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GETOPT(3) BSD Library Functions Manual GETOPT(3) NAME getopt -- get option character from command line argument list LIBRARY Standard C Library (libc, -lc) SYNOPSIS #include <unistd.h> extern char *optarg; extern int optind; extern int optopt; extern int opterr; extern int optreset; int getopt(int argc, char * const *argv, const char *optstring); DESCRIPTION The getopt() function incrementally parses a command line argument list argv and returns the next known option character. An option character is known if it has been specified in the string of accepted option charac- ters, optstring. The option string optstring may contain the following elements: individ- ual characters, and characters followed by a colon to indicate an option argument is to follow. For example, an option string "x" recognizes an option "-x", and an option string "x:" recognizes an option and argument "-x argument". It does not matter to getopt() if a following argument has leading white space. On return from getopt(), optarg points to an option argument, if it is anticipated, and the variable optind contains the index to the next argv argument for a subsequent call to getopt(). The variable optopt saves the last known option character returned by getopt(). The variable opterr and optind are both initialized to 1. The optind variable may be set to another value before a set of calls to getopt() in order to skip over more or less argv entries. In order to use getopt() to evaluate multiple sets of arguments, or to evaluate a single set of arguments multiple times, the variable optreset must be set to 1 before the second and each additional set of calls to getopt(), and the variable optind must be reinitialized. The getopt() function returns -1 when the argument list is exhausted, or `?' if a non-recognized option is encountered. The interpretation of op- tions in the argument list may be cancelled by the option `--' (double dash) which causes getopt() to signal the end of argument processing and return -1. When all options have been processed (i.e., up to the first non-option argument), getopt() returns -1. DIAGNOSTICS If the getopt() function encounters a character not found in the string optstring or detects a missing option argument it writes an error message to the stderr and returns `?'. Setting opterr to a zero will disable these error messages. If optstring has a leading `:' then a missing op- tion argument causes a `:' to be returned in addition to suppressing any error messages. Option arguments are allowed to begin with "-"; this is reasonable but reduces the amount of error checking possible. EXTENSIONS The optreset variable was added to make it possible to call the getopt() function multiple times. This is an extension to the IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") specification. EXAMPLES int bflag, ch, fd; bflag = 0; while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "bf:")) != -1) switch (ch) { case 'b': bflag = 1; break; case 'f': if ((fd = open(optarg, O_RDONLY, 0)) < 0) err(1, "%s", optarg); break; case '?': default: usage(); } argc -= optind; argv += optind; HISTORY The getopt() function appeared in 4.3BSD. BUGS The getopt() function was once specified to return EOF instead of -1. This was changed by IEEE Std 1003.2-1992 ("POSIX.2") to decouple getopt() from _stdio.h_. A single dash "-" may be specified as a character in optstring, however it should never have an argument associated with it. This allows getopt() to be used with programs that expect "-" as an option flag. This practice is wrong, and should not be used in any current develop- ment. It is provided for backward compatibility only. By default, a single dash causes getopt() to return -1. This is, we believe, compati- ble with System V. It is also possible to handle digits as option letters. This allows getopt() to be used with programs that expect a number ("-3") as an op- tion. This practice is wrong, and should not be used in any current de- velopment. It is provided for backward compatibility only. The follow- ing code fragment works in most (but not all) cases. int length; char *p, *ep; while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "0123456789")) != -1) switch (ch) { case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4': case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9': p = argv[optind - 1]; if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == ch && !p[2]) length = strtol(++p, &ep, 10); else if (argv[optind] && argv[optind][1] == ch) { length = strtol((p = argv[optind] + 1), &ep, 10); optind++; optreset = 1; } else usage(); if (*ep != ' ') errx(EX_USAGE, "illegal number -- %s", p); break; } BSD April 27, 1995 BSD
NAME | LIBRARY | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | DIAGNOSTICS | EXTENSIONS | EXAMPLES | HISTORY | BUGS
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