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CRYPTO(9) BSD Kernel Developer's Manual CRYPTO(9) NAME crypto -- API for cryptographic services in the kernel SYNOPSIS #include <opencrypto/cryptodev.h> int32_t crypto_get_driverid(u_int8_t); int crypto_register(u_int32_t, int, u_int16_t, u_int32_t, int (*)(void *, u_int32_t *, struct cryptoini *), int (*)(void *, u_int64_t), int (*)(void *, struct cryptop *), void *); int crypto_kregister(u_int32_t, int, u_int32_t, int (*)(void *, struct cryptkop *), void *); int crypto_unregister(u_int32_t, int); int crypto_unregister_all(u_int32_t); void crypto_done(struct cryptop *); void crypto_kdone(struct cryptkop *); int crypto_newsession(u_int64_t *, struct cryptoini *, int); int crypto_freesession(u_int64_t); int crypto_dispatch(struct cryptop *); int crypto_kdispatch(struct cryptkop *); int crypto_unblock(u_int32_t, int); struct cryptop * crypto_getreq(int); void crypto_freereq(void); #define CRYPTO_SYMQ 0x1 #define CRYPTO_ASYMQ 0x2 #define EALG_MAX_BLOCK_LEN 16 struct cryptoini { int cri_alg; int cri_klen; int cri_rnd; caddr_t cri_key; u_int8_t cri_iv[EALG_MAX_BLOCK_LEN]; struct cryptoini *cri_next; }; struct cryptodesc { int crd_skip; int crd_len; int crd_inject; int crd_flags; struct cryptoini CRD_INI; struct cryptodesc *crd_next; }; struct cryptop { TAILQ_ENTRY(cryptop) crp_next; u_int64_t crp_sid; int crp_ilen; int crp_olen; int crp_etype; int crp_flags; caddr_t crp_buf; caddr_t crp_opaque; struct cryptodesc *crp_desc; int (*crp_callback) (struct cryptop *); caddr_t crp_mac; }; struct crparam { caddr_t crp_p; u_int crp_nbits; }; #define CRK_MAXPARAM 8 struct cryptkop { TAILQ_ENTRY(cryptkop) krp_next; u_int krp_op; /* ie. CRK_MOD_EXP or other */ u_int krp_status; /* return status */ u_short krp_iparams; /* # of input parameters */ u_short krp_oparams; /* # of output parameters */ u_int32_t krp_hid; struct crparam krp_param[CRK_MAXPARAM]; int (*krp_callback)(struct cryptkop *); }; DESCRIPTION crypto is a framework for drivers of cryptographic hardware to register with the kernel so "consumers" (other kernel subsystems, and users through the /dev/crypto device) are able to make use of it. Drivers reg- ister with the framework the algorithms they support, and provide entry points (functions) the framework may call to establish, use, and tear down sessions. Sessions are used to cache cryptographic information in a particular driver (or associated hardware), so initialization is not needed with every request. Consumers of cryptographic services pass a set of descriptors that instruct the framework (and the drivers regis- tered with it) of the operations that should be applied on the data (more than one cryptographic operation can be requested). Keying operations are supported as well. Unlike the symmetric operators described above, these sessionless commands perform mathematical opera- tions using input and output parameters. Since the consumers may not be associated with a process, drivers may not sleep(9). The same holds for the framework. Thus, a callback mechanism is used to notify a consumer that a request has been completed (the call- back is specified by the consumer on an per-request basis). The callback is invoked by the framework whether the request was successfully com- pleted or not. An error indication is provided in the latter case. A specific error code, EAGAIN, is used to indicate that a session number has changed and that the request may be re-submitted immediately with the new session number. Errors are only returned to the invoking function if not enough information to call the callback is available (meaning, there was a fatal error in verifying the arguments). For session initializa- tion and teardown there is no callback mechanism used. The crypto_newsession() routine is called by consumers of cryptographic services (such as the ipsec(4) stack) that wish to establish a new ses- sion with the framework. On success, the first argument will contain the Session Identifier (SID). The second argument contains all the necessary information for the driver to establish the session. The third argument indicates whether a hardware driver (1) should be used or not (0). The various fields in the cryptoini structure are: cri_alg Contains an algorithm identifier. Currently supported algo- rithms are: CRYPTO_DES_CBC CRYPTO_3DES_CBC CRYPTO_BLF_CBC CRYPTO_CAST_CBC CRYPTO_SKIPJACK_CBC CRYPTO_MD5_HMAC CRYPTO_SHA1_HMAC CRYPTO_RIPEMD160_HMAC CRYPTO_MD5_KPDK CRYPTO_SHA1_KPDK CRYPTO_AES_CBC CRYPTO_ARC4 CRYPTO_MD5 CRYPTO_SHA1 CRYPTO_SHA2_HMAC CRYPTO_NULL_HMAC CRYPTO_NULL_CBC cri_klen Specifies the length of the key in bits, for variable-size key algorithms. cri_rnd Specifies the number of rounds to be used with the algorithm, for variable-round algorithms. cri_key Contains the key to be used with the algorithm. cri_iv Contains an explicit initialization vector (IV), if it does not prefix the data. This field is ignored during initialization. If no IV is explicitly passed (see below on details), a random IV is used by the device driver processing the request. cri_next Contains a pointer to another cryptoini structure. Multiple such structures may be linked to establish multi-algorithm ses- sions (ipsec(4) is an example consumer of such a feature). The cryptoini structure and its contents will not be modified by the framework (or the drivers used). Subsequent requests for processing that use the SID returned will avoid the cost of re-initializing the hardware (in essence, SID acts as an index in the session cache of the driver). crypto_freesession() is called with the SID returned by crypto_newsession() to disestablish the session. crypto_dispatch() is called to process a request. The various fields in the cryptop structure are: crp_sid Contains the SID. crp_ilen Indicates the total length in bytes of the buffer to be processed. crp_olen On return, contains the total length of the result. For symmetric crypto operations, this will be the same as the input length. This will be used if the framework needs to allocate a new buffer for the result (or for re-formatting the input). crp_callback This routine is invoked upon completion of the request, whether successful or not. It is invoked through the crypto_done() routine. If the request was not successful, an error code is set in the crp_etype field. It is the re- sponsibility of the callback routine to set the appropriate spl(9) level. crp_etype Contains the error type, if any errors were encountered, or zero if the request was successfully processed. If the EAGAIN error code is returned, the SID has changed (and has been recorded in the crp_sid field). The consumer should record the new SID and use it in all subsequent requests. In this case, the request may be re-submitted immediately. This mechanism is used by the framework to perform session migration (move a session from one driver to another, be- cause of availability, performance, or other considera- tions). Note that this field only makes sense when examined by the callback routine specified in crp_callback. Errors are re- turned to the invoker of crypto_process() only when enough information is not present to call the callback routine (i.e., if the pointer passed is NULL or if no callback rou- tine was specified). crp_flags Is a bitmask of flags associated with this request. Cur- rently defined flags are: CRYPTO_F_IMBUF The buffer pointed to by crp_buf is an mbuf chain. crp_buf Points to the input buffer. On return (when the callback is invoked), it contains the result of the request. The input buffer may be an mbuf chain or a contiguous buffer, depending on crp_flags. crp_opaque This is passed through the crypto framework untouched and is intended for the invoking application's use. crp_desc This is a linked list of descriptors. Each descriptor pro- vides information about what type of cryptographic opera- tion should be done on the input buffer. The various fields are: crd_skip The offset in the input buffer where processing should start. crd_len How many bytes, after crd_skip, should be pro- cessed. crd_inject Offset from the beginning of the buffer to in- sert any results. For encryption algorithms, this is where the initialization vector (IV) will be inserted when encrypting or where it can be found when decrypting (subject to crd_flags). For MAC algorithms, this is where the result of the keyed hash will be inserted. crd_flags The following flags are defined: CRD_F_ENCRYPT For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when encryp- tion is required (when not set, decryption is per- formed). CRD_F_IV_PRESENT For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when the IV already precedes the data, so the crd_inject value will be ignored and no IV will be written in the buffer. Oth- erwise, the IV used to en- crypt the packet will be written at the location pointed to by crd_inject. The IV length is assumed to be equal to the blocksize of the encryption algorithm. Some applications that do special "IV cooking", such as the half-IV mode in ipsec(4), can use this flag to indicate that the IV should not be written on the packet. This flag is typi- cally used in conjunction with the CRD_F_IV_EXPLICIT flag. CRD_F_IV_EXPLICIT For encryption algorithms, this bit is set when the IV is explicitly provided by the consumer in the cri_iv fields. Otherwise, for en- cryption operations the IV is provided for by the driver used to perform the operation, whereas for de- cryption operations it is pointed to by the crd_inject field. This flag is typi- cally used when the IV is calculated "on the fly" by the consumer, and does not precede the data (some ipsec(4) configurations, and the encrypted swap are two such examples). CRD_F_COMP For compression algorithms, this bit is set when com- pression is required (when not set, decompression is performed). CRD_INI This cryptoini structure will not be modified by the framework or the device drivers. Since this information accompanies every crypto- graphic operation request, drivers may re-ini- tialize state on-demand (typically an expensive operation). Furthermore, the cryptographic framework may re-route requests as a result of full queues or hardware failure, as described above. crd_next Point to the next descriptor. Linked opera- tions are useful in protocols such as ipsec(4), where multiple cryptographic transforms may be applied on the same block of data. crypto_getreq() allocates a cryptop structure with a linked list of as many cryptodesc structures as were specified in the argument passed to it. crypto_freereq() deallocates a structure cryptop and any cryptodesc structures linked to it. Note that it is the responsibility of the call- back routine to do the necessary cleanups associated with the opaque field in the cryptop structure. crypto_kdispatch() is called to perform a keying operation. The various fields in the cryptkop structure are: krp_op Operation code, such as CRK_MOD_EXP. krp_status Return code. This errno-style variable indicates whether lower level reasons for operation failure. krp_iparams Number if input parameters to the specified operation. Note that each operation has a (typically hardwired) num- ber of such parameters. krp_oparams Number if output parameters from the specified operation. Note that each operation has a (typically hardwired) num- ber of such parameters. krp_kvp An array of kernel memory blocks containing the parame- ters. krp_hid Identifier specifying which low-level driver is being used. krp_callback Callback called on completion of a keying operation. DRIVER-SIDE API The crypto_get_driverid(), crypto_register(), crypto_kregister(), crypto_unregister(), crypto_unblock(), and crypto_done() routines are used by drivers that provide support for cryptographic primitives to reg- ister and unregister with the kernel crypto services framework. Drivers must first use the crypto_get_driverid() function to acquire a driver identifier, specifying the cc_flags as an argument (normally 0, but soft- ware-only drivers should specify CRYPTOCAP_F_SOFTWARE). For each algo- rithm the driver supports, it must then call crypto_register(). The first two arguments are the driver and algorithm identifiers. The next two arguments specify the largest possible operator length (in bits, im- portant for public key operations) and flags for this algorithm. The last four arguments must be provided in the first call to crypto_register() and are ignored in all subsequent calls. They are pointers to three driver-provided functions that the framework may call to establish new cryptographic context with the driver, free already es- tablished context, and ask for a request to be processed (encrypt, de- crypt, etc.); and an opaque parameter to pass when calling each of these routines. crypto_unregister() is called by drivers that wish to withdraw support for an algorithm. The two arguments are the driver and algorithm identifiers, respectively. Typically, drivers for PCMCIA crypto cards that are being ejected will invoke this routine for all algorithms sup- ported by the card. crypto_unregister_all() will unregister all algo- rithms registered by a driver and the driver will be disabled (no new sessions will be allocated on that driver, and any existing sessions will be migrated to other drivers). The same will be done if all algorithms associated with a driver are unregistered one by one. The calling convention for the three driver-supplied routines is: int (*newsession)(void *, u_int32_t *, struct cryptoini *); int (*freesession)(void *, u_int64_t); int (*process)(void *, struct cryptop *); int (*kprocess)(void *, struct cryptkop *); On invocation, the first argument to all routines is an opaque data value supplied when the algorithm is registered with crypto_register(). The second argument to newsession() contains the driver identifier obtained via crypto_get_driverid(). On successful return, it should contain a driver-specific session identifier. The third argument is identical to that of crypto_newsession(). The freesession() routine takes as arguments the opaque data value and the SID (which is the concatenation of the driver identifier and the driver-specific session identifier). It should clear any context associ- ated with the session (clear hardware registers, memory, etc.). The process() routine is invoked with a request to perform crypto pro- cessing. This routine must not block, but should queue the request and return immediately. Upon processing the request, the callback routine should be invoked. In case of an unrecoverable error, the error indica- tion must be placed in the crp_etype field of the cryptop structure. When the request is completed, or an error is detected, the process() routine should invoke crypto_done(). Session migration may be performed, as mentioned previously. In case of a temporary resource exhaustion, the process() routine may re- turn ERESTART in which case the crypto services will requeue the request, mark the driver as "blocked", and stop submitting requests for process- ing. The driver is then responsible for notifying the crypto services when it is again able to process requests through the crypto_unblock() routine. This simple flow control mechanism should only be used for short-lived resource exhaustion as it causes operations to be queued in the crypto layer. Doing so is preferable to returning an error in such cases as it can cause network protocols to degrade performance by treat- ing the failure much like a lost packet. The kprocess() routine is invoked with a request to perform crypto key processing. This routine must not block, but should queue the request and return immediately. Upon processing the request, the callback rou- tine should be invoked. In case of an unrecoverable error, the error in- dication must be placed in the krp_status field of the cryptkop struc- ture. When the request is completed, or an error is detected, the kprocess() routine should invoked crypto_kdone(). RETURN VALUES crypto_register(), crypto_kregister(), crypto_unregister(), crypto_newsession(), crypto_freesession(), and crypto_unblock() return 0 on success, or an error code on failure. crypto_get_driverid() returns a non-negative value on error, and -1 on failure. crypto_getreq() returns a pointer to a cryptop structure and NULL on failure. crypto_dispatch() returns EINVAL if its argument or the callback function was NULL, and 0 otherwise. The callback is provided with an error code in case of fail- ure, in the crp_etype field. FILES sys/opencrypto/crypto.c most of the framework code SEE ALSO ipsec(4), malloc(9), sleep(9) HISTORY The cryptographic framework first appeared in OpenBSD 2.7 and was written by Angelos D. Keromytis <angelos@openbsd.org>. BUGS The framework currently assumes that all the algorithms in a crypto_newsession() operation must be available by the same driver. If that is not the case, session initialization will fail. The framework also needs a mechanism for determining which driver is best for a specific set of algorithms associated with a session. Some type of benchmarking is in order here. Multiple instances of the same algorithm in the same session are not sup- ported. Note that 3DES is considered one algorithm (and not three in- stances of DES). Thus, 3DES and DES could be mixed in the same request. BSD October 14, 2002 BSD
NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | DRIVER-SIDE API | RETURN VALUES | FILES | SEE ALSO | HISTORY | BUGS
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