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FENV(3) BSD Library Functions Manual FENV(3) NAME feclearexcept, fegetexceptflag, feraiseexcept, fesetexceptflag, fetestexcept, fegetround, fesetround, fegetenv, feholdexcept, fesetenv, feupdateenv, feenableexcept, fedisableexcept, fegetexcept -- floating- point environment control LIBRARY Math Library (libm, -lm) SYNOPSIS #include <fenv.h> #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON int feclearexcept(int excepts); int fegetexceptflag(fexcept_t *flagp, int excepts); int feraiseexcept(int excepts); int fesetexceptflag(const fexcept_t *flagp, int excepts); int fetestexcept(int excepts); int fegetround(void); int fesetround(int round); int fegetenv(fenv_t *envp); int feholdexcept(fenv_t *envp); int fesetenv(const fenv_t *envp); int feupdateenv(const fenv_t *envp); int feenableexcept(int excepts); int fedisableexcept(int excepts); int fegetexcept(void); DESCRIPTION The <fenv.h> routines manipulate the floating-point environment, which includes the exception flags and rounding modes defined in IEEE Std 754-1985. Exceptions Exception flags are set as side-effects of floating-point arithmetic op- erations and math library routines, and they remain set until explicitly cleared. The following macros expand to bit flags of type int represent- ing the five standard floating-point exceptions. FE_DIVBYZERO A divide-by-zero exception occurs when the exact result of a computation is infinite (according to the limit defini- tion). For example, dividing a finite non-zero number by zero or computing log(0) raises a divide-by-zero exception. FE_INEXACT An inexact exception is raised whenever there is a loss of accuracy due to rounding. FE_INVALID Invalid operation exceptions occur when a program attempts to perform calculations for which there is no reasonable representable answer. For instance, subtraction of like- signed infinities, division of zero by zero, ordered com- parison involving NaNs, and taking the real square root of a negative number are all invalid operations. FE_OVERFLOW In contrast with divide-by-zero, an overflow exception oc- curs when an infinity is produced because the magnitude of the exact result is finite but too large to fit in the des- tination type. For example, computing DBL_MAX * 2 raises an overflow exception. FE_UNDERFLOW Underflow occurs when the result of a computation loses precision because it is too close to zero. The result is a subnormal number or zero. Additionally, the FE_ALL_EXCEPT macro expands to the bitwise OR of the above flags and any architecture-specific flags. Combinations of these flags are passed to the feclearexcept(), fegetexceptflag(), feraiseexcept(), fesetexceptflag(), and fetestexcept() functions to clear, save, raise, restore, and examine the processor's floating-point exception flags, respectively. Exceptions may be unmasked with feenableexcept() and masked with fedisableexcept(). Unmasked exceptions cause a trap when they are pro- duced, and all exceptions are masked by default. The current mask can be tested with fegetexcept(). Rounding Modes IEEE Std 754-1985 specifies four rounding modes. These modes control the direction in which results are rounded from their exact values in order to fit them into binary floating-point variables. The four modes corre- spond with the following symbolic constants. FE_TONEAREST Results are rounded to the closest representable value. If the exact result is exactly half way between two repre- sentable values, the value whose last binary digit is even (zero) is chosen. This is the default mode. FE_DOWNWARD Results are rounded towards negative infinity. FE_UPWARD Results are rounded towards positive infinity. FE_TOWARDZERO Results are rounded towards zero. The fegetround() and fesetround() functions query and set the rounding mode. Environment Control The fegetenv() and fesetenv() functions save and restore the floating- point environment, which includes exception flags, the current exception mask, the rounding mode, and possibly other implementation-specific state. The feholdexcept() function behaves like fegetenv(), but with the additional effect of clearing the exception flags and installing a non-stop mode. In non-stop mode, floating-point operations will set ex- ception flags as usual, but no SIGFPE signals will be generated as a re- sult. Non-stop mode is the default, but it may be altered by feenableexcept() and fedisableexcept(). The feupdateenv() function re- stores a saved environment similarly to fesetenv(), but it also re-raises any floating-point exceptions from the old environment. The macro FE_DFL_ENV expands to a pointer to the default environment. EXAMPLES The following routine computes the square root function. It explicitly raises an invalid exception on appropriate inputs using feraiseexcept(). It also defers inexact exceptions while it computes intermediate values, and then it allows an inexact exception to be raised only if the final answer is inexact. #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON double sqrt(double n) { double x = 1.0; fenv_t env; if (isnan(n) || n < 0.0) { feraiseexcept(FE_INVALID); return (NAN); } if (isinf(n) || n == 0.0) return (n); feholdexcept(&env); while (fabs((x * x) - n) > DBL_EPSILON * 2 * x) x = (x / 2) + (n / (2 * x)); if (x * x == n) feclearexcept(FE_INEXACT); feupdateenv(&env); return (x); } SEE ALSO cc(1), feclearexcept(3), fedisableexcept(3), feenableexcept(3), fegetenv(3), fegetexcept(3), fegetexceptflag(3), fegetround(3), feholdexcept(3), feraiseexcept(3), fesetenv(3), fesetexceptflag(3), fesetround(3), fetestexcept(3), feupdateenv(3), fpgetprec(3), fpsetprec(3) STANDARDS Except as noted below, <fenv.h> conforms to ISO/IEC 9899:1999 ("ISO C99"). The feenableexcept(), fedisableexcept(), and fegetexcept() routines are extensions. HISTORY The <fenv.h> header first appeared in FreeBSD 5.3. It supersedes the non-standard routines defined in <ieeefp.h> and documented in fpgetround(3). CAVEATS The FENV_ACCESS pragma can be enabled with #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON and disabled with the #pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS OFF directive. This lexically-scoped annotation tells the compiler that the program may access the floating-point environment, so optimizations that would violate strict IEEE-754 semantics are disabled. If execution reaches a block of code for which FENV_ACCESS is off, the floating-point environment will become undefined. BUGS The FENV_ACCESS pragma is unimplemented in the system compiler. However, non-constant expressions generally produce the correct side-effects at low optimization levels. BSD March 16, 2005 BSD
NAME | LIBRARY | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | EXAMPLES | SEE ALSO | STANDARDS | HISTORY | CAVEATS | BUGS
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