansion is done. For this to happen, the completion system needs to be in- voked with complete-word, not expand-or-complete (the default bind- ing for TAB), as otherwise the string will be expanded by the shell's internal mechanism before the completion system is started. Note also this completer should be called before the _complete com- pleter function. The tags used when generating expansions are all-expansions for the string containing all possible expansions, expansions when adding the possible expansions as single matches and original when adding the original string from the line. The order in which these strings are generated, if at all, can be controlled by the group-order and tag-order styles, as usual. The format string for all-expansions and for expansions may contain the sequence `%o' which will be replaced by the original string from the line. The kind of expansion to be tried is controlled by the substitute, glob and subst-globs-only styles. It is also possible to call _expand as a function, in which case the different modes may be selected with options: -s for substitute, -g for glob and -o for subst-globs-only. _expand_alias If the word the cursor is on is an alias, it is expanded and no other completers are called. The types of aliases which are to be expanded can be controlled with the styles regular, global and dis- abled. This function is also a bindable command, see the section `Bindable Commands' below. _extensions If the cursor follows the string `*.', filename extensions are com- pleted. The extensions are taken from files in current directory or a directory specified at the beginning of the current word. For ex- act matches, completion continues to allow other completers such as _expand to expand the pattern. The standard add-space and pre- fix-hidden styles are observed. _external_pwds Completes current directories of other zsh processes belonging to the current user. This is intended to be used via _generic, bound to a custom key com- bination. Note that pattern matching is enabled so matching is per- formed similar to how it works with the _match completer. _history Complete words from the shell's command history. This completer can be controlled by the remove-all-dups, and sort styles as for the _history_complete_word bindable command, see the section `Bindable Commands' below and the section `Completion System Configuration' above. _ignored The ignored-patterns style can be set to a list of patterns which are compared against possible completions; matching ones are re- moved. With this completer those matches can be reinstated, as if no ignored-patterns style were set. The completer actually gener- ates its own list of matches; which completers are invoked is deter- mined in the same way as for the _prefix completer. The single-ig- nored style is also available as described above. _list This completer allows the insertion of matches to be delayed until completion is attempted a second time without the word on the line being changed. On the first attempt, only the list of matches will be shown. It is affected by the styles condition and word, see the section `Completion System Configuration' above. _match This completer is intended to be used after the _complete completer. It behaves similarly but the string on the command line may be a pattern to match against trial completions. This gives the effect of the GLOB_COMPLETE option. Normally completion will be performed by taking the pattern from the line, inserting a `*' at the cursor position and comparing the re- sulting pattern with the possible completions generated. This can be modified with the match-original style described above. The generated matches will be offered in a menu completion unless the insert-unambiguous style is set to `true'; see the description above for other options for this style. Note that matcher specifications defined globally or used by the completion functions (the styles matcher-list and matcher) will not be used. _menu This completer was written as simple example function to show how menu completion can be enabled in shell code. However, it has the notable effect of disabling menu selection which can be useful with _generic based widgets. It should be used as the first completer in the list. Note that this is independent of the setting of the MENU_COMPLETE option and does not work with the other menu comple- tion widgets such as reverse-menu-complete, or accept-and-menu-com- plete. _oldlist This completer controls how the standard completion widgets behave when there is an existing list of completions which may have been generated by a special completion (i.e. a separately-bound comple- tion command). It allows the ordinary completion keys to continue to use the list of completions thus generated, instead of producing a new list of ordinary contextual completions. It should appear in the list of completers before any of the widgets which generate matches. It uses two styles: old-list and old-menu, see the section `Completion System Configuration' above. _precommand Complete an external command in word-separated arguments, as for exec and /usr/bin/env. _prefix This completer can be used to try completion with the suffix (every- thing after the cursor) ignored. In other words, the suffix will not be considered to be part of the word to complete. The effect is similar to the expand-or-complete-prefix command. The completer style is used to decide which other completers are to be called to generate matches. If this style is unset, the list of completers set for the current context is used -- except, of course, the _prefix completer itself. Furthermore, if this completer ap- pears more than once in the list of completers only those completers not already tried by the last invocation of _prefix will be called. For example, consider this global completer style: zstyle ':completion:*' completer \ _complete _prefix _correct _prefix:foo Here, the _prefix completer tries normal completion but ignoring the suffix. If that doesn't generate any matches, and neither does the call to the _correct completer after it, _prefix will be called a second time and, now only trying correction with the suffix ignored. On the second invocation the completer part of the context appears as `foo'. To use _prefix as the last resort and try only normal completion when it is invoked: zstyle ':completion:*' completer _complete ... _prefix zstyle ':completion::prefix:*' completer _complete The add-space style is also respected. If it is set to `true' then _prefix will insert a space between the matches generated (if any) and the suffix. Note that this completer is only useful if the COMPLETE_IN_WORD op- tion is set; otherwise, the cursor will be moved to the end of the current word before the completion code is called and hence there will be no suffix. _user_expand This completer behaves similarly to the _expand completer but in- stead performs expansions defined by users. The styles add-space and sort styles specific to the _expand completer are usable with _user_expand in addition to other styles handled more generally by the completion system. The tag all-expansions is also available. The expansion depends on the array style user-expand being defined for the current context; remember that the context for completers is less specific than that for contextual completion as the full con- text has not yet been determined. Elements of the array may have one of the following forms: $hash hash is the name of an associative array. Note this is not a full parameter expression, merely a $, suitably quoted to prevent immediate expansion, followed by the name of an asso- ciative array. If the trial expansion word matches a key in hash, the resulting expansion is the corresponding value. _func _func is the name of a shell function whose name must begin with _ but is not otherwise special to the completion system. The function is called with the trial word as an argument. If the word is to be expanded, the function should set the array reply to a list of expansions. Optionally, it can set REPLY to a word that will be used as a description for the set of expansions. The return status of the function is ir- relevant. BINDABLE COMMANDS In addition to the context-dependent completions provided, which are ex- pected to work in an intuitively obvious way, there are a few widgets im- plementing special behaviour which can be bound separately to keys. The following is a list of these and their default bindings. _bash_completions This function is used by two widgets, _bash_complete-word and _bash_list-choices. It exists to provide compatibility with comple- tion bindings in bash. The last character of the binding determines what is completed: `!', command names; `$', environment variables; `@', host names; `/', file names; `~' user names. In bash, the binding preceded by `\e' gives completion, and preceded by `^X' lists options. As some of these bindings clash with standard zsh bindings, only `\e~' and `^X~' are bound by default. To add the rest, the following should be added to .zshrc after compinit has been run: for key in '!' '$' '@' '/' '~'; do bindkey "\e$key" _bash_complete-word bindkey "^X$key" _bash_list-choices done This includes the bindings for `~' in case they were already bound to something else; the completion code does not override user bind- ings. _correct_filename (^XC) Correct the filename path at the cursor position. Allows up to six errors in the name. Can also be called with an argument to correct a filename path, independently of zle; the correction is printed on standard output. _correct_word (^Xc) Performs correction of the current argument using the usual contex- tual completions as possible choices. This stores the string `cor- rect-word' in the function field of the context name and then calls the _correct completer. _expand_alias (^Xa) This function can be used as a completer and as a bindable command. It expands the word the cursor is on if it is an alias. The types of alias expanded can be controlled with the styles regular, global and disabled. When used as a bindable command there is one additional feature that can be selected by setting the complete style to `true'. In this case, if the word is not the name of an alias, _expand_alias tries to complete the word to a full alias name without expanding it. It leaves the cursor directly after the completed word so that invoking _expand_alias once more will expand the now-complete alias name. _expand_word (^Xe) Performs expansion on the current word: equivalent to the standard expand-word command, but using the _expand completer. Before call- ing it, the function field of the context is set to `expand-word'. _generic This function is not defined as a widget and not bound by default. However, it can be used to define a widget and will then store the name of the widget in the function field of the context and call the completion system. This allows custom completion widgets with their own set of style settings to be defined easily. For example, to de- fine a widget that performs normal completion and starts menu selec- tion: zle -C foo complete-word _generic bindkey '...' foo zstyle ':completion:foo:*' menu yes select=1 Note in particular that the completer style may be set for the con- text in order to change the set of functions used to generate possi- ble matches. If _generic is called with arguments, those are passed through to _main_complete as the list of completers in place of those defined by the completer style. _history_complete_word (\e/) Complete words from the shell's command history. This uses the list, remove-all-dups, sort, and stop styles. _most_recent_file (^Xm) Complete the name of the most recently modified file matching the pattern on the command line (which may be blank). If given a nu- meric argument N, complete the Nth most recently modified file. Note the completion, if any, is always unique. _next_tags (^Xn) This command alters the set of matches used to that for the next tag, or set of tags, either as given by the tag-order style or as set by default; these matches would otherwise not be available. Successive invocations of the command cycle through all possible sets of tags. _read_comp (^X^R) Prompt the user for a string, and use that to perform completion on the current word. There are two possibilities for the string. First, it can be a set of words beginning `_', for example `_files -/', in which case the function with any arguments will be called to generate the completions. Unambiguous parts of the function name will be completed automatically (normal completion is not available at this point) until a space is typed. Second, any other string will be passed as a set of arguments to compadd and should hence be an expression specifying what should be completed. A very restricted set of editing commands is available when reading the string: `DEL' and `^H' delete the last character; `^U' deletes the line, and `^C' and `^G' abort the function, while `RET' accepts the completion. Note the string is used verbatim as a command line, so arguments must be quoted in accordance with standard shell rules. Once a string has been read, the next call to _read_comp will use the existing string instead of reading a new one. To force a new string to be read, call _read_comp with a numeric argument. _complete_debug (^X?) This widget performs ordinary completion, but captures in a tempo- rary file a trace of the shell commands executed by the completion system. Each completion attempt gets its own file. A command to view each of these files is pushed onto the editor buffer stack. _complete_help (^Xh) This widget displays information about the context names, the tags, and the completion functions used when completing at the current cursor position. If given a numeric argument other than 1 (as in `ESC-2 ^Xh'), then the styles used and the contexts for which they are used will be shown, too. Note that the information about styles may be incomplete; it depends on the information available from the completion functions called, which in turn is determined by the user's own styles and other set- tings. _complete_help_generic Unlike other commands listed here, this must be created as a normal ZLE widget rather than a completion widget (i.e. with zle -N). It is used for generating help with a widget bound to the _generic wid- get that is described above. If this widget is created using the name of the function, as it is by default, then when executed it will read a key sequence. This is expected to be bound to a call to a completion function that uses the _generic widget. That widget will be executed, and information provided in the same format that the _complete_help widget displays for contextual completion. If the widget's name contains debug, for example if it is created as `zle -N _complete_debug_generic _complete_help_generic', it will read and execute the keystring for a generic widget as before, but then generate debugging information as done by _complete_debug for contextual completion. If the widget's name contains noread, it will not read a keystring but instead arrange that the next use of a generic widget run in the same shell will have the effect as described above. The widget works by setting the shell parameter ZSH_TRACE_GENERIC_WIDGET which is read by _generic. Unsetting the parameter cancels any pending effect of the noread form. For example, after executing the following: zle -N _complete_debug_generic _complete_help_generic bindkey '^x:' _complete_debug_generic typing `C-x :' followed by the key sequence for a generic widget will cause trace output for that widget to be saved to a file. _complete_tag (^Xt) This widget completes symbol tags created by the etags or ctags pro- grammes (note there is no connection with the completion system's tags) stored in a file TAGS, in the format used by etags, or tags, in the format created by ctags. It will look back up the path hier- archy for the first occurrence of either file; if both exist, the file TAGS is preferred. You can specify the full path to a TAGS or tags file by setting the parameter $TAGSFILE or $tagsfile respec- tively. The corresponding completion tags used are etags and vtags, after emacs and vi respectively. UTILITY FUNCTIONS Descriptions follow for utility functions that may be useful when writing completion functions. If functions are installed in subdirectories, most of these reside in the Base subdirectory. Like the example functions for commands in the distribution, the utility functions generating matches all follow the convention of returning status zero if they generated comple- tions and non-zero if no matching completions could be added. _absolute_command_paths This function completes external commands as absolute paths (unlike _command_names -e which completes their basenames). It takes no ar- guments. _all_labels [ -x ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ command arg ... ] This is a convenient interface to the _next_label function below, implementing the loop shown in the _next_label example. The command and its arguments are called to generate the matches. The options stored in the parameter name will automatically be inserted into the args passed to the command. Normally, they are put directly after the command, but if one of the args is a single hyphen, they are in- serted directly before that. If the hyphen is the last argument, it will be removed from the argument list before the command is called. This allows _all_labels to be used in almost all cases where the matches can be generated by a single call to the compadd builtin command or by a call to one of the utility functions. For example: local expl ... if _requested foo; then ... _all_labels foo expl '...' compadd ... - $matches fi Will complete the strings from the matches parameter, using compadd with additional options which will take precedence over those gener- ated by _all_labels. _alternative [ -O name ] [ -C name ] spec ... This function is useful in simple cases where multiple tags are available. Essentially it implements a loop like the one described for the _tags function below. The tags to use and the action to perform if a tag is requested are described using the specs which are of the form: `tag:descr:action'. The tags are offered using _tags and if the tag is requested, the action is executed with the given description descr. The actions are those accepted by the _arguments function (described below), with the following exceptions: * The `->state' and `=...' forms are not supported. * The `((a\:bar b\:baz))' form does not need the colon to be escaped, since the specs have no colon-separated fields after the action. For example, the action may be a simple function call: _alternative \ 'users:user:_users' \ 'hosts:host:_hosts' offers usernames and hostnames as possible matches, generated by the _users and _hosts functions respectively. Like _arguments, this function uses _all_labels to execute the ac- tions, which will loop over all sets of tags. Special handling is only required if there is an additional valid tag, for example in- side a function called from _alternative. The option `-O name' is used in the same way as by the _arguments function. In other words, the elements of the name array will be passed to compadd when executing an action. Like _tags this function supports the -C option to give a different name for the argument context field. _arguments [ -nswWCRS ] [ -A pat ] [ -O name ] [ -M matchspec ] [ : ] spec ... _arguments [ opt ... ] -- [ -l ] [ -i pats ] [ -s pair ] [ helpspec ...] This function can be used to give a complete specification for com- pletion for a command whose arguments follow standard UNIX option and argument conventions. Options Overview Options to _arguments itself must be in separate words, i.e. -s -w, not -sw. The options are followed by specs that describe options and arguments of the analyzed command. To avoid ambiguity, all op- tions to _arguments itself may be separated from the spec forms by a single colon. The `--' form is used to intuit spec forms from the help output of the command being analyzed, and is described in detail below. The opts for the `--' form are otherwise the same options as the first form. Note that `-s' following `--' has a distinct meaning from `-s' preceding `--', and both may appear. The option switches -s, -S, -A, -w, and -W affect how _arguments parses the analyzed command line's options. These switches are use- ful for commands with standard argument parsing. The options of _arguments have the following meanings: -n With this option, _arguments sets the parameter NORMARG to the position of the first normal argument in the $words ar- ray, i.e. the position after the end of the options. If that argument has not been reached, NORMARG is set to -1. The caller should declare `integer NORMARG' if the -n option is passed; otherwise the parameter is not used. -s Enable option stacking for single-letter options, whereby multiple single-letter options may be combined into a single word. For example, the two options `-x' and `-y' may be com- bined into a single word `-xy'. By default, every word cor- responds to a single option name (`-xy' is a single option named `xy'). Options beginning with a single hyphen or plus sign are eli- gible for stacking; words beginning with two hyphens are not. Note that -s after -- has a different meaning, which is docu- mented in the segment entitled `Deriving spec forms from the help output'. -w In combination with -s, allow option stacking even if one or more of the options take arguments. For example, if -x takes an argument, with no -s, `-xy' is considered as a single (un- handled) option; with -s, -xy is an option with the argument `y'; with both -s and -w, -xy is the option -x and the option -y with arguments to -x (and to -y, if it takes arguments) still to come in subsequent words. -W This option takes -w a stage further: it is possible to com- plete single-letter options even after an argument that oc- curs in the same word. However, it depends on the action performed whether options will really be completed at this point. For more control, use a utility function like _guard as part of the action. -C Modify the curcontext parameter for an action of the form `->state'. This is discussed in detail below. -R Return status 300 instead of zero when a $state is to be han- dled, in the `->string' syntax. -S Do not complete options after a `--' appearing on the line, and ignore the `--'. For example, with -S, in the line foobar -x -- -y the `-x' is considered an option, the `-y' is considered an argument, and the `--' is considered to be neither. -A pat Do not complete options after the first non-option argument on the line. pat is a pattern matching all strings which are not to be taken as arguments. For example, to make _argu- ments stop completing options after the first normal argu- ment, but ignoring all strings starting with a hyphen even if they are not described by one of the optspecs, the form is `-A "-*"'. -O name Pass the elements of the array name as arguments to functions called to execute actions. This is discussed in detail be- low. -M matchspec Use the match specification matchspec for completing option names and values. The default matchspec allows partial word completion after `_' and `-', such as completing `-f-b' to `-foo-bar'. The default matchspec is: r:|[_-]=* r:|=* -0 When populating values of the `opt_args' associative array, don't backslash-escape colons and backslashes and use NUL rather than colon for joining multiple values. This option is described in more detail below, under the heading specs: ac- tions. specs: overview Each of the following forms is a spec describing individual sets of options or arguments on the command line being analyzed. n:message:action n::message:action This describes the n'th normal argument. The message will be printed above the matches generated and the action indicates what can be completed in this position (see below). If there are two colons before the message the argument is optional. If the message contains only white space, nothing will be printed above the matches unless the action adds an explana- tion string itself. :message:action ::message:action Similar, but describes the next argument, whatever number that happens to be. If all arguments are specified in this form in the correct order the numbers are unnecessary. *:message:action *::message:action *:::message:action This describes how arguments (usually non-option arguments, those not beginning with - or +) are to be completed when neither of the first two forms was provided. Any number of arguments can be completed in this fashion. With two colons before the message, the words special array and the CURRENT special parameter are modified to refer only to the normal arguments when the action is executed or evalu- ated. With three colons before the message they are modified to refer only to the normal arguments covered by this de- scription. optspec optspec:... This describes an option. The colon indicates handling for one or more arguments to the option; if it is not present, the option is assumed to take no arguments. The following forms are available for the initial optspec, whether or not the option has arguments. *optspec Here optspec is one of the remaining forms below. This indicates the following optspec may be repeated. Otherwise if the corresponding option is already present on the command line to the left of the cursor it will not be offered again. -optname +optname In the simplest form the optspec is just the option name beginning with a minus or a plus sign, such as `-foo'. The first argument for the option (if any) must follow as a separate word directly after the op- tion. Either of `-+optname' and `+-optname' can be used to specify that -optname and +optname are both valid. In all the remaining forms, the leading `-' may be re- placed by or paired with `+' in this way. -optname- The first argument of the option must come directly after the option name in the same word. For example, `-foo-:...' specifies that the completed option and argument will look like `-fooarg'. -optname+ The first argument may appear immediately after opt- name in the same word, or may appear as a separate word after the option. For example, `-foo+:...' spec- ifies that the completed option and argument will look like either `-fooarg' or `-foo arg'. -optname= The argument may appear as the next word, or in same word as the option name provided that it is separated from it by an equals sign, for example `-foo=arg' or `-foo arg'. -optname=- The argument to the option must appear after an equals sign in the same word, and may not be given in the next argument. optspec[explanation] An explanation string may be appended to any of the preceding forms of optspec by enclosing it in brack- ets, as in `-q[query operation]'. The verbose style is used to decide whether the expla- nation strings are displayed with the option in a com- pletion listing. If no bracketed explanation string is given but the auto-description style is set and only one argument is described for this optspec, the value of the style is displayed, with any appearance of the sequence `%d' in it replaced by the message of the first optarg that follows the optspec; see below. It is possible for options with a literal `+' or `=' to ap- pear, but that character must be quoted, for example `-\+'. Each optarg following an optspec must take one of the follow- ing forms: :message:action ::message:action An argument to the option; message and action are treated as for ordinary arguments. In the first form, the argument is mandatory, and in the second form it is optional. This group may be repeated for options which take mul- tiple arguments. In other words, :message1:ac- tion1:message2:action2 specifies that the option takes two arguments. :*pattern:message:action :*pattern::message:action :*pattern:::message:action This describes multiple arguments. Only the last op- targ for an option taking multiple arguments may be given in this form. If the pattern is empty (i.e. :*:), all the remaining words on the line are to be completed as described by the action; otherwise, all the words up to and including a word matching the pat- tern are to be completed using the action. Multiple colons are treated as for the `*:...' forms for ordinary arguments: when the message is preceded by two colons, the words special array and the CURRENT special parameter are modified during the execution or evaluation of the action to refer only to the words after the option. When preceded by three colons, they are modified to refer only to the words covered by this description. Any literal colon in an optname, message, or action must be preceded by a backslash, `\:'. Each of the forms above may be preceded by a list in parentheses of option names and argument numbers. If the given option is on the command line, the options and arguments indicated in parentheses will not be offered. For example, `(-two -three 1)-one:...' com- pletes the option `-one'; if this appears on the command line, the options -two and -three and the first ordinary argument will not be completed after it. `(-foo):...' specifies an ordinary argument completion; -foo will not be completed if that argument is already present. Other items may appear in the list of excluded options to indicate various other items that should not be applied when the current specification is matched: a single star (*) for the rest arguments (i.e. a specification of the form `*:...'); a colon (:) for all nor- mal (non-option-) arguments; and a hyphen (-) for all options. For example, if `(*)' appears before an option and the option appears on the command line, the list of remaining arguments (those shown in the above table beginning with `*:') will not be completed. To aid in reuse of specifications, it is possible to precede any of the forms above with `!'; then the form will no longer be completed, although if the option or argument appears on the command line they will be skipped as normal. The main use for this is when the argu- ments are given by an array, and _arguments is called repeatedly for more specific contexts: on the first call `_arguments $global_op- tions' is used, and on subsequent calls `_arguments !$^global_op- tions'. specs: actions In each of the forms above the action determines how completions should be generated. Except for the `->string' form below, the ac- tion will be executed by calling the _all_labels function to process all tag labels. No special handling of tags is needed unless a function call introduces a new one. The functions called to execute actions will be called with the ele- ments of the array named by the `-O name' option as arguments. This can be used, for example, to pass the same set of options for the compadd builtin to all actions. The forms for action are as follows. (single unquoted space) This is useful where an argument is required but it is not possible or desirable to generate matches for it. The mes- sage will be displayed but no completions listed. Note that even in this case the colon at the end of the message is needed; it may only be omitted when neither a message nor an action is given. (item1 item2 ...) One of a list of possible matches, for example: :foo:(foo bar baz) ((item1\:desc1 ...)) Similar to the above, but with descriptions for each possible match. Note the backslash before the colon. For example, :foo:((a\:bar b\:baz)) The matches will be listed together with their descriptions if the description style is set with the values tag in the context. ->string In this form, _arguments processes the arguments and options and then returns control to the calling function with parame- ters set to indicate the state of processing; the calling function then makes its own arrangements for generating com- pletions. For example, functions that implement a state ma- chine can use this type of action. Where _arguments encounters action in the `->string' format, it will strip all leading and trailing whitespace from string and set the array state to the set of all strings for which an action is to be performed. The elements of the array state_descr are assigned the corresponding message field from each optarg containing such an action. By default and in common with all other well behaved comple- tion functions, _arguments returns status zero if it was able to add matches and non-zero otherwise. However, if the -R op- tion is given, _arguments will instead return a status of 300 to indicate that $state is to be handled. In addition to $state and $state_descr, _arguments also sets the global parameters `context', `line' and `opt_args' as de- scribed below, and does not reset any changes made to the special parameters such as PREFIX and words. This gives the calling function the choice of resetting these parameters or propagating changes in them. A function calling _arguments with at least one action con- taining a `->string' must therefore declare appropriate local parameters: local context state state_descr line typeset -A opt_args to prevent _arguments from altering the global environment. {eval-string} A string in braces is evaluated as shell code to generate matches. If the eval-string itself does not begin with an opening parenthesis or brace it is split into separate words before execution. = action If the action starts with `= ' (an equals sign followed by a space), _arguments will insert the contents of the argument field of the current context as the new first element in the words special array and increment the value of the CURRENT special parameter. This has the effect of inserting a dummy word onto the completion command line while not changing the point at which completion is taking place. This is most useful with one of the specifiers that restrict the words on the command line on which the action is to oper- ate (the two- and three-colon forms above). One particular use is when an action itself causes _arguments on a re- stricted range; it is necessary to use this trick to insert an appropriate command name into the range for the second call to _arguments to be able to parse the line. word... word... This covers all forms other than those above. If the action starts with a space, the remaining list of words will be in- voked unchanged. Otherwise it will be invoked with some extra strings placed after the first word; these are to be passed down as options to the compadd builtin. They ensure that the state specified by _arguments, in particular the descriptions of options and arguments, is correctly passed to the completion command. These additional arguments are taken from the array parameter `expl'; this will be set up before executing the action and hence may be referred to inside it, typically in an expansion of the form `$expl[@]' which preserves empty elements of the array. During the performance of the action the array `line' will be set to the normal arguments from the command line, i.e. the words from the command line after the command name excluding all options and their arguments. Options are stored in the associative array `opt_args' with option names as keys and their arguments as the values. By de- fault, all colons and backslashes in the value are escaped with backslashes, and if an option has multiple arguments (for example, when using an optspec of the form `*optspec'), they are joined with (unescaped) colons. However, if the -0 option was passed, no back- slash escaping is performed, and multiple values are joined with NUL bytes. For example, after `zsh -o foo:foo -o bar:bar -o <TAB>', the contents of `opt_args' would be typeset -A opt_args=( [-o]='foo\:foo:bar\:bar:' ) by default, and typeset -A opt_args=( [-o]=$'foo:foo\x00bar:bar\x00' ) if _arguments had been called with the -0 option. The parameter `context' is set when returning to the calling func- tion to perform an action of the form `->string'. It is set to an array of elements corresponding to the elements of $state. Each el- ement is a suitable name for the argument field of the context: ei- ther a string of the form `option-opt-n' for the n'th argument of the option -opt, or a string of the form `argument-n' for the n'th argument. For `rest' arguments, that is those in the list at the end not handled by position, n is the string `rest'. For example, when completing the argument of the -o option, the name is `op- tion-o-1', while for the second normal (non-option-) argument it is `argument-2'. Furthermore, during the evaluation of the action the context name in the curcontext parameter is altered to append the same string that is stored in the context parameter. The option -C tells _arguments to modify the curcontext parameter for an action of the form `->state'. This is the standard parameter used to keep track of the current context. Here it (and not the context array) should be made local to the calling function to avoid passing back the modified value and should be initialised to the current value at the start of the function: local curcontext="$curcontext" This is useful where it is not possible for multiple states to be valid together. Grouping Options Options can be grouped to simplify exclusion lists. A group is in- troduced with `+' followed by a name for the group in the subsequent word. Whole groups can then be referenced in an exclusion list or a group name can be used to disambiguate between two forms of the same option. For example: _arguments \ '(group2--x)-a' \ + group1 \ -m \ '(group2)-n' \ + group2 \ -x -y If the name of a group is specified in the form `(name)' then only one value from that group will ever be completed; more formally, all specifications are mutually exclusive to all other specifications in that group. This is useful for defining options that are aliases for each other. For example: _arguments \ -a -b \ + '(operation)' \ {-c,--compress}'[compress]' \ {-d,--decompress}'[decompress]' \ {-l,--list}'[list]' If an option in a group appears on the command line, it is stored in the associative array `opt_args' with 'group-option' as a key. In the example above, a key `operation--c' is used if the option `-c' is present on the command line. Specifying Multiple Sets of Arguments It is possible to specify multiple sets of options and arguments with the sets separated by single hyphens. This differs from groups in that sets are considered to be mutually exclusive of each other. Specifications before the first set and from any group are common to all sets. For example: _arguments \ -a \ - set1 \ -c \ - set2 \ -d \ ':arg:(x2 y2)' This defines two sets. When the command line contains the option `-c', the `-d' option and the argument will not be considered possi- ble completions. When it contains `-d' or an argument, the option `-c' will not be considered. However, after `-a' both sets will still be considered valid. As for groups, the name of a set may appear in exclusion lists, ei- ther alone or preceding a normal option or argument specification. The completion code has to parse the command line separately for each set. This can be slow so sets should only be used when neces- sary. A useful alternative is often an option specification with rest-arguments (as in `-foo:*:...'); here the option -foo swallows up all remaining arguments as described by the optarg definitions. Deriving spec forms from the help output The option `--' allows _arguments to work out the names of long op- tions that support the `--help' option which is standard in many GNU commands. The command word is called with the argument `--help' and the output examined for option names. Clearly, it can be dangerous to pass this to commands which may not support this option as the behaviour of the command is unspecified. In addition to options, `_arguments --' will try to deduce the types of arguments available for options when the form `--opt=val' is valid. It is also possible to provide hints by examining the help text of the command and adding helpspec of the form `pattern:mes- sage:action'; note that other _arguments spec forms are not used. The pattern is matched against the help text for an option, and if it matches the message and action are used as for other argument specifiers. The special case of `*:' means both message and action are empty, which has the effect of causing options having no de- scription in the help output to be ordered in listings ahead of op- tions that have a description. For example: _arguments -- '*\*:toggle:(yes no)' \ '*=FILE*:file:_files' \ '*=DIR*:directory:_files -/' \ '*=PATH*:directory:_files -/' Here, `yes' and `no' will be completed as the argument of options whose description ends in a star; file names will be completed for options that contain the substring `=FILE' in the description; and directories will be completed for options whose description contains `=DIR' or `=PATH'. The last three are in fact the default and so need not be given explicitly, although it is possible to override the use of these patterns. A typical help text which uses this fea- ture is: -C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR so that the above specifications will cause directories to be com- pleted after `--directory', though not after `-C'. Note also that _arguments tries to find out automatically if the ar- gument for an option is optional. This can be specified explicitly by doubling the colon before the message. If the pattern ends in `(-)', this will be removed from the pattern and the action will be used only directly after the `=', not in the next word. This is the behaviour of a normal specification defined with the form `=-'. By default, the command (with the option `--help') is run after re- setting all the locale categories (except for LC_CTYPE) to `C'. If the localized help output is known to work, the option `-l' can be specified after the `_arguments --' so that the command is run in the current locale. The `_arguments --' can be followed by the option `-i patterns' to give patterns for options which are not to be completed. The pat- terns can be given as the name of an array parameter or as a literal list in parentheses. For example, _arguments -- -i \ "(--(en|dis)able-FEATURE*)" will cause completion to ignore the options `--enable-FEATURE' and `--disable-FEATURE' (this example is useful with GNU configure). The `_arguments --' form can also be followed by the option `-s pair' to describe option aliases. The pair consists of a list of alternating patterns and corresponding replacements, enclosed in parens and quoted so that it forms a single argument word in the _arguments call. For example, some configure-script help output describes options only as `--enable-foo', but the script also accepts the negated form `--disable-foo'. To allow completion of the second form: _arguments -- -s "((#s)--enable- --disable-)" Miscellaneous notes Finally, note that _arguments generally expects to be the primary function handling any completion for which it is used. It may have side effects which change the treatment of any matches added by other functions called after it. To combine _arguments with other functions, those functions should be called either before _argu- ments, as an action within a spec, or in handlers for `->state' ac- tions. Here is a more general example of the use of _arguments: _arguments '-l+:left border:' \ '-format:paper size:(letter A4)' \ '*-copy:output file:_files::resolution:(300 600)' \ ':postscript file:_files -g \*.\(ps\|eps\)' \ '*:page number:' This describes three options: `-l', `-format', and `-copy'. The first takes one argument described as `left border' for which no completion will be offered because of the empty action. Its argu- ment may come directly after the `-l' or it may be given as the next word on the line. The `-format' option takes one argument in the next word, described as `paper size' for which only the strings `letter' and `A4' will be completed. The `-copy' option may appear more than once on the command line and takes two arguments. The first is mandatory and will be completed as a filename. The second is optional (because of the second colon before the description `resolution') and will be completed from the strings `300' and `600'. The last two descriptions say what should be completed as arguments. The first describes the first argument as a `postscript file' and makes files ending in `ps' or `eps' be completed. The last descrip- tion gives all other arguments the description `page number' but does not offer completions. _as_if command [arg ... ] This function is useful when one command should be completed as if it were another command with particular arguments. For example to complete foo as if it were bar --baz, use compdef '_as_if bar --baz' foo _cache_invalid cache_identifier This function returns status zero if the completions cache corre- sponding to the given cache identifier needs rebuilding. It deter- mines this by looking up the cache-policy style for the current con- text. This should provide a function name which is run with the full path to the relevant cache file as the only argument. Example: _example_caching_policy () { # rebuild if cache is more than a week old local -a oldp oldp=( "$1"(Nm+7) ) (( $#oldp )) } _call_function return name [ arg ... ] If a function name exists, it is called with the arguments args. The return argument gives the name of a parameter in which the re- turn status from the function name should be stored; if return is empty or a single hyphen it is ignored. The return status of _call_function itself is zero if the function name exists and was called and non-zero otherwise. _call_program [ -l ] [ -p ] tag string ... This function provides a mechanism for the user to override the use of an external command. It looks up the command style with the sup- plied tag. If the style is set, its value is used as the command to execute. The strings from the call to _call_program, or from the style if set, are concatenated with spaces between them and the re- sulting string is evaluated. The return status is the return status of the command called. By default, the command is run in an environment where all the lo- cale categories (except for LC_CTYPE) are reset to `C' by calling the utility function _comp_locale (see below). If the option `-l' is given, the command is run with the current locale. If the option `-p' is supplied it indicates that the command output is influenced by the permissions it is run with. If the gain-privi- leges style is set to true, _call_program will make use of commands such as sudo, if present on the command-line, to match the permis- sions to whatever the final command is likely to run under. When looking up the gain-privileges and command styles, the command com- ponent of the zstyle context will end with a slash (`/') followed by the command that would be used to gain privileges. _combination [ -s pattern ] tag style spec ... field opts ... This function is used to complete combinations of values, for exam- ple pairs of hostnames and usernames. The style argument gives the style which defines the pairs; it is looked up in a context with the tag specified. The style name consists of field names separated by hyphens, for ex- ample `users-hosts-ports'. For each field for a value is already known, a spec of the form `field=pattern' is given. For example, if the command line so far specifies a user `pws', the argument `users=pws' should appear. The next argument with no equals sign is taken as the name of the field for which completions should be generated (presumably not one of the fields for which the value is known). The matches generated will be taken from the value of the style. These should contain the possible values for the combinations in the appropriate order (users, hosts, ports in the example above). The values for the different fields are separated by colons. This can be altered with the option -s to _combination which specifies a pat- tern. Typically this is a character class, as for example `-s "[:@]"' in the case of the users-hosts style. Each `field=pat- tern' specification restricts the completions which apply to ele- ments of the style with appropriately matching fields. If no style with the given name is defined for the given tag, or if none of the strings in style's value match, but a function name of the required field preceded by an underscore is defined, that func- tion will be called to generate the matches. For example, if there is no `users-hosts-ports' or no matching hostname when a host is re- quired, the function `_hosts' will automatically be called. If the same name is used for more than one field, in both the `field=pattern' and the argument that gives the name of the field to be completed, the number of the field (starting with one) may be given after the fieldname, separated from it by a colon. All arguments after the required field name are passed to compadd when generating matches from the style value, or to the functions for the fields if they are called. _command_names [ -e | - ] This function completes words that are valid at command position: names of aliases, builtins, hashed commands, functions, and so on. With the -e flag, only hashed commands are completed. The - flag is ignored. _comp_locale This function resets all the locale categories other than LC_CTYPE to `C' so that the output from external commands can be easily ana- lyzed by the completion system. LC_CTYPE retains the current value (taking LC_ALL and LANG into account), ensuring that non-ASCII char- acters in file names are still handled properly. This function should normally be run only in a subshell, because the new locale is exported to the environment. Typical usage would be `$(_comp_locale; command ...)'. _completers [ -p ] This function completes names of completers. -p Include the leading underscore (`_') in the matches. _default This function corresponds to the -default- special context which is applied where no completion is defined. It is useful to call it un- der certain error conditions such as completion after an unrecog- nised subcommand. This applies the concept of graceful degradation to the completion system, allowing it to fallback on basic comple- tion of commonly useful things like filenames. _describe [-12JVx] [ -oO | -t tag ] descr name1 [ name2 ] [ opt ... ] [ -- name1 [ name2 ] [ opt ... ] ... ] This function associates completions with descriptions. Multiple groups separated by -- can be supplied, potentially with different completion options opts. The descr is taken as a string to display above the matches if the format style for the descriptions tag is set. This is followed by one or two names of arrays. Alternatively, the arrays may be given inline, following the rules described below, us- ing the syntax (item ...). (There is no separate ((...)) form as with _arguments.) The array name1 contains the possible completions with their (op- tional) descriptions in the form `completion:description'. Any lit- eral colons in completion must be quoted with a backslash. If a name2 is given, it should have the same number of elements as name1; in this case the corresponding elements are added as possible com- pletions instead of the completion strings from name1. The comple- tion list will retain the descriptions from name1. Finally, a set of options to pass to compadd can appear. If the option `-o' appears before the first argument, the matches added will be treated as names of command options (N.B. not shell options), typically following a `-', `--' or `+' on the command line. In this case _describe uses the prefix-hidden, prefix-needed and verbose styles to find out if the strings should be added as completions and if the descriptions should be shown. Without the `-o' option, only the verbose style is used to decide how descrip- tions are shown. If `-O' is used instead of `-o', command options are completed as above but _describe will not handle the pre- fix-needed style. With the -t option a tag can be specified. The default is `values' or, if the -o option is given, `options'. The options -1, -2, -J, -V, -x are passed to _next_label. If selected by the list-grouped style, strings with the same de- scription will appear together in the list. _describe uses the _all_labels function to generate the matches, so it does not need to appear inside a loop over tag labels. _description [ -x ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ spec ... ] This function is not to be confused with the previous one; it is used as a helper function for creating options to compadd. It is buried inside many of the higher level completion functions and so often does not need to be called directly. The styles listed below are tested in the current context using the given tag. The resulting options for compadd are put into the array named name (this is traditionally `expl', but this convention is not enforced). The description for the corresponding set of matches is passed to the function in descr. The styles tested are: format, hidden, matcher, ignore-line, ig- nored-patterns, group-name and sort. The format style is first tested for the given tag and then for the descriptions tag if no value was found, while the remainder are only tested for the tag given as the first argument. The function also calls _setup which tests some more styles. The string returned by the format style (if any) will be modified so that the sequence `%d' is replaced by the descr given as the third argument without any leading or trailing white space. If, after re- moving the white space, the descr is the empty string, the format style will not be used and the options put into the name array will not contain an explanation string to be displayed above the matches. If _description is called with more than three arguments, the addi- tional specs should be of the form `char:str'. These supply escape sequence replacements for the format style: every appearance of `%char' will be replaced by string. If no additional specs are given but the description in descr conforms to a common form then further escape sequences are set for elements of that description. These elements correspond to a default value (`%o'), the units (`%m') range of acceptable values (`%r') and the remaining initial part of the description (`%h'). The form the description takes con- sists of specifying the units and range in parentheses and the de- fault value in square brackets, for example: _description times expl 'timeout (seconds) (0-60) [20]' It is possible to use zformat conditional expressions when styling these elements. So, for example, to add `default:' as a tag but only when there is a default value to show, the format style might in- clude `%(o.default: %o.)'. If the -x option is given, the description will be passed to compadd using the -x option instead of the default -X. This means that the description will be displayed even if there are no corresponding matches. The options placed in the array name take account of the group-name style, so matches are placed in a separate group where necessary. The group normally has its elements sorted (by passing the option -J to compadd), but if an option starting with `-V', `-J', `-1', or `-2' is passed to _description, that option will be included in the array. Hence it is possible for the completion group to be unsorted by giving the option `-V', `-1V', or `-2V'. In most cases, the function will be used like this: local expl _description files expl file compadd "$expl[@]" - "$files[@]" Note the use of the parameter expl, the hyphen, and the list of matches. Almost all calls to compadd within the completion system use a similar format; this ensures that user-specified styles are correctly passed down to the builtins which implement the internals of completion. _dir_list [ -s sep ] [ -S ] Complete a list of directory names separated by colons (the same format as $PATH). -s sep Use sep as separator between items. sep defaults to a colon (`:'). -S Add sep instead of slash (`/') as an autoremoveable suffix. _dispatch context string ... This sets the current context to context and looks for completion functions to handle this context by hunting through the list of com- mand names or special contexts (as described above for compdef) given as strings. The first completion function to be defined for one of the contexts in the list is used to generate matches. Typi- cally, the last string is -default- to cause the function for de- fault completion to be used as a fallback. The function sets the parameter $service to the string being tried, and sets the context/command field (the fourth) of the $curcontext parameter to the context given as the first argument. _email_addresses [ -c ] [ -n plugin ] Complete email addresses. Addresses are provided by plugins. -c Complete bare localhost@domain.tld addresses, without a name part or a comment. Without this option, RFC822 `Firstname Lastname <address>' strings are completed. -n plugin Complete aliases from plugin. The following plugins are available by default: _email-ldap (see the filter style), _email-local (completes user@hostname Unix ad- dresses), _email-mail (completes aliases from ~/.mailrc), _email-mush, _email-mutt, and _email-pine. Addresses from the _email-foo plugin are added under the tag `email-foo'. Writing plugins Plugins are written as separate functions with names starting with `_email-'. They are invoked with the -c option and compadd options. They should either do their own completion or set the $reply array to a list of `alias:address' elements and return 300. New plugins will be picked up and run automatically. _files The function _files is a wrapper around _path_files. It supports all of the same functionality, with some enhancements -- notably, it re- spects the list-dirs-first style, and it allows users to override the behaviour of the -g and -/ options with the file-patterns style. _files should therefore be preferred over _path_files in most cases. This function accepts the full set of options allowed by _path_files, described below. _gnu_generic This function is a simple wrapper around the _arguments function de- scribed above. It can be used to determine automatically the long options understood by commands that produce a list when passed the option `--help'. It is intended to be used as a top-level comple- tion function in its own right. For example, to enable option com- pletion for the commands foo and bar, use compdef _gnu_generic foo bar after the call to compinit. The completion system as supplied is conservative in its use of this function, since it is important to be sure the command understands the option `--help'. _guard [ options ] pattern descr This function displays descr if pattern matches the string to be completed. It is intended to be used in the action for the specifi- cations passed to _arguments and similar functions. The return status is zero if the message was displayed and the word to complete is not empty, and non-zero otherwise. The pattern may be preceded by any of the options understood by com- padd that are passed down from _description, namely -M, -J, -V, -1, -2, -n, -F and -X. All of these options will be ignored. This fits in conveniently with the argument-passing conventions of actions for _arguments. As an example, consider a command taking the options -n and -none, where -n must be followed by a numeric value in the same word. By using: _arguments '-n-: :_guard "[0-9]#" "numeric value"' '-none' _arguments can be made to both display the message `numeric value' and complete options after `-n<TAB>'. If the `-n' is already fol- lowed by one or more digits (the pattern passed to _guard) only the message will be displayed; if the `-n' is followed by another char- acter, only options are completed. _message [ -r12 ] [ -VJ group ] descr _message -e [ tag ] descr The descr is used in the same way as the third argument to the _de- scription function, except that the resulting string will always be shown whether or not matches were generated. This is useful for displaying a help message in places where no completions can be gen- erated. The format style is examined with the messages tag to find a mes- sage; the usual tag, descriptions, is used only if the style is not set with the former. If the -r option is given, no style is used; the descr is taken lit- erally as the string to display. This is most useful when the descr comes from a pre-processed argument list which already contains an expanded description. Note that this option does not disable the `%'-sequence parsing done by compadd. The -12VJ options and the group are passed to compadd and hence de- termine the group the message string is added to. The second -e form gives a description for completions with the tag tag to be shown even if there are no matches for that tag. This form is called by _arguments in the event that there is no action for an option specification. The tag can be omitted and if so the tag is taken from the parameter $curtag; this is maintained by the completion system and so is usually correct. Note that if there are no matches at the time this function is called, compstate[insert] is cleared, so additional matches generated later are not inserted on the command line. _multi_parts [ -i ] sep array The argument sep is a separator character. The array may be either the name of an array parameter or a literal array in the form `(foo bar)', a parenthesised list of words separated by whitespace. The possible completions are the strings from the array. However, each chunk delimited by sep will be completed separately. For example, the _tar function uses `_multi_parts / patharray' to complete par- tial file paths from the given array of complete file paths. The -i option causes _multi_parts to insert a unique match even if that requires multiple separators to be inserted. This is not usu- ally the expected behaviour with filenames, but certain other types of completion, for example those with a fixed set of possibilities, may be more suited to this form. Like other utility functions, this function accepts the `-V', `-J', `-1', `-2', `-n', `-f', `-X', `-M', `-P', `-S', `-r', `-R', and `-q' options and passes them to the compadd builtin. _next_label [ -x ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr [ option ... ] This function is used to implement the loop over different tag la- bels for a particular tag as described above for the tag-order style. On each call it checks to see if there are any more tag la- bels; if there is it returns status zero, otherwise non-zero. As this function requires a current tag to be set, it must always fol- low a call to _tags or _requested. The -x12VJ options and the first three arguments are passed to the _description function. Where appropriate the tag will be replaced by a tag label in this call. Any description given in the tag-order style is preferred to the descr passed to _next_label. The options given after the descr are set in the parameter given by name, and hence are to be passed to compadd or whatever function is called to add the matches. Here is a typical use of this function for the tag foo. The call to _requested determines if tag foo is required at all; the loop over _next_label handles any labels defined for the tag in the tag-order style. local expl ret=1 ... if _requested foo; then ... while _next_label foo expl '...'; do compadd "$expl[@]" ... && ret=0 done ... fi return ret _normal [ -P | -p precommand ] This is the standard function called to handle completion outside any special -context-. It is called both to complete the command word and also the arguments for a command. In the second case, _normal looks for a special completion for that command, and if there is none it uses the completion for the -default- context. A second use is to reexamine the command line specified by the $words array and the $CURRENT parameter after those have been modi- fied. For example, the function _precommand, which completes after precommand specifiers such as nohup, removes the first word from the words array, decrements the CURRENT parameter, then calls `_normal -p $service'. The effect is that `nohup cmd ...' is treated in the same way as `cmd ...'. -P Reset the list of precommands. This option should be used if completing a command line which allows internal commands (e.g. builtins and functions) regardless of prior precommands (e.g. `zsh -c'). -p precommand Append precommand to the list of precommands. This option should be used in nearly all cases in which -P is not applic- able. If the command name matches one of the patterns given by one of the options -p or -P to compdef, the corresponding completion function is called and then the parameter _compskip is checked. If it is set completion is terminated at that point even if no matches have been found. This is the same effect as in the -first- context. _numbers [ option ... ] [ description ] [ suffix ... ] This can be used where a number is followed by a suffix to indicate the units. The unit suffixes are completed and can also be included in the description used when completion is invoked for the preceding number. In addition to common compadd options, _numbers accepts the follow- ing options: -t tag Specify a tag to use instead of the default of numbers. -u units Indicate the default units for the number, e.g. bytes. -l min Specify the lowest possible value for the number. -m max Specify the highest possible value for the number. -d default Specify the default value. -N Allow negative numbers. This is implied if the range in- cludes a negative. -f Allow decimal numbers. Where a particular suffix represents the default units for a number, it should be prefixed with a colon. Additionally, suffixes can be followed by a colon and a description. So for example, the follow- ing allows the age of something to be specified, either in seconds or with an optional suffix with a longer unit of time: _numbers -u seconds age :s:seconds m:minutes h:hours d:days It is typically helpful for units to be presented in order of magni- tude when completed. To facilitate this, the order in which they are given is preserved. When the format style is looked up with the descriptions tag or the tag specified with -t, the list of suffixes is available as a `%x' escape sequence. This is in addition to the usual sequences docu- mented under the format style. The form this list takes can also be configured. To this end, the format style is first looked up with the tag unit-suffixes. The retrieved format is applied to each suf- fix in turn and the results are then concatenated to form the com- pleted list. For the unit-suffixes format, `%x' expands to the indi- vidual suffix and `%X' to its description. %d' indicates a default suffix and can be used in a condition. The index and reverse index are set in `%i' and `%r' respectively and are useful for text in- cluded only with the first and last suffixes in the list. So for ex- ample, the following joins the suffixes together as a comma-sepa- rated list: zstyle ':completion:*:unit-suffixes' format '%x%(r::,)' _options This can be used to complete the names of shell options. It pro- vides a matcher specification that ignores a leading `no', ignores underscores and allows upper-case letters to match their lower-case counterparts (for example, `glob', `noglob', `NO_GLOB' are all com- pleted). Any arguments are propagated to the compadd builtin. _options_set and _options_unset These functions complete only set or unset options, with the same matching specification used in the _options function. Note that you need to uncomment a few lines in the _main_complete function for these functions to work properly. The lines in ques- tion are used to store the option settings in effect before the com- pletion widget locally sets the options it needs. Hence these func- tions are not generally used by the completion system. _parameters This is used to complete the names of shell parameters. The option `-g pattern' limits the completion to parameters whose type matches the pattern. The type of a parameter is that shown by `print ${(t)param}', hence judicious use of `*' in pattern is proba- bly necessary. All other arguments are passed to the compadd builtin. _path_files This function is used throughout the completion system to complete filenames. It allows completion of partial paths. For example, the string `/u/i/s/sig' may be completed to `/usr/include/sys/signal.h'. The options accepted by both _path_files and _files are: -f Complete all filenames. This is the default. -/ Specifies that only directories should be completed. -g pattern Specifies that only files matching the pattern should be com- pleted. -W paths Specifies path prefixes that are to be prepended to the string from the command line to generate the filenames but that should not be inserted as completions nor shown in com- pletion listings. Here, paths may be the name of an array parameter, a literal list of paths enclosed in parentheses or an absolute pathname. -F ignored-files This behaves as for the corresponding option to the compadd builtin. It gives direct control over which filenames should be ignored. If the option is not present, the ignored-pat- terns style is used. Both _path_files and _files also accept the following options which are passed to compadd: `-J', `-V', `-1', `-2', `-n', `-X', `-M', `-P', `-S', `-q', `-r', and `-R'. Finally, the _path_files function uses the styles expand, ambigu- ous, special-dirs, list-suffixes and file-sort described above. _pick_variant [ -b builtin-label ] [ -c command ] [ -r name ] label=pattern ... label [ arg ... ] This function is used to resolve situations where a single command name requires more than one type of handling, either because it has more than one variant or because there is a name clash between two different commands. The command to run is taken from the first element of the array words unless this is overridden by the option -c. This command is run and its output is compared with a series of patterns. Arguments to be passed to the command can be specified at the end after all the other arguments. The patterns to try in order are given by the arguments label=pattern; if the output of `command arg ...' contains pattern, then label is selected as the label for the command vari- ant. If none of the patterns match, the final command label is se- lected and status 1 is returned. If the `-b builtin-label' is given, the command is tested to see if it is provided as a shell builtin, possibly autoloaded; if so, the label builtin-label is selected as the label for the variant. If the `-r name' is given, the label picked is stored in the parame- ter named name. The results are also cached in the _cmd_variant associative array indexed by the name of the command run. _regex_arguments name spec ... This function generates a completion function name which matches the specifications specs, a set of regular expressions as described be- low. After running _regex_arguments, the function name should be called as a normal completion function. The pattern to be matched is given by the contents of the words array up to the current cursor position joined together with null characters; no quotation is ap- plied. The arguments are grouped as sets of alternatives separated by `|', which are tried one after the other until one matches. Each alter- native consists of a one or more specifications which are tried left to right, with each pattern matched being stripped in turn from the command line being tested, until all of the group succeeds or until one fails; in the latter case, the next alternative is tried. This structure can be repeated to arbitrary depth by using parentheses; matching proceeds from inside to outside. A special procedure is applied if no test succeeds but the remaining command line string contains no null character (implying the remain- ing word is the one for which completions are to be generated). The completion target is restricted to the remaining word and any ac- tions for the corresponding patterns are executed. In this case, nothing is stripped from the command line string. The order of evaluation of the actions can be determined by the tag-order style; the various formats supported by _alternative can be used in action. The descr is used for setting up the array parameter expl. Specification arguments take one of following forms, in which metacharacters such as `(', `)', `#' and `|' should be quoted. /pattern/ [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:tag:descr:action] This is a single primitive component. The function tests whether the combined pattern `(#b)((#B)pattern)lookahead*' matches the command line string. If so, `guard' is evaluated and its return status is examined to determine if the test has succeeded. The pattern string `[]' is guaranteed never to match. The lookahead is not stripped from the command line before the next pattern is examined. The argument starting with : is used in the same manner as an argument to _alternative. A component is used as follows: pattern is tested to see if the component already exists on the command line. If it does, any following specifications are examined to find some- thing to complete. If a component is reached but no such pattern exists yet on the command line, the string containing the action is used to generate matches to insert at that point. /pattern/+ [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:tag:descr:action] This is similar to `/pattern/ ...' but the left part of the command line string (i.e. the part already matched by previ- ous patterns) is also considered part of the completion tar- get. /pattern/- [%lookahead%] [-guard] [:tag:descr:action] This is similar to `/pattern/ ...' but the actions of the current and previously matched patterns are ignored even if the following `pattern' matches the empty string. ( spec ) Parentheses may be used to groups specs; note each parenthe- sis is a single argument to _regex_arguments. spec # This allows any number of repetitions of spec. spec spec The two specs are to be matched one after the other as de- scribed above. spec | spec Either of the two specs can be matched. The function _regex_words can be used as a helper function to gener- ate matches for a set of alternative words possibly with their own arguments as a command line argument. Examples: _regex_arguments _tst /$'[^\0]#\0'/ \ /$'[^\0]#\0'/ :'compadd aaa' This generates a function _tst that completes aaa as its only argu- ment. The tag and description for the action have been omitted for brevity (this works but is not recommended in normal use). The first component matches the command word, which is arbitrary; the second matches any argument. As the argument is also arbitrary, any following component would not depend on aaa being present. _regex_arguments _tst /$'[^\0]#\0'/ \ /$'aaa\0'/ :'compadd aaa' This is a more typical use; it is similar, but any following pat- terns would only match if aaa was present as the first argument. _regex_arguments _tst /$'[^\0]#\0'/ \( \ /$'aaa\0'/ :'compadd aaa' \ /$'bbb\0'/ :'compadd bbb' \) \# In this example, an indefinite number of command arguments may be completed. Odd arguments are completed as aaa and even arguments as bbb. Completion fails unless the set of aaa and bbb arguments be- fore the current one is matched correctly. _regex_arguments _tst /$'[^\0]#\0'/ \ \( /$'aaa\0'/ :'compadd aaa' \| \ /$'bbb\0'/ :'compadd bbb' \) \# This is similar, but either aaa or bbb may be completed for any ar- gument. In this case _regex_words could be used to generate a suit- able expression for the arguments. _regex_words tag description spec ... This function can be used to generate arguments for the _regex_argu- ments command which may be inserted at any point where a set of rules is expected. The tag and description give a standard tag and description pertaining to the current context. Each spec contains two or three arguments separated by a colon: note that there is no leading colon in this case. Each spec gives one of a set of words that may be completed at this point, together with arguments. It is thus roughly equivalent to the _arguments function when used in normal (non-regex) completion. The part of the spec before the first colon is the word to be com- pleted. This may contain a *; the entire word, before and after the * is completed, but only the text before the * is required for the context to be matched, so that further arguments may be completed after the abbreviated form. The second part of spec is a description for the word being com- pleted. The optional third part of the spec describes how words following the one being completed are themselves to be completed. It will be evaluated in order to avoid problems with quoting. This means that typically it contains a reference to an array containing previously generated regex arguments. The option -t term specifies a terminator for the word instead of the usual space. This is handled as an auto-removable suffix in the manner of the option -s sep to _values. The result of the processing by _regex_words is placed in the array reply, which should be made local to the calling function. If the set of words and arguments may be matched repeatedly, a # should be appended to the generated array at that point. For example: local -a reply _regex_words mydb-commands 'mydb commands' \ 'add:add an entry to mydb:$mydb_add_cmds' \ 'show:show entries in mydb' _regex_arguments _mydb "$reply[@]" _mydb "$@" This shows a completion function for a command mydb which takes two command arguments, add and show. show takes no arguments, while the arguments for add have already been prepared in an array mydb_add_cmds, quite possibly by a previous call to _regex_words. _requested [ -x ] [ -12VJ ] tag [ name descr [ command [ arg ... ] ] This function is called to decide whether a tag already registered by a call to _tags (see below) has been requested by the user and hence completion should be performed for it. It returns status zero if the tag is requested and non-zero otherwise. The function is typically used as part of a loop over different tags as follows: _tags foo bar baz while _tags; do if _requested foo; then ... # perform completion for foo fi ... # test the tags bar and baz in the same way ... # exit loop if matches were generated done Note that the test for whether matches were generated is not per- formed until the end of the _tags loop. This is so that the user can set the tag-order style to specify a set of tags to be completed at the same time. If name and descr are given, _requested calls the _description func- tion with these arguments together with the options passed to _re- quested. If command is given, the _all_labels function will be called immedi- ately with the same arguments. In simple cases this makes it possi- ble to perform the test for the tag and the matching in one go. For example: local expl ret=1 _tags foo bar baz while _tags; do _requested foo expl 'description' \ compadd foobar foobaz && ret=0 ... (( ret )) || break done If the command is not compadd, it must nevertheless be prepared to handle the same options. _retrieve_cache cache_identifier This function retrieves completion information from the file given by cache_identifier, stored in a directory specified by the cache-path style which defaults to ~/.zcompcache. The return status is zero if retrieval was successful. It will only attempt retrieval if the use-cache style is set, so you can call this function without worrying about whether the user wanted to use the caching layer. See _store_cache below for more details. _sep_parts This function is passed alternating arrays and separators as argu- ments. The arrays specify completions for parts of strings to be separated by the separators. The arrays may be the names of array parameters or a quoted list of words in parentheses. For example, with the array `hosts=(ftp news)' the call `_sep_parts '(foo bar)' @ hosts' will complete the string `f' to `foo' and the string `b@n' to `bar@news'. This function accepts the compadd options `-V', `-J', `-1', `-2', `-n', `-X', `-M', `-P', `-S', `-r', `-R', and `-q' and passes them on to the compadd builtin used to add the matches. _sequence [ -s sep ] [ -n max ] [ -d ] function [ - ] ... This function is a wrapper to other functions for completing items in a separated list. The same function is used to complete each item in the list. The separator is specified with the -s option. If -s is omitted it will use `,'. Duplicate values are not matched unless -d is specified. If there is a fixed or maximum number of items in the list, this can be specified with the -n option. Common compadd options are passed on to the function. It is possible to use compadd directly with _sequence, though _values may be more appropriate in this situation. _setup tag [ group ] This function sets up the special parameters used by the completion system appropriately for the tag given as the first argument. It uses the styles list-colors, list-packed, list-rows-first, last-prompt, accept-exact, menu and force-list. The optional group supplies the name of the group in which the matches will be placed. If it is not given, the tag is used as the group name. This function is called automatically from _description and hence is not normally called explicitly. _store_cache cache_identifier param ... This function, together with _retrieve_cache and _cache_invalid, im- plements a caching layer which can be used in any completion func- tion. Data obtained by costly operations are stored in parameters; this function then dumps the values of those parameters to a file. The data can then be retrieved quickly from that file via _re- trieve_cache, even in different instances of the shell. The cache_identifier specifies the file which the data should be dumped to. The file is stored in a directory specified by the cache-path style which defaults to ~/.zcompcache. The remaining params arguments are the parameters to dump to the file. The return status is zero if storage was successful. The function will only attempt storage if the use-cache style is set, so you can call this function without worrying about whether the user wanted to use the caching layer. The completion function may avoid calling _retrieve_cache when it already has the completion data available as parameters. However, in that case it should call _cache_invalid to check whether the data in the parameters and in the cache are still valid. See the _perl_modules completion function for a simple example of the usage of the caching layer. _tags [ [ -C name ] tag ... ] If called with arguments, these are taken to be the names of tags valid for completions in the current context. These tags are stored internally and sorted by using the tag-order style. Next, _tags is called repeatedly without arguments from the same completion function. This successively selects the first, second, etc. set of tags requested by the user. The return status is zero if at least one of the tags is requested and non-zero otherwise. To test if a particular tag is to be tried, the _requested function should be called (see above). If `-C name' is given, name is temporarily stored in the argument field (the fifth) of the context in the curcontext parameter during the call to _tags; the field is restored on exit. This allows _tags to use a more specific context without having to change and reset the curcontext parameter (which has the same effect). _tilde_files Like _files, but resolve leading tildes according to the rules of filename expansion, so the suggested completions don't start with a `~' even if the filename on the command-line does. _values [ -O name ] [ -s sep ] [ -S sep ] [ -wC ] desc spec ... This is used to complete arbitrary keywords (values) and their argu- ments, or lists of such combinations. If the first argument is the option `-O name', it will be used in the same way as by the _arguments function. In other words, the el- ements of the name array will be passed to compadd when executing an action. If the first argument (or the first argument after `-O name') is `-s', the next argument is used as the character that separates mul- tiple values. This character is automatically added after each value in an auto-removable fashion (see below); all values completed by `_values -s' appear in the same word on the command line, unlike completion using _arguments. If this option is not present, only a single value will be completed per word. Normally, _values will only use the current word to determine which values are already present on the command line and hence are not to be completed again. If the -w option is given, other arguments are examined as well. The first non-option argument, desc, is used as a string to print as a description before listing the values. All other arguments describe the possible values and their arguments in the same format used for the description of options by the _argu- ments function (see above). The only differences are that no minus or plus sign is required at the beginning, values can have only one argument, and the forms of action beginning with an equal sign are not supported. The character separating a value from its argument can be set using the option -S (like -s, followed by the character to use as the sep- arator in the next argument). By default the equals sign will be used as the separator between values and arguments. Example: _values -s , 'description' \ '*foo[bar]' \ '(two)*one[number]:first count:' \ 'two[another number]::second count:(1 2 3)' This describes three possible values: `foo', `one', and `two'. The first is described as `bar', takes no argument and may appear more than once. The second is described as `number', may appear more than once, and takes one mandatory argument described as `first count'; no action is specified, so it will not be completed. The `(two)' at the beginning says that if the value `one' is on the line, the value `two' will no longer be considered a possible com- pletion. Finally, the last value (`two') is described as `another number' and takes an optional argument described as `second count' for which the completions (to appear after an `=') are `1', `2', and `3'. The _values function will complete lists of these values sepa- rated by commas. Like _arguments, this function temporarily adds another context name component to the arguments element (the fifth) of the current con- text while executing the action. Here this name is just the name of the value for which the argument is completed. The style verbose is used to decide if the descriptions for the val- ues (but not those for the arguments) should be printed. The associative array val_args is used to report values and their arguments; this works similarly to the opt_args associative array used by _arguments. Hence the function calling _values should de- clare the local parameters state, state_descr, line, context and val_args: local context state state_descr line typeset -A val_args when using an action of the form `->string'. With this function the context parameter will be set to the name of the value whose argu- ment is to be completed. Note that for _values, the state and state_descr are scalars rather than arrays. Only a single matching state is returned. Note also that _values normally adds the character used as the sepa- rator between values as an auto-removable suffix (similar to a `/' after a directory). However, this is not possible for a `->string' action as the matches for the argument are generated by the calling function. To get the usual behaviour, the calling function can add the separator x as a suffix by passing the options `-qS x' either directly or indirectly to compadd. The option -C is treated in the same way as it is by _arguments. In that case the parameter curcontext should be made local instead of context (as described above). _wanted [ -x ] [ -C name ] [ -12VJ ] tag name descr command [ arg ...] In many contexts, completion can only generate one particular set of matches, usually corresponding to a single tag. However, it is still necessary to decide whether the user requires matches of this type. This function is useful in such a case. The arguments to _wanted are the same as those to _requested, i.e. arguments to be passed to _description. However, in this case the command is not optional; all the processing of tags, including the loop over both tags and tag labels and the generation of matches, is carried out automatically by _wanted. Hence to offer only one tag and immediately add the corresponding matches with the given description: local expl _wanted tag expl 'description' \ compadd -- match1 match2... See also the use of _wanted in the example function in the subsec- tion `Dynamic named directories' in zshexpn(1). Note that, as for _requested, the command must be able to accept op- tions to be passed down to compadd. Like _tags this function supports the -C option to give a different name for the argument context field. The -x option has the same meaning as for _description. _widgets [ -g pattern ] This function completes names of zle widgets (see the section `Wid- gets' in zshzle(1)). The pattern, if present, is matched against values of the $widgets special parameter, documented in the section `The zsh/zleparameter Module' in zshmodules(1). COMPLETION SYSTEM VARIABLES There are some standard variables, initialised by the _main_complete func- tion and then used from other functions. The standard variables are: _comp_caller_options The completion system uses setopt to set a number of options. This allows functions to be written without concern for compatibility with every possible combination of user options. However, sometimes completion needs to know what the user's option preferences are. These are saved in the _comp_caller_options associative array. Op- tion names, spelled in lowercase without underscores, are mapped to one or other of the strings `on' and `off'. _comp_priv_prefix Completion functions such as _sudo can set the _comp_priv_prefix ar- ray to a command prefix that may then be used by _call_program to match the privileges when calling programs to generate matches. Two more features are offered by the _main_complete function. The arrays compprefuncs and comppostfuncs may contain names of functions that are to be called immediately before or after completion has been tried. A func- tion will only be called once unless it explicitly reinserts itself into the array. COMPLETION DIRECTORIES In the source distribution, the files are contained in various subdirecto- ries of the Completion directory. They may have been installed in the same structure, or into one single function directory. The following is a de- scription of the files found in the original directory structure. If you wish to alter an installed file, you will need to copy it to some directory which appears earlier in your fpath than the standard directory where it appears. Base The core functions and special completion widgets automatically bound to keys. You will certainly need most of these, though will probably not need to alter them. Many of these are documented above. Zsh Functions for completing arguments of shell builtin commands and utility functions for this. Some of these are also used by func- tions from the Unix directory. Unix Functions for completing arguments of external commands and suites of commands. They may need modifying for your system, although in many cases some attempt is made to decide which version of a command is present. For example, completion for the mount command tries to determine the system it is running on, while completion for many other utilities try to decide whether the GNU version of the command is in use, and hence whether the --help option is supported. X, AIX, BSD, ... Completion and utility function for commands available only on some systems. These are not arranged hierarchically, so, for example, both the Linux and Debian directories, as well as the X directory, may be useful on your system. zsh 5.9.1 May 31, 2026 ZSHCOMPSYS(1)
NAME | DESCRIPTION | INITIALIZATION | COMPLETION SYSTEM CONFIGURATION | CONTROL FUNCTIONS | BINDABLE COMMANDS | UTILITY FUNCTIONS | COMPLETION SYSTEM VARIABLES | COMPLETION DIRECTORIES
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