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CRON(8) System Manager's Manual CRON(8) NAME cron -- daemon to execute scheduled commands (Vixie Cron) SYNOPSIS cron [-j jitter] [-J rootjitter] [-m mailto] [-n] [-s] [-o] [-x debugflag[,...]] DESCRIPTION The cron utility should be started from /etc/rc or /etc/rc.local. It will return immediately, so you do not need to start it with '&'. The cron utility searches /var/cron/tabs for crontab files which are named after accounts in /etc/passwd; crontabs found are loaded into memory. The cron utility also searches /etc/crontab and files in /etc/cron.d and /usr/local/etc/cron.d, which use the system crontab format described in crontab(5) (including a user field). The cron utility then wakes up every minute, examining all stored crontabs, checking each command to see if it should be run in the current minute. Before running a command from a per-account crontab file, cron checks the status of the account with pam(3) and skips the command if the account is unavailable, e.g., locked out or expired. Commands from /etc/crontab by- pass this check. When executing commands, any output is mailed to the owner of the crontab (or to the user named in the MAILTO environment vari- able in the crontab, if such exists). The from address of this mail may be set with the MAILFROM environment variable. Additionally, cron checks each minute to see if its spool directory's modi- fication time (or the modification time on /etc/crontab) has changed, and if it has, cron will then examine the modification time on all crontabs and reload those which have changed. Thus cron need not be restarted whenever a crontab file is modified. Note that the crontab(1) command updates the modification time of the spool directory whenever it changes a crontab. Available options: -j jitter Enable time jitter. Prior to executing commands, cron will sleep a random number of seconds in the range from 0 to jitter. This will not affect superuser jobs (see -J). A value for jitter must be be- tween 0 and 60 inclusive. Default is 0, which effectively disables time jitter. This option can help to smooth down system load spikes during mo- ments when a lot of jobs are likely to start at once, e.g., at the beginning of the first minute of each hour. -J rootjitter Enable time jitter for superuser jobs. The same as -j except that it will affect jobs run by the superuser only. -m mailto Overrides the default recipient for cron mail. Each crontab(5) without MAILTO explicitly set will send mail to the mailto mailbox. Sending mail will be disabled by default if mailto set to a null string, usually specified in a shell as '' or "". -n Do not daemonize; run in foreground instead. -s Enable special handling of situations when the GMT offset of the local timezone changes, such as the switches between the standard time and daylight saving time. The jobs run during the GMT offset changes time as intuitively ex- pected. If a job falls into a time interval that disappears (for example, during the switch from standard time) to daylight saving time or is duplicated (for example, during the reverse switch), then it is handled in one of two ways: The first case is for the jobs that run every at hour of a time in- terval overlapping with the disappearing or duplicated interval. In other words, if the job had run within one hour before the GMT offset change (and cron was not restarted nor the crontab(5) changed after that) or would run after the change at the next hour. They work as always, skip the skipped time or run in the added time as usual. The second case is for the jobs that run less frequently. They are executed exactly once, they are not skipped nor executed twice (un- less cron is restarted or the user's crontab(5) is changed during such a time interval). If an interval disappears due to the GMT offset change, such jobs are executed at the same absolute point of time as they would be in the old time zone. For example, if ex- actly one hour disappears, this point would be during the next hour at the first minute that is specified for them in crontab(5). -o Disable the special handling of situations when the GMT offset of the local timezone changes, to be compatible with the old (default) behavior. If both options -o and -s are specified, the option specified last wins. -x debugflag[,...] Enable writing of debugging information to standard output. One or more of the following comma separated debugflag identifiers must be specified: bit currently not used ext make the other debug flags more verbose load be verbose when loading crontab files misc be verbose about miscellaneous one-off events pars be verbose about parsing individual crontab lines proc be verbose about the state of the process, including all of its offspring sch be verbose when iterating through the scheduling algorithms test trace through the execution, but do not perform any actions FILES /etc/crontab System crontab file /etc/cron.d Directory for optional/modularized system crontab files. /etc/pam.d/cron pam.conf(5) configuration file for cron /usr/local/etc/cron.d Directory for third-party package provided crontab files. /var/cron/tabs Directory for personal crontab files SEE ALSO crontab(1), pam(3), crontab(5), pam.conf(5), periodic(8) AUTHORS Paul Vixie <paul@vix.com> FreeBSD ports 15.1 January 20, 2026 CRON(8)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | FILES | SEE ALSO | AUTHORS
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