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XTERM(1) General Commands Manual XTERM(1) NAME xterm - terminal emulator for X SYNOPSIS xterm [-toolkitoption ...] [-option ...] [shell] DESCRIPTION The xterm program is a terminal emulator for the X Window System. It pro- vides DEC VT102/VT220 (VTxxx) and Tektronix 4014 compatible terminals for programs that cannot use the window system directly. If the underlying op- erating system supports terminal resizing capabilities (for example, the SIGWINCH signal in systems derived from 4.3bsd), xterm will use the facili- ties to notify programs running in the window whenever it is resized. The VTxxx and Tektronix 4014 terminals each have their own window so that you can edit text in one and look at graphics in the other at the same time. To maintain the correct aspect ratio (height/width), Tektronix graphics will be restricted to the largest box with a 4014's aspect ratio that will fit in the window. This box is located in the upper left area of the window. Although both windows may be displayed at the same time, one of them is considered the ``active'' window for receiving keyboard input and terminal output. This is the window that contains the text cursor. The active win- dow can be chosen through escape sequences, the ``VT Options'' menu in the VTxxx window, and the ``Tek Options'' menu in the 4014 window. EMULATIONS The VT102 emulation is fairly complete, but does not support autorepeat. Double-size characters are displayed properly if your font server supports scalable fonts. The VT220 emulation does not support soft fonts, it is otherwise complete. Termcap(5) entries that work with xterm include an op- tional platform-specific entry, ``xterm,'' ``vt102,'' ``vt100'' and ``ansi,'' and ``dumb.'' xterm automatically searches the termcap file in this order for these entries and then sets the ``TERM'' and the ``TERMCAP'' environment variables. You may also use ``vt220,'' but must set the ter- minal emulation level with the decTerminalID resource. (The ``TERMCAP'' environment variable is not set if xterm is linked against a terminfo li- brary, since the requisite information is not provided by the termcap emu- lation of terminfo libraries). Many of the special xterm features may be modified under program control through a set of escape sequences different from the standard VT102 escape sequences. (See the Xterm Control Sequences document.) The Tektronix 4014 emulation is also fairly good. It supports 12-bit graphics addressing, scaled to the window size. Four different font sizes and five different lines types are supported. There is no write-through or defocused mode support. The Tektronix text and graphics commands are recorded internally by xterm and may be written to a file by sending the COPY escape sequence (or through the Tektronix menu; see below). The name of the file will be ``COPYyyyy-MM-dd.hh:mm:ss'', where yyyy, MM, dd, hh, mm and ss are the year, month, day, hour, minute and second when the COPY was performed (the file is created in the directory xterm is started in, or the home directory for a login xterm). Not all of the features described in this manual are necessarily available in this version of xterm. Some (e.g., the non-VT220 extensions) are avail- able only if they were compiled in, though the most commonly-used are in the default configuration. OTHER FEATURES Xterm automatically highlights the text cursor when the pointer enters the window (selected) and unhighlights it when the pointer leaves the window (unselected). If the window is the focus window, then the text cursor is highlighted no matter where the pointer is. In VT102 mode, there are escape sequences to activate and deactivate an al- ternate screen buffer, which is the same size as the display area of the window. When activated, the current screen is saved and replaced with the alternate screen. Saving of lines scrolled off the top of the window is disabled until the normal screen is restored. The termcap(5) entry for xterm allows the visual editor vi(1) to switch to the alternate screen for editing and to restore the screen on exit. A popup menu entry makes it simple to switch between the normal and alternate screens for cut and paste. In either VT102 or Tektronix mode, there are escape sequences to change the name of the windows. Additionally, in VT102 mode, xterm implements the window-manipulation control sequences from dtterm, such as resizing the window, setting its location on the screen. Xterm allows character-based applications to receive mouse events (cur- rently button-press and release events, and button-motion events) as key- board control sequences. See Xterm Control Sequences for details. OPTIONS The xterm terminal emulator accepts the standard X Toolkit command line op- tions as well as many application-specific options. If the option begins with a `+' instead of a `-', the option is restored to its default value. The -version and -help options are interpreted even if xterm cannot open the display, and are useful for testing and configuration scripts: -version This causes xterm to print a version number to the standard output. -help This causes xterm to print out a verbose message describing its op- tions, one per line. The message is written to the standard out- put. Xterm generates this message, sorting it and noting whether a "-option" or a "+option" turns the feature on or off, since some features historically have been one or the other. Xterm generates a concise help message (multiple options per line) when an unknown option is used, e.g., xterm -z If the logic for a particular option such as logging is not com- piled into xterm, the help text for that option also is not dis- played by the -help option. One parameter (after all options) may be given. That overrides xterm's built-in choice of shell program. Normally xterm checks the SHELL vari- able. If that is not set, xterm tries to use the shell program specified in the password file. If that is not set, xterm uses /bin/sh. If the pa- rameter names an executable file, xterm uses that instead. The parameter must be an absolute path, or name a file found on the user's PATH (and thereby construct an absolute path). The -e option cannot be used with this parameter since it uses all parameters following the option. The other options are used to control the appearance and behavior. Not all options are necessarily configured into your copy of xterm: -132 Normally, the VT102 DECCOLM escape sequence that switches between 80 and 132 column mode is ignored. This option causes the DECCOLM escape sequence to be recognized, and the xterm window will resize appropriately. -ah This option indicates that xterm should always highlight the text cursor. By default, xterm will display a hollow text cursor when- ever the focus is lost or the pointer leaves the window. +ah This option indicates that xterm should do text cursor highlighting based on focus. -ai This option disables active icon support if that feature was com- piled into xterm. This is equivalent to setting the vt100 resource activeIcon to ``false''. +ai This option enables active icon support if that feature was com- piled into xterm. This is equivalent to setting the vt100 resource activeIcon to ``true''. -aw This option indicates that auto-wraparound should be allowed. This allows the cursor to automatically wrap to the beginning of the next line when when it is at the rightmost position of a line and text is output. +aw This option indicates that auto-wraparound should not be allowed. -b number This option specifies the size of the inner border (the distance between the outer edge of the characters and the window border) in pixels. That is the vt100 internalBorder resource. The default is 2. +bc turn off text cursor blinking. This overrides the cursorBlink re- source. -bc turn on text cursor blinking. This overrides the cursorBlink re- source. -bcf milliseconds set the amount of time text cursor is off when blinking via the cursorOffTime resource. -bcn milliseconds set the amount of time text cursor is on when blinking via the cur- sorOffTime resource. -bdc Set the vt100 resource colorBDMode to ``false'', disabling the dis- play of characters with bold attribute as color +bdc Set the vt100 resource colorBDMode to ``true'', enabling the dis- play of characters with bold attribute as color rather than bold -cb Set the vt100 resource cutToBeginningOfLine to ``false''. +cb Set the vt100 resource cutToBeginningOfLine to ``true''. -cc characterclassrange:value[,...] This sets classes indicated by the given ranges for using in se- lecting by words. See the section specifying character classes. and discussion of the charClass resource. -cjk_width Set the cjkWidth resource to ``true''. When turned on, characters with East Asian Ambiguous (A) category in UTR 11 have a column width of 2. Otherwise, they have a column width of 1. This may be useful for some legacy CJK text terminal-based programs assuming box drawings and others to have a column width of 2. It also has to be turned on when you specify a TrueType CJK double-width (bi- width/monospace) font either with -fa at the command line or face- Name resource. The default is ``false'' +cjk_width Reset the cjkWidth resource. -class string This option allows you to override xterm's resource class. Nor- mally it is ``XTerm'', but can be set to another class such as ``UXTerm'' to override selected resources. -cm This option disables recognition of ANSI color-change escape se- quences. It sets the colorMode resource to ``false''. +cm This option enables recognition of ANSI color-change escape se- quences. This is the same as the vt100 resource colorMode. -cn This option indicates that newlines should not be cut in line-mode selections. It sets the cutNewline resource to ``false''. +cn This option indicates that newlines should be cut in line-mode se- lections. It sets the cutNewline resource to ``true''. -cr color This option specifies the color to use for text cursor. The de- fault is to use the same foreground color that is used for text. It sets the cursorColor resource according to the parameter. -cu This option indicates that xterm should work around a bug in the more(1) program that causes it to incorrectly display lines that are exactly the width of the window and are followed by a line be- ginning with a tab (the leading tabs are not displayed). This op- tion is so named because it was originally thought to be a bug in the curses(3x) cursor motion package. +cu This option indicates that xterm should not work around the more(1) bug mentioned above. -dc This option disables the escape sequence to change dynamic colors: the vt100 foreground and background colors, its text cursor color, the pointer cursor foreground and background colors, the Tektronix emulator foreground and background colors, its text cursor color and highlight color. The option sets the dynamicColors option to ``false''. +dc This option enables the escape sequence to change dynamic colors. The option sets the dynamicColors option to ``true''. -e program [ arguments ... ] This option specifies the program (and its command line arguments) to be run in the xterm window. It also sets the window title and icon name to be the basename of the program being executed if nei- ther -T nor -n are given on the command line. This must be the last option on the command line. -en encoding This option determines the encoding on which xterm runs. It sets the locale resource. Encodings other than UTF-8 are supported by using luit. The -lc option should be used instead of -en for sys- tems with locale support. -fb font This option specifies a font to be used when displaying bold text. This font must be the same height and width as the normal font. If only one of the normal or bold fonts is specified, it will be used as the normal font and the bold font will be produced by overstrik- ing this font. The default is to do overstriking of the normal font. See also the discussion of boldFont and boldMode resources. -fa pattern This option sets the pattern for fonts selected from the FreeType library if support for that library was compiled into xterm. This corresponds to the faceName resource. When a CJK double-width font is specified, you also need to turn on the cjkWidth resource. -fbb This option indicates that xterm should compare normal and bold fonts bounding boxes to ensure they are compatible. It sets the freeBoldBox resource to ``false''. +fbb This option indicates that xterm should not compare normal and bold fonts bounding boxes to ensure they are compatible. It sets the freeBoldBox resource to ``true''. -fbx This option indicates that xterm should not assume that the normal and bold fonts have VT100 line-drawing characters. If any are missing, xterm will draw the characters directly. It sets the forceBoxChars resource to ``false''. +fbx This option indicates that xterm should assume that the normal and bold fonts have VT100 line-drawing characters. It sets the force- BoxChars resource to ``true''. -fd pattern This option sets the pattern for double-width fonts selected from the FreeType library if support for that library was compiled into xterm. This corresponds to the faceNameDoublesize resource. -fi font This option sets the font for active icons if that feature was com- piled into xterm. See also the discussion of the iconFont re- source. -fs size This option sets the pointsize for fonts selected from the FreeType library if support for that library was compiled into xterm. This corresponds to the faceSize resource. -fw font This option specifies the font to be used for displaying wide text. By default, it will attempt to use a font twice as wide as the font that will be used to draw normal text. If no doublewidth font is found, it will improvise, by stretching the normal font. This cor- responds to the wideFont resource. -fwb font This option specifies the font to be used for displaying bold wide text. By default, it will attempt to use a font twice as wide as the font that will be used to draw bold text. If no doublewidth font is found, it will improvise, by stretching the bold font. This corresponds to the wideBoldFont resource. -fx font This option specifies the font to be used for displaying the preedit string in the "OverTheSpot" input method. See also the discussion of the ximFont resource. -hc color This option specifies the color to use for the background of se- lected or otherwise highlighted text. If not specified, reverse video is used. See the discussion of the highlightColor resource. -hf This option indicates that HP Function Key escape codes should be generated for function keys. It sets the hpFunctionKeys resource to ``true''. +hf This option indicates that HP Function Key escape codes should not be generated for function keys. It sets the hpFunctionKeys re- source to ``false''. -hold Turn on the hold resource, i.e., xterm will not immediately destroy its window when the shell command completes. It will wait until you use the window manager to destroy/kill the window, or if you use the menu entries that send a signal, e.g., HUP or KILL. +hold Turn off the hold resource, i.e., xterm will immediately destroy its window when the shell command completes. -ie Turn on the ptyInitialErase resource, i.e., use the pseudo-termi- nal's sense of the stty erase value. +ie Turn off the ptyInitialErase resource, i.e., set the stty erase value using the kb string from the termcap entry as a reference, if available. -im Turn on the useInsertMode resource, which forces use of insert mode by adding appropriate entries to the TERMCAP environment variable. +im Turn off the useInsertMode resource. -into windowId Given an X window identifier (a decimal integer), xterm will repar- ent its top-level shell widget to that window. This is used to em- bed xterm within other applications. -j This option indicates that xterm should do jump scrolling. It cor- responds to the jumpScroll resource. Normally, text is scrolled one line at a time; this option allows xterm to move multiple lines at a time so that it does not fall as far behind. Its use is strongly recommended since it makes xterm much faster when scanning through large amounts of text. The VT100 escape sequences for en- abling and disabling smooth scroll as well as the ``VT Options'' menu can be used to turn this feature on or off. +j This option indicates that xterm should not do jump scrolling. -k8 This option sets the allowC1Printable resource. When allowC1Print- able is set, xterm overrides the mapping of C1 control characters (code 128-159) to treat them as printable. +k8 This option resets the allowC1Printable resource. -kt keyboardtype This option sets the keyboardType resource. Possible values in- clude: ``unknown'', ``default'', ``hp'', ``sco'', ``sun'' and ``vt220''. The value ``unknown'', causes the corresponding resource to be ig- nored. The value ``default'', suppresses the associated resources hpFunc- tionKeys, scoFunctionKeys, sunFunctionKeys and sunKeyboard, using the Sun/PC keyboard layout. -l Turn logging on. Normally logging is not supported, due to secu- rity concerns. Some versions of xterm may have logging enabled. The logfile is written to the directory from which xterm is in- voked. The filename is generated, of the form XtermLog.XXXXXX or Xterm.log.hostname.yyyy.mm.dd.hh.mm.ss.XXXXXX depending on how xterm was built. +l Turn logging off. -lc Turn on support of various encodings according to the users' locale setting, i.e., LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, or LANG environment variables. This is achieved by turning on UTF-8 mode and by invoking luit for conversion between locale encodings and UTF-8. (luit is not in- voked in UTF-8 locales.) This corresponds to the locale resource. The actual list of encodings which are supported is determined by luit. Consult the luit manual page for further details. See also the discussion of the -u8 option which supports UTF-8 locales. +lc Turn off support of automatic selection of locale encodings. Con- ventional 8bit mode or, in UTF-8 locales or with -u8 option, UTF-8 mode will be used. -lcc path File name for the encoding converter from/to locale encodings and UTF-8 which is used with -lc option or locale resource. This cor- responds to the localeFilter resource. -leftbar Force scrollbar to the left side of VT100 screen. This is the de- fault, unless you have set the rightScrollBar resource. -lf filename Specify the log-filename. See the -l option. -ls This option indicates that the shell that is started in the xterm window will be a login shell (i.e., the first character of argv[0] will be a dash, indicating to the shell that it should read the user's .login or .profile). The -ls flag and the loginShell resource are ignored if -e is also given, because xterm does not know how to make the shell start the given command after whatever it does when it is a login shell - the user's shell of choice need not be a Bourne shell after all. Also, xterm -e is supposed to provide a consistent functionality for other applications that need to start text-mode programs in a win- dow, and if loginShell were not ignored, the result of ~/.profile might interfere with that. If you do want the effect of -ls and -e simultaneously, you may get away with something like xterm -e /bin/bash -l -c "my command here" Finally, -ls is not completely ignored, because xterm -ls -e does write a /etc/wtmp entry (if configured to do so), whereas xterm -e does not. +ls This option indicates that the shell that is started should not be a login shell (i.e., it will be a normal ``subshell''). -mb This option indicates that xterm should ring a margin bell when the user types near the right end of a line. This option can be turned on and off from the ``VT Options'' menu. +mb This option indicates that margin bell should not be rung. -mc milliseconds This option specifies the maximum time between multi-click selec- tions. -mesg Turn off the messages resource, i.e., disallow write access to the terminal. +mesg Turn on the messages resource, i.e., allow write access to the ter- minal. -mk_width Set the mkWidth resource to ``true''. This makes xterm use a built-in version of the wide-character width calculation. The de- fault is ``false'' +mk_width Reset the mkWidth resource. -ms color This option specifies the color to be used for the pointer cursor. The default is to use the foreground color. This sets the pointer- Color resource. -nb number This option specifies the number of characters from the right end of a line at which the margin bell, if enabled, will ring. The de- fault is 10. -nul This option disables the display of underlining. +nul This option enables the display of underlining. -pc This option enables the PC-style use of bold colors (see boldColors resource). +pc This option disables the PC-style use of bold colors. -pob This option indicates that the window should be raised whenever a Control-G is received. +pob This option indicates that the window should not be raised whenever a Control-G is received. -rightbar Force scrollbar to the right side of VT100 screen. -rvc This option disables the display of characters with reverse at- tribute as color. +rvc This option enables the display of characters with reverse at- tribute as color. -rw This option indicates that reverse-wraparound should be allowed. This allows the cursor to back up from the leftmost column of one line to the rightmost column of the previous line. This is very useful for editing long shell command lines and is encouraged. This option can be turned on and off from the ``VT Options'' menu. +rw This option indicates that reverse-wraparound should not be al- lowed. -s This option indicates that xterm may scroll asynchronously, meaning that the screen does not have to be kept completely up to date while scrolling. This allows xterm to run faster when network la- tencies are very high and is typically useful when running across a very large internet or many gateways. +s This option indicates that xterm should scroll synchronously. -samename Does not send title and icon name change requests when the request would have no effect: the name is not changed. This has the advan- tage of preventing flicker and the disadvantage of requiring an ex- tra round trip to the server to find out the previous value. In practice this should never be a problem. +samename Always send title and icon name change requests. -sb This option indicates that some number of lines that are scrolled off the top of the window should be saved and that a scrollbar should be displayed so that those lines can be viewed. This option may be turned on and off from the ``VT Options'' menu. +sb This option indicates that a scrollbar should not be displayed. -sf This option indicates that Sun Function Key escape codes should be generated for function keys. +sf This option indicates that the standard escape codes should be gen- erated for function keys. -si This option indicates that output to a window should not automati- cally reposition the screen to the bottom of the scrolling region. This option can be turned on and off from the ``VT Options'' menu. +si This option indicates that output to a window should cause it to scroll to the bottom. -sk This option indicates that pressing a key while using the scrollbar to review previous lines of text should cause the window to be repositioned automatically in the normal position at the bottom of the scroll region. +sk This option indicates that pressing a key while using the scrollbar should not cause the window to be repositioned. -sl number This option specifies the number of lines to save that have been scrolled off the top of the screen. This corresponds to the save- Lines resource. The default is 64. -sm This option, corresponding to the sessionMgt resource, indicates that xterm should set up session manager callbacks. +sm This option indicates that xterm should not set up session manager callbacks. -sp This option indicates that Sun/PC keyboard should be assumed, pro- viding mapping for keypad `+' to `,', and CTRL-F1 to F13, CTRL-F2 to F14, etc. +sp This option indicates that the standard escape codes should be gen- erated for keypad and function keys. -t This option indicates that xterm should start in Tektronix mode, rather than in VT102 mode. Switching between the two windows is done using the ``Options'' menus. Termcap(5) entries that work with xterm ``tek4014,'' ``tek4015,'' ``tek4012'', ``tek4013'' and ``tek4010,'' and ``dumb.'' xterm automatically searches the term- cap file in this order for these entries and then sets the ``TERM'' and the ``TERMCAP'' environment variables. +t This option indicates that xterm should start in VT102 mode. -tb This option, corresponding to the toolBar resource, indicates that xterm should display a toolbar (or menubar) at the top of its win- dow. The buttons in the toolbar correspond to the popup menus, e.g., control/left/mouse for "Main Options". +tb This option indicates that xterm should not set up a toolbar. -ti term_id Specify the name used by xterm to select the correct response to terminal ID queries. It also specifies the emulation level, used to determine the type of response to a DA control sequence. Valid values include vt52, vt100, vt101, vt102, and vt220 (the "vt" is optional). The default is vt100. The term_id argument specifies the terminal ID to use. (This is the same as the decTerminalID re- source). -tm string This option specifies a series of terminal setting keywords fol- lowed by the characters that should be bound to those functions, similar to the stty program. The keywords and their values are de- scribed in detail in the ttyModes resource. -tn name This option specifies the name of the terminal type to be set in the TERM environment variable. It corresponds to the termName re- source. This terminal type must exist in the terminal database (termcap or terminfo, depending on how xterm is built) and should have li# and co# entries. If the terminal type is not found, xterm uses the built-in list ``xterm'', ``vt102'', etc. -u8 This option sets the utf8 resource. When utf8 is set, xterm inter- prets incoming data as UTF-8. This sets the wideChars resource as a side-effect, but the UTF-8 mode set by this option prevents it from being turned off. If you must turn it on and off, use the wideChars resource. This option and the utf8 resource are overridden by the -lc and -en options and locale resource. That is, if xterm has been compiled to support luit, and the locale resource is not ``false'' this op- tion is ignored. We recommend using the -lc option or the ``lo- cale: true'' resource in UTF-8 locales when your operating system supports locale, or -en UTF-8 option or the ``locale: UTF-8'' re- source when your operating system does not support locale. +u8 This option resets the utf8 resource. -ulc This option disables the display of characters with underline at- tribute as color rather than with underlining. +ulc This option enables the display of characters with underline at- tribute as color rather than with underlining. -ut This option indicates that xterm should not write a record into the the system utmp log file. +ut This option indicates that xterm should write a record into the system utmp log file. -vb This option indicates that a visual bell is preferred over an audi- ble one. Instead of ringing the terminal bell whenever a Control-G is received, the window will be flashed. +vb This option indicates that a visual bell should not be used. -wc This option sets the wideChars resource. When wideChars is set, xterm maintains internal structures for 16-bit characters. If you do not set this resource to ``true'', xterm will ignore the escape sequence which turns UTF-8 mode on and off. The default is ``false''. +wc This option resets the wideChars resource. -wf This option indicates that xterm should wait for the window to be mapped the first time before starting the subprocess so that the initial terminal size settings and environment variables are cor- rect. It is the application's responsibility to catch subsequent terminal size changes. +wf This option indicates that xterm should not wait before starting the subprocess. -ziconbeep percent Same as zIconBeep resource. If percent is non-zero, xterms that produce output while iconified will cause an XBell sound at the given volume and have "***" prepended to their icon titles. Most window managers will detect this change immediately, showing you which window has the output. (A similar feature was in x10 xterm.) -C This option indicates that this window should receive console out- put. This is not supported on all systems. To obtain console out- put, you must be the owner of the console device, and you must have read and write permission for it. If you are running X under xdm on the console screen you may need to have the session startup and reset programs explicitly change the ownership of the console de- vice in order to get this option to work. -Sccn This option allows xterm to be used as an input and output channel for an existing program and is sometimes used in specialized appli- cations. The option value specifies the last few letters of the name of a pseudo-terminal to use in slave mode, plus the number of the inherited file descriptor. If the option contains a ``/'' character, that delimits the characters used for the pseudo-termi- nal name from the file descriptor. Otherwise, exactly two charac- ters are used from the option for the pseudo-terminal name, the re- mainder is the file descriptor. Examples: -S123/45 -Sab34 Note that xterm does not close any file descriptor which it did not open for its own use. It is possible (though probably not portable) to have an application which passes an open file descrip- tor down to xterm past the initialization or the -S option to a process running in the xterm. The following command line arguments are provided for compatibility with older versions. They may not be supported in the next release as the X Toolkit provides standard options that accomplish the same task. %geom This option specifies the preferred size and position of the Tek- tronix window. It is shorthand for specifying the ``*tekGeometry'' resource. #geom This option specifies the preferred position of the icon window. It is shorthand for specifying the ``*iconGeometry'' resource. -T string This option specifies the title for xterm's windows. It is equiva- lent to -title. -n string This option specifies the icon name for xterm's windows. It is shorthand for specifying the ``*iconName'' resource. Note that this is not the same as the toolkit option -name (see below). The default icon name is the application name. -r This option indicates that reverse video should be simulated by swapping the foreground and background colors. It is equivalent to -rv. -w number This option specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding the window. It is equivalent to -borderwidth or -bw. The following standard X Toolkit command line arguments are commonly used with xterm: -bd color This option specifies the color to use for the border of the win- dow. xterm uses the X Toolkit default, which is ``XtDefaultFore- ground''. -bg color This option specifies the color to use for the background of the window. The default is ``XtDefaultBackground.'' -bw number This option specifies the width in pixels of the border surrounding the window. -display display This option specifies the X server to contact; see X(7). -fg color This option specifies the color to use for displaying text. The default is ``XtDefaultForeground.'' -fn font This option specifies the font to be used for displaying normal text. The default is fixed. -font font This is the same as -fn. -geometry geometry This option specifies the preferred size and position of the VT102 window; see X(7). -iconic This option indicates that xterm should ask the window manager to start it as an icon rather than as the normal window. -name name This option specifies the application name under which resources are to be obtained, rather than the default executable file name. Name should not contain ``.'' or ``*'' characters. -rv This option indicates that reverse video should be simulated by swapping the foreground and background colors. +rv Disable the simulation of reverse video by swapping foreground and background colors. -title string This option specifies the window title string, which may be dis- played by window managers if the user so chooses. The default ti- tle is the command line specified after the -e option, if any, oth- erwise the application name. -xrm resourcestring This option specifies a resource string to be used. This is espe- cially useful for setting resources that do not have separate com- mand line options. RESOURCES The program understands all of the core X Toolkit resource names and classes. Application specific resources (e.g., "XTerm.NAME") follow: backarrowKeyIsErase (class BackarrowKeyIsErase) Tie the VTxxx backarrowKey and ptyInitialErase resources together by setting the DECBKM state according to whether the initial value of stty erase is a backspace (8) or delete (127) character. The default is ``false'', which disables this feature. hold (class Hold) If true, xterm will not immediately destroy its window when the shell command completes. It will wait until you use the window manager to destroy/kill the window, or if you use the menu entries that send a signal, e.g., HUP or KILL. You may scroll back, select text, etc., to perform most graphical operations. Resizing the display will lose data, however, since this involves interaction with the shell which is no longer running. hpFunctionKeys (class HpFunctionKeys) Specifies whether or not HP Function Key escape codes should be generated for function keys instead of standard escape sequences. See also the keyboardType resource. iconGeometry (class IconGeometry) Specifies the preferred size and position of the application when iconified. It is not necessarily obeyed by all window managers. iconName (class IconName) Specifies the icon name. The default is the application name. keyboardType (class KeyboardType) Enables one (or none) of the various keyboard-type resources: hp- FunctionKeys, scoFunctionKeys, sunFunctionKeys and sunKeyboard. The resource's value should be one of the corresponding strings hp, sco, sun or vt220. The individual resources are provided for legacy support; this resource is simpler to use. maxBufSize (class MaxBufSize) Specify the maximum size of the input buffer. The default is 32768. You cannot set this to a value less than the minBufSize re- source. It will be increased as needed to make that value evenly divide this one. On some systems you may want to increase one or both of the maxBuf- Size and minBufSize resource values to achieve better performance if the operating system prefers larger buffer sizes. messages (class Messages) Specifies whether write access to the terminal is allowed ini- tially. See mesg(1). The default is ``true''. minBufSize (class MinBufSize) Specify the minimum size of the input buffer, i.e., the amount of data that xterm requests on each read. The default is 4096. You cannot set this to a value less than 64. ptyHandshake (class PtyHandshake) If ``true'', xterm will perform handshaking during initialization to ensure that the parent and child processes update the utmp and stty state. The default is ``true''. ptyInitialErase (class PtyInitialErase) If ``true'', xterm will use the pseudo-terminal's sense of the stty erase value. If ``false'', xterm will set the stty erase value to match its own configuration, using the kb string from the termcap entry as a reference, if available. In either case, the result is applied to the TERMCAP variable which xterm sets. The default is ``false''. sameName (class SameName) If the value of this resource is ``true'', xterm does not send ti- tle and icon name change requests when the request would have no effect: the name is not changed. This has the advantage of pre- venting flicker and the disadvantage of requiring an extra round trip to the server to find out the previous value. In practice this should never be a problem. The default is ``true''. scoFunctionKeys (class ScoFunctionKeys) Specifies whether or not SCP Function Key escape codes should be generated for function keys instead of standard escape sequences. See also the keyboardType resource. sessionMgt (class SessionMgt) If the value of this resource is ``true'', xterm sets up session manager callbacks for XtNdieCallback and XtNsaveCallback. The de- fault is ``true''. sunFunctionKeys (class SunFunctionKeys) Specifies whether or not Sun Function Key escape codes should be generated for function keys instead of standard escape sequences. See also the keyboardType resource. sunKeyboard (class SunKeyboard) Specifies whether or not Sun/PC keyboard layout should be assumed rather than DEC VT220. This causes the keypad `+' to be mapped to `,'. and CTRL F1-F12 to F11-F20, depending on the setting of the ctrlFKeys resource. so xterm emulates a DEC VT220 more accurately. Otherwise (the default, with sunKeyboard set to ``false''), xterm uses PC-style bindings for the function keys and keypad. PC-style bindings use the Shift, Alt, Control and Meta keys as mod- ifiers for function-keys and keypad (see the document Xterm Control Sequences for details). The PC-style bindings are analogous to PC- Term, but not the same thing. Normally these bindings do not con- flict with the use of the Meta key as described for the eightBitIn- put resource. If they do, note that the PC-style bindings are evaluated first. See also the keyboardType resource. termName (class TermName) Specifies the terminal type name to be set in the TERM environment variable. title (class Title) Specifies a string that may be used by the window manager when dis- playing this application. toolBar (class ToolBar) Specifies whether or not the toolbar should be displayed. The de- fault is ``true.'' ttyModes (class TtyModes) Specifies a string containing terminal setting keywords and the characters to which they may be bound. Allowable keywords include: brk, dsusp, eof, eol, eol2, erase, erase2, flush, intr, kill, lnext, quit, rprnt, start, status, stop, susp, swtch and weras. Control characters may be specified as ^char (e.g., ^c or ^u) and ^? may be used to indicate delete (127). Use ^- to denote undef. Use \034 to represent ^\, since a literal backslash in an X re- source escapes the next character. This is very useful for overriding the default terminal settings without having to do an stty every time an xterm is started. Note, however, that the stty program on a given host may use different keywords; xterm's table is built-in. useInsertMode (class UseInsertMode) Force use of insert mode by adding appropriate entries to the TERM- CAP environment variable. This is useful if the system termcap is broken. The default is ``false.'' utmpDisplayId (class UtmpDisplayId) Specifies whether or not xterm should try to record the display identifier (display number and screen number) as well as the host- name in the system utmp log file. The default is ``true.'' utmpInhibit (class UtmpInhibit) Specifies whether or not xterm should try to record the user's ter- minal in the system utmp log file. If true, xterm will not try. The default is ``false.'' waitForMap (class WaitForMap) Specifies whether or not xterm should wait for the initial window map before starting the subprocess. The default is ``false.'' zIconBeep (class ZIconBeep) Same as -ziconbeep command line argument. If the value of this re- source is non-zero, xterms that produce output while iconified will cause an XBell sound at the given volume and have "***" prepended to their icon titles. Most window managers will detect this change immediately, showing you which window has the output. (A similar feature was in x10 xterm.) The default is ``false.'' The following resources are specified as part of the vt100 widget (class VT100): These are specified by patterns such as "XTerm.vt100.NAME": activeIcon (class ActiveIcon) Specifies whether or not active icon windows are to be used when the xterm window is iconified, if this feature is compiled into xterm. The active icon is a miniature representation of the con- tent of the window and will update as the content changes. Not all window managers necessarily support application icon windows. Some window managers will allow you to enter keystrokes into the active icon window. The default is ``false.'' allowC1Printable (class AllowC1Printable) If true, overrides the mapping of C1 controls (codes 128-159) to make them be treated as if they were printable characters. Al- though this corresponds to no particular standard, some users in- sist it is a VT100. The default is ``false.'' allowSendEvents (class AllowSendEvents) Specifies whether or not synthetic key and button events (generated using the X protocol SendEvent request) should be interpreted or discarded. The default is ``false'' meaning they are discarded. Note that allowing such events creates a very large security hole. The default is ``false.'' allowWindowOps (class AllowWindowOps) Specifies whether extended window control sequences (as used in dt- term) for should be allowed. The default is ``true.'' alwaysHighlight (class AlwaysHighlight) Specifies whether or not xterm should always display a highlighted text cursor. By default (if this resource is false), a hollow text cursor is displayed whenever the pointer moves out of the window or the window loses the input focus. The default is ``false.'' alwaysUseMods (class AlwaysUseMods) Override the numLock resource, telling xterm to use the Alt and Meta modifiers to construct parameters for function key sequences even if those modifiers appear in the translations resource. The default is ``false.'' answerbackString (class AnswerbackString) Specifies the string that xterm sends in response to an ENQ (con- trol/E) character from the host. The default is a blank string, i.e., ``''. A hardware VT100 implements this feature as a setup option. appcursorDefault (class AppcursorDefault) If ``true,'' the cursor keys are initially in application mode. This is the same as the VT102 private DECCKM mode, The default is ``false.'' appkeypadDefault (class AppkeypadDefault) If ``true,'' the keypad keys are initially in application mode. The default is ``false.'' autoWrap (class AutoWrap) Specifies whether or not auto-wraparound should be enabled. This is the same as the VT102 DECAWM. The default is ``true.'' awaitInput (class AwaitInput) Specifies whether or not the xterm uses a 50 millisecond timeout to await input (i.e., to support the Xaw3d arrow scrollbar). The de- fault is ``false.'' backarrowKey (class BackarrowKey) Specifies whether the backarrow key transmits a backspace (8) or delete (127) character. This corresponds to the DECBKM control se- quence. The default (backspace) is ``true.'' Pressing the control key toggles this behavior. background (class Background) Specifies the color to use for the background of the window. The default is ``XtDefaultBackground.'' bellOnReset (class BellOnReset) Specifies whether to sound a bell when doing a hard reset. The de- fault is ``true.'' bellSuppressTime (class BellSuppressTime) Number of milliseconds after a bell command is sent during which additional bells will be suppressed. Default is 200. If set non- zero, additional bells will also be suppressed until the server re- ports that processing of the first bell has been completed; this feature is most useful with the visible bell. boldColors (class ColorMode) Specifies whether to combine bold attribute with colors like the IBM PC, i.e., map colors 0 through 7 to colors 8 through 15. These normally are the brighter versions of the first 8 colors, hence bold. The default is ``true.'' boldFont (class BoldFont) Specifies the name of the bold font to use instead of overstriking. There is no default for this resource. boldMode (class BoldMode) This specifies whether or not text with the bold attribute should be overstruck to simulate bold fonts if the resolved bold font is the same as the normal font. It may be desirable to disable bold fonts when color is being used for the bold attribute. Note that xterm has one bold font which you may set explicitly. It attempts to match a bold font for the other font selections (font1 through font6). If the normal and bold fonts are distinct, this resource has no effect. The default is ``true.'' Although xterm attempts to match a bold font for other font selec- tions, the font server may not cooperate. Since X11R6, bitmap fonts have been scaled. The font server claims to provide the bold font that xterm requests, but the result is not always readable. XFree86 provides a feature which can be used to suppress the scal- ing. In the X server's configuration file (e.g., "/etc/X11/XFree86"), you can add ":unscaled" to the end of the di- rectory specification for the "misc" fonts, which comprise the fixed-pitch fonts that are used by xterm. For example FontPath "/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/" would become FontPath "/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/:unscaled" Depending on your configuration, the font server may have its own configuration file. The same ":unscaled" can be added to its con- figuration file at the end of the directory specification for "misc". brokenLinuxOSC (class BrokenLinuxOSC) If true, xterm applies a workaround to ignore malformed control se- quences that a Linux script might send. Compare the palette con- trol sequences documented in console_codes with ECMA-48. The de- fault is ``true.'' brokenSelections (class BrokenSelections) If true, xterm in 8-bit mode will interpret STRING selections as carrying text in the current locale's encoding. Normally STRING selections carry ISO-8859-1 encoded text. Setting this resource to ``true'' violates the ICCCM; it may, however, be useful for inter- acting with some broken X clients. The default is ``false.'' brokenStringTerm (class BrokenStringTerm) provides a work-around for some ISDN routers which start an appli- cation control string without completing it. Set this to ``true'' if xterm appears to freeze when connecting. The default is ``false.'' c132 (class C132) Specifies whether or not the VT102 DECCOLM escape sequence, used to switch between 80 and 132 columns, should be honored. The default is ``false.'' cacheDoublesize (class CacheDoublesize) Specifies the maximum number of double-sized fonts which are cached by xterm. The default (8) may be too large for some X terminals with limited memory. Set this to zero to disable doublesize fonts altogether. charClass (class CharClass) Specifies comma-separated lists of character class bindings of the form [low-]high:value. These are used in determining which sets of characters should be treated the same when doing cut and paste. See the CHARACTER CLASSES section. cjkWidth (class CjkWidth) Specifies whether xterm should follow the traditional East Asian width convention. When turned on, characters with East Asian Am- biguous (A) category in UTR 11 have a column width of 2. You may have to set this option to ``true'' if you have some old East Asian terminal based programs that assume that line-drawing characters have a column width of 2. The default is ``false.'' color0 (class Color0) color1 (class Color1) color2 (class Color2) color3 (class Color3) color4 (class Color4) color5 (class Color5) color6 (class Color6) color7 (class Color7) These specify the colors for the ISO 6429 extension. The defaults are, respectively, black, red3, green3, yellow3, a customizable dark blue, magenta3, cyan3, and gray90. The default shades of color are chosen to allow the colors 8-15 to be used as brighter versions. color8 (class Color8) color9 (class Color9) color10 (class Color10) color11 (class Color11) color12 (class Color12) color13 (class Color13) color14 (class Color14) color15 (class Color15) These specify the colors for the ISO 6429 extension if the bold at- tribute is also enabled. The default resource values are respec- tively, gray30, red, green, yellow, a customizable light blue, ma- genta, cyan, and white. color16 (class Color16) through color255 (class Color255) These specify the colors for the 256-color extension. The default resource values are for colors 16 through 231 to make a 6x6x6 color cube, and colors 232 through 255 to make a grayscale ramp. colorAttrMode (class ColorAttrMode) Specifies whether colorBD, colorBL, colorRV, and colorUL should override ANSI colors. If not, these are displayed only when no ANSI colors have been set for the corresponding position. The de- fault is ``false.'' colorBD (class ColorBD) This specifies the color to use to display bold characters if the ``colorBDMode'' resource is enabled. The default is ``XtDefault- Foreground.'' colorBDMode (class ColorAttrMode) Specifies whether characters with the bold attribute should be dis- played in color or as bold characters. Note that setting colorMode off disables all colors, including bold. The default is ``false.'' colorBL (class ColorBL) This specifies the color to use to display blink characters if the ``colorBLMode'' resource is enabled. The default is ``XtDefault- Foreground.'' colorBLMode (class ColorAttrMode) Specifies whether characters with the blink attribute should be displayed in color. Note that setting colorMode off disables all colors, including this. The default is ``false.'' colorMode (class ColorMode) Specifies whether or not recognition of ANSI (ISO 6429) color change escape sequences should be enabled. The default is ``true.'' colorRV (class ColorRV) This specifies the color to use to display reverse characters if the ``colorRVMode'' resource is enabled. The default is ``XtDe- faultForeground.'' colorRVMode (class ColorAttrMode) Specifies whether characters with the reverse attribute should be displayed in color. Note that setting colorMode off disables all colors, including this. The default is ``false.'' colorUL (class ColorUL) This specifies the color to use to display underlined characters if the ``colorULMode'' resource is enabled. The default is ``XtDe- faultForeground.'' colorULMode (class ColorAttrMode) Specifies whether characters with the underline attribute should be displayed in color or as underlined characters. Note that setting colorMode off disables all colors, including underlining. The de- fault is ``false.'' ctrlFKeys (class CtrlFKeys) In VT220 keyboard mode (see sunKeyboard resource), specifies the amount by which to shift F1-F12 given a control modifier (CTRL). This allows you to generate key symbols for F10-F20 on a Sun/PC keyboard. The default is ``10'', which means that CTRL F1 gener- ates the key symbol for F11. curses (class Curses) Specifies whether or not the last column bug in more(1) should be worked around. See the -cu option for details. The default is ``false.'' cursorBlink (class CursorBlink) Specifies whether to make the cursor blink. The default is ``false.'' cursorColor (class CursorColor) Specifies the color to use for the text cursor. The default is ``XtDefaultForeground.'' Xterm attempts to keep this color from being the same as the background color, since it draws the cursor by filling the background of a text cell. The same restriction ap- plies to control sequences which may change this color. cursorOffTime (class CursorOffTime) Specifies the duration of the "off" part of the cursor blink cycle- time in milliseconds. The same timer is used for text blinking. The default is 300. cursorOnTime (class CursorOnTime) Specifies the duration of the "on" part of the cursor blink cycle- time, in milliseconds. The same timer is used for text blinking. The default is 600. cutNewline (class CutNewline) If ``false'', triple clicking to select a line does not include the Newline at the end of the line. If ``true'', the Newline is se- lected. The default is ``true.'' cutToBeginningOfLine (class CutToBeginningOfLine) If ``false'', triple clicking to select a line selects only from the current word forward. If ``true'', the entire line is se- lected. The default is ``true.'' decTerminalID (class DecTerminalID) Specifies the emulation level (100=VT100, 220=VT220, etc.), used to determine the type of response to a DA control sequence. Leading non-digit characters are ignored, e.g., "vt100" and "100" are the same. The default is 100. deleteIsDEL (class DeleteIsDEL) Specifies whether the Delete key on the editing keypad should send DEL (127) or the VT220-style Remove escape sequence. The default is ``false,'' for the latter. dynamicColors (class DynamicColors) Specifies whether or not escape sequences to change colors assigned to different attributes are recognized. eightBitControl (class EightBitControl) Specifies whether or not control sequences sent by the terminal should be eight-bit characters or escape sequences. The default is ``false.'' eightBitInput (class EightBitInput) If ``true'', Meta characters (a single-byte character combined with the keys modifier key) input from the keyboard are presented as a single character with the eighth bit turned on. The terminal is put into 8-bit mode. If ``false'', Meta characters are converted into a two-character sequence with the character itself preceded by ESC. On startup, xterm tries to put the terminal into 7-bit mode. The metaSendsEscape resource may override this. The default is ``true.'' Generally keyboards do not have a key labeled "Meta", but "Alt" keys are common, and they are conventionally used for "Meta". If they were synonymous, it would have been reasonable to name this resource "altSendsEscape", reversing its sense. For more back- ground on this, see the meta function in curses. Note that the Alt key is not necessarily the same as the Meta modi- fier. xmodmap lists your key modifiers. X defines modifiers for shift, (caps) lock and control, as well as 5 additional modifiers which are generally used to configure key modifiers. xterm in- spects the same information to find the modifier associated with either Meta key (left or right), and uses that key as the Meta mod- ifier. It also looks for the NumLock key, to recognize the modi- fier which is associated with that. If your xmodmap configuration uses the same keycodes for Alt- and Meta-keys, xterm will only see the Alt-key definitions, since those are tested before Meta-keys. NumLock is tested first. It is im- portant to keep these keys distinct; otherwise some of xterm's functionality is not available. eightBitOutput (class EightBitOutput) Specifies whether or not eight-bit characters sent from the host should be accepted as is or stripped when printed. The default is ``true,'' which means that they are accepted as is. faceName (class FaceName) Specify the pattern for fonts selected from the FreeType library if support for that library was compiled into xterm. There is no de- fault. If not specified, or if there is no match for both normal and bold fonts, xterm uses the font and related resources. faceNameDoublesize (class FaceNameDoublesize) Specify an double-width font for cases where an application re- quires this, e.g., in CJK applications. There is no default. If the application uses double-wide characters and this resource is not given, xterm will use a scaled version of the font given by faceName. faceSize (class FaceSize) Specify the pointsize for fonts selected from the FreeType library if support for that library was compiled into xterm. The default is ``14.'' font (class Font) Specifies the name of the normal font. The default is ``fixed.'' See the discussion of the locale resource, which describes how this font may be overridden. NOTE: some resource files use patterns such as *font: fixed which are overly broad, affecting both xterm.vt100.font and xterm.vt100..utf8fonts.font which is probably not what you intended. font1 (class Font1) Specifies the name of the first alternative font. font2 (class Font2) Specifies the name of the second alternative font. font3 (class Font3) Specifies the name of the third alternative font. font4 (class Font4) Specifies the name of the fourth alternative font. font5 (class Font5) Specifies the name of the fifth alternative font. font6 (class Font6) Specifies the name of the sixth alternative font. fontDoublesize (class FontDoublesize) Specifies whether xterm should attempt to use font scaling to draw doublesize characters. Some older font servers cannot do this properly, will return misleading font metrics. The default is ``true''. If disabled, xterm will simulate doublesize characters by drawing normal characters with spaces between them. forceBoxChars (class ForceBoxChars) Specifies whether xterm should assume the normal and bold fonts have VT100 line-drawing characters: - The fixed-pitch ISO-8859-*-encoded fonts used by xterm nor- mally have the VT100 line-drawing glyphs in cells 1-31. Other fixed-pitch fonts may be more attractive, but lack these glyphs. - When using an ISO-10646-1 font and the wideChars resource is true, xterm uses the Unicode glyphs which match the VT100 line-drawing glyphs. If ``false'', xterm checks for missing glyphs in the font and makes line-drawing characters directly as needed. If ``true'', xterm uses whatever is in the font without checking. The default is ``false.'' foreground (class Foreground) Specifies the color to use for displaying text in the window. Set- ting the class name instead of the instance name is an easy way to have everything that would normally appear in the text color change color. The default is ``XtDefaultForeground.'' freeBoldBox (class freeBoldBox) Specifies whether xterm should assume the bounding boxes for normal and bold fonts are compatible. If ``false'', xterm compares them and will reject choices of bold fonts that do not match the size of the normal font. The default is ``false'', which means that the comparison is performed. geometry (class Geometry) Specifies the preferred size and position of the VT102 window. There is no default for this resource. highlightColor (class HighlightColor) Specifies the color to use for the background of selected or other- wise highlighted text. If not specified, reverse video is used. The default is ``XtDefaultForeground.'' highlightSelection (class HighlightSelection) If ``false'', selecting with the mouse highlights all positions on the screen between the beginning of the selection and the current position. If ``true'', xterm highlights only the positions that contain text that can be selected. The default is ``false.'' Depending on the way your applications write to the screen, there may be trailing blanks on a line. Xterm stores data as it is shown on the screen. Erasing the display changes the internal state of each cell so it is not considered a blank for the purpose of selec- tion. Blanks written since the last erase are selectable. If you do not wish to have trailing blanks in a selection, use the trimSe- lection resource. hpLowerleftBugCompat (class HpLowerleftBugCompat) Specifies whether to work around a bug in HP's xdb, which ignores termcap and always sends ESC F to move to the lower left corner. ``true'' causes xterm to interpret ESC F as a request to move to the lower left corner of the screen. The default is ``false.'' i18nSelections (class I18nSelections) If false, xterm will never request the targets COMPOUND_TEXT or TEXT. The default is ``true.'' It may be set to false in order to work around ICCCM violations by other X clients. iconBorderColor (class BorderColor) Specifies the border color for the active icon window if this fea- ture is compiled into xterm. Not all window managers will make the icon border visible. iconBorderWidth (class BorderWidth) Specifies the border width for the active icon window if this fea- ture is compiled into xterm. The default is 2. Not all window managers will make the border visible. iconFont (class IconFont) Specifies the font for the miniature active icon window, if this feature is compiled into xterm. The default is "nil2". internalBorder (class BorderWidth) Specifies the number of pixels between the characters and the win- dow border. The default is 2. italicULMode (class ColorAttrMode) Specifies whether characters with the underline attribute should be displayed in an italic font or as underlined characters. jumpScroll (class JumpScroll) Specifies whether or not jump scroll should be used. This corre- sponds to the VT102 DECSCLM private mode. The default is ``true.'' keyboardDialect (class KeyboardDialect) Specifies the initial keyboard dialect, as well as the default value when the terminal is reset. The value given is the same as the final character in the control sequences which change character sets. The default is ``B'', which corresponds to US ASCII. nameKeymap (class NameKeymap) See the discussion of the keymap() action. limitResize (class LimitResize) Limits resizing of the screen via control sequence to a given mul- tiple of the display dimensions. The default is ``1''. locale (class Locale) Specifies how to use luit, an encoding converter between UTF-8 and locale encodings. The resource value (ignoring case) may be: true xterm will use the encoding specified by the users' LC_CTYPE locale (i.e., LC_ALL, LC_CTYPE, or LANG variables) as far as possible. This is realized by always enabling UTF-8 mode and invoking luit in non-UTF-8 locales. medium xterm will follow users' LC_CTYPE locale only for UTF-8, east Asian, and Thai locales, where the encodings were not supported by conventional 8bit mode with changing fonts. For other lo- cales, xterm will use conventional 8bit mode. checkfont If mini-luit is compiled-in, xterm will check if a Unicode font has been specified. If so, it checks if the character encoding for the current locale is POSIX, Latin-1 or Latin-9, uses the appropriate mapping to support those with the Unicode font. For other encodings, xterm assumes that UTF-8 encoding is re- quired. false xterm will use conventional 8bit mode or UTF-8 mode according to utf8 resource or -u8 option. Any other value, e.g., ``UTF-8'' or ``ISO8859-2'', is assumed to be an encoding name; luit will be invoked to support the encoding. The actual list of supported encodings depends on luit. The de- fault is ``medium''. Regardless of your locale and encoding, you need an ISO-10646-1 font to display the result. Your configuration may not include this font, or locale-support by xterm may not be needed. At startup, xterm uses a mechanism equivalent to the load-vt- fonts(utf8Fonts, Utf8Fonts) action to load font name subresources of the VT100 widget. That is, resource patterns such as "*vt100.utf8Fonts.font" will be loaded, and (if this resource is enabled), override the normal fonts. If no subresources are found, the normal fonts such as "*vt100.font", etc., are used. The re- source files distributed with xterm use ISO-10646-1 fonts, but do not rely on them unless you are using the locale mechanism. localeFilter (class LocaleFilter) Specifies the file name for the encoding converter from/to locale encodings and UTF-8 which is used with the -lc option or locale re- source. The help message shown by ``xterm -help'' lists the de- fault value, which depends on your system configuration. loginShell (class LoginShell) Specifies whether or not the shell to be run in the window should be started as a login shell. The default is ``false.'' marginBell (class MarginBell) Specifies whether or not the bell should be rung when the user types near the right margin. The default is ``false.'' metaSendsEscape (class MetaSendsEscape) If ``true'', Meta characters (a character combined with the Meta modifier key) are converted into a two-character sequence with the character itself preceded by ESC. This applies as well to function key control sequences, unless xterm sees that Meta is used in your key translations. If ``false'', Meta characters input from the keyboard are handled according to the eightBitInput resource. The default is ``false.'' mkWidth (class MkWidth) Specifies whether xterm should use a built-in version of the wide character width calculation. The default is ``false.'' modifyCursorKeys (class ModifyCursorKeys) Tells how to handle the special case where Control-, Shift-, Alt- or Meta-modifiers are used to add a parameter to the escape se- quence returned by a cursor-key. The default is ``2'': Set it to 0 to use the old/obsolete behavior. Set it to 1 to prefix modified sequences with CSI. Set it to 2 to force the modifier to be the second parameter. Set it to 3 to mark the sequence with a '>' to hint that it is pri- vate. modifyOtherKeys (class ModifyOtherKeys) Like modifyCursorKeys, tells xterm to construct an escape sequence for other keys (such as "2") when modified by Control-, Alt- or Meta-modifiers. This feature does not apply to function keys and well-defined keys such as ESC or the control keys. The default is ``0'': Set it to 0 to disable this feature. Set it to 1 to enable this feature for keys except Tab and some special control character cases, e.g., Control-Space to make a NUL. Set it to 1 to enable this feature for keys including the excep- tions listed. multiClickTime (class MultiClickTime) Specifies the maximum time in milliseconds between multi-click se- lect events. The default is 250 milliseconds. multiScroll (class MultiScroll) Specifies whether or not scrolling should be done asynchronously. The default is ``false.'' nMarginBell (class Column) Specifies the number of characters from the right margin at which the margin bell should be rung, when enabled. numLock (class NumLock) If ``true'', xterm checks if NumLock is used as a modifier (see xmodmap(1)). If so, this modifier is used to simplify the logic when implementing special NumLock for the sunKeyboard resource. Also (when sunKeyboard is false), similar logic is used to find the modifier associated with the left and right Alt keys. The default is ``true.'' oldXtermFKeys (class OldXtermFKeys) If ``true'', xterm will use old-style control sequences for func- tion keys F1 to F4, for compatibility with X Consortium xterm. Otherwise, it uses the VT100-style codes for PF1 to PF4. The de- fault is ``false.'' on2Clicks (class On2Clicks) on3Clicks (class On3Clicks) on4Clicks (class On4Clicks) on5Clicks (class On5Clicks) Specify selection behavior in response to multiple mouse clicks. A single mouse click is always interpreted as described in the SELEC- TION section (see POINTER USAGE). Multiple mouse clicks (using the button which activates the select-start action) are interpreted ac- cording to the resource values of on2Clicks, etc. The resource value can be one of these: word Select a ``word'' as determined by the charClass resource. See the CHARACTER CLASSES section. line Select a line (counting wrapping). group Select a group of adjacent lines (counting wrapping). The se- lection stops on a blank line. page Select all visible lines, i.e., the page. all Select all lines, i.e., including the saved lines. regex Select a ``word'' as determined by the regular expression which follows in the resource value. none No selection action is associated with this resource. xterm in- terprets it as the end of the list. For example, you may use it to disable triple (and higher) clicking by setting on3Clicks to ``none''. The default values for on2Clicks and on3Clicks are ``word'' and ``line'', respectively. There is no default value for on4Clicks or on5Clicks, making those inactive. On startup, xterm determines the maximum number of clicks by the onXClicks resource values which are set. pointerColor (class PointerColor) Specifies the foreground color of the pointer. The default is ``XtDefaultForeground.'' pointerColorBackground (class PointerColorBackground) Specifies the background color of the pointer. The default is ``XtDefaultBackground.'' pointerShape (class Cursor) Specifies the name of the shape of the pointer. The default is ``xterm.'' popOnBell (class PopOnBell) Specifies whether the window would be raised when Control-G is re- ceived. The default is ``false.'' printAttributes (class PrintAttributes) Specifies whether to print graphic attributes along with the text. A real DEC VTxxx terminal will print the underline, highlighting codes but your printer may not handle these. A ``0'' disables the attributes. A ``1'' prints the normal set of attributes (bold, un- derline, inverse and blink) as VT100-style control sequences. A ``2'' prints ANSI color attributes as well. The default is ``1.'' printerAutoClose (class PrinterAutoClose) If ``true'', xterm will close the printer (a pipe) when the appli- cation switches the printer offline with a Media Copy command. The default is ``false.'' printerCommand (class PrinterCommand) Specifies a shell command to which xterm will open a pipe when the first MC (Media Copy) command is initiated. The default is a blank string. If the resource value is given as a blank string, the printer is disabled. printerControlMode (class PrinterControlMode) Specifies the printer control mode. A ``1'' selects autoprint mode, which causes xterm to print a line from the screen when you move the cursor off that line with a line feed, form feed or verti- cal tab character, or an autowrap occurs. Autoprint mode is over- ridden by printer controller mode (a ``2''), which causes all of the output to be directed to the printer. The default is ``0.'' printerExtent (class PrinterExtent) Controls whether a print page function will print the entire page (true), or only the the portion within the scrolling margins (false). The default is ``false.'' printerFormFeed (class PrinterFormFeed) Controls whether a form feed is sent to the printer at the end of a print page function. The default is ``false.'' renderFont (class RenderFont) If xterm is built with the Xft library, this controls whether the faceName resource is used. The default is ``true.'' resizeGravity (class ResizeGravity) Affects the behavior when the window is resized to be taller or shorter. NorthWest specifies that the top line of text on the screen stay fixed. If the window is made shorter, lines are dropped from the bottom; if the window is made taller, blank lines are added at the bottom. This is compatible with the behavior in R4. SouthWest (the default) specifies that the bottom line of text on the screen stay fixed. If the window is made taller, additional saved lines will be scrolled down onto the screen; if the window is made shorter, lines will be scrolled off the top of the screen, and the top saved lines will be dropped. reverseVideo (class ReverseVideo) Specifies whether or not reverse video should be simulated. The default is ``false.'' reverseWrap (class ReverseWrap) Specifies whether or not reverse-wraparound should be enabled. This corresponds to xterm's private mode 45. The default is ``false.'' rightScrollBar (class RightScrollBar) Specifies whether or not the scrollbar should be displayed on the right rather than the left. The default is ``false.'' saveLines (class SaveLines) Specifies the number of lines to save beyond the top of the screen when a scrollbar is turned on. The default is 64. scrollBar (class ScrollBar) Specifies whether or not the scrollbar should be displayed. The default is ``false.'' scrollBarBorder (class ScrollBarBorder) Specifies the width of the scrollbar border. Note that this is drawn to overlap the border of the xterm window. Modifying the scrollbar's border affects only the line between the VT100 widget and the scrollbar. The default value is 1. scrollKey (class ScrollCond) Specifies whether or not pressing a key should automatically cause the scrollbar to go to the bottom of the scrolling region. This corresponds to xterm's private mode 1011. The default is ``false.'' scrollLines (class ScrollLines) Specifies the number of lines that the scroll-back and scroll-forw actions should use as a default. The default value is 1. scrollTtyOutput (class ScrollCond) Specifies whether or not output to the terminal should automati- cally cause the scrollbar to go to the bottom of the scrolling re- gion. The default is ``true.'' selectToClipboard (class SelectToClipboard) Tells xterm whether to use the PRIMARY or CLIPBOARD for SELECT to- kens in the selection mechanism. The set-select action can change this at runtime, allowing the user to work with programs that han- dle only one of these mechanisms. The default is ``false'', which tells it to use PRIMARY. shiftFonts (class ShiftFonts) Specifies whether to enable the actions larger-vt-font() and smaller-vt-font(), which are normally bound to the shifted KP_Add and KP_Subtract. The default is ``true.'' showBlinkAsBold (class ShowBlinkAsBold) Tells xterm whether to display text with blink-attribute the same as bold. If xterm has not been configured to support blinking text, the default is ``true.'', which corresponds to older versions of xterm, otherwise the default is ``false.'' showMissingGlyphs (class ShowMissingGlyphs) Tells xterm whether to display a box outlining places where a char- acter has been used that the font does not represent. The default is ``false.'' signalInhibit (class SignalInhibit) Specifies whether or not the entries in the ``Main Options'' menu for sending signals to xterm should be disallowed. The default is ``false.'' tekGeometry (class Geometry) Specifies the preferred size and position of the Tektronix window. There is no default for this resource. tekInhibit (class TekInhibit) Specifies whether or not the escape sequence to enter Tektronix mode should be ignored. The default is ``false.'' tekSmall (class TekSmall) Specifies whether or not the Tektronix mode window should start in its smallest size if no explicit geometry is given. This is useful when running xterm on displays with small screens. The default is ``false.'' tekStartup (class TekStartup) Specifies whether or not xterm should start up in Tektronix mode. The default is ``false.'' tiXtraScroll (class TiXtraScroll) Specifies whether xterm should scroll to a new page when processing the ti termcap entry, i.e., the private modes 47, 1047 or 1049. This is only in effect if titeInhibit is ``true'', because the in- tent of this option is to provide a picture of the full-screen ap- plication's display on the scrollback without wiping out the text that would be shown before the application was initialized. The default for this resource is ``false.'' titeInhibit (class TiteInhibit) Specifies whether or not xterm should remove ti and te termcap en- tries (used to switch between alternate screens on startup of many screen-oriented programs) from the TERMCAP string. If set, xterm also ignores the escape sequence to switch to the alternate screen. Xterm supports terminfo in a different way, supporting composite control sequences (also known as private modes) 1047, 1048 and 1049 which have the same effect as the original 47 control sequence. The default for this resource is ``false.'' translations (class Translations) Specifies the key and button bindings for menus, selections, ``pro- grammed strings,'' etc. The translations resource, which provides much of xterm's configurability, is a feature of the X Toolkit In- trinsics library (Xt). See the ACTIONS section. trimSelection (class TrimSelection) If you set highlightSelection, you can see the text which is se- lected, including any trailing spaces. Clearing the screen (or a line) resets it to a state containing no spaces. Some lines may contain trailing spaces when an application writes them to the screen. However, you may not wish to paste lines with trailing spaces. If this resource is true, xterm will trim trailing spaces from text which is selected. It does not affect spaces which re- sult in a wrapped line, nor will it trim the trailing newline from your selection. The default is ``false.'' underLine (class UnderLine) This specifies whether or not text with the underline attribute should be underlined. It may be desirable to disable underlining when color is being used for the underline attribute. The default is ``true.'' utf8 (class Utf8) This specifies whether xterm will run in UTF-8 mode. If you set this resource, xterm also sets the wideChars resource as a side-ef- fect. The resource is an integer, expected to range from 0 to 3: 0 UTF-8 mode is initially off. The command-line option +u8 sets the resource to this value. Escape sequences for turning UTF-8 mode on/off are allowed. 1 UTF-8 mode is initially on. Escape sequences for turning UTF-8 mode on/off are allowed. 2 The command-line option -u8 sets the resource to this value. Escape sequences for turning UTF-8 mode on/off are ignored. 3 This is the default value of the resource. It is changed during initialization depending on whether the locale resource was set, to 0 or 2. See the locale resource for additional discussion of non-UTF-8 locales. If you want to set the value of utf8, it should be in this range. Other nonzero values are treated the same as ``1'', i.e., UTF-8 mode is initially on, and escape sequences for turning UTF-8 mode on/off are allowed. utf8Fonts (class Utf8Fonts) See the discussion of the locale resource. utf8Latin1 (class Utf8Latin1) If true, allow an ISO-8859-1 normal font to be combined with an ISO-10646 font if the latter is given via the -fw option or its corresponding resource value. The default is ``false.'' utf8Title (class Utf8Title) Applications can set xterm's title by writing a control sequence. Normally this control sequence follows the VT220 convention, which encodes the string in ISO-8859-1 and allows for an 8-bit string terminator. If xterm is started in a UTF-8 locale, it translates the ISO-8859-1 string to UTF-8 to work with the X libraries which assume the string is UTF-8. However, some users may wish to write a title string encoded in UTF-8. Set this resource to ``true'' to allow UTF-8 encoded title strings. That cancels the translation to UTF-8, allowing UTF-8 strings to be displayed as is. The default is ``false.'' veryBoldColors (class VeryBoldColors) Specifies whether to combine video attributes with colors specified by colorBD, colorBL, colorRV and colorUL. The resource value is the sum of values for each attribute: 1 for reverse, 2 for underline, 4 for bold and 8 for blink. The default is ``0.'' visualBell (class VisualBell) Specifies whether or not a visible bell (i.e., flashing) should be used instead of an audible bell when Control-G is received. The default is ``false.'' visualBellDelay (class VisualBellDelay) Number of milliseconds to delay when displaying a visual bell. De- fault is 100. If set to zero, no visual bell is displayed. This is useful for very slow displays, e.g., an LCD display on a laptop. vt100Graphics (class VT100Graphics) This specifies whether xterm will interpret VT100 graphic character escape sequences while in UTF-8 mode. The default is ``true'', to provide support for various legacy applications. wideBoldFont (class WideBoldFont) This option specifies the font to be used for displaying bold wide text. By default, it will attempt to use a font twice as wide as the font that will be used to draw bold text. If no doublewidth font is found, it will improvise, by stretching the bold font. wideChars (class WideChars) Specifies if xterm should respond to control sequences that process 16-bit characters. The default is ``false.'' wideFont (class WideFont) This option specifies the font to be used for displaying wide text. By default, it will attempt to use a font twice as wide as the font that will be used to draw normal text. If no doublewidth font is found, it will improvise, by stretching the normal font. ximFont (class XimFont) This option specifies the font to be used for displaying the preedit string in the "OverTheSpot" input method. In "OverTheSpot" preedit type, the preedit (preconversion) string is displayed at the position of the cursor. It is the XIM server's responsibility to display the preedit string. The XIM client must inform the XIM server of the cursor position. For best results, the preedit string must be displayed with a proper font. There- fore, xterm informs the XIM server of the proper font. The font is be supplied by a "fontset", whose default value is "*". This matches every font, the X library automatically chooses fonts with proper charsets. The ximFont resource is provided to override this default font setting. The following resources are specified as part of the tek4014 widget (class Tek4014). These are specified by patterns such as "XTerm.tek4014.NAME": font2 (class Font) Specifies font number 2 to use in the Tektronix window. font3 (class Font) Specifies font number 3 to use in the Tektronix window. fontLarge (class Font) Specifies the large font to use in the Tektronix window. fontSmall (class Font) Specifies the small font to use in the Tektronix window. ginTerminator (class GinTerminator) Specifies what character(s) should follow a GIN report or status report. The possibilities are ``none,'' which sends no terminating characters, ``CRonly,'' which sends CR, and ``CR&EOT,'' which sends both CR and EOT. The default is ``none.'' height (class Height) Specifies the height of the Tektronix window in pixels. initialFont (class InitialFont) Specifies which of the four Tektronix fonts to use initially. Val- ues are the same as for the set-tek-text action. The default is ``large.'' width (class Width) Specifies the width of the Tektronix window in pixels. The resources that may be specified for the various menus are described in the documentation for the Athena SimpleMenu widget. The name and classes of the entries in each of the menus are listed below. Resources named "lineN" where N is a number are separators with class SmeLine. The mainMenu has the following entries: toolbar (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-toolbar(toggle) action. securekbd (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the secure() action. allowsends (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the allow-send-events(toggle) action. redraw (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the redraw() action. logging (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the logging(toggle) action. print (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the print() action. print-redir (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the print-redir() action. 8-bit-control (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-8-bit-control(toggle) action. backarrow key (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-backarrow(toggle) action. num-lock (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-num-lock(toggle) action. alt-esc (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the alt-sends-escape(toggle) action. meta-esc (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the meta-sends-escape(toggle) action. delete-is-del (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the delete-is-del(toggle) action. oldFunctionKeys (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the old-function-keys(toggle) action. hpFunctionKeys (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the hp-function-keys(toggle) action. scoFunctionKeys (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the sco-function-keys(toggle) action. sunFunctionKeys (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the sun-function-keys(toggle) action. sunKeyboard (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the sunKeyboard(toggle) action. suspend (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the send-signal(tstp) action on systems that support job control. continue (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the send-signal(cont) action on systems that support job control. interrupt (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the send-signal(int) action. hangup (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the send-signal(hup) action. terminate (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the send-signal(term) action. kill (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the send-signal(kill) action. quit (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the quit() action. The vtMenu has the following entries: scrollbar (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-scrollbar(toggle) action. jumpscroll (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-jumpscroll(toggle) action. reversevideo (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-reverse-video(toggle) action. autowrap (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-autowrap(toggle) action. reversewrap (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-reversewrap(toggle) action. autolinefeed (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-autolinefeed(toggle) action. appcursor (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-appcursor(toggle) action. appkeypad (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-appkeypad(toggle) action. scrollkey (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-scroll-on-key(toggle) action. scrollttyoutput (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-scroll-on-tty-output(toggle) action. allow132 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-allow132(toggle) action. cursesemul (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-cursesemul(toggle) action. visualbell (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-visualbell(toggle) action. poponbell (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-poponbell(toggle) action. marginbell (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-marginbell(toggle) action. cursorblink (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-cursorblink(toggle) action. titeInhibit (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-titeInhibit(toggle) action. activeicon (class SmeBSB) This entry toggles active icons on and off if this feature was com- piled into xterm. It is enabled only if xterm was started with the command line option +ai or the activeIcon resource is set to ``True.'' softreset (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the soft-reset() action. hardreset (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the hard-reset() action. clearsavedlines (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the clear-saved-lines() action. tekshow (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-visibility(tek,toggle) action. tekmode (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-terminal-type(tek) action. vthide (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-visibility(vt,off) action. altscreen (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-altscreen(toggle) action. The fontMenu has the following entries: fontdefault (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(d) action. font1 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(1) action. font2 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(2) action. font3 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(3) action. font4 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(4) action. font5 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(5) action. font6 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(6) action. fontescape (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(e) action. fontsel (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-vt-font(s) action. font-linedrawing (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-font-linedrawing(s) action. font-doublesize (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-font-doublesize(s) action. render-font (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-render-font(s) action. utf8-mode (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-utf8-mode(s) action. utf8-title (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-utf8-title(s) action. The tekMenu has the following entries: tektextlarge (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-tek-text(l) action. tektext2 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-tek-text(2) action. tektext3 (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-tek-text(3) action. tektextsmall (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-tek-text(s) action. tekpage (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the tek-page() action. tekreset (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the tek-reset() action. tekcopy (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the tek-copy() action. vtshow (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-visibility(vt,toggle) action. vtmode (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-terminal-type(vt) action. tekhide (class SmeBSB) This entry invokes the set-visibility(tek,toggle) action. The following resources are useful when specified for the Athena Scrollbar widget: thickness (class Thickness) Specifies the width in pixels of the scrollbar. background (class Background) Specifies the color to use for the background of the scrollbar. foreground (class Foreground) Specifies the color to use for the foreground of the scrollbar. The ``thumb'' of the scrollbar is a simple checkerboard pattern al- ternating pixels for foreground and background color. POINTER USAGE Once the VT102 window is created, xterm allows you to select text and copy it within the same or other windows. SELECTION The selection functions are invoked when the pointer buttons are used with no modifiers, and when they are used with the ``shift'' key. The assign- ment of the functions described below to keys and buttons may be changed through the resource database; see ACTIONS below. Pointer button one (usually left) is used to save text into the cut buffer. Move the cursor to beginning of the text, and then hold the button down while moving the cursor to the end of the region and releasing the button. The selected text is highlighted and is saved in the global cut buffer and made the PRIMARY selection when the button is released. Normally (but see the discussion of on2Clicks, etc): - Double-clicking selects by words. - Triple-clicking selects by lines. - Quadruple-clicking goes back to characters, etc. Multiple-click is determined by the time from button up to button down, so you can change the selection unit in the middle of a selection. Logical words and lines selected by double- or triple-clicking may wrap across more than one screen line if lines were wrapped by xterm itself rather than by the application running in the window. If the key/button bindings specify that an X selection is to be made, xterm will leave the selected text high- lighted for as long as it is the selection owner. Pointer button two (usually middle) `types' (pastes) the text from the PRI- MARY selection, if any, otherwise from the cut buffer, inserting it as key- board input. Pointer button three (usually right) extends the current selection. (With- out loss of generality, you can swap ``right'' and ``left'' everywhere in the rest of this paragraph.) If pressed while closer to the right edge of the selection than the left, it extends/contracts the right edge of the se- lection. If you contract the selection past the left edge of the selec- tion, xterm assumes you really meant the left edge, restores the original selection, then extends/contracts the left edge of the selection. Exten- sion starts in the selection unit mode that the last selection or extension was performed in; you can multiple-click to cycle through them. By cutting and pasting pieces of text without trailing new lines, you can take text from several places in different windows and form a command to the shell, for example, or take output from a program and insert it into your favorite editor. Since cut buffers are globally shared among differ- ent applications, you may regard each as a `file' whose contents you know. The terminal emulator and other text programs should be treating it as if it were a text file, i.e., the text is delimited by new lines. SCROLLING The scroll region displays the position and amount of text currently show- ing in the window (highlighted) relative to the amount of text actually saved. As more text is saved (up to the maximum), the size of the high- lighted area decreases. Clicking button one with the pointer in the scroll region moves the adja- cent line to the top of the display window. Clicking button three moves the top line of the display window down to the pointer position. Clicking button two moves the display to a position in the saved text that corresponds to the pointer's position in the scrollbar. TEKTRONIX POINTER Unlike the VT102 window, the Tektronix window does not allow the copying of text. It does allow Tektronix GIN mode, and in this mode the cursor will change from an arrow to a cross. Pressing any key will send that key and the current coordinate of the cross cursor. Pressing button one, two, or three will return the letters `l', `m', and `r', respectively. If the `shift' key is pressed when a pointer button is pressed, the corresponding upper case letter is sent. To distinguish a pointer button from a key, the high bit of the character is set (but this is bit is normally stripped un- less the terminal mode is RAW; see tty(4) for details). MENUS Xterm has four menus, named mainMenu, vtMenu, fontMenu, and tekMenu. Each menu pops up under the correct combinations of key and button presses. Each menu is divided into sections, separated by a horizontal line. Some menu entries correspond to modes that can be altered. A check mark appears next to a mode that is currently active. Selecting one of these modes tog- gles its state. Other menu entries are commands; selecting one of these performs the indicated function. All of the menu entries correspond to X actions. In the list below, the menu label is shown followed by the action's name in parenthesis. Main Options The xterm mainMenu pops up when the ``control'' key and pointer button one are pressed in a window. This menu contains items that apply to both the VT102 and Tektronix windows. There are several sections: Commands for managing X events: Toolbar Clicking on the "Toolbar" menu entry hides the toolbar if it is visible, and shows it if it is not. Secure Keyboard (securekbd) The Secure Keyboard mode is helpful when typing in passwords or other sensitive data in an unsecure environment; see SECU- RITY below (but read the limitations carefully). Allow SendEvents (allowsends ) Specifies whether or not synthetic key and button events gen- erated using the X protocol SendEvent request should be in- terpreted or discarded. This corresponds to the allowSendE- vents resource. Redraw Window (redraw) Forces the X display to repaint; useful in some environments. Commands for capturing output: Log to File (logging) Captures text sent to the screen in a logfile, as in the -l logging option. Print Window (print) Sends the text of the current window to the program given in the printerCommand resource. Redirect to Printer (print-redir) This sets the printerControlMode to 0 or 2. You can use this to turn the printer on as if an application had sent the ap- propriate control sequence. It is also useful for switching the printer off if an application turns it on without reset- ting the print control mode. Modes for setting keyboard style: 8-Bit Controls (8-bit-control) Enabled for VT220 emulation, this controls whether xterm will send 8-bit control sequences rather than using 7-bit (ASCII) controls, e.g., sending a byte in the range 128-159 rather than the escape character followed by a second byte. Xterm always interprets both 8-bit and 7-bit control sequences (see the document Xterm Control Sequences). This corresponds to the eightBitControl resource. Backarrow Key (BS/DEL) (backarrow key) Modifies the behavior of the backarrow key, making it trans- mit either a backspace (8) or delete (127) character. This corresponds to the backarrowKey resource. Alt/NumLock Modifiers (num-lock) Controls the treatment of Alt- and NumLock-key modifiers. This corresponds to the numLock resource. Meta Sends Escape (meta-esc) Controls whether Meta keys are converted into a two-character sequence with the character itself preceded by ESC. This corresponds to the metaSendsEscape resource. Delete is DEL (delete-is-del) Controls whether the Delete key on the editing keypad should send DEL (127) or the VT220-style Remove escape sequence. This corresponds to the deleteIsDEL resource. Old Function-Keys (oldFunctionKeys) HP Function-Keys (hpFunctionKeys) SCO Function-Keys (scoFunctionKeys) Sun Function-Keys (sunFunctionKeys) VT220 Keyboard (sunKeyboard) These act as a radio-button, selecting one style for the key- board layout. It corresponds to more than one resource set- ting: sunKeyboard, sunFunctionKeys, scoFunctionKeys and hp- FunctionKeys ." Commands for process signalling: Send STOP Signal (suspend) Send CONT Signal (continue) Send INT Signal (interrupt) Send HUP Signal (hangup) Send TERM Signal (terminate) Send KILL Signal (kill) These send the SIGTSTP, SIGCONT, SIGINT, SIGHUP, SIGTERM and SIGKILL signals respectively, to the process group of the process running under xterm (usually the shell). The SIGCONT function is especially useful if the user has accidentally typed CTRL-Z, suspending the process. Quit (quit) Stop processing X events except to support the -hold option, and then send a SIGHUP signal to the the process group of the process running under xterm (usually the shell). VT Options The vtMenu sets various modes in the VT102 emulation, and is popped up when the ``control'' key and pointer button two are pressed in the VT102 window. VT102/VT220 Modes: Enable Scrollbar (scrollbar) Enable (or disable) the scrollbar. This corresponds to the -sb option and the scrollBar resource. Enable Jump Scroll (jumpscroll) Enable (or disable) jump scrolling. This corresponds to the -j option and the jumpScroll resource. Enable Reverse Video (reversevideo) Enable (or disable) reverse-video. This corresponds to the -rv option and the reverseVideo resource. Enable Auto Wraparound (autowrap) Enable (or disable) auto-wraparound. This corresponds to the -aw option and the autoWrap resource. Enable Reverse Wraparound (reversewrap) Enable (or disable) reverse wraparound. This corresponds to the -rw option and the reverseWrap resource. Enable Auto Linefeed (autolinefeed) Enable (or disable) auto-linefeed. This is the VT102 NEL function, which causes the emulator to emit a linefeed after each carriage return. There is no corresponding command-line option or resource setting. Enable Application Cursor Keys (appcursor) Enable (or disable) application cursor keys. This corre- sponds to the appcursorDefault resource. There is no corre- sponding command-line option. Enable Application Keypad (appkeypad) Enable (or disable) application keypad keys. This corre- sponds to the appkeypadDefault resource. There is no corre- sponding command-line option. Scroll to Bottom on Key Press (scrollkey) Enable (or disable) scrolling to the bottom of the scrolling region on a keypress. This corresponds to the -sk option and the scrollKey resource. Scroll to Bottom on Tty Output (scrollttyoutput) Enable (or disable) scrolling to the bottom of the scrolling region on output to the terminal.. This corresponds to the -si option and the scrollTtyOutput resource. Allow 80/132 Column Switching (allow132) Enable (or disable) switching between 80 and 132 columns. This corresponds to the -132 option and the c132 resource. Select to Clipboard (selectToClipboard) Tell xterm whether to use the PRIMARY or CLIPBOARD for SELECT tokens in the translations resource which maps keyboard and mouse actions to select/paste actions. This corresponds to the selectToClipboard resource. There is no corresponding command-line option. Enable Visual Bell (visualbell) Enable (or disable) visible bell (i.e., flashing) instead of an audible bell. This corresponds to the -vb option and the visualBell resource. Enable Pop on Bell (poponbell) Enable (or disable) raising of the window when Control-G is received. This corresponds to the -pop option and the popOn- Bell resource. Enable Margin Bell (marginbell) Enable (or disable) a bell when the user types near the right margin. This corresponds to the -mb option and the margin- Bell resource. Enable Blinking Cursor (cursorblink) Enable (or disable) the blinking-cursor feature. This corre- sponds to the -bc option and the cursorBlink resource. There is also an escape sequence (see the document Xterm Control Sequences). The menu entry and the escape sequence states are XOR'd: if both are enabled, the cursor will not blink, if only one is enabled, the cursor will blink. Enable Alternate Screen Switching (titeInhibit) Enable (or disable) switching between the normal and alter- nate screens. This corresponds to the titeInhibit resource. There is no corresponding command-line option. Enable Active Icon (activeicon) Enable (or disable) the active-icon feature. This corre- sponds to the -ai option and the activeIcon resource. VT102/VT220 Commands: Do Soft Reset (softreset) Reset scroll regions. This can be convenient when some pro- gram has left the scroll regions set incorrectly (often a problem when using VMS or TOPS-20). This corresponds to the VT220 DECSTR control sequence. Do Full Reset (hardreset) The full reset entry will clear the screen, reset tabs to every eight columns, and reset the terminal modes (such as wrap and smooth scroll) to their initial states just after xterm has finished processing the command line options. This corresponds to the VT102 RIS control sequence, with a few ob- vious differences. For example, your session is not discon- nected as a real VT102 would do. Reset and Clear Saved Lines (clearsavedlines) Perform a full reset, and also clear the saved lines. Commands for setting the current screen: Show Tek Window (tekshow) When enabled, pops the Tektronix 4014 window up (makes it visible). When disabled, hides the Tektronix 4014 window. Switch to Tek Mode (tekmode) When enabled, pops the Tektronix 4014 window up if it is not already visible, and switches the input stream to that win- dow. When disabled, hides the Tektronix 4014 window and switches input back to the VTxxx window. Hide VT Window (vthide) When enabled, hides the VTxxx window, shows the Tektronix 4014 window if it was not already visible and switches the input stream to that window. When disabled, shows the VTxxx window, and switches the input stream to that window. Show Alternate Screen (altscreen) When enabled, shows the alternate screen. When disabled, shows the normal screen. Note that the normal screen may have saved lines; the alternate screen does not. VT Fonts The fontMenu pops up when when the ``control'' key and pointer button three are pressed in a window. It sets the font used in the VT102 window, or modifies the way the font is specified or displayed. There are three sec- tions. The first section allows you to select the font from a set of alternatives: Default (fontdefault) Set the font to the default, i.e., that given by the *VT100.font resource. Unreadable (font1) Set the font to that given by the *VT100.font1 resource. Tiny (font2) Set the font to that given by the *VT100.font2 resource. Small (font3) Set the font to that given by the *VT100.font3 resource. Medium (font4) Set the font to that given by the *VT100.font4 resource. Large (font5) Set the font to that given by the *VT100.font5 resource. Huge (font6) Set the font to that given by the *VT100.font6 resource. Escape Sequence This allows you to set the font last specified by the Set Font escape sequence (see the document Xterm Control Se- quences). Selection (fontsel) This allows you to set the font specified the current selec- tion as a font name (if the PRIMARY selection is owned). The second section allows you to modify the way it is displayed: Line-Drawing Characters (font-linedrawing) When set, tells xterm to draw its own line-drawing charac- ters. Otherwise it relies on the font containing these. Compare to the forceBoxChars resource. Doublesized Characters (font-doublesize) When set, xterm may ask the font server to produce scaled versions of the normal font, for VT102 double-size charac- ters. The third section allows you to modify the way it is specified: TrueType Fonts (render-font) If the renderFont and corresponding resources were set, this is a further control whether xterm will actually use the Xft library calls to obtain a font. UTF-8 (utf8-mode) This controls whether xterm uses UTF-8 encoding of input/out- put. It is useful for temporarily switching xterm to display text from an application which does not follow the locale settings. TEK Options The tekMenu sets various modes in the Tektronix emulation, and is popped up when the ``control'' key and pointer button two are pressed in the Tek- tronix window. The current font size is checked in the modes section of the menu. Large Characters (tektextlarge) #2 Size Characters (tektext2) #3 Size Characters (tektext3) Small Characters (tektextsmall) Commands: PAGE (tekpage) Clear the Tektronix window. RESET (tekreset) COPY (tekcopy) Windows: Show VT Window (vtshow) Switch to VT Mode (vtmode) Hide Tek Window (tekhide) SECURITY X environments differ in their security consciousness. Most servers, run under xdm, are capable of using a ``magic cookie'' authorization scheme that can provide a reasonable level of security for many people. If your server is only using a host-based mechanism to control access to the server (see xhost(1)), then if you enable access for a host and other users are also permitted to run clients on that same host, it is possible that some- one can run an application which uses the basic services of the X protocol to snoop on your activities, potentially capturing a transcript of every- thing you type at the keyboard. Any process which has access to your X display can manipulate it in ways that you might not anticipate, even redi- recting your keyboard to itself and sending events to your application's windows. This is true even with the ``magic cookie'' authorization scheme. While the allowSendEvents provides some protection against rogue applica- tions tampering with your programs, guarding against a snooper is harder. The possibility of an application spying on your keystrokes is of particu- lar concern when you want to type in a password or other sensitive data. The best solution to this problem is to use a better authorization mecha- nism than is provided by X. Given all of these caveats, a simple mechanism exists for protecting keyboard input in xterm. The xterm menu (see MENUS above) contains a Secure Keyboard entry which, when enabled, attempts to ensure that all keyboard input is directed only to xterm (using the GrabKeyboard protocol request). When an application prompts you for a password (or other sensitive data), you can enable Secure Keyboard using the menu, type in the data, and then disable Secure Keyboard using the menu again. This ensures that you know which window is accepting your keystrokes. It cannot ensure that there are no processes which have access to your X display that might be observing the keystrokes as well. Only one X client at a time can grab the keyboard, so when you attempt to enable Secure Keyboard it may fail. In this case, the bell will sound. If the Secure Keyboard succeeds, the foreground and background colors will be exchanged (as if you selected the Reverse Video entry in the Modes menu); they will be exchanged again when you exit secure mode. If the colors do not switch, then you should be very suspicious that you are being spoofed. If the application you are running displays a prompt before asking for the password, it is safest to enter secure mode before the prompt gets dis- played, and to make sure that the prompt gets displayed correctly (in the new colors), to minimize the probability of spoofing. You can also bring up the menu again and make sure that a check mark appears next to the en- try. Secure Keyboard mode will be disabled automatically if your xterm window becomes iconified (or otherwise unmapped), or if you start up a reparenting window manager (that places a title bar or other decoration around the win- dow) while in Secure Keyboard mode. (This is a feature of the X protocol not easily overcome.) When this happens, the foreground and background colors will be switched back and the bell will sound in warning. CHARACTER CLASSES Clicking the left mouse button twice in rapid succession (double-clicking) causes all characters of the same class (e.g., letters, white space, punc- tuation) to be selected as a ``word''. Since different people have differ- ent preferences for what should be selected (for example, should filenames be selected as a whole or only the separate subnames), the default mapping can be overridden through the use of the charClass (class CharClass) re- source. This resource is a series of comma-separated of range:value pairs. The range is either a single number or low-high in the range of 0 to 65535, corresponding to the code for the character or characters to be set. The value is arbitrary, although the default table uses the character number of the first character occurring in the set. When not in UTF-8 mode, only the first 256 bytes of this table will be used. The default table starts as follows - static int charClass[256] = { /* NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL */ 32, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* BS HT NL VT NP CR SO SI */ 1, 32, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* SP ! " # $ % & ' */ 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, /* ( ) * + , - . / */ 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, /* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* 8 9 : ; < = > ? */ 48, 48, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, /* @ A B C D E F G */ 64, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* H I J K L M N O */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* P Q R S T U V W */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ */ 48, 48, 48, 91, 92, 93, 94, 48, /* ` a b c d e f g */ 96, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* h i j k l m n o */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* p q r s t u v w */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* x y z { | } ~ DEL */ 48, 48, 48, 123, 124, 125, 126, 1, /* x80 x81 x82 x83 IND NEL SSA ESA */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* HTS HTJ VTS PLD PLU RI SS2 SS3 */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* DCS PU1 PU2 STS CCH MW SPA EPA */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* x98 x99 x9A CSI ST OSC PM APC */ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, /* - i c/ L ox Y- | So */ 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, /* .. c0 ip << _ R0 - */ 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, /* o +- 2 3 ' u q| . */ 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, /* , 1 2 >> 1/4 1/2 3/4 ? */ 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, /* A` A' A^ A~ A: Ao AE C, */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* E` E' E^ E: I` I' I^ I: */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* D- N~ O` O' O^ O~ O: X */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 215, /* O/ U` U' U^ U: Y' P B */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* a` a' a^ a~ a: ao ae c, */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* e` e' e^ e: i` i' i^ i: */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, /* d n~ o` o' o^ o~ o: -: */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 247, /* o/ u` u' u^ u: y' P y: */ 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48, 48}; For example, the string ``33:48,37:48,45-47:48,38:48'' indicates that the exclamation mark, percent sign, dash, period, slash, and ampersand charac- ters should be treated the same way as characters and numbers. This is useful for cutting and pasting electronic mailing addresses and filenames. ACTIONS It is possible to rebind keys (or sequences of keys) to arbitrary strings for input, by changing the translations resources for the vt100 or tek4014 widgets. Changing the translations resource for events other than key and button events is not expected, and will cause unpredictable behavior. The following actions are provided for use within the vt100 or tek4014 transla- tions resources: allow-send-events(on/off/toggle) This action set or toggles the allowSendEvents resource and is also invoked by the allowsends entry in mainMenu. alt-sends-escape() This action toggles the state of the eightBitInput resource. bell([percent]) This action rings the keyboard bell at the specified percentage above or below the base volume. clear-saved-lines() This action does hard-reset() (see below) and also clears the his- tory of lines saved off the top of the screen. It is also invoked from the clearsavedlines entry in vtMenu. The effect is identical to a hardware reset (RIS) control sequence. create-menu(m/v/f/t) This action creates one of the menus used by xterm, if it has not been previously created. The parameter values are the menu names: mainMenu, vtMenu, fontMenu, tekMenu, respectively. dabbrev-expand() Expands the word before cursor by searching in the preceding text on the screen and in the scrollback buffer for words starting with that abbreviation. Repeating dabbrev-expand() several times in se- quence searches for an alternative expansion by looking farther back. Lack of more matches is signaled by a beep(). Attempts to expand an empty word (i.e., when cursor is preceded by a space) yield successively all previous words. Consecutive identical ex- pansions are ignored. The word here is defined as a sequence of non-whitespace characters. This feature partially emulates the be- havior of `dynamic abbreviation' expansion in Emacs (bound there to M-/). Here is a resource setting for xterm which will do the same thing: *VT100*translations: #override \n\ Meta <KeyPress> /:dabbrev-expand() deiconify() Changes the window state back to normal, if it was iconified. delete-is-del() This action toggles the state of the deleteIsDEL resource. dired-button() Handles a button event (other than press and release) by echoing the event's position (i.e., character line and column) in the fol- lowing format: ^X ESC G <line+' '> <col+' '> iconify() Iconifies the window. hard-reset() This action resets the scrolling region, tabs, window size, and cursor keys and clears the screen. It is also invoked from the hardreset entry in vtMenu. ignore() This action ignores the event but checks for special pointer posi- tion escape sequences. insert() This action inserts the character or string associated with the key that was pressed. insert-eight-bit() This action inserts an eight-bit (Meta) version of the character or string associated with the key that was pressed. This only applies to single-byte values. The exact action depends on the value of the metaSendsEscape and the eightBitInput resources. The metaSend- sEscape resource is tested first. The term "eight-bit" is misleading: xterm checks if the key's value is less than 128. If so, xterm adds 128 to the value, setting its eighth bit. Otherwise xterm sends an ESC byte before the key. In other applications' documentation, that is referred to as a "meta key". insert-selection(sourcename [, ...]) This action inserts the string found in the selection or cutbuffer indicated by sourcename. Sources are checked in the order given (case is significant) until one is found. Commonly-used selections include: PRIMARY, SECONDARY, and CLIPBOARD. Cut buffers are typi- cally named CUT_BUFFER0 through CUT_BUFFER7. insert-seven-bit() This action is a synonym for insert() The term "seven-bit" is mis- leading: it only implies that xterm does not try to add 128 to the key's value as in insert-eight-bit(). interpret(control-sequence) Interpret the given control sequence locally, i.e., without passing it to the host. This works by inserting the control sequence at the front of the input buffer. Use "\" to escape octal digits in the string. Xt does not allow you to put a null character (i.e., "\000") in the string. keymap(name) This action dynamically defines a new translation table whose re- source name is name with the suffix Keymap (case is significant). The name None restores the original translation table. larger-vt-font() Set the font to the next larger one, based on the font dimensions. See also set-vt-font(). load-vt-fonts(name[,class]) Load fontnames from the given subresource name and class. That is, load the "*VT100.name.font", resource as "*VT100.font" etc. If no name is given, the original set of fontnames is restored. Unlike set-vt-font(), this does not affect the escape- and select- fonts, since those are not based on resource values. It does af- fect the fonts loosely organized under the ``Default'' menu entry: font, boldFont, wideFont and wideBoldFont. maximize() Resizes the window to fill the screen. meta-sends-escape() This action toggles the state of the metaSendsEscape resource. popup-menu(menuname) This action displays the specified popup menu. Valid names (case is significant) include: mainMenu, vtMenu, fontMenu, and tekMenu. print() This action prints the window and is also invoked by the print en- try in mainMenu. print-redir() This action toggles the printerControlMode between 0 and 2. The corresponding popup menu entry is useful for switching the printer off if you happen to change your mind after deciding to print ran- dom binary files on the terminal. quit() This action sends a SIGHUP to the subprogram and exits. It is also invoked by the quit entry in mainMenu. redraw() This action redraws the window and is also invoked by the redraw entry in mainMenu. restore() Restores the window to the size before it was last maximized. scroll-back(count [,units [,mouse] ]) This action scrolls the text window backward so that text that had previously scrolled off the top of the screen is now visible. The count argument indicates the number of units (which may be page, halfpage, pixel, or line) by which to scroll. An adjustment can be specified for these values by appending a "+" or "-" sign followed by a number, e.g., page-2 to specify 2 lines less than a page. If the third parameter mouse is given, the action is ignored when mouse reporting is enabled. scroll-forw(count [,units [,mouse] ]) This action is similar to scroll-back except that it scrolls in the other direction. secure() This action toggles the Secure Keyboard mode described in the sec- tion named SECURITY, and is invoked from the securekbd entry in mainMenu. select-cursor-end(destname [, ...]) This action is similar to select-end except that it should be used with select-cursor-start. select-cursor-start() This action is similar to select-start except that it begins the selection at the current text cursor position. select-end(destname [, ...]) This action puts the currently selected text into all of the selec- tions or cutbuffers specified by destname. select-extend() This action tracks the pointer and extends the selection. It should only be bound to Motion events. select-set() This action stores text that corresponds to the current selection, without affecting the selection mode. select-start() This action begins text selection at the current pointer location. See the section on POINTER USAGE for information on making selec- tions. send-signal(signame) This action sends the signal named by signame to the xterm sub- process (the shell or program specified with the -e command line option) and is also invoked by the suspend, continue, interrupt, hangup, terminate, and kill entries in mainMenu. Allowable signal names are (case is not significant): tstp (if supported by the op- erating system), suspend (same as tstp), cont (if supported by the operating system), int, hup, term, quit, alrm, alarm (same as alrm) and kill. set-allow132(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the c132 resource and is also invoked from the allow132 entry in vtMenu. set-altscreen(on/off/toggle) This action toggles between the alternate and current screens. set-appcursor(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the handling Application Cursor Key mode and is also invoked by the appcursor entry in vtMenu. set-appkeypad(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the handling of Application Keypad mode and is also invoked by the appkeypad entry in vtMenu. set-autolinefeed(on/off/toggle) This action toggles automatic insertion of linefeeds and is also invoked by the autolinefeed entry in vtMenu. set-autowrap(on/off/toggle) This action toggles automatic wrapping of long lines and is also invoked by the autowrap entry in vtMenu. set-backarrow(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the backarrowKey resource and is also invoked from the backarrow key entry in vtMenu. set-cursorblink(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the cursorBlink resource and is also invoked from the cursorblink entry in vtMenu. set-cursesemul(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the curses resource and is also invoked from the cursesemul entry in vtMenu. set-font-doublesize(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the fontDoublesize resource and is also invoked by the font-doublesize entry in fontMenu. set-hp-function-keys(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the hpFunctionKeys resource and is also invoked by the hpFunctionKeys entry in mainMenu. set-jumpscroll(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the jumpscroll resource and is also invoked by the jumpscroll entry in vtMenu. set-font-linedrawing(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the xterm's state regarding whether the current font has line-drawing characters and whether it should draw them directly. It is also invoked by the font-linedrawing entry in fontMenu. set-logging() This action toggles the state of the logging option. set-old-function-keys(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the state of legacy function keys and is also invoked by the oldFunctionKeys entry in mainMenu. set-marginbell(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the marginBell resource and is also invoked from the marginbell entry in vtMenu. set-num-lock() This action toggles the state of the numLock resource. set-pop-on-bell(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the popOnBell resource and is also invoked by the poponbell entry in vtMenu. set-render-font(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the renderFont resource and is also invoked by the render-font entry in fontMenu. set-reverse-video(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the reverseVideo resource and is also invoked by the reversevideo entry in vtMenu. set-reversewrap(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the reverseWrap resource and is also invoked by the reversewrap entry in vtMenu. set-scroll-on-key(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the scrollKey resource and is also invoked from the scrollkey entry in vtMenu. set-scroll-on-tty-output(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the scrollTtyOutput resource and is also in- voked from the scrollttyoutput entry in vtMenu. set-scrollbar(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the scrollbar resource and is also invoked by the scrollbar entry in vtMenu. set-select(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the selectToClipboard resource and is also in- voked by the selectToClipboard entry in vtMenu. set-sco-function-keys(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the scoFunctionKeys resource and is also in- voked by the scoFunctionKeys entry in mainMenu. set-sun-function-keys(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the sunFunctionKeys resource and is also in- voked by the sunFunctionKeys entry in mainMenu. set-sun-keyboard(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the sunKeyboard resource and is also invoked by the sunKeyboard entry in mainMenu. set-tek-text(large/2/3/small) This action sets font used in the Tektronix window to the value of the resources tektextlarge, tektext2, tektext3, and tektextsmall according to the argument. It is also by the entries of the same names as the resources in tekMenu. set-terminal-type(type) This action directs output to either the vt or tek windows, accord- ing to the type string. It is also invoked by the tekmode entry in vtMenu and the vtmode entry in tekMenu. set-titeInhibit(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the titeInhibit resource, which controls switching between the alternate and current screens. set-toolbar(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the toolbar feature and is also invoked by the toolbar entry in mainMenu. set-utf8-mode(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the utf8 resource and is also invoked by the utf8-mode entry in fontMenu. set-utf8-title(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the utf8Title resource and is also invoked by the utf8-title entry in fontMenu. set-visibility(vt/tek,on/off/toggle) This action controls whether or not the vt or tek windows are visi- ble. It is also invoked from the tekshow and vthide entries in vt- Menu and the vtshow and tekhide entries in tekMenu. set-visual-bell(on/off/toggle) This action toggles the visualBell resource and is also invoked by the visualbell entry in vtMenu. set-vt-font(d/1/2/3/4/5/6/e/s [,normalfont [, boldfont]]) This action sets the font or fonts currently being used in the VT102 window. The first argument is a single character that speci- fies the font to be used: d or D indicate the default font (the font initially used when xterm was started), 1 through 6 indicate the fonts specified by the font1 through font6 resources, e or E indicate the normal and bold fonts that have been set through escape codes (or specified as the second and third action arguments, respectively), and s or S indicate the font selection (as made by programs such as xfontsel(1)) indicated by the second action argument. If xterm is configured to support wide characters, an additional two optional parameters are recognized for the e argument: wide font and wide bold font. smaller-vt-font() Set the font to the next smaller one, based on the font dimensions. See also set-vt-font(). soft-reset() This action resets the scrolling region and is also invoked from the softreset entry in vtMenu. The effect is identical to a soft reset (DECSTR) control sequence. start-extend() This action is similar to select-start except that the selection is extended to the current pointer location. start-cursor-extend() This action is similar to select-extend except that the selection is extended to the current text cursor position. string(string) This action inserts the specified text string as if it had been typed. Quotation is necessary if the string contains whitespace or non-alphanumeric characters. If the string argument begins with the characters ``0x'', it is interpreted as a hex character con- stant. tek-copy() This action copies the escape codes used to generate the current window contents to a file in the current directory beginning with the name COPY. It is also invoked from the tekcopy entry in tek- Menu. tek-page() This action clears the Tektronix window and is also invoked by the tekpage entry in tekMenu. tek-reset() This action resets the Tektronix window and is also invoked by the tekreset entry in tekMenu. vi-button() Handles a button event (other than press and release) by echoing a control sequence computed from the event's line number in the screen relative to the current line: ESC ^P or ESC ^N according to whether the event is before, or after the current line, respectively. The ^N (or ^P) is repeated once for each line that the event differs from the current line. The control sequence is omitted altogether if the button event is on the current line. visual-bell() This action flashes the window quickly. The Tektronix window also has the following action: gin-press(l/L/m/M/r/R) This action sends the indicated graphics input code. The default bindings in the VT102 window use the SELECT token, which is set by the selectToClipboard resource: Shift <KeyPress> Prior:scroll-back(1,halfpage) \n\ Shift <KeyPress> Next:scroll-forw(1,halfpage) \n\ Shift <KeyPress> Select:select-cursor-start() \ select-cursor-end(SELECT, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\ Shift <KeyPress> Insert:insert-selection(SELECT, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\ Shift~Ctrl <KeyPress> KP_Add:larger-vt-font() \n\ Shift Ctrl <KeyPress> KP_Add:smaller-vt-font() \n\ Shift <KeyPress> KP_Subtract:smaller-vt-font() \n\ ~Meta <KeyPress>:insert-seven-bit() \n\ Meta <KeyPress>:insert-eight-bit() \n\ !Ctrl <Btn1Down>:popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl <Btn1Down>:popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl @Num_Lock <Btn1Down>:popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\ ! @Num_Lock Ctrl <Btn1Down>:popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\ ~Meta <Btn1Down>:select-start() \n\ ~Meta <Btn1Motion>:select-extend() \n\ !Ctrl <Btn2Down>:popup-menu(vtMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl <Btn2Down>:popup-menu(vtMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl @Num_Lock <Btn2Down>:popup-menu(vtMenu) \n\ ! @Num_Lock Ctrl <Btn2Down>:popup-menu(vtMenu) \n\ ~Ctrl ~Meta <Btn2Down>:ignore() \n\ Meta <Btn2Down>:clear-saved-lines() \n\ ~Ctrl ~Meta <Btn2Up>:insert-selection(SELECT, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\ !Ctrl <Btn3Down>:popup-menu(fontMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl <Btn3Down>:popup-menu(fontMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl @Num_Lock <Btn3Down>:popup-menu(fontMenu) \n\ ! @Num_Lock Ctrl <Btn3Down>:popup-menu(fontMenu) \n\ ~Ctrl ~Meta <Btn3Down>:start-extend() \n\ ~Meta <Btn3Motion>:select-extend() \n\ Ctrl <Btn4Down>:scroll-back(1,halfpage,m) \n\ Lock Ctrl <Btn4Down>:scroll-back(1,halfpage,m) \n\ Lock @Num_Lock Ctrl <Btn4Down>:scroll-back(1,halfpage,m) \n\ @Num_Lock Ctrl <Btn4Down>:scroll-back(1,halfpage,m) \n\ <Btn4Down>:scroll-back(5,line,m) \n\ Ctrl <Btn5Down>:scroll-forw(1,halfpage,m) \n\ Lock Ctrl <Btn5Down>:scroll-forw(1,halfpage,m) \n\ Lock @Num_Lock Ctrl <Btn5Down>:scroll-forw(1,halfpage,m) \n\ @Num_Lock Ctrl <Btn5Down>:scroll-forw(1,halfpage,m) \n\ <Btn5Down>:scroll-forw(5,line,m) \n\ <BtnUp>:select-end(SELECT, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\ <BtnDown>:ignore() The default bindings in the Tektronix window are: ~Meta<KeyPress>: insert-seven-bit() \n\ Meta<KeyPress>: insert-eight-bit() \n\ !Ctrl <Btn1Down>: popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl <Btn1Down>: popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl @Num_Lock <Btn1Down>:popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\ !Ctrl @Num_Lock <Btn1Down>:popup-menu(mainMenu) \n\ !Ctrl <Btn2Down>: popup-menu(tekMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl <Btn2Down>: popup-menu(tekMenu) \n\ !Lock Ctrl @Num_Lock <Btn2Down>:popup-menu(tekMenu) \n\ !Ctrl @Num_Lock <Btn2Down>:popup-menu(tekMenu) \n\ Shift ~Meta<Btn1Down>: gin-press(L) \n\ ~Meta<Btn1Down>: gin-press(l) \n\ Shift ~Meta<Btn2Down>: gin-press(M) \n\ ~Meta<Btn2Down>: gin-press(m) \n\ Shift ~Meta<Btn3Down>: gin-press(R) \n\ ~Meta<Btn3Down>: gin-press(r) Here is an example which uses shifted select/paste to copy to the clip- board, and unshifted select/paste for the primary selection. In each case, a (different) cut buffer is also a target or source of the select/paste op- eration. It is important to remember however, that cut buffers store data in ISO-8859-1 encoding, while selections can store data in a variety of formats and encodings. While xterm owns the selection, it highlights it. When it loses the selection, it removes the corresponding highlight. But you can still paste from the corresponding cut buffer. *VT100*translations: #override \n\ ~Shift~Ctrl<Btn2Up>: insert-selection(PRIMARY, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\ Shift~Ctrl<Btn2Up>: insert-selection(CLIPBOARD, CUT_BUFFER1) \n\ ~Shift<BtnUp>: select-end(PRIMARY, CUT_BUFFER0) \n\ Shift<BtnUp>: select-end(CLIPBOARD, CUT_BUFFER1) Below is a sample how of the keymap() action is used to add special keys for entering commonly-typed works: *VT100.Translations: #override <Key>F13: keymap(dbx) *VT100.dbxKeymap.translations: \ <Key>F14: keymap(None) \n\ <Key>F17: string("next") string(0x0d) \n\ <Key>F18: string("step") string(0x0d) \n\ <Key>F19: string("continue") string(0x0d) \n\ <Key>F20: string("print ") insert-selection(PRIMARY, CUT_BUFFER0) CONTROL SEQUENCES AND KEYBOARD The Xterm Control Sequences document lists the control sequences which an application can send xterm to make it perform various operations. Most of these operations are standardized, from either the DEC or Tektronix termi- nals, or from more widely used standards such as ISO 6429. ENVIRONMENT Xterm sets several environment variables: DISPLAY is the display name, pointing to the X server (see DISPLAY NAMES in X(7)). TERM is set according to the termcap (or terminfo) entry which it is using as a reference. WINDOWID is set to the X window id number of the xterm window. XTERM_SHELL is set to the pathname of the program which is invoked. Usually that is a shell program, e.g., /bin/sh. Since it is not necessarily a shell program however, it is distinct from ``SHELL''. XTERM_VERSION is set to the string displayed by the -version option. That is nor- mally an identifier for the X Window libraries used to build xterm, followed by xterm's patch number in parenthesis. The patch number is also part of the response to a Secondary Device Attributes (DA) con- trol sequence (see Xterm Control Sequences). Depending on your system configuration, xterm may also set the following: COLUMNS the width of the xterm in characters (cf: "stty columns"). HOME when xterm is configured to update utmp. LINES the height of the xterm in characters (cf: "stty rows"). LOGNAME when xterm is configured to update utmp. SHELL when xterm is configured to update utmp. It is also set if you pro- vide the shell name as the optional parameter. TERMCAP the contents of the termcap entry corresponding to $TERM, with lines and columns values substituted for the actual size window you have created. TERMINFO may be defined to a nonstandard location in the configure script. FILES The actual pathnames given may differ on your system. /etc/utmp the system logfile, which records user logins. /etc/wtmp the system logfile, which records user logins and logouts. /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/XTerm the xterm default application resources. /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/XTerm-color the xterm color application resources. If your display supports color, use this *customization: -color in your .Xdefaults file to automatically use this resource file rather than /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/XTerm. If you do not do this, xterm uses its compiled-in default resource settings for colors. ERROR MESSAGES Most of the fatal error messages from xterm use the following format: xterm: Error XXX, errno YYY: ZZZ The XXX codes (which are used by xterm as its exit-code) are listed below, with a brief explanation. 1 is used for miscellaneous errors, usually accompanied by a specific message, 11 ERROR_FIONBIO main: ioctl() failed on FIONBIO 12 ERROR_F_GETFL main: ioctl() failed on F_GETFL 13 ERROR_F_SETFL main: ioctl() failed on F_SETFL 14 ERROR_OPDEVTTY spawn: open() failed on /dev/tty 15 ERROR_TIOCGETP spawn: ioctl() failed on TIOCGETP 17 ERROR_PTSNAME spawn: ptsname() failed 18 ERROR_OPPTSNAME spawn: open() failed on ptsname 19 ERROR_PTEM spawn: ioctl() failed on I_PUSH/"ptem" 20 ERROR_CONSEM spawn: ioctl() failed on I_PUSH/"consem" 21 ERROR_LDTERM spawn: ioctl() failed on I_PUSH/"ldterm" 22 ERROR_TTCOMPAT spawn: ioctl() failed on I_PUSH/"ttcompat" 23 ERROR_TIOCSETP spawn: ioctl() failed on TIOCSETP 24 ERROR_TIOCSETC spawn: ioctl() failed on TIOCSETC 25 ERROR_TIOCSETD spawn: ioctl() failed on TIOCSETD 26 ERROR_TIOCSLTC spawn: ioctl() failed on TIOCSLTC 27 ERROR_TIOCLSET spawn: ioctl() failed on TIOCLSET 28 ERROR_INIGROUPS spawn: initgroups() failed 29 ERROR_FORK spawn: fork() failed 30 ERROR_EXEC spawn: exec() failed 32 ERROR_PTYS get_pty: not enough ptys 34 ERROR_PTY_EXEC waiting for initial map 35 ERROR_SETUID spawn: setuid() failed 36 ERROR_INIT spawn: can't initialize window 46 ERROR_TIOCKSET spawn: ioctl() failed on TIOCKSET 47 ERROR_TIOCKSETC spawn: ioctl() failed on TIOCKSETC 48 ERROR_SPREALLOC spawn: realloc of ttydev failed 49 ERROR_LUMALLOC luit: command-line malloc failed 50 ERROR_SELECT in_put: select() failed 54 ERROR_VINIT VTInit: can't initialize window 57 ERROR_KMMALLOC1 HandleKeymapChange: malloc failed 60 ERROR_TSELECT Tinput: select() failed 64 ERROR_TINIT TekInit: can't initialize window 71 ERROR_BMALLOC2 SaltTextAway: malloc() failed 80 ERROR_LOGEXEC StartLog: exec() failed 83 ERROR_XERROR xerror: XError event 84 ERROR_XIOERROR xioerror: X I/O error 90 ERROR_SCALLOC Alloc: calloc() failed on base 91 ERROR_SCALLOC2 Alloc: calloc() failed on rows 92 ERROR_SREALLOC ScreenResize: realloc() failed on alt base 96 ERROR_RESIZE ScreenResize: malloc() or realloc() failed 102 ERROR_SAVE_PTR ScrnPointers: malloc/realloc() failed 110 ERROR_SBRALLOC ScrollBarOn: realloc() failed on base 111 ERROR_SBRALLOC2 ScrollBarOn: realloc() failed on rows 121 ERROR_MMALLOC my_memmove: malloc/realloc failed BUGS Large pastes do not work on some systems. This is not a bug in xterm; it is a bug in the pseudo terminal driver of those systems. xterm feeds large pastes to the pty only as fast as the pty will accept data, but some pty drivers do not return enough information to know if the write has suc- ceeded. Many of the options are not resettable after xterm starts. This program still needs to be rewritten. It should be split into very modular sections, with the various emulators being completely separate wid- gets that do not know about each other. Ideally, you'd like to be able to pick and choose emulator widgets and stick them into a single control wid- get. There needs to be a dialog box to allow entry of the Tek COPY file name. SEE ALSO resize(1), luit(1), X(7), pty(4), tty(4) Xterm Control Sequences (this is the file ctlseqs.ms). http://invisible-island.net/xterm/xterm.html AUTHORS Far too many people, including: Loretta Guarino Reid (DEC-UEG-WSL), Joel McCormack (DEC-UEG-WSL), Terry Weissman (DEC-UEG-WSL), Edward Moy (Berkeley), Ralph R. Swick (MIT-Athena), Mark Vandevoorde (MIT-Athena), Bob McNamara (DEC-MAD), Jim Gettys (MIT- Athena), Bob Scheifler (MIT X Consortium), Doug Mink (SAO), Steve Pitschke (Stellar), Ron Newman (MIT-Athena), Jim Fulton (MIT X Consortium), Dave Serisky (HP), Jonathan Kamens (MIT-Athena), Jason Bacon, Stephen P. Wall, David Wexelblat, and Thomas Dickey (XFree86 Project). XFree86 Version 4.8.0 XTERM(1)
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | EMULATIONS | OTHER FEATURES | OPTIONS | RESOURCES | POINTER USAGE | MENUS | SECURITY | CHARACTER CLASSES | ACTIONS | CONTROL SEQUENCES AND KEYBOARD | ENVIRONMENT | FILES | ERROR MESSAGES | BUGS | SEE ALSO | AUTHORS
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