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AHC(4) Kernel Interfaces Manual AHC(4) NAME ahc -- Adaptec VL/ISA/PCI SCSI host adapter driver SYNOPSIS To compile this driver into the kernel, place the following lines in your kernel configuration file: device scbus device ahc For one or more PCI cards: device pci Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the following lines in loader.conf(5): ahc_load="YES" ahc_isa_load="YES" ahc_pci_load="YES" DESCRIPTION This driver provides access to the SCSI bus(es) connected to the Adaptec AIC77xx and AIC78xx host adapter chips. Driver features include support for twin and wide busses, fast, ultra or ultra2 synchronous transfers depending on controller type, tagged queueing, SCB paging, and target mode. Per target configuration performed in the SCSI-Select menu, accessible at boot is honored by this driver. This includes synchronous/asynchro- nous transfers, maximum synchronous negotiation rate, wide transfers, disconnection, the host adapter's SCSI ID. For systems that store non- volatile settings in a system specific manner rather than a serial eep- rom directly connected to the aic7xxx controller, the BIOS must be en- abled for the driver to access this information. This restriction ap- plies to many chip-down motherboard configurations. Performance and feature sets vary throughout the aic7xxx product line. The following table provides a comparison of the different chips sup- ported by the ahc driver. Note that wide and twin channel features, although always supported by a particular chip, may be disabled in a particular motherboard or card design. Chip MIPS Bus MaxSync MaxWidth SCBs Features aic7770 10 VL 10MHz 16Bit 4 1 aic7850 10 PCI/32 10MHz 8Bit 3 aic7860 10 PCI/32 20MHz 8Bit 3 aic7870 10 PCI/32 10MHz 16Bit 16 aic7880 10 PCI/32 20MHz 16Bit 16 aic7890 20 PCI/32 40MHz 16Bit 16 3 4 5 6 7 8 aic7891 20 PCI/64 40MHz 16Bit 16 3 4 5 6 7 8 aic7892 20 PCI/64 80MHz 16Bit 16 3 4 5 6 7 8 aic7895 15 PCI/32 20MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 aic7895C 15 PCI/32 20MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 8 aic7896 20 PCI/32 40MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 aic7897 20 PCI/64 40MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 aic7899 20 PCI/64 80MHz 16Bit 16 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Multiplexed Twin Channel Device - One controller servicing two busses. 2. Multi-function Twin Channel Device - Two controllers on one chip. 3. Command Channel Secondary DMA Engine - Allows scatter gather list and SCB prefetch. 4. 64 Byte SCB Support - SCSI CDB is embedded in the SCB to eliminate an extra DMA. 5. Block Move Instruction Support - Doubles the speed of cer- tain sequencer operations. 6. `Bayonet' style Scatter Gather Engine - Improves S/G prefetch performance. 7. Queuing Registers - Allows queueing of new transactions without pausing the sequencer. 8. Multiple Target IDs - Allows the controller to respond to selection as a target on multiple SCSI IDs. CONFIGURATION OPTIONS To allow PCI adapters to use memory mapped I/O if enabled: options AHC_ALLOW_MEMIO=(0 -- disabled, 1 -- enabled) Memory mapped I/O is more efficient than the alternative, pro- grammed I/O. Most PCI BIOSes will map devices so that either technique for communicating with the card is available. In some cases, usually when the PCI device is sitting behind a PCI->PCI bridge, the BIOS may fail to properly initialize the chip for memory mapped I/O. The typical symptom of this problem is a sys- tem hang if memory mapped I/O is attempted. Most modern motherboards perform the initialization correctly and work fine with this option enabled and it is the default. This option can also be dynamically configued through a device hint documented below. To statically configure one or more controllers to assume the target role: options AHC_TMODE_ENABLE=<bitmask of units> The value assigned to this option should be a bitmap of all units where target mode is desired. For example, a value of 0x25, would enable target mode on units 0, 2, and 5. A value of 0x8a enables it for units 1, 3, and 7. Note that controllers can be dynamically configured through a de- vice hint documented below. BOOT OPTIONS The following options are switchable by setting values in /boot/device.hints. They are: hint.ahc.N.tmode_enable A hint to define whether the SCSI target mode is enabled, de- faults to disabled (0 -- disabled, 1 -- enabled). hint.ahc.N.allow_memio A hint to define whether memory mapped io is enabled or dis- abled for this adapter, defaults to enabled (0 -- disabled, 1 -- enabled). HARDWARE The ahc driver supports the following VL/ISA/PCI parallel SCSI con- trollers and cards: • Adaptec AIC7770 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7850 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7860 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7870 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7880 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7890 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7891 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7892 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7895 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7896 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7897 host adapter chip • Adaptec AIC7899 host adapter chip • Adaptec 274X(W) • Adaptec 274X(T) • Adaptec 2910 • Adaptec 2915 • Adaptec 2920C • Adaptec 2930C • Adaptec 2930U2 • Adaptec 2940 • Adaptec 2940J • Adaptec 2940N • Adaptec 2940U • Adaptec 2940AU • Adaptec 2940UW • Adaptec 2940UW Dual • Adaptec 2940UW Pro • Adaptec 2940U2W • Adaptec 2940U2B • Adaptec 2950U2W • Adaptec 2950U2B • Adaptec 19160B • Adaptec 29160B • Adaptec 29160N • Adaptec 3940 • Adaptec 3940U • Adaptec 3940AU • Adaptec 3940UW • Adaptec 3940AUW • Adaptec 3940U2W • Adaptec 3950U2 • Adaptec 3960 • Adaptec 39160 • Adaptec 3985 • Adaptec 4944UW • Many motherboards with on-board SCSI support SCSI CONTROL BLOCKS (SCBs) Every transaction sent to a device on the SCSI bus is assigned a `SCSI Control Block' (SCB). The SCB contains all of the information required by the controller to process a transaction. The chip feature table lists the number of SCBs that can be stored in on-chip memory. All chips with model numbers greater than or equal to 7870 allow for the on chip SCB space to be augmented with external SRAM up to a maximum of 255 SCBs. Very few Adaptec controller configurations have external SRAM. If external SRAM is not available, SCBs are a limited resource. Using the SCBs in a straight forward manner would only allow the driver to handle as many concurrent transactions as there are physical SCBs. To fully utilize the SCSI bus and the devices on it, requires much more concurrency. The solution to this problem is SCB Paging, a concept similar to memory paging. SCB paging takes advantage of the fact that devices usually disconnect from the SCSI bus for long periods of time without talking to the controller. The SCBs for disconnected transac- tions are only of use to the controller when the transfer is resumed. When the host queues another transaction for the controller to execute, the controller firmware will use a free SCB if one is available. Oth- erwise, the state of the most recently disconnected (and therefore most likely to stay disconnected) SCB is saved, via dma, to host memory, and the local SCB reused to start the new transaction. This allows the controller to queue up to 255 transactions regardless of the amount of SCB space. Since the local SCB space serves as a cache for discon- nected transactions, the more SCB space available, the less host bus traffic consumed saving and restoring SCB data. SEE ALSO ahd(4), cd(4), da(4), sa(4), scsi(4) HISTORY The ahc driver appeared in FreeBSD 2.0. AUTHORS The ahc driver, the AIC7xxx sequencer-code assembler, and the firmware running on the aic7xxx chips was written by Justin T. Gibbs. BUGS Some Quantum drives (at least the Empire 2100 and 1080s) will not run on an AIC7870 Rev B in synchronous mode at 10MHz. Controllers with this problem have a 42 MHz clock crystal on them and run slightly above 10MHz. This confuses the drive and hangs the bus. Setting a maximum synchronous negotiation rate of 8MHz in the SCSI-Select utility will allow normal operation. Although the Ultra2 and Ultra160 products have sufficient instruction ram space to support both the initiator and target roles concurrently, this configuration is disabled in favor of allowing the target role to respond on multiple target ids. A method for configuring dual role mode should be provided. Tagged Queuing is not supported in target mode. Reselection in target mode fails to function correctly on all high voltage differential boards as shipped by Adaptec. Information on how to modify HVD board to work correctly in target mode is available from Adaptec. FreeBSD 15.0 September 29, 2025 AHC(4)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | CONFIGURATION OPTIONS | BOOT OPTIONS | HARDWARE | SCSI CONTROL BLOCKS (SCBs) | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | AUTHORS | BUGS
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